856:
have easier access to safe drinking water, which will improve their health and save them time and effort spent on carrying water from remote sources. The program finances the construction of water and sanitation systems for individual communities or groups of communities with an average of 900 people. Each community will make all key decisions related to their respective projects, selecting the system that best suits their needs and capacity. Autonomous water associations were established by the residents of each village and serve to manage the services, and cover operation and maintenance costs by collecting tariffs from users.
818:. Known as the 'water fund', water users which include bottling companies, distilleries, hydroelectric plants, and paper processing mills are showing their awareness that water is a strategic resource whose conservation must be planned for the long term, by making significant financial contributions towards environmental services in the region. The fund is meant to encourage short-term investments to optimize industrial water use as a means of reducing effluents to the Motagua and Polochic Rivers.
1710:
2259:
1716:
938:
476:
737:
889:: Until 2006, CARE implemented water and sanitation projects in the southern part of Huehuetenango, San Marcos, Sololá, Quiché and Alta Verapaz. Most of its funding for water and sanitation comes from USAID's food security program. CARE is still supporting the rehabilitation of water systems and sanitation in the departments of San Marcos and Sololá from
498:
water, another 19% of the systems use pumps and about 15% of the systems use both gravity and pumps. Total annual demand in 2010 is about 835 million m. About 95% of the total population has potable water coverage. Of this figure, only 75% actually have a house connections while the remainder will carry water from nearby wells, rivers, and other sources.
341:
276:
northwestern zone numbers around five million inhabitants and this region has high levels of rainfall (up to 4,000 mm per year) and steep slopes that are susceptible to erosion. This region is an area with great water potential, but also subject to irreversible damage from soil loss and the alteration of the
775:
In the early stages of the
Trifinio Plan's development the commission studied three international river basins. In 1987 they developed a new plan involving the Lempa River Basin, the UlĂşa River, and the Motagua River. The Motagua and UlĂşa rivers were eventually dropped, leaving the Lempa River as the
771:
The
Trifinio region covers an area of about 7,500 km in the border areas of Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador. The region is made up of 45 municipalities whereby 22 belong to Honduras within the departments of Ocotepeque and Copán, 15 are situated in Guatemala corresponding to the departments
497:
Potable water demand in
Guatemala is primarily met with surface water. In urban areas, 70% of their water is surface water while the figure rises to 90% in rural areas. The rest of the water needs are met with groundwater. Out of 329 municipalities, 66% of the water systems utilize gravity to deliver
426:
located in the volcanic highlands of
Guatemala. This lake is the deepest lake in Central America with estimated depths of at least 340 meters, however much of the lake has not been completely sounded for depth therefore accurate capacity is not well understood. Competing uses place high demand on the
192:
Management of water resources in
Guatemala is shared by several government agencies and institutions. Most of these agencies conduct their work with little or no coordination with other agencies, which creates duplication of work and inefficient use of resources. In addition, there is a need for the
629:
is the presidents planning and programming office. Water resources are a focus of this office. SEGEPLAN elaborates diagnostic information of water and formulates tools for planning the integrated management of water resources. This takes into account prior efforts with the objective of coordinating,
578:
is effectively the technical division of irrigation and drainage under the
Ministry of Agriculture. Furthermore, PLAMAR is the national action plan for the modernization and promotion of lands under irrigation while promoting and coordinating irrigation projects. PLAMAR identified 209,419 ha's under
855:
has three ongoing projects under implementation and many more that have been completed since 1961. One particular project underway focuses on improving access to potable water for rural communities. The $ 50 million project was designed to benefit at least 500,000 new rural consumers. Families will
651:
plan, to coordinate the planning and construction of hydraulic facilities for public use, and to evaluate and approve plans, programs, and projects relating to the use of national resources. The agency also represented the state for the international organizations specializing in national resources
606:
encouraged the private sector to build over 1,000 megawatts (MW) of new hydropower in
Guatemala. Additionally, INDE constructed the following projects: 340MW Chulac, 130MW Xalala, 135-MW Serchil, 69MW Oregano, 60MW Santa Maria II, 59MW Camotan, and the 23MW El Palmar. In 2008, Guatemala was either
522:
Joint
Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, access to water and sanitation services has slowly risen over the years in Guatemala. In 1990, 79% of the total population had access to improved water sources, while in 2004, 95% of the population had access. Sanitation coverage has also
200:
Water resources in
Guatemala are also stressed by domestic users. Generally, populations are larger in regions where water availability is low due to altitude or rainfall deficit, and the opposite is true in regions where water resources are abundant. Guatemala City is a prime example. The city is
148:
contaminates water resources as well where treatment facilities are inadequate. Populations are unequally distributed and this creates challenges of conveyance. In a mountainous country this can easily be mitigated with gravity fed systems. Where water pumps are needed, water delivery is much more
562:
The operation and maintenance of state run irrigation systems is paid for with fees based on surface area irrigated and not by how much water is used. Generally, the collected fees do not cover the real costs of energy needed to irrigate the land. There is a more recent fee aimed at covering this
447:
Based on established biological and chemical standards, every water body in
Guatemala is considered to be moderately if not critically contaminated. Upper aquifers in major urban areas are contaminated from a variety of sources. In Guatemala City, untreated storm water is injected into the upper
275:
influences rainfall patterns in Guatemala in the same way. Average rainfall varies from 700 mm per year in the eastern regions of the country to around 1,000 mm in the central regions, and 5,000 mm of rainfall in the northeastern regions. The current population in the mountainous
172:. While surface water is abundant, they are seasonal and often polluted. Groundwater from wells and springs is important to the national supply resource meeting demands for potable water for public and domestic needs. Groundwater is also used for the agricultural and industrial sectors as well.
803:
region. The emphasis is on groundwater reflecting a greater than 80% dependence on groundwater for water supply throughout the Central American region. Member countries include Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Bolivia with additional support from Canada and Mexico.
558:
Irrigation in Guatemala is divided into three key types: i) private irrigation that is normally controlled by a family, company, or community agriculture system. Many of the private plantations are irrigated with gravity water systems; ii) state owned and operated irrigation programs and; iii)
842:. This objective will be achieved by supporting policy and institutional reform in the following aspects of disaster risk management: i) improving risk identification and monitoring; ii) increasing disaster risk reduction investments; iii) strengthening institutions and planning capacity for
414:
is located at the head of the Michatoya river. A dam with a railway on top was constructed at the narrowest point, thus effectively dividing the lake into two water bodies with different physical, chemical and biological characteristics. The lake is used as a water source for navigation and
864:
supports water and sanitation projects, and typically implements short–term projects, including systems with pipelines less than 3 kilometers, manual pumps and school sanitation in very vulnerable communities of four municipalities of Huehuetenango, two municipalities of Quiché, and two in
579:
cultivation that had drainage problems; however, regions under irrigation (169,302 ha) did not show evidence of drainage nor salinity problems. The lack of adequate infrastructure to quickly drain large amounts of water has caused flooding problems in the southern coastal regions.
448:
aquifer in an attempt to recharge the water supply of the city. Leaching from the landfill in Guatemala City has also severely contaminated the local aquifers and generally, only deep confined aquifers should be considered safe from biological and chemical contamination.
523:
risen, from 58% of the total population having access to adequate sanitation in 1990, to 86% with access in 2004. The government of Guatemala estimates that the population without access to water services is growing at a rate of at least 100,000 people every year.
209:. The location of Guatemala city near the continental divide is at the origin of all nearby rivers where flows are minimal. This equates to small quantities of surface water and inadequate groundwater sources that cannot fully supplement the needs of the city.
683:
is the Institute of Municipal Development and is in charge of water sector policies and strategies for implementation, as well as coordination of technical and financial assistance with other institutions that execute drinking water and sanitation programs and
327:
Other more limited aquifers are important for small-scale local demands. The mountains and hills of Guatemala contain many other types of aquifers, including volcanic pyroclastic and lava deposits, low permeability sediments, igneous, and metamorphic aquifers.
137:, runoff, and sedimentation of surface water is a result of deforestation from development of urban centers, agriculture needs, and conflicting land and water use planning. Sectors within industry are also growing and the prevalence of untreated
471:
and banana plantations of the Pacific and Caribbean coastal plains. Along both coasts are streams, marshes, and swamps that contain large quantities of brackish or saline water and unless desalinated, these sources are unsuitable for most uses.
877:(CRS): Its water and sanitation component supports integrated interventions based on the national basic model for water and sanitation. CRS has a presence in the following departments: San Marcos Totonicapán, Sololá and Chiquimula.
355:
and another 119 that all encompass an area of 950 km. Storage capacity for up to half of the lakes in Guatemala is used solely for hydroelectric energy generation and the volume of water is on the order of 524 million m. The
550:
has very little rain for much of the year and with fertile volcanic soils that do not retain moisture very well. Without irrigation, there is only one harvest per year so crops such as basic grains require irrigation. The
152:
Guatemala is also facing institutional challenges, mostly due to a lack of coordination among the different agencies responsible for water resources management where duplication of efforts and responsibility gaps exist.
764:, which was established and signed by the aforementioned countries to address economic and environmental problems in the Lempa River basin, and foster cooperation and regional integration. The Trifinio plan or
883:(PCI): PCI carries out projects in water and sanitation under its food security program, with financial support from USAID and Breed Love. PCI has a presence in the departments of Huehuetenango and Chiquimula.
291:
covers about 1,000 km of the 108,900 km of land area across Guatemala. Although surface water resources are abundant, they are unequally distributed, highly seasonal, and generally polluted. Fresh
959:
processes, offering water and fertile soils for agriculture and food production, absorbing floods after heavy rainfall and tidal surges during oceanic storms, and water storage in periods of droughts. The
2135:
599:
provides about 15% of the country's power. As of 2013, hydropower accounted for 47% of Guatemala's total electricity generation, with oil, diesel and biomass-fired plants accounting for the rest.
670:
is the municipal management of Guatemala City's water authority, responsible for water administration of the growing metropolitan population, and for rain and sanitary sewerage, and sanitation.
304:
is an essential resource and a major source of potable water and used for agricultural, industrial, public, and domestic demand. Ground water is generally plentiful from sedimentary
161:
are other ministry level institutions that highlight possible overlaps in duties as both are within the office of the president and have water resources management responsibilities.
2199:
865:
Chiquimula. UNICEF emphasizes the technical strengthening of municipal governments and advocacy to influence the government to assign greater funding for water and sanitation.
1161:
2128:
1515:
1422:
966:
came into force in Guatemala October 26, 1990. Guatemala presently has 7 sites designated as Wetlands of International Importance, with a surface area of 628,592 hectares.
906:
2445:
533:
2121:
2440:
455:
has caused the Villalobos and Las Vacas Rivers to be considered the most contaminated streams in the country. Additionally, biological contamination of shallow
1807:
1625:
439:
was established which produced a Master Plan in 2000. However, the plan is still under revision and only a few measures are actually being implemented.
1287:
2285:
2280:
2236:
2002:
1035:
919:
508:
20:
2144:
563:
difference that includes an annual payment for a period of 40 years whereby the state will recuperate about 60% of the money invested on projects.
546:
region has low humidity and high evapotranspiration so irrigation is needed for the cultivation of bananas, tomatoes, watermelon, and tobacco. The
2341:
2300:
1587:
1375:
690:
768:
sought to provide a more viable and effective alternative to unilateral development thereby concentrating on greater multinational integration.
2361:
2295:
1868:
2398:
2346:
2315:
2214:
463:
due to the improper disposal of human or animal wastes is a problem in many populated and rural areas of the country. In agricultural areas,
360:
is the largest of the hydroelectric reservoirs with an effective capacity of 275 MW which supplies 15% of the countries electricity demand.
2351:
2323:
2275:
826:
is implementing the $ 85 million project aimed at improving the capacity of the country to respond to and recover from flooding caused by
2226:
2356:
2209:
2081:
1782:
1669:
1638:
2248:
2160:
2388:
1664:
788:
206:
1447:
371:
which is now long degraded from years of domestic and industrial dumping, and deforestation. Each year large quantities of untreated
1787:
969:
2267:
1684:
1309:
622:
332:, valleys and lowlands make up about 50% of the countries territory and contain about 70% of the available ground water reserves.
2371:
2333:
2152:
1752:
2241:
2231:
2219:
2172:
1914:
1757:
1742:
1674:
1202:
851:
251:
Guatemala, as its (Mayan) name indicates, is a land of forests. The country is also mountainous and rainfall is influenced by
2403:
1904:
1853:
1797:
1659:
1618:
1183:"Integrated Management of the Lake Amatitlan Basin: Authority for the Sustainable Management of Lake Amatitlan and its Basin"
1017:
2393:
2383:
2194:
2177:
814:
in collaboration with local partners, is developing a water fund to finance responsible watershed management in Guatemala's
244:
covers 47% of Guatemala and 10 watersheds. The rivers in this basin have the largest flows in the country and drain towards
240:
covers 31% of the country and has 10 watersheds. Average annual surface runoff in this basin is calculated at 31.9 km.
2366:
2204:
2187:
2378:
2305:
1938:
1654:
1561:
880:
2165:
2258:
2182:
2055:
2020:
1997:
1858:
1772:
647:. The aims of the agency were to establish a coherent policy for water resources, to formulate and develop the national
467:
are a primary source of contamination. Chemical contamination results from the use of fertilizers and pesticides in the
1428:. The Environmental Change and Security Project (ECSP) Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. pp. 13–15
1423:"Environmental Conflicts and Regional Cooperation in the Lempa River Basin The Role of Central America´s Plan Trifinio"
727:, and weather. This government agency is responsible for conducting research and development in flood control efforts.
1792:
1767:
1762:
1747:
1777:
1030:
352:
1987:
1980:
1843:
1709:
1699:
1611:
809:
2113:
1331:
663:
1970:
1833:
1218:
1079:
874:
607:
planning or constructing about 25 hydroelectricity plants throughout Guatemala totaling approximately 2500 MW.
596:
357:
129:
faces substantial resource and institutional challenges in successfully managing its national water resources.
480:
1492:
980:
838:
for Guatemala is to enhance the Government's capacity to implement its disaster risk management program for
24:
1965:
1955:
1924:
1873:
1848:
1737:
1725:
1117:
951:
are key areas for their ability to consistently supply drinking water, treatment of wastewater by natural
197:
management plans aimed at integrating different water uses, controlling deforestation and water quality.
2035:
1992:
1863:
1838:
1821:
1679:
772:
of Chiquimula and Jutiapa, and 8 are in the departments of Santa Ana and Chalatenango in El Salvador.
2074:
2012:
1919:
1887:
1694:
1646:
1140:"CASE STUDY: GUATEMALA Water, Population, and Sanitation in the Mayan Biosphere Reserve of Guatemala"
886:
630:
complementing, and assuring that governmental efforts favor the proper management of water resources.
407:
301:
79:
2414:
2050:
1960:
1689:
176:
output is the key component (92%) of Guatemala's electricity generation and is highlighted by the
2097:
2045:
2040:
2025:
1950:
1909:
995:
419:
1182:
2030:
1899:
1715:
999:
962:
839:
368:
344:
221:
covers 22% of the country and counts 18 watersheds. Some of the rivers in this zone transport
106:
2102:
976:
941:
384:
229:
173:
1139:
201:
home to more than 20% (3.2 million) of the countries population. However, the valley where
133:
is increasing as the global demand for timber exerts pressure on the forests of Guatemala.
843:
827:
800:
403:
388:
329:
194:
1265:
925:
890:
822:
452:
423:
392:
364:
256:
233:
202:
2434:
697:
is the authority for the sustainable development of the Amatitlan lake and watershed.
592:
272:
130:
792:
428:
134:
411:
1206:
834:. The project is scheduled to conclude in 2012. The development objective of the
1975:
937:
753:
745:
720:
277:
169:
1205:. 2003. Guatemala Rural Water and Sanitation Program (GU-0150) Loan Proposal.
952:
831:
716:
588:
539:
464:
383:
are carried into Lake Amatitlán through the lake's primary inflow source, the
297:
268:
264:
260:
217:
The hydrographic system is divided into three primary drainage basins. First,
145:
573:(Plan de Accion para la Modernizacion y Fomento de la Agricultura Bajo Riego)
2088:
1634:
749:
724:
648:
468:
460:
396:
320:
225:
138:
126:
35:
1398:"Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia e Hidrologia"
713:(Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia e Hidrologia)
559:
small-scale communal irrigation systems which normally are very efficient.
1376:"Autoridad para el Manejo Sostenible de la Cuenca y del Lago de Amatitlan"
736:
695:(Autoridad para el Manejo Sostenible de la Cuenca y del Lago de Amatitlan)
475:
1242:
948:
757:
640:
568:
456:
380:
376:
305:
222:
1516:"Catastrophe Development Policy Loan Deferred Draw Down Option Project"
644:
316:
252:
340:
1603:
1353:
956:
860:
836:
Catastrophe Development Policy Loan Deferred Draw Down Option Project
765:
676:
519:
372:
245:
205:
is located is in a south central region of the country and spans the
1078:
Spillman T.R.; Waite L.; Buckalew J.; Alas H.; Webster T.C. (2000).
637:
Secretaria de Recursos Hidraulicos de la Presidencia de la Republica
415:
transportation, sightseeing and tourism, recreation, and fisheries.
1493:"Water fund finances responsible watershed management in Guatemala"
1219:"GUATEMALA: Country Note on Climate Change Aspects in Agriculture"
652:
to coordinate studies, strategies, or projects of social benefits.
542:
in Guatemala is concentrated in three regions of the country. The
474:
1538:
1469:
427:
waters of Lake Atitlán and serious problems of water pollution,
325:
Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Sierra de Chama, and Peten Lowlands.
165:
2117:
1607:
1397:
708:
433:
Authority for the Sustainable Management of the Atitlán Basin (
1310:"SecretarĂa de PlanificaciĂłn y ProgramaciĂłn de la Presidencia"
1005:
Refugio de Vida Silvestre Bocas del Polochic Izabal: 21,227 ha
627:(SecretarĂa de PlanificaciĂłn y ProgramaciĂłn de la Presidencia)
515:
2145:
Water resources management in Latin America and the Caribbean
1470:"Capacity Building for Integrated Water Resources Management"
785:
The Central American Water Resource Management Network (CARA)
587:
Beginning in the 1970s, Guatemala became heavily invested on
308:
throughout the plains, valleys, and lowlands of the country.
184:
oversees and implements hydroelectric projects in Guatemala.
434:
1562:"Water For People: Guatemala Country Strategy - 2008-2011"
915:
Swedish Agency for International Development (SIDA/ASDI)
1008:
Reserva de Usos MĂşltiples RĂo SarstĂşn Izabal: 35,202 ha
149:
expensive and can be a barrier to consistent access.
141:
entering waterways and aquifers has grown alongside.
1472:. Central American Water Resource Management Network
159:
Secretaria de Recursos Hidraulicos de la Presidencia
2332:
2314:
2266:
2151:
2011:
1937:
1886:
1820:
1724:
1645:
912:
Japanese Agency of International Cooperation (JICA)
228:to be deposited along the coast and contributes to
116:
104:
96:
88:
78:
70:
62:
42:
32:
1448:"Water Conflict and Cooperation/Lempa River Basin"
907:United States Agency for International Development
555:have irrigated sugarcane and banana plantations.
846:; and iv) developing risk financing strategies.
534:Historical background of Irrigation in Guatemala
248:. Surface runoff in this basin is 43.3 km.
989:Parque Nacional Laguna del Tigre MR: 335,080 ha
232:due to reduced depths of tidal marshes. Annual
180:. The National Institute of Electricity (INDE)
89:Overlap shared by surface water and groundwater
992:Parque Nacional Yaxhá-Nakum-Naranjo: 37,160 ha
787:was initiated in 1999 with the backing of the
2129:
1619:
431:, and forest loss are prevalent. In 1996 the
8:
1537:The Inter American Development Bank (2003).
1243:"International Energy Statistics: Guatemala"
601:The National Institute of Electricity (INDE)
363:An important lake to highlight located near
2422:Semi-autonomous territories are in italics.
2136:
2122:
2114:
1943:
1892:
1826:
1730:
1626:
1612:
1604:
604:(El Instituto Nacional de Electrificacion)
311:The two most substantial aquifers are the
182:(El Instituto Nacional de Electrificacion)
1080:"WATER RESOURCES ASSESSMENT OF GUATEMALA"
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
732:Cooperation with El Salvador and Honduras
2446:Water supply and sanitation in Guatemala
1245:. U.S. Energy Information Administration
1036:Water supply and sanitation in Guatemala
936:
933:Importance of wetland sites in Guatemala
735:
509:Water supply and sanitation in Guatemala
339:
21:Water supply and sanitation in Guatemala
16:Water resources management for Guatemala
1416:
1414:
1046:
639:was established in 1992 in response to
284:Surface water and Groundwater resources
1138:Barrientos C.; Fernandez V.H. (1998).
29:
1541:. The Inter American Development Bank
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
188:Water resources management challenges
7:
2441:Water resource management by country
488:Water resources management by sector
97:Renewable water resources per capita
1670:Federal Republic of Central America
567:The Master Plan for Irrigation and
789:United Nations Development Program
14:
611:Legal and institutional framework
479:Atitlán Lake. Picture taken near
71:Surface water produced internally
2257:
2237:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1714:
1708:
1539:"Rural Water Investment Program"
1354:"Instituto de Fomento Municipal"
681:(Instituto de Fomento Municipal)
238:The Caribbean Sea drainage basin
219:the Pacific Ocean drainage basin
1680:Ten Years of Spring (1944–1954)
1203:Inter-American Development Bank
869:Non-Governmental Organizations:
852:Inter-American Development Bank
776:Trifinio Plan's primary focus.
591:with the construction of large
422:basin is a closed watershed or
236:in this basin is 25.5 km.
164:Guatemala has ample amounts of
507:Information below taken from:
313:Pacific Coastal Plain alluvium
33:Water resources management in
1:
963:Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
881:Project Concern International
816:Sierra de las Minas Biosphere
715:is the National Institute of
1675:1902 eruption of Santa MarĂa
1286:Invest in Guatemala (2008).
1162:"Lake Amatitlan - Guatemala"
1118:"Country profile: Guatemala"
1085:. US Army Corps of Engineers
986:ManchĂłn-Guamuchal: 13,500 ha
893:with a diverse funding base.
791:(UNDP) to build capacity in
597:Chixoy hydroelectric project
406:which is a tributary of the
178:Chixoy hydroelectric project
2003:Water supply and sanitation
1332:"Empresa Municipal de Agua"
1268:. U.S. Department of Energy
1264:U.S. Department of Energy.
1224:. The World Bank. p. 4
744:The upper watershed of the
668:(Empresa Municipal de Agua)
502:Water supply and sanitation
443:Water quality and pollution
402:The lake is drained by the
391:and an accelerated rate of
379:and around 500,000 tons of
2462:
1031:List of lakes in Guatemala
918:Dutch Cooperation Agency (
532:For more information see:
336:Major lakes and reservoirs
43:Withdrawals by sector 2000
18:
2412:
2255:
2068:
1946:
1895:
1829:
1733:
1706:
1560:Water For People (2008).
970:Ramsar sites in Guatemala
810:World Wildlife Foundation
797:water resource management
387:, causing high levels of
259:weather patterns such as
63:Renewable water resources
2419:
1834:Administrative divisions
1288:"Electric Energy Sector"
875:Catholic Relief Services
780:Multi-lateral assistance
493:Water coverage and usage
358:Chixoy Hydroelectric Dam
323:that extend beneath the
242:The Gulf of Mexico basin
19:Not to be confused with
1514:The World Bank (2009).
1400:(in Spanish). INSIVUMEH
1217:The World Bank (2009).
527:Irrigation and drainage
25:Irrigation in Guatemala
1312:(in Spanish). SEGEPLAN
1053:FAO Aquastat 1988-2008
945:
898:Bi-lateral assistance:
741:
484:
348:
105:Wetland designated as
2227:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1695:Civil War (1960–1996)
1588:"Ramsar in Guatemala"
1334:(in Spanish). EMPAGUA
1290:. Invest in Guatemala
1181:Reyna, Evelyn Irene.
940:
760:, as outlined in the
739:
481:Santa Catarina PalopĂł
478:
367:is the once pristine
343:
117:Hydropower generation
52:Agriculture: 80%
1808:World Heritage Sites
1160:Global Nature Fund.
80:Groundwater recharge
55:Industry: 13.4%
2249:Trinidad and Tobago
2161:Antigua and Barbuda
1690:Guatemalan genocide
1491:Morales C. (2005).
1468:Bethune D. (2008).
1356:(in Spanish). INFOM
740:A map of Guatemala.
702:Research Institutes
553:lower coastal zones
213:Water resource base
49:Domestic: 6.5%
2200:Dominican Republic
1915:Telecommunications
1743:Biosphere reserves
1567:. Water For People
1446:Artiga R. (2003).
1396:INSIVUMEH (2010).
1378:(in Spanish). AMSA
996:Punta de Manabique
946:
903:Spanish Government
742:
548:high plains region
485:
353:has 23 major lakes
349:
207:Continental Divide
2428:
2427:
2111:
2110:
2064:
2063:
1933:
1932:
1882:
1881:
1869:Political parties
1854:Foreign relations
1816:
1815:
1660:Captaincy General
1421:LĂłpez A. (2004).
1308:SEGEPLAN (2010).
977:Eco-región Luchuá
840:natural disasters
657:Service Providers
514:According to the
408:MarĂa Linda River
124:
123:
2453:
2420:
2261:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2115:
2091:
2084:
2077:
1944:
1893:
1827:
1731:
1718:
1712:
1685:1954 coup d'Ă©tat
1655:Spanish conquest
1628:
1621:
1614:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1566:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1518:. The World Bank
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1330:EMPAGUA (2010).
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1214:
1208:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1113:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1075:
1054:
1051:
410:and the town of
385:Villalobos River
230:coastal flooding
174:Hydroelectricity
38:
30:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2408:
2328:
2310:
2268:Central America
2262:
2253:
2147:
2142:
2112:
2107:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2060:
2056:Public holidays
2051:National emblem
2007:
1998:Sex trafficking
1929:
1878:
1859:Law enforcement
1812:
1803:Water resources
1720:
1719:
1704:
1700:1976 earthquake
1641:
1632:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1586:Ramsar (2010).
1585:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1453:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1293:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1271:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1097:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1027:
935:
844:risk management
828:tropical storms
801:Central America
799:throughout the
782:
734:
643:resulting from
613:
585:
529:
504:
495:
490:
445:
404:Michatoya River
389:water pollution
338:
330:Alluvial plains
286:
215:
190:
58:
34:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2459:
2457:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2316:Middle America
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2093:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1783:National parks
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1608:
1601:
1600:
1578:
1552:
1529:
1506:
1483:
1460:
1438:
1410:
1388:
1366:
1352:INFOM (2010).
1344:
1322:
1300:
1278:
1266:"Ah Guatemala"
1256:
1234:
1209:
1195:
1173:
1152:
1130:
1095:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1003:
993:
990:
987:
984:
934:
931:
930:
929:
926:European Union
923:
916:
913:
910:
904:
895:
894:
891:Hurricane Stan
884:
878:
823:The World Bank
781:
778:
733:
730:
729:
728:
699:
698:
686:
685:
672:
671:
654:
653:
632:
631:
612:
609:
584:
581:
544:Atlantic coast
528:
525:
503:
500:
494:
491:
489:
486:
453:Guatemala City
444:
441:
424:endorheic lake
393:eutrophication
369:Lake Amatitlán
365:Guatemala City
345:Lake Amatitlán
337:
334:
319:and fractured
285:
282:
257:Atlantic Ocean
234:surface runoff
214:
211:
203:Guatemala City
189:
186:
168:, surface and
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
110:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
82:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
57:
56:
53:
50:
46:
44:
40:
39:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2458:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2423:
2417:not included.
2416:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2373:French Guiana
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2334:South America
2331:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1563:
1556:
1553:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1517:
1510:
1507:
1494:
1487:
1484:
1471:
1464:
1461:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1424:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1377:
1374:AMSA (2010).
1370:
1367:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1141:
1134:
1131:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
978:
975:
974:
973:
971:
967:
965:
964:
958:
954:
950:
943:
942:Laguna Lachuá
939:
932:
927:
924:
921:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
901:
900:
899:
892:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
872:
871:
870:
866:
863:
862:
857:
854:
853:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:
819:
817:
813:
811:
805:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
779:
777:
773:
769:
767:
763:
762:Trifinio Plan
759:
755:
751:
748:is shared by
747:
738:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
711:
710:
706:
705:
704:
703:
696:
693:
692:
688:
687:
682:
679:
678:
674:
673:
669:
666:
665:
661:
660:
659:
658:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:
628:
625:
624:
620:
619:
618:
617:
610:
608:
605:
602:
598:
594:
593:hydroelectric
590:
582:
580:
577:
574:
571:
570:
564:
560:
556:
554:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:
535:
526:
524:
521:
517:
512:
511:
510:
501:
499:
492:
487:
482:
477:
473:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
442:
440:
438:
436:
430:
425:
421:
416:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
375:, industrial
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
354:
346:
342:
335:
333:
331:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
289:Surface water
283:
281:
279:
274:
273:Caribbean Sea
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
224:
220:
212:
210:
208:
204:
198:
196:
193:enactment of
187:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
150:
147:
142:
140:
136:
132:
131:Deforestation
128:
119:
115:
112:6,285 km
111:
108:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
54:
51:
48:
47:
45:
41:
37:
31:
26:
22:
2421:
2415:Dependencies
2372:
2290:
2243:Sint Maarten
2242:
2220:
2188:
2166:
2089:Bibliography
1988:Prostitution
1981:Demographics
1900:Central bank
1844:Constitution
1802:
1788:Ramsar sites
1738:Biodiversity
1665:Mexican rule
1591:. Retrieved
1581:
1569:. Retrieved
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1463:
1452:. Retrieved
1441:
1430:. Retrieved
1402:. Retrieved
1391:
1380:. Retrieved
1369:
1358:. Retrieved
1347:
1336:. Retrieved
1325:
1314:. Retrieved
1303:
1292:. Retrieved
1281:
1270:. Retrieved
1259:
1247:. Retrieved
1237:
1226:. Retrieved
1212:
1198:
1186:. Retrieved
1176:
1165:. Retrieved
1155:
1144:. Retrieved
1133:
1122:. Retrieved
1116:FAO (2000).
1087:. Retrieved
1049:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1002:: 132,900 ha
981:Alta Verapaz
968:
961:
947:
897:
896:
868:
867:
859:
858:
849:
848:
835:
821:
820:
815:
807:
806:
796:
793:hydrogeology
784:
783:
774:
770:
761:
743:
712:
707:
701:
700:
694:
689:
680:
675:
667:
662:
656:
655:
636:
626:
621:
615:
614:
603:
600:
586:
575:
572:
566:
565:
561:
557:
552:
547:
543:
538:
531:
530:
513:
506:
505:
496:
451:Sewage from
450:
446:
432:
429:soil erosion
420:Lake Atitlán
417:
401:
362:
350:
324:
312:
310:
294:ground water
293:
288:
287:
250:
241:
237:
218:
216:
199:
191:
181:
177:
163:
158:
154:
151:
143:
135:Soil erosion
125:
100:7,979 m/year
2286:El Salvador
2232:Saint Lucia
2221:Puerto Rico
1971:LGBT rights
1753:Earthquakes
983:: 53,523 ha
754:El Salvador
746:Lempa River
721:volcanology
278:water cycle
170:groundwater
2435:Categories
2281:Costa Rica
2036:Literature
1874:Presidents
1758:Ecoregions
1454:2010-03-25
1432:2010-03-25
1404:2010-04-28
1382:2010-04-28
1360:2010-04-28
1338:2010-04-28
1316:2010-04-28
1294:2010-04-26
1272:2010-04-26
1228:2010-04-28
1167:2010-04-29
1146:2010-04-28
1124:2013-11-19
1089:2010-04-29
1042:References
832:hurricanes
717:seismology
616:Ministries
595:dams. The
589:hydropower
583:Hydropower
540:Irrigation
465:pesticides
351:Guatemala
269:hurricanes
146:wastewater
144:Untreated
2404:Venezuela
2342:Argentina
2301:Nicaragua
2291:Guatemala
2153:Caribbean
1966:Languages
1956:Education
1925:Transport
1849:Elections
1798:Volcanism
1726:Geography
1635:Guatemala
1593:April 29,
1545:April 28,
1522:April 28,
1499:April 28,
1476:April 28,
1188:April 29,
953:anaerobic
750:Guatemala
725:hydrology
709:INSIVUMEH
684:projects.
649:hydraulic
469:sugarcane
461:pathogens
412:Amatitlán
397:siltation
321:limestone
226:sediments
195:watershed
166:rainwater
139:effluents
127:Guatemala
36:Guatemala
2394:Suriname
2384:Paraguay
2362:Colombia
2296:Honduras
2195:Dominica
2178:Barbados
2098:Category
1993:Religion
1910:Currency
1864:Military
1839:Congress
1822:Politics
1639:articles
1571:March 1,
1450:. UNESCO
1025:See also
949:Wetlands
758:Honduras
641:droughts
623:SEGEPLAN
576:(PLAMAR)
569:Drainage
457:aquifers
381:sediment
377:effluent
315:and the
306:aquifers
223:volcanic
157:and the
155:SEGEPLAN
74:102.8 km
2399:Uruguay
2367:Ecuador
2347:Bolivia
2215:Jamaica
2205:Grenada
2189:Curaçao
2173:Bahamas
2075:Outline
2026:Cuisine
2013:Culture
1939:Society
1920:Tourism
1888:Economy
1773:Islands
1647:History
1249:21 July
1014:Source:
957:aerobic
909:(USAID)
664:EMPAGUA
645:El Nino
435:AMSCLAE
317:karstic
302:springs
265:La Niña
261:El Niño
253:Pacific
92:25.2 km
84:33.7 km
2379:Guyana
2352:Brazil
2324:Mexico
2306:Panama
2276:Belize
2103:Portal
2021:Anthem
1976:People
1961:Health
1905:Coffee
1793:Rivers
1748:Cities
1637:
1142:. IUCN
1021:2009)
1018:Ramsar
1000:Izabal
861:UNICEF
766:treaty
756:, and
520:UNICEF
373:sewage
271:. The
267:, and
246:Mexico
107:Ramsar
66:111 km
2357:Chile
2210:Haiti
2167:Aruba
2082:Index
2046:Music
2041:Media
1951:Crime
1778:Lakes
1768:Flora
1763:Fauna
1565:(PDF)
1495:. WWF
1426:(PDF)
1222:(PDF)
1120:. FAO
1083:(PDF)
812:(WWF)
677:INFOM
298:wells
296:from
109:sites
2389:Peru
2183:Cuba
2031:Flag
1595:2010
1573:2010
1547:2010
1524:2010
1501:2010
1478:2010
1251:2016
1190:2010
955:and
928:(EU)
887:CARE
850:The
830:and
808:The
795:and
691:AMSA
635:The
418:The
395:and
300:and
255:and
920:SNV
516:WHO
459:by
120:47%
23:or
2437::
1413:^
1098:^
1058:^
998:,
979:,
972::
752:,
723:,
719:,
399:.
280:.
263:,
2137:e
2130:t
2123:v
1627:e
1620:t
1613:v
1597:.
1575:.
1549:.
1526:.
1503:.
1480:.
1457:.
1435:.
1407:.
1385:.
1363:.
1341:.
1319:.
1297:.
1275:.
1253:.
1231:.
1192:.
1170:.
1149:.
1127:.
1092:.
1012:(
944:.
922:)
518:/
483:.
437:)
347:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.