1561:
This was achieved by reducing distribution losses from 40% to currently 30%. Sanitation activities include the construction of sewer networks and wastewater treatment. The town of Al Bireh had the only functioning wastewater treatment plant in the West Bank in 2009. The plant, which was funded by KfW, was commissioned in 2000 and operates in a satisfactory way despite the challenging environment of the West Bank. The construction of wastewater treatment plants in Gaza City, Western Nablus, Salfeet and the
Tulkarem region, however, was substantially delayed as of 2009. Until 2008 new financial cooperation commitments were granted in the form of projects that identified specific investments at an early stage. This approach changed in 2008 with the approval of a new KfW-supported water and sanitation program for the West Bank and Gaza. This program is open for proposals from small and medium-sized towns if they comply with certain selection criteria. The program's main focus is on water loss reduction.
744:
are huge differences in water use in the eastern and southern West Bank. While the daily consumption in the
Jericho district was 161 liters in 2009, in Jericho city even 225 liters, it was less than 100 liters in other areas. In the central Jordan Valley it was about 60 liters. Inhabitants of a-Nu’ima, east of Jericho, had only 24 liters. Residents of villages that are cut off from water supply have to buy water from watertanker operators. All of the eastern West Bank, except the Israeli settlements and Jericho are designated as a closed military area or as an area that for other reasons has access restrictions for Palestinians. In 2012, 90% of the small Palestinian communities living there had less than 60 lpcd. Over half of them, mostly Bedouin or herding communities, often cut off from their traditional wells, had even less than 30 litres per person per day.
311:, West Bank Palestinian farmers' wells, which in Ottoman, British, Jordanian and Egyptian law were a private resource owned by villages, were a key element behind Israel's post-1967 strategy to keep the area and in order to protect "Jewish water supplies" from what was considered "encroachment" many existing wells were blocked or sealed, Palestinians were forbidden to drill new wells without military authorization, which was almost impossible to obtain, and restrictive quotas on Palestinian water use were imposed. 527 known springs in the West Bank furnish (2010) Palestinians with half of their domestic consumption. The historic wells furnishing Palestinian villages have often been expropriated for the exclusive use of settlements: thus the major well servicing
1250:(CMWU). However, the utility is still in the process of being set up and exercise its legal tasks. The intended procedure is that the municipalities receive technical assistance by the CMWU and gradually transfer their staff and assets to it. According to the World Bank, this model led to some improvements like faster repair of leakage and economies of scale. However, the plan is far from being fully implemented. The model experienced serious problems which are mainly caused by the unstable political conditions in the Gaza strip since 2008, including differences between municipalities governed by Hamas and Fatah, so that some municipalities refused to transfer their assets and staff to CMWU.
1213:(JWC) has been established between Israel and the Palestinian territories. The JWC was expected to implement the regulations of article 40 of the agreement which concern water and sanitation. The committee is composed of an equal number of participants by the two parties and all decisions need consensus, which means that each side has a veto. The JWC is not independent from Israel and the PA. Instead, decisions can be passed to a higher political level. Jägerskog reports several delays concerning the implementation of Palestinian project proposals within the committee, partly due to missing Palestinian funding, time-consuming approval procedures, hydrological and political reasons.
902:
622:
989:
1228:. Water services in the West Bank continue to be provided by municipalities, two multi-municipal utilities and village councils. The largest and oldest multi-municipal utility in the West Bank is the Jerusalem Water Undertaking (JWU) in the Ramallah and Al-Bireh area. JWU, founded in 1966 when the West Bank was still part of Jordan, serves the two cities as well as 10 smaller towns, more than 43 villages and 5 refugee camps. A second much smaller multi-municipal utility is the Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (WSSA) that serves Bethlehem and the neighboring towns
307:, which prohibit an occupying power from expropriating the resources of occupied territory for its own benefit. In the wake of 1967, Israel abrogated Palestinian water rights in the West Bank, and with Military Order 92 of August of that year invested all power over water management to the military authority, though under international law Palestinians were entitled to a share. Both of Israel's own aquifers originate in West Bank territory and its northern cities would run dry without them. According to
35:
588:
installed a cordon of numerous deep wells along the Gaza border and in this way extracts much of the groundwater before it can reach Gaza. Israel sells a limited part of the water to the
Palestinians in Gaza. While Israel transports water from the north of its territory to the south, the Palestinians are not allowed to move water from the West Bank to Gaza. This is a reason why this aquifer is heavily over-exploited, resulting in seawater intrusion. The aquifer is polluted by salt as well as
1496:(EIB) provided loan funding for refurbishing water reservoirs and was expected to fund the construction of the south regional wastewater treatment plant and a section of the north–south municipal water carrier in Gaza. Within the framework of the Facility for Euro-Mediterranean Investment and Partnership (FEMIP), the EIB financed operations with more than 137 million Euro in the West Bank and Gaza between 1995 and 2010. 10% of the funds were allocated to the water and environment sector.
6246:
1201:(PWA) acts as regulatory authority, responsible for the legislation, monitoring and human resources development in the sector. The PWA is also in charge of water resources management. It has the mandate to carry out regular inspections and to keep a register of all water related data and information. The authority shares responsibility for irrigation with the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) and for environmental protection with the Environment Quality Authority (EQA).
474:, which provides the largest freshwater storage capacity along the Jordan River. Lake Tiberias drains into the Lower Jordan River, which winds further south through the Jordan Valley to its terminus in the Dead Sea. The Palestinians are denied any access to this water. About a quarter of the 420 million m Israel pumps from the Sea of Galilee goes to the local communities in Israel and to Jordan; the rest is diverted to Israel through the
88:
1186:
6160:
1301:
remained with municipalities. When the contract ended in 2000, it was renewed twice for one year until 2002. The World Bank reports that from 1996 to 2002, 16,000 illegal connections have been identified and more than 1,900 km of pipes have been observed for leakage. Moreover, 22,000 connections have been replaced, more than 20 km of pipes have been repaired and more than 30,000
890:. According to Israeli figures, the household use of settlers in the Jordan Valley was 487 liters per capita per day (lpcd) and in the northern Dead Sea area even 727 lpcd. That is three to four times the use of 165 liters in Israel. As the settlers in the eastern West Bank use nearly all the water use for agriculture, they in fact export water from the Palestinian Territories.
1177:, with a by-law establishing the Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) in 1996, a 1998 Water Resources Management Strategy and the 2002 water law. The Water Law of 2002 clarifies the responsibilities of the Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) and establishes a National Water Council (NWC) with the task to set national water policies. It also establishes "national water utilities".
463:
569:. However, only a fraction of this can be used by Palestinians in the West Bank. Israel has denied Palestinians access to the entire Lower Jordan River since 1967. After the start of Israel's military occupation in 1967, Israel declared the West Bank land adjacent to the Jordan River a closed military zone, to which only Israeli settler farmers have been permitted access.
1123:
Damaged sewage infrastructure can often not be repaired due to the ongoing
Israeli blockade. It leads to delays in repairs and a lack of electricity and fuel which would be necessary to operate the wastewater treatment facilities. The United Nations estimate that per day 50,000 to 80,000 cubic meters of untreated and partially treated wastewater are discharged into the
977:. The gap between urban and rural areas concerning water supply house connections may be due to the fact that available water resources are not accessible for the Palestinian actors in many cases. In 42% of the localities, water supply got uninterrupted; 19% received it at least partially. Furthermore, about 40% of all served localities suffer from water shortages.
641:’ (RO) units to desalinate water for drinking purposes. The water quality is high, though the water lacks basic minerals. As of January 2014, there were 18 neighborhood desalination plants in the Gaza strip, providing safe drinking water for free to 95,000 people who come to fill their canisters at the plants. 13 of these plants are operated by UNICEF.
705:, some 180,000–200,000 Palestinians living in rural communities have no access to running water and the Israeli army often prevents them from even collecting rainwater. The Israeli army frequently destroys small rainwater harvesting cisterns built by Palestinian communities who have no access to running water, or prevents their construction.
1614:
by the local governments and through increased private sector participation. In addition, the project seeks to strengthen the regulatory and institutional capacity of the PWA. The second objective of the project is the improvement of the water and sanitation services through rehabilitation, upgrade and expansion of the existing facilities.
546:, in Israel called the "Gilboa-Bet She'an Aquifer" or "Schechem-Gilboa Aquifer", has an annual safe yield of 145 mcm (of which 70 mcm are brackish). Almost 100% of its water comes from precipitation falling within the West Bank area, but then flows underground in a northerly direction into the Bisan (Bet She'an) and Jezreel valley.
436:
Israelis are allotted four times the
Palestinian portion or 80% of the joint-aquifer resources. However, 94% (340 mcm) of the Western Aquifer was allotted to the Israelis for use within Israel. The allowed quantities have not been adapted after the end of the supposed five years interim period. The parties established the
1601:. It does not only focus on water, but also includes the financing of other infrastructure that is critical for economic growth. With regard to water, several achievements have been accomplished in 2010. For example, a water transmission line, water distribution systems, reservoirs, and steel water pipes have been built.
1054:
the conditions of water supply utilities suffer from grave deficiencies causing high leakage rates and a weak water pulse in the system, ascribed to both institutional weakness and the restrictions posed by the occupation on the development of the water and sanitation sectors, including the Gaza blockade.
1087:, 26 percent of diseases observed in Gaza were water-related. On the eve of the war (6 October 2023), Gaza had 5 wastewater treatment plants, and 65 sewage pumping stations. Gaza’s only one of Gaza’s three desalisation plants was operational given the ongoing Israeli blockade of fuel and electricity.
334:, Palestinians managed to extract only 87 MCM, given the difficulties in obtaining Israeli permits, and the shortfall caused by the drying up of half of Palestinian wells has to be partially offset by buying water from Israel, with the net effect that per capita Palestinian water use has declined 20%. The
1613:
which is active from 2005 to 2010, the World Bank provides US$ 20 million. One objective of the project is to develop a sustainable institutional structure of the water and sanitation sector. This is planned to be achieved through supporting the establishment of a
Coastal Water Utility which is owned
1053:
The high water loss rates are ascribed to illegal connections, worn out pipe systems in the networks, and utility dysfunction. Especially in the Gaza Strip, high losses are caused by illegal connections. Illegal use of water is often the result of water shortages and insufficient supply. Furthermore,
940:
While many
Palestinians living in rural communities have no access to running water, Israeli settlers who export their products have irrigated farms, lush gardens and swimming pools. The 450,000 settlers use as much or even more water than all 2.3 million Palestinians together. Many Palestinians have
1378:
A water-pricing policy is under preparation. Currently, increasing block tariffs are applied in the
Palestinian territories. There is no price differentiation according to the purpose (residential, commercial, industrial). The average cost of water supply is $ 22 per month ($ 25 in the West Bank and
1300:
in 1996. The contract was entirely funded by a US$ 25 million World Bank credit. According to a 1998 World Bank paper, water quality improved since the contract became active. Furthermore, water losses fell and water consumption and revenues rose. However, actual responsibility for service provision
353:
In 2023, Israeli attacks on
Palestinian water supplies both in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank amounted to roughly 25% of the 350 water conflicts which occurred that year globally. On average 7 such attacks, either by settlers or the army, resulting in either contaminated or destroyed water wells,
1646:
aims at the preparation of a feasibility study and a project concept for wastewater management and reuse in selected rural communities. Other components shall strengthen the capacity of the Water and
Wastewater Department and increase the reliability of an existing water supply system. Finally, the
1560:
so that the available water resources can be used more efficiently. One successful example of water loss reduction is the first phase of the KfW-supported program in Nablus: the frequency of supply for 8,000 inhabitants in the Rafidia neighbourhood was increased from every 4 days to every 2–3 days.
1094:
infrastructure providing energy for the Gaza Central wastewater treatment plant, affecting 1 million people. The airstrikes led to a 95% reduction of water resources available to the population of the Strip, with the consequence that Gazans were limited to 3 litres per day, 12 litres under the UN
1066:
reported severe damages to the water and sanitation infrastructure in the Gaza Strip. Almost all sewage and water pumps were out of operation due to a lack of electricity and fuel. Spare parts and other maintenance supplies were in urgent need to be replenished. This situation resulted in a serious
925:
In 2008, the settlers in the Niran settlement, north of Jericho, used more than 5 times the amount of the nearby Palestinian village al-A’uja. The Argaman settlement, in the central Jordan Valley, used more than 5 times the amount of the adjacent Palestinian village a-Zubeidat. The household use in
913:
According to the Palestinian Water Authority, the average Israeli consumption of water is 300 liter per person per day, which is more than 4 times that of the Palestinian use of 72 liters per day. Some Palestinian village communities live on even less water than the average Palestinian consumption,
717:
is seen as an important source. In the West Bank, Israel collects wastewater in two facilities in the Jordan Valley. Not only wastewater from Israelis in Jerusalem and settlements is collected, but also from Palestinians. All recycled water is used for irrigation in settlements in the Jordan Valley
680:
Another major problem is that desalination is very energy-intensive, while the import of fuel to produce the necessary electricity is restricted by Israel and Egypt. Furthermore, revenues from drinking water tariffs are insufficient to cover the operating costs of the envisaged plant at the current
579:
Drilling of wells into the mountain aquifer by the Palestinians is restricted. Most of its water thus flows underground towards the slopes of the hills and into Israeli territory. According to different estimates, between 80 and 85% of groundwater in the West Bank is used either by Israeli settlers
534:
area is located within Israeli borders. Israelis exploit the aquifers of this basin by means of 300 deep groundwater wells to the west of the Green Line, as well as by deep wells within the West Bank boundary. Palestinians who have access to pre-existing wells and springs may draw on them, but are,
443:
According to a World Bank report, Israel extracted 80% more water from the West Bank than agreed in the Oslo Accord, while Palestinian abstractions were within the agreed range. Contrary to expectations under Oslo II, the water actually extracted by Palestinians in the West Bank has dropped between
1589:
On the official web page, USAID announces to provide more than 60 km of water pipes in order to supply ten additional villages in the southern Nablus area with potable water. By 2009, USAID has improved water supply for more than 19,500 households while about 30,000 households gained improved
1122:
In the Gaza strip, from the 110,000 m of wastewater per day which is produced in the Gaza Strip, 68,000 m was treated, according to a study from 2001. 20% of the treated wastewater was reused. The World Bank reported in 2009 that the three existing wastewater treatment plants work discontinuously.
969:
A survey carried out by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) found that the number of households in the Palestinian territories connected to the water network was 91.8% in 2011. In the West Bank, 89.4% of the households were connected while the connection share in the Gaza Strip was
743:
was 50 lpcd, with many households consuming as little as 20 lpcd, even if connected to the network. Due to the settlement of areas in the West Bank and its resultant fragmentation, movement of water from water-rich areas to Palestinian communities with water shortage is inhibited. Therefore, there
587:
is the only groundwater source in the Gaza strip. It runs beneath the coast of Israel, with Gaza downstream at the end of the basin. With the water flows underground mainly east–west, however, Palestinian extractions from the aquifer have no effect on the Israeli side. Israel, on the contrary, has
1564:
Outcomes of technical cooperation include improved performance for the Jerusalem Water Undertaking, the utility serving Ramallah, as a result of capacity building and training. Employees of the municipality Al-Bireh were trained in operating the town's wastewater treatment plant. Wells have been
1463:
At the same time, the total investment costs of water projects in the Gaza Strip were about US$ 230 million, out of which most was spent on ongoing projects (US$ 170 million), while the remaining 60 million were implemented costs. About 90% of these investments were financed by grants and 10% by
1455:
The PWA issues periodic reports including information about projects and donor contributions. In the West Bank, the total investment cost of water projects from 1996 to 2002 amounted to about US$ 500 million, out of which 150 million were already spent on completed projects. The costs of ongoing
1074:
The Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip impedes the provision of spare parts and thus contributes to exacerbate the problem. Several aid agencies and the top United Nations humanitarian official in the Palestinian territories therefore demanded the immediate opening of crossings. According to the
435:
allows the Palestinians in the West Bank the use of up to 118 million cubic meters (mcm) water per year. 80 mcm was supposed to come from newly-drilled wells. However, the PWA was able to drill new wells for only 30 mcm at the expense of the existing springs and wells. In the Oslo II Accord, the
1641:
is supposed to support the Palestinian Water Authority by providing e.g. advisory support, technical assistance and staff training. The objective is to strengthen the PWA's capacity of monitoring, planning and regulating water sector development in the Palestinian territories. Furthermore, the
1504:
The French development agency, Agence française de développement (AFD), supports several projects in the Palestinian territories. For example, AFD finances the connection of densely populated areas of Rafah to the sewage system, the construction of water pipes and reservoirs in Hebron, and the
1340:
provided US$ 35.7 million. Mainly due to the continuing hostilities and the premature cancellation of EIB support, the World Bank rates the total outcome of the project as unsatisfactory. According to the World Bank, non-revenue water was reduced from about 50% to 24% in Hebron and only 10% in
1221:
The Water Law No. 3 provided the legal basis for the establishment of "national water utilities". The PWA's goal is to establish four regional utilities, one in Gaza and three in the West Bank (North, Center and South). However, in reality as of 2011 only the regional utility for Gaza has been
294:
The region of Israel/Palestine is "water-stressed", like many other countries in the region, and macroanalysts consider working out how to share water resources the "single most important problem" for Middle Eastern peoples. One third of all water consumed in Israel was by the 1990s drawn from
1633:
Waterwater Treatment Plant. Effluents of the treatment plant are discharged into a lake, putting the surrounding communities at risk. The objective of the project is to provide a long-term solution to wastewater treatment in the Gaza northern governorate. In order to achieve this, the lake is
1617:
In January 2008, another US$ 5 million for the project have been approved by the bank. The additional funding will contribute to finance the institutional strengthening of the Coastal Municipal Water Utility, which has suffered from a very difficult security situation. Moreover, operation and
1585:
USAID is a leading development agency within the sector in the Palestinian territories. Their work includes the repair and rehabilitation of small scale water and sanitation facilities, rehabilitation of water and sewage networks as well as replacement of water pumps. In addition, USAID helps
660:
in the Gaza Strip, built in 1997–99 with funding by the Austrian government. It has a capacity of 600 cubic metres (21,000 cu ft) per day and it is owned and operated by the Coastal Municipalities Water Utility. At least initially, the operating costs were subsidized by the Austrian
1483:
About 15 bilateral and multilateral donor agencies support the Palestinian water sector. In 2006, the PWA complained that coordination between PWA and donors was "still not successful" and that some donors and NGOs were "bypassing" the PWA. Donor coordination mechanisms in the sector include
918:, water extractions per capita for West Bank Palestinians are about one quarter of those for Israelis, and have declined over the last decade. In 1999, Palestinians in the West Bank used only 190 lpcd from the West Bank resources, the settlers 870 lpcd, and the Israelis used even 1,000 lpcd.
1005:
Data of a survey carried out in 2011 revealed that 47.2% of the households in the Palestinian Territories consider the water quality as good. The share is significantly higher in the West Bank (70.9%) than in the Gaza Strip (5.3%). Compared to an earlier study, the results indicate that the
668:
Desalination of seawater is expected to become more important in the future through a long-planned regional desalination plant that would provide desalinated water using the piped water network throughout the entire Gaza strip. For over 20 years, a major desalination plant for Gaza has been
1033:
In 2012, the losses of water in the network were estimated some 28% in the West Bank and even half of the supplied amount in Gaza. In the West Bank, construction and maintenance of water and sewage infrastructure are problematic. The Palestinian areas are enclaves in the Israeli-controlled
6234:
941:
to buy water from Israel, of often dubious quality, delivered with tanker trucks at very high prices. Water tankers are forced to take long detours to avoid Israeli military checkpoints and roads which are out of bounds to Palestinians, resulting in steep increases in the price of water.
1597:. Between 2008 and 2013 USAID finances the second phase of the program. It is supposed to address the urgent need of adequate water and sanitation systems e.g. by providing emergency relief and rehabilitation of existing systems. Another program funded by USAID from 2008 to 2013 is the
285:
have caused severe damage to the infrastructure in the Gaza Strip. Concerning wastewater, the existing treatment plants do not have the capacity to treat all of the produced wastewater, causing severe water pollution. The development of the sector highly depends on external financing.
1383:) per m³ in 2004. In areas where piped water is not available, water is purchased from water tankers for prices five to six times higher than for piped water. The long-term objective to recover water production costs, or at least operation and maintenance costs, is still not reached.
1456:
projects were US$ 300 million, and the remaining US$ 50 million were committed to future projects. Out of the total cost of US$ 500 million, 200 million were invested in the water supply sector and 130 million in the wastewater sector. The remaining financial resources were spent in
1236:. In other cities such as Tulkarem, Qalqilya, Nablus, Jenin, Jericho and Hebron as well as in small towns, municipalities provide water and - if existing - sewer services. Both utilities and municipalities depend to a varying extent on bulk water supply by the Israeli water company
669:
discussed. The Palestinian Water Authority has approved a $ 500 million facility. Israel supports it and has quietly begun to offer Palestinians desalination training. In 2012 the French government committed a 10 million-euro grant for the plant. Arab countries, coordinated by the
3042:"Report of the independent international fact-finding mission to investigate the implications of the Israeli settlements on the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of the Palestinian people throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem"
406:
In 1995, the Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) was established by a presidential decree. One year later, its functions, objectives and responsibilities were defined through a by-law, giving the PWA the mandate to manage water resources and execute the water policy.
1618:
maintenance costs of the water and sanitation facilities in the Gaza Strip for one additional year are covered. One aim is to reduce non-revenue water from 45% to 35%, accompanied by an increase of revenues and customer satisfaction. The funding also provides for
1565:
drilled or rehabilitated in the Nablus and Ramallah area, supplying 120,000 people with drinking water. GTZ also supported the creation of the National Water Council in 2006. Furthermore, at least 6,000 schoolchildren have been taught water conservation measures.
4205:
1484:
Emergency Water, Sanitation and Hygiene group (EWASH) regrouping UN agencies and NGOs as well as Emergency Water Operations Center (EWOC) led by USAID. Both were established to coordinate the reconstruction after the 2002 Israeli incursions into the West Bank.
576:. As of 2009, Mekorot operates some 42 wells in the West Bank, mainly in the Jordan Valley region, which mostly supply the Israeli settlements. The amount of water Mekorot can sell to the Palestinians is subject to approval of the Israeli authorities.
1365:. In the Gaza Strip, NRW is estimated to be about 45%, out of which 40% is caused by physical losses and 5% by unregistered connections and meter losses. For comparison leakage of water at Israeli municipal pipes amount to about 10% of water usage.
394:
in particular are considered to constitute the major obstacle to the resolution of conflict in the area. Palestinians claim they have a legal right to ownership, or claim to use of three water sources in the area:(a)the groundwater reservoir of the
330:. Under those Oslo Accords Israel obtained 80% of the West Bank's waters, with the remaining 20% Palestinian, a percentage which, however, did not concede the Palestinians any "ownership right". Of their agreed on allocation for 2011 of 138.5
3780:
612:
Pursuant Oslo II (Annex III, Article 40.7), Israel committed itself to sell 5 mcm/year to the Gaza Strip. In 2015 Israel had doubled the amount to 10 mcm/year. Gaza also imports water, or produces drinkwater by means of desalination plants.
1586:
communities without access to piped water through water supply via tankers. In rural areas, the agency provides water collection cisterns to poor families. USAID helps to connect households to water and to install rainwater drainage pipes.
5350:
1634:
drained. New infiltration basins are built in another location, where the effluent of the lake will be transferred. A new wastewater treatment plant with improved quality standards will be built, covering the whole northern governorate.
5545:
3929:
996:
Due to unreliable water delivery, virtually every Palestinian house has at least one, most several, water cisterns to store water. In the West Bank, the management of water resources is subject to debate due to military regulations.
1197:(NWC). The council has the authority to suspend or dismantle the services of the board of directors of the regional water and wastewater services providers. The members of the council include the main Palestinian ministries. The
1709:"Keeping Tel Aviv, Haifa, and the other cities of the Israeli coastal plain from running dry depends on blocking Arab water development in the West Bank that could stop the aquifers flow westward: hence the ban on Arab wells".
1240:, which delivers about 80% of the water used by JWU. In rural areas, water is provided by Village Council water departments. In the North-Eastern Jenin area a Joint Service Council (JSC) formed by six villages provides water.
5788:
5380:
3342:
526:, in Israel called the "Yarkon-Taninim Aquifer", is the largest one, with an annual safe yield of 362 million cubic metres (mcm), based on average annual estimate, (of which 40 mcm are brackish). Eighty percent of the
3971:
3950:
885:
In 2008, the settlements in the Jordan Valley and northern Dead Sea area were allocated 44.8 million m (MCM) of water, 97.5 percent of which (43.7 MCM) were for agricultural use. Seventy percent of it was provided by
850:
including commercial and industrial uses; hence, the actual supply and consumption rates per capita are less than the indicated numbers; 93.9 MCM=105.6 lpcd and 67.9 MCM=76.4 lpcd (for given population over 365 days)
5812:
1718:
Military Order 158.44 Article 4(A) states that "it shall not be permissible for any person to set up or to assemble or to possess or to operate a water installation unless he has obtained a license from the area
592:
from wastewater infiltration and fertilizers. Only 5-10% of the aquifer yields drinking water quality. By 2000, the water from the Coastal Aquifer in the Gaza region was considered no longer drinkable due to high
1522:
6198:
5928:
1091:
518:
Israel drew 60% of the water extracted from aquifers straddling the border between it and the West Bank. It now takes 80%, which overall means that 40% of Israel's water comes from West Bank aquifers.
7031:
4163:
3734:
1660:
4184:
4142:
1651:. Besides the capacity improvement of both the PWA and the coastal municipalities' water utility, the project shall ensure the management, operation and delivery of wastewater and water services.
486:, the largest stream in the central Jordan Valley, fed by rainwater, is diverted by Israel to the Tirza Reservoir and used by settlements in the area for irrigation of crops and for raising fish.
3358:
2676:
5723:
4860:
5006:
1518:
2532:
5530:
3994:
4666:
2464:
5856:
3680:
6791:
5550:
4028:
1577:(SIDA) has participated in the development of feasibility and design studies for the north regional wastewater treatment plant and associated sewerage collection systems in Gaza.
1261:
are very active in the field of water and wastewater treatment and reuse. One NGO network is the Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network (PENGON) that was initiated after the 2000
6894:
6686:
5933:
5841:
926:
the Ro’i settlement, in the northern Jordan Valley, was per head 21 times that of the adjacent Bedouin community al-Hadidya, which is not connected to the regular water supply.
6191:
5408:
5402:
4728:
Pasternak, Dov; Schlissel, Arnold, eds. (2001). "DESERTIFICATION IN THE WEST BANK AND GAZA STRIP Present Status and Future Aspirations by Issam Nofal and Tahseen Barakat".
7000:
4114:
4087:
4057:
1513:
German development cooperation has been engaged in the water and sanitation sector in the Palestinian Territories since 1994. It consists of financial cooperation through
1313:
6841:
6229:
6219:
4554:
1309:
decreased to about 30%. After the end of the contract, the Coastal Municipal Water Utility (CMWU) has been established to manage water and sanitation in the Gaza strip.
5174:
6939:
6846:
5413:
1685:
648:, the import of spare parts – essential to operate the desalination plants of industry, communities and households – as well as necessary chemicals, is problematic.
6851:
6184:
4853:
3823:
3755:
3274:
1750:
1862:
7041:
6761:
6564:
5861:
3329:
1665:
1336:. Among other things, it included the improvement of infrastructure and billing procedures. The contract was financed with a credit of US$ 21 million, while the
1210:
5443:
4958:
2551:
4687:
4481:
3850:
2282:
4652:
2483:
326:'s drillings in the West Bank are located in the Jordan Valley, where Palestinians ended up by 2008 drawing 44% less water than what they accessed before the
6224:
5568:
5540:
5147:
1475:
It is estimated that a future investment of about US$ 1.1 billion for the West Bank and US$ 0.8 billion is needed for the planning period from 2003 to 2015.
2845:
6574:
6391:
6386:
6281:
5915:
5808:
5714:
4541:
3085:
2775:
6899:
6645:
6442:
6396:
5525:
5039:
4953:
4846:
637:
brackish groundwater has become an important source of drinking water. Over 20,000 consumers in over 50% of the Gaza households have installed domestic ‘
3102:
597:
from the sea water intrusion and high nitrate pollution from agricultural activity. In 2013, an analysis of nine municipal groundwater wells reported a
6884:
6452:
6447:
6361:
4575:
1386:
The following table gives an overview of the distribution of households in the Palestinian Territories by the cost of monthly consumed water in 2003.
6296:
7046:
7010:
6955:
6929:
6904:
6635:
6579:
6489:
6467:
5938:
5866:
5578:
5302:
4978:
3241:
1761:
1670:
1574:
755:
457:
869:
in 2005 was 152 lpcd, but due to high network losses, the actual water use was only 60% of it, which would be about 91 liter. The minimum quantity
366:, the issue of the development of the area's water resources, has been a critical issue in regional conflict and negotiations, initially involving
6990:
6975:
6914:
6856:
6786:
6604:
6554:
6544:
6457:
6426:
6406:
6311:
5448:
5189:
5142:
4973:
4910:
2935:
2392:
The Jordan River Basin and the Mountain Aquifer: The Transboundary Freshwater Disputes between Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and the Palestinians
697:, notably in rural areas. However, Israeli authorities control even the collection of small quantities of rainwater. According to the 2009 report
553:, entirely within the West Bank, has an annual safe yield of 172 mcm (of which 70–80 mcm are brackish). This aquifer is mainly drained by springs.
4226:
3622:
3258:
418:
was severely damaged, with half of its boreholes and desalination plants, and four of the six wastewater treatment plants, damaged or destroyed.
901:
621:
7036:
7005:
6980:
6960:
6919:
6726:
6706:
6681:
6614:
6539:
6479:
6411:
6381:
6371:
6366:
6356:
6336:
6331:
6261:
6041:
5793:
5756:
5475:
5001:
3597:
6985:
6965:
6934:
6924:
6879:
6874:
6831:
6801:
6731:
6721:
6599:
6569:
6524:
6514:
6494:
6421:
6416:
6376:
6266:
5761:
5257:
4747:
4710:
4608:
4583:
4513:
4390:
4343:
4315:
4288:
3443:
3129:
2579:
2318:
1690:
1035:
66:
6970:
6909:
6816:
6746:
6619:
6594:
6509:
6484:
6472:
6462:
6401:
6341:
6326:
6316:
6301:
6276:
5893:
5871:
5744:
5370:
1247:
1909:
6609:
3292:
6995:
6889:
6549:
6534:
6504:
6499:
6351:
5719:
5598:
5490:
5307:
4635:
4247:
3193:
2980:
865:, which includes industrial, commercial and public consumption as well as losses. In the Gaza strip, for example, the estimated average
515:
6701:
5823:
5588:
5453:
304:
6650:
6766:
5943:
5846:
5593:
5560:
5112:
4968:
4869:
3041:
1675:
1095:
emergency limit.By late April 2024, 63% of all water and sanitation infrastructure in Gaza had been significantly damaged, with the
1042:
and the Israeli army. In Gaza, the infrastructure is subject to periodic large-scale destruction by Israeli attacks, such as in the
5166:
4656:
3886:
3582:
3568:
3402:
3388:
3374:
3170:
2794:
2458:
1829:
1808:
387:
319:
in the 1980s, while most of its land was stripped from them leaving the villagers with 2,979 of their original 11,179 dunams.
2409:
5923:
5851:
5803:
5739:
5685:
4963:
4673:
3306:
2860:
2496:
1680:
572:
In 1982, the West Bank water infrastructure controlled by the Israeli army was handed over to the Israeli national water company
6826:
6584:
6321:
988:
557:
According to Hiniker, at an average sustainable rate, the amount of renewable shared freshwater available throughout the entire
6640:
6529:
6519:
5673:
5433:
5375:
5317:
498:. There are claims that Israel diverts part of its water for agricultural purposes within Israel prior to its arrival to Gaza.
6756:
6589:
1781:
893:
In 2009, settlers in Pnei Hever, Hebron District, consumed 194 liters per day; those in Efrat, east of Bethlehem, 217 liters.
601:
ranging from 680.4 mg/L to 3106.6 mg/L, averaging 1996.5mg/L, exceeding the 1000mg/L WHO acceptable level, mainly due to high
6811:
6806:
6691:
6306:
6291:
6271:
5653:
5465:
5390:
5032:
3538:
3311:, pp. 45-46. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Monitoring Program (WaSH MP) 2007/2008. Palestinian Hydrology Group (PHG) (7,3 MB)
1258:
1189:
Shaddad Attili, Head of the Palestinian Water Authority from 2008 until 2014 at the 6th World Water Forum in Marseille, 2012.
1014:
295:
groundwater that in turn came from the rains over the West Bank, and the struggle over this resource has been described as a
6836:
6796:
6741:
6736:
6716:
6711:
6696:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6286:
1293:
6821:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6751:
6346:
4642:
3026:
3005:
2477:
5818:
5438:
5083:
3063:
1130:
In the West Bank, only 13,000 out of 85,000 m of wastewater were treated in five municipal wastewater treatment plants in
5888:
4441:(2005). "The Geopolitics of 'Enclavisation' and the Demise of a Two-State Solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict".
3281:
2501:, p. 32. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Monitoring Program (WaSH MP) 2007/2008. Palestinian Hydrology Group (PHG) (7,3 MB)
1745:
6100:
5798:
5610:
5428:
5332:
5312:
5234:
4932:
4409:
4008:
6095:
5179:
980:
The Euro-Mediterranean Water Information System (EMWIS) states that continuity in the Palestinian territories is 62.8%
5460:
5117:
2303:
The Palestinian Water Authority: Developments and Challenges involving the Legal Framework and the Capacity of the PWA
1198:
1075:
United Nations, about 60% of the population in the Gaza Strip did not have access to continuous water supply in 2009.
558:
4032:
2236:
403:
to the amount of 700 MCM/Y, over 50% of natural water resources between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River.
5749:
4994:
3846:
1043:
930:
645:
4678:. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Monitoring Program (WaSH MP) 2007/2008. Palestinian Hydrology Group (PHG) (7,3 MB)
2301:
Husseini, Hiba (n.d.). "Palestinian Water Authority: Developments and Challenges — Legal Framework and Capacity".
363:
6006:
5663:
5648:
5535:
5025:
4524:
2537:, pp. 21–23. Water Studies Institute (WSI), Birzeit University, West Bank-Palestine. May 2005. On web.archive.org
1119:
were used by 39% of households, while access to the sewer network increased to 55% in 2011, up from 39% in 1999.
1010:
955:
335:
5244:
5211:
2913:
1910:"Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation for Agricultural Irrigation: The situation in Morocco and Palestine"
6026:
5573:
4280:
4061:
3901:
3080:
2770:
1493:
1465:
1337:
933:
consumed, with 217 liters, three times the amount of the per capita use of 71 liters in the nearby Palestinian
674:
670:
1160:. According to the World Bank report, the other four plants perform poorly concerning efficiency and quality.
3824:"Implementation Completion and Results Report for the Southern Area Water and Sanitation Improvement Project"
3756:"Implementation Completion and Results Report for the Southern Area Water and Sanitation Improvement Project"
6011:
5986:
5961:
5898:
5882:
5734:
5184:
5127:
4937:
4335:
4307:
1047:
673:, committed to provide half of the necessary funds, matching an expected European financial commitment. The
383:
2639:
282:
6090:
6048:
6021:
6001:
5773:
5638:
5470:
5294:
5273:
4382:
4277:
Water Wisdom: Preparing the Groundwork for Cooperative and Sustainable Water Management in the Middle East
1277:
were awarded for Gaza in 1996 and for the Bethlehem area in 1999. In 2002, soon after the outbreak of the
598:
475:
396:
2744:
1758:
693:
is a very limited resource in addition to tanker truck water for Palestinians who lack connection to the
6105:
6036:
6031:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5658:
5252:
4631:
4443:
3795:
3123:
1317:
1039:
973:
According to a 2004 study by Karen Assaf, there are low service levels especially in small villages and
963:
934:
702:
437:
17:
5216:
4681:
3868:"Percent Distribution of Households in the Palestinian Territory by the Cost of Monthly Consumed Water"
1460:(80m), institutional and capacity building (30m), storm water, water resources and irrigation systems.
854:
In 2012, about 44% of the groundwater was for use in agriculture. Industrial use was only 3% in 2005.
411:
3629:
3253:
6016:
5996:
5991:
5953:
5876:
5783:
5691:
5643:
5621:
5508:
5122:
5088:
5063:
4989:
4983:
4894:
2691:
1921:
1312:
Another management contract was awarded in 1999 covering water supply of about 600,000 people in the
690:
2888:
Austrian Development Agency: Water Sector Review West Bank & Gaza, January 2007, Vol. II, p. 493
1637:
In 2011, the World Bank approved three water and sanitation projects in the West Bank and Gaza. The
1341:
Bethlehem in 2004. Illegal connections were eliminated in Hebron and more than halved in Bethlehem.
6245:
5699:
5680:
5480:
5132:
4542:"Occupation, Inc.How Settlement Businesses Contribute to Israel's Violations of Palestinian Rights"
3905:
1622:, chemicals for water treatment and disinfection and the rehabilitation of water production wells.
1274:
1112:
1018:
906:
905:
Bedouins purchase water from water trucks in Khirbet A-Duqaiqah in the South Hebron Hills near the
536:
6159:
4811:
4185:"Projects - West Bank and Gaza : GZ-NORTH GAZA SEWERAGE TREATMENT PLANT ADDITIONAL FINANCING"
3460:
6126:
6073:
5778:
5768:
5583:
5398:
5048:
4927:
4883:
4545:
4495:
4468:
4460:
4426:
4363:
4091:
2717:
2547:
1937:
1457:
1380:
1321:
300:
251:
77:
3867:
3142:
2745:"The role of groundwater in the water conflict and resolution between Israelis and Palestinians"
1006:
percentage of households which consider the water quality as good decreased from 67.5% in 1999.
1757:, p. 5. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation, November 2011. On
644:
In 2009, approximately 100 industrial desalination plants were operational. Due to the Israeli
6083:
5729:
4743:
4716:
4706:
4604:
4579:
4509:
4499:
4386:
4376:
4339:
4329:
4311:
4299:
4284:
3439:
3211:
2897:
2725:
2575:
2566:
2314:
2265:
2237:
Global surge of water-related violence led by Israeli attacks on Palestinian supplies – report
1557:
1350:
1306:
1124:
1096:
1022:
922:
in the West Bank thus used about 4.5 times the amount of water available to the Palestinians.
747:
As of 2009, the Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) or municipalities provided about 70 lpcd in
343:
278:
4594:
4569:
4272:
3735:"Projects - West Bank and Gaza : Southern Area Water and Sanitation Improvement Project"
2729:
2596:
2390:
1472:. US$ 100 million were invested in the water sector and 40 million in the wastewater sector.
6164:
6121:
5703:
5194:
5098:
4735:
4452:
4418:
2957:
2825:
2707:
2699:
2672:
2620:
2306:
1929:
1333:
1324:, with a focus on the former one. The contract was awarded to a joint venture of the French
1297:
1262:
1084:
316:
4118:
2376:
5668:
5322:
5226:
5206:
5093:
4899:
4888:
4644:
Dispossession and Exploitation: Israel's Policy in the Jordan Valley and Northern Dead Sea
4625:
4526:
Dispossession and Exploitation: Israel's Policy in the Jordan Valley and Northern Dead Sea
4325:
3808:
3461:"Why states cooperate over shared water: The water negotiations in the Jordan River Basin"
3262:
3223:
3187:
3156:
3089:
3028:
Dispossession and Exploitation: Israel's Policy in the Jordan Valley and Northern Dead Sea
3007:
Dispossession and Exploitation: Israel's Policy in the Jordan Valley and Northern Dead Sea
2993:
2974:
2814:"Drinking water quality assessment of the Middle Governorate in the Gaza Strip, Palestine"
2779:
2515:
2479:
Dispossession and Exploitation: Israel's Policy in the Jordan Valley and Northern Dead Sea
2413:
2359:
1765:
1754:
1278:
1100:
1017:. Specifically, 26% of the samples had a moderate contamination level, between 11 and 100
919:
638:
6176:
3539:"Water Supply and Sewerage Authority Bethlehem Beit Jala Beit Sahour, West Bank and Gaza"
2430:. Gershon Baskin, 1(3) Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture (1994)
1246:
In all 25 municipalities in the Gaza strip, water provision is the responsibility of the
3419:
EMWIS, International Coordination Unit Palestinian Water Authority (PWA): Palestine 2008
2695:
1925:
1185:
48:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
5340:
5201:
5103:
4358:
4353:
3709:"Water in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) - trends in investment and privatisation"
3655:"Water in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) - trends in investment and privatisation"
2611:
Hiniker, Mike (1999). "Sustainable solutions to water conflicts in the Jordan Valley".
2404:
1966:
1505:
construction of a water distribution network in six villages in the district of Jenin.
1013:
revealed that 74% of the water samples from distribution points had varying degrees of
495:
471:
432:
327:
308:
263:
4703:
In Search of the River Jordan: A Story of Palestine, Israel and the Struggle for Water
2936:"UfM presents the Gaza Desalination Project at the 2012 World Water Week in Stockholm"
2868:
2846:"Israel Doubles Water Supply to Gaza Strip, Increases Supply to Palestinian Authority"
2335:
1970:
1193:
General water sector policies are set by the Palestinian cabinet of ministries and the
7025:
4922:
4729:
4472:
2721:
1289:
1068:
657:
566:
479:
296:
4838:
1941:
6131:
5633:
5078:
4830:
4559:
4422:
3495:
2439:
2395:. Rose M. Mukhar, 12(1) Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law (2006)
2239:
1174:
974:
634:
483:
482:, north of the West Bank is diverted by Israel, Syria and Jordan. The water of the
400:
135:
4401:
3708:
3654:
3359:
Water War Crimes: How Israel has weaponised water in its military campaign in Gaza
3326:
1629:, which seeks to mitigate the health and environmental risks which arise from the
1265:. It has more than 20 members, including NGOs, universities and research centers.
448:
Israeli wells in the West Bank have dried up local Palestinian wells and springs.
4813:
Water For One People Only: Discriminatory Access and ‘Water-Apartheid’ in the OPT
2310:
1908:
Fatta, D.; Salem, Z.; Mountadar, M.; Assobhei, O.; Loizidou, M. (December 2004).
277:. About a third to half of the delivered water in the Palestinian territories is
5073:
4648:
4533:
4505:
4438:
3214:, p. (English section). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, December 2011
1619:
1354:
1302:
1233:
714:
662:
626:
562:
561:
is roughly 2700 mcm per year, which is composed of 1400 million cubic metres of
379:
331:
312:
87:
3930:"Raccordement au réseau d'assainissement de quartiers de Rafah (bande de Gaza)"
6136:
5498:
5345:
5068:
4739:
4662:
4600:
4456:
4378:
Water Sheikhs and Dam Builders: Stories of People and Water in the Middle East
4227:"Water Supply and Sanitation Improvements for West Bethlehem Villages Project"
2979:, pp. 2–4, 15, 28, 34, 39–50, 63, 68. Amnesty International, October 2009. On
2830:
2813:
2703:
2677:"Groundwater Resources and International Law in the Middle East Peace Process"
2624:
1998:"West Bank & Gaza - Fact Sheet: Gaza Strip Water and Sanitation Situation"
1993:
1933:
1630:
1469:
1154:
1063:
915:
694:
415:
270:
4143:"Projects - West Bank and Gaza : Gaza Water and Sanitation Project (02)"
3781:"West Bank and Gaza - Southern Area Water and Sanitation Improvement Project"
2772:
Quantity of Water Purchased From Israeli Water Company (Mekorot) in Palestine
5503:
3345:
3265:. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), 20 August 2004
3103:"Palestinian Water Wells and it's [sic] Annual Pumping Quantity ..."
2571:
1813:, pp. 16-17 (par. 46-48); for Gaza: p. 28 (par. 73). World Bank, April 2009.
1747:
A Snapshot of Drinking-water and Sanitation in the Arab States – 2010 Update
1644:
Water Supply and Sanitation Improvements for West Bethlehem Villages Project
1553:
1229:
462:
391:
274:
4825:
The Water and Sanitation Hygiene Monitoring Program Water For Life Campaign
3065:
The Humanitarian Impact of Israeli-declared ″Firing Zones″ in the West Bank
2861:"At a glance: State of Palestine - A fresh solution to Gaza's water crisis"
2336:"Half of Gaza water sites damaged or destroyed, BBC satellite data reveals"
2279:
444:
1999 and 2007. Due to the Israeli over-extraction, aquifer levels are near
386:, water use and sanitation have been closely linked to developments in the
1067:
shortage of water and sewage overflows in urban areas, posing a threat to
914:
in some cases no more than 20 liters per person per day. According to the
4036:
3516:
3082:
Quantity of Water Supply for Domestic Sector and Water Consumed ..., 2012
2534:
Prospects of Efficient Wastewater Management and Water Reuse in Palestine
1545:
1541:
1533:
1447:
Bill collection rates average 50% in the West Bank and only 20% in Gaza.
1358:
1147:
1143:
1139:
602:
594:
4555:"The Palestinian farmers battling border restrictions and lack of water"
2425:
625:
An elderly man fills a water container at a public multi-faucet sink in
350:, have been severely hampered by restrictions on their access to water.
6141:
6078:
5513:
5381:
United States security assistance to the Palestinian National Authority
4914:
4775:
The Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs
4486:
4464:
4430:
4367:
3541:. International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities
1362:
1329:
1325:
1281:, the Bethlehem contract was terminated and the Gaza contract expired.
1237:
1151:
1116:
887:
589:
573:
530:
area of this basin is located within the West Bank, whereas 80% of the
511:
440:
to carry out the provisions of the concerning article 40 of Annex III.
323:
4571:
Watershed: The Role of Fresh Water in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
1971:"Gaza water crisis prompts UN call for immediate opening of crossings"
1780:
Euro-Mediterranean Water Information System (EMWIS) (September 2005).
478:(NWC) before it can reach the West Bank. Virtually all water from the
4817:
4798:
Euro-Mediterranean Information System on know-how in the Water sector
2899:
Integrated Water Resources Management and Security in the Middle East
2712:
1997:
1782:"Local Water Supply, Sanitation and Sewage. Country Report Palestine"
1537:
1529:
1379:$ 10 in Gaza). Karen Assaf reported an average tariff of US$ 1.20 (5
1131:
959:
606:
375:
371:
347:
259:
4482:"The politics of water: Palestinians bracing for another dry summer"
4065:
3681:"West Bank and Gaza update. World Bank Report on Impact of Intifada"
3255:
Preliminary Humanitarian Situation Report Operation "Forward Shield"
2752:
International Symposium on Groundwater Sustainability (ISGWAS), ARIJ
1021:
per 100 ml, and 13% had high levels of contamination, exceeding 100
962:, about 90% of the Palestinians in the Territories had access to an
5017:
4092:"Emergency Water and Sanitation and Other Infrastructure (EWAS II)"
3192:, p. 5, 13, 27-28, 47, 50. Amnesty International, October 2009. On
1050:. The groundwater in Gaza is highly contaminated by leaked sewage.
909:, a village with 300 residents that is not hooked up to water grid.
6065:
5709:
5518:
5423:
5418:
5351:
Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice
5137:
4832:
The Israeli 'watergate' scandal: The facts about Palestinian water
4720:
4658:
Assessment of Restrictions on Palestinian Water Sector Development
3888:
Assessment of Restrictions on Palestinian Water Sector Development
3584:
Assessment of Restrictions on Palestinian Water Sector Development
3570:
Assessment of Restrictions on Palestinian Water Sector Development
3404:
Assessment of Restrictions on Palestinian Water Sector Development
3390:
Assessment of Restrictions on Palestinian Water Sector Development
3376:
Assessment of Restrictions on Palestinian Water Sector Development
3362:
3183:
3181:
3172:
Assessment of Restrictions on Palestinian Water Sector Development
2796:
Assessment of Restrictions on Palestinian Water Sector Development
2460:
Assessment of Restrictions on Palestinian Water Sector Development
2441:
The Israeli 'watergate' scandal: The facts about Palestinian water
1831:
Assessment of Restrictions on Palestinian Water Sector Development
1810:
Assessment of Restrictions on Palestinian Water Sector Development
1549:
1184:
1135:
987:
900:
620:
367:
262:, and the division of groundwater is subject to provisions in the
4766:
3621:
Saghir, Jamal; Sherwood, Elisabeth; Macoun, Andrew (April 1998).
2598:
Rivers of Discord—International Water Disputes in the Middle East
2381:. See Schedule 10. On the Knesset website, accessed December 2013
2280:'The Israeli–Palestinian Water Conflict: An Israeli Perspective,'
1863:"Water as a human right: The understanding of water in Palestine"
1759:
wssinfo.org, Joint Monitoring Programme (see: Regional snapshots)
1593:
An example of USAID's work in the Palestinian territories is the
1150:. The Al Bireh plant was constructed in 2000 with funding by the
5904:
3623:"Management Contracts in Water and Sanitation–Gaza's Experience"
354:
pumps and irrigation systems, took place each month that year.
6180:
5021:
4842:
4790:
Palestinian Economic Council for Development and Reconstruction
4062:"USAID West Bank and Gaza - Water Resources and Infrastructure"
3144:
22.3.09: World Water Day – 22 March – waters that cross borders
3092:. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. Accessed March 2014
2463:, pp. 9–13. Report No. 47657-GZ, World Bank, 20 April 2009. On
1595:
Emergency Water and Sanitation and Other Infrastructure Program
1127:
since January 2008, threatening the environment in the region.
1111:
About 90% of the Palestinians in the Territories had access to
5929:
Foreign Affairs Minister of the Palestinian National Authority
4823:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
2647:
Central European Journal of International and Security Studies
2601:, pp 11-12. Greg Shapland, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1997
1514:
1173:
The current sector legislation was established after the 1995
1157:
874:
338:'s minimum consumption per capita of water is 100 litres
28:
4593:
Niksic, Orhan; Eddin, Nur Nasser; Cali, Massimiliano (2014).
3707:
Hall, David; Bayliss, Kate; Lobina, Emanuele (October 2002).
3653:
Hall, David; Bayliss, Kate; Lobina, Emanuele (October 2002).
2416:. COGAT, The Civil Administration of Judea and Samaria (2012)
1888:
5 Israeli New Shekel = 1.19591 US Dollar (02/26/09); source:
1661:
Israeli expropriation of Palestinian springs in the West Bank
446:″the point where irreversible damage is done to the aquifer.″
3228:, pp. 15, 39-50, 68-69. Amnesty International, October 2009.
2378:
Oslo II Accord, Annex III: Protocol Concerning Civil Affairs
187:
4007:
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ).
3294:
Israel may have deliberately attacked sewage infrastructure
4781:
4115:
United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
4088:
United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
4058:
United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
1581:
United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
269:
Generally, the water quality is considerably worse in the
124:
Average domestic water use (2005/2009) (liter/capita/day)
4788:
4773:
4029:
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
3601:
2976:
Troubled Waters: Palestinians denied fair access to water
2517:
Troubled Waters: Palestinians denied fair access to water
1103:, damage to its water-related infrastructure rose 24.5%.
1038:. Therefore, all projects are subject to approval of the
656:
As of 2007, there was one seawater desalination plant in
4796:
4627:
Troubled Waters–Palestinians denied fair access to water
3225:
Troubled Waters–Palestinians denied fair access to water
3189:
Troubled Waters–Palestinians denied fair access to water
2511:
2509:
2507:
1556:. The water supply activities focus on the reduction of
1523:
German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
713:
In view of the limited availability of water resources,
2958:"As Gaza heads for water crisis, desalination seen key"
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
954:
According to the Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) of the
661:
government. The desalinated water is distributed to 13
506:
In the West Bank, the main groundwater resource is the
494:
In Gaza, the only source of surface water has been the
4804:
3158:
Pending Water Issues between Israelis and Palestinians
3076:
3074:
2790:
2788:
1625:
In addition, the bank provides US$ 12 million for the
758:(PCBS) provided the following figures (domestic use):
7032:
Water supply and sanitation in the State of Palestine
3714:. Public Services International Research Unit (PSIRU)
3660:. Public Services International Research Unit (PSIRU)
3330:
Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)
3297:. Marian Houk, The Electronic Intifada, 30 March 2009
3161:. Palestinian Water Authority. Accessed February 2014
2996:. Palestinian Water Authority. Accessed February 2014
2454:
2452:
2450:
2362:. Palestinian Water Authority. Accessed February 2014
1804:
1802:
1800:
1627:
North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment (NGEST) Project
2912:
Alon Tal & Yousef Abu-Mayla (December 2, 2013).
1647:
bank approved the third additional financing of the
6948:
6867:
6659:
6628:
6435:
6254:
6235:
Responsibilities in Latin America and the Caribbean
6212:
6114:
6064:
6057:
5952:
5914:
5834:
5619:
5559:
5489:
5389:
5363:
5331:
5293:
5286:
5266:
5243:
5225:
5165:
5158:
5056:
4946:
4909:
4876:
3598:
The Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network (PENGON)
3138:
3136:
2427:
The Clash Over Water: an Attempt at Demystification
1889:
1288:, a four-year management contract was awarded to a
4501:Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict
3357:Lama Abdul Samad, Martin Butcher, Bushra Khalidi,
3212:Household Environmental Survey, 2011—Main Findings
3175:, pp. iv and 13 (par. 39). World Bank, April 2009.
2859:Weibel, Catherine; Elmughanni, Sajy (2014-01-15).
2492:
2490:
1062:Following the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict, the
3951:"Adduction d'eau potable dans la région d'Hébron"
3866:Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (2003).
3240:Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS),
3125:Domestic Water Quantity, Service Level and Health
2520:, pp. 14–15. Amnesty International, October 2009.
281:. The lasting blockade of the Gaza Strip and the
172:Annual investment in water supply and sanitation
4596:Area C and the Future of the Palestinian Economy
3906:"FEMIP - Financing operations in Gaza/West Bank"
3325:Natasha Hall, Anita Kirschenbaum, David Michel,
1834:, pp. 118-119, Annex 11. World Bank, April 2009.
1686:Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Monitoring Program
4637:Israel rations Palestinians to trickle of water
4568:Lonergan, Stephen C.; Brooks, David B. (1994).
3436:Water in Palestine. Problems-Politics-Prospects
3195:Israel rations Palestinians to trickle of water
2982:Israel rations Palestinians to trickle of water
2372:
2370:
2368:
2267:Water Resources and Conflict in the Middle East
2253:Water Resources and Conflict in the Middle East
2196:
1590:sanitation and connections to sewage networks.
1254:Non-governmental organizations and universities
3105:Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. 2012
2016:
1353:, water which is not billed due to leakage or
1164:Responsibility for water supply and sanitation
6192:
5033:
4854:
4683:The Truth Behind the Palestinian Water Libels
3847:The Truth Behind the Palestinian Water Libels
3415:
3413:
2938:. Union for the Mediterranean. 20 August 2012
2360:Joint Water Committee-The Israelis Violations
1058:Effects of the Gaza war and the Gaza blockade
1009:A 2013 water analysis study conducted in the
220:Cabinet of ministries/National Water Council
94:
75:
8:
3494:Palestinian Water Authority (October 2006).
2653:(2). Metropolitan University Prague: 103–117
2640:"Water and the Palestinian–Israeli Conflict"
2561:
2559:
1775:
1773:
470:The Upper Jordan River flows south into the
303:Israel's confiscation of water violates the
4705:. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
4480:Feldinger, Lauren Gelfond (13 April 2013).
4275:. In Tal, Alon; Rabbo, Alfred Abed (eds.).
3861:
3859:
3702:
3700:
2807:
2805:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2568:Water Sustainability: A Global Perspective,
2296:
2294:
2184:
735:in the West Bank had increased to about 98
6199:
6185:
6177:
6061:
5290:
5162:
5040:
5026:
5018:
4861:
4847:
4839:
4668:Responses to the Water Restrictions Report
4402:"Water Rights in the Occupied Territories"
3997:(Water loss reduction Nablus), June 2009
3496:"Water Sector Review West Bank & Gaza"
3207:
3205:
3203:
2528:
2526:
2466:Responses to the Water Restrictions Report
2231:
2229:
2052:
2040:
1349:About half (44%) of the produced water is
4576:International Development Research Centre
3429:
3427:
3425:
2829:
2711:
2613:Cambridge Review of International Affairs
2220:
2172:
2124:
2100:
2076:
2064:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1666:Israeli–Palestinian Joint Water Committee
1209:As part of the 1995 Interim Agreement, a
897:Water use of Israelis versus Palestinians
399:, the Gaza Strip Coastal Aquifer and the
4783:Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics
4688:Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies
4206:"Water Sector Capacity Building Project"
3891:, p. viii and 29 World Bank, April 2009.
3851:Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies
2548:map of the mountain and coastal aquifers
2283:Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies
1671:Water politics in the Jordan River basin
1611:Second Gaza Water and Sanitation Project
1575:Swedish International Development Agency
1388:
760:
756:Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics
461:
458:Water politics in the Jordan River basin
18:Water supply and sanitation in Palestine
5190:Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon
5143:Palestinian Declaration of Independence
4835:. Amira Hass, Haaretz, 16 February 2014
3343:The unfolding water catastrophe in Gaza
3321:
3319:
3317:
3236:
3234:
2902:, p. 111. Clive Lipchin; Springer, 2007
2444:. Amira Hass, Haaretz, 16 February 2014
2136:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1731:
1702:
240:
232:
224:
216:
208:
200:
192:
179:
171:
163:
153:
145:
133:
123:
115:
107:
99:
6207:Water supply and sanitation by country
5476:Legal status of the State of Palestine
3804:
3793:
3489:
3487:
2148:
2112:
2088:
1988:
1986:
1639:Water Sector Capacity Building Project
1397:Cost of monthly consumed water (US$ )
1357:. The share varies widely from 25% in
1092:Israeli airstrikes partially destroyed
751:, but could not reach all households.
390:. The water and land resources in the
201:National water and sanitation company
154:Share of collected wastewater treated
72:
7042:Environment of the State of Palestine
5258:2009 Hamas political violence in Gaza
4731:Combating Desertification with Plants
4356:(Spring 1984). "The War over Water".
4248:"Second Gaza Emergency Water Project"
2208:
2160:
1884:
1882:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1691:Water supply and sanitation in Israel
1259:Non-governmental organisations (NGOs)
346:urban developments, like the city of
67:Water supply and sanitation in Israel
7:
5894:Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation
5371:Palestinian National Security Forces
5148:Years in the Palestinian territories
4304:Europe's Mediterranean Neighbourhood
4119:"Infrastructure Needs Program (INP)"
3280:. OCHAoPt, 2 January 2009. Archived
2482:, pp. 19-21. B'Tselem, May 2011. On
1248:Coastal Municipalities Water Utility
617:Desalination of brackish groundwater
4400:Dillman, Jeffrey D. (Autumn 1989).
4331:The International Law of Occupation
3970:Agence française de développement.
3949:Agence française de développement.
3928:Agence française de développement.
3242:Household Environmental Survey 2008
3128:, Executive summary. WHO, 2005. On
2286:Mideast Security and Policy Studies
2028:
1649:Second Gaza Emergency Water Project
1099:an exception at 6%. Following the
844:* MCM=million cubic meters per year
539:, are forbidden to drill new wells.
516:Israeli occupation of the West Bank
193:Decentralization to municipalities
3587:, p. 65-66 World Bank, April 2009.
3438:. Jerusalem: PASSIA Publications.
2994:Joint Water Committee-Introduction
2799:, p. 27-29. World Bank, April 2009
1517:and technical cooperation through
1392:Distribution of water consumption
1305:have been replaced. The amount of
731:As of 2007, the estimated average
322:Most of the Israeli water carrier
241:Number of rural service providers
233:Number of urban service providers
217:Responsibility for policy setting
25:
5944:International aid to Palestinians
4870:Economy of the State of Palestine
4553:Joyce, Tom, ed. (12 April 2016).
3393:, p. 113. World Bank, April 2009.
2406:Factsheet: Water in the West Bank
1676:Water politics in the Middle East
565:and 1300 million cubic metres of
452:Water from the Jordan River basin
6297:Democratic Republic of the Congo
6244:
6158:
5939:Diplomatic missions in Palestine
5934:Diplomatic missions of Palestine
5924:Palestine and the United Nations
4300:"Occupied Palestinian Territory"
3559:, p. 43. World Bank, April 2009.
3407:, p. 20. World Bank, April 2009.
3379:, p. 30. World Bank, April 2009.
3068:. Factsheet OCHAoPt, AUGUST 2012
1681:Water Rights in Israel-Palestine
1521:, both working on behalf of the
1079:Effects of the Israeli-Hamas war
1029:Water losses and sewage problems
846:** lpcd=liter per capita per day
279:lost in the distribution network
180:Sources of investment financing
86:
33:
7047:Water in the State of Palestine
5434:Palestinian National Initiative
5376:Palestinian Preventive Security
5318:Palestinian Legislative Council
4164:"West Bank and Gaza - Overview"
3995:Wasserverlustreduzierung Nablus
3573:, p. 15 World Bank, April 2009.
2638:Obidallah, Mohammed T. (2008).
956:World Health Organization (WHO)
677:provides technical assistance.
209:Water and sanitation regulator
5654:Palestinian citizens of Israel
5466:Palestinian political violence
4423:10.1525/jps.1989.19.1.00p0151f
4362:. No. 54. pp. 3–26.
3468:Linköping Studies Arts Science
3341:Bushra Khalidi, Awssan Kamal,
3031:, p. 24-26. B'Tselem, May 2011
1466:European Investment Bank (EIB)
1338:European Investment Bank (EIB)
427:Division in the Oslo II Accord
1:
7037:Environment of the Gaza Strip
5333:Gaza Strip (Hamas-controlled)
4375:de Chatel, Francesca (2011).
3519:. Jerusalem Water Undertaking
3277:Humanitarian Situation Report
2197:Niksic, Eddin & Cali 2014
1015:microbiological contamination
5611:Palestine Monetary Authority
5313:Palestinian National Council
5274:Hamas-Jund Ansar Allah clash
4933:Palestine Monetary Authority
4523:Hareuveni, Eyal (May 2011).
4410:Journal of Palestine Studies
4273:"Water Culture in Palestine"
3628:. World Bank. Archived from
3327:'The Siege of Gaza’s Water,'
2818:Water Resources and Industry
2311:10.1007/978-3-540-69509-7_31
1599:Infrastructure Needs Program
1269:Private sector participation
950:Connection to the water grid
718:and northern Dead Sea area.
388:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
212:Palestinian Water Authority
183:Mainly from external grants
146:Share of household metering
5604:Water supply and sanitation
5461:Palestinian right of return
5118:History of the Palestinians
5007:Water supply and sanitation
4806:Palestinian Hydrology Group
4768:Palestinian Water Authority
4734:. Boston, MA: Springer US.
3010:, p. 23. B'Tselem, May 2011
1440:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1408:
1292:of Lyonnaise des Eaux (now
1199:Palestinian Water Authority
992:Roof water cistern in Jenin
382:, when Israel occupied the
7063:
5789:Postage stamps and history
5295:West Bank (SOP-controlled)
4995:Blockade of the Gaza Strip
4298:Beckouche, Pierre (2017).
3972:"Adduction d'eau à Jenine"
3459:Jägerskog, Anders (2003).
2914:"Gaza Need Not Be a Sewer"
2017:Lonergan & Brooks 1994
1868:. Heinrich Böll Foundation
646:blockade of the Gaza Strip
510:, which consists of three
455:
414:, the water system in the
243:
235:
227:
219:
211:
203:
195:
182:
174:
166:
156:
148:
140:
126:
118:
110:
102:
64:
6241:
6154:
5724:universities and colleges
5403:International recognition
5235:Dawson's Field hijackings
4740:10.1007/978-1-4615-1327-8
4701:Fergusson, James (2023).
4686:by Prof. Haim Gvirtzman,
4457:10.1080/01436590500255007
3849:by Prof. Haim Gvirtzman,
3779:World Bank (2006-06-29).
3147:. B'Tselem, 22 March 2009
2831:10.1016/j.wri.2013.09.004
2704:10.1080/02508060308691680
2625:10.1080/09557579908400261
2270:, Routledge, 2005 p.245.
1934:10.1007/s10669-005-0998-x
1391:
1374:Tariffs and cost recovery
1205:The Joint Water Committee
929:In 2009, the settlers in
739:(98 lpcd). The estimated
336:World Health Organization
328:Interim Agreement of 1995
305:Hague Regulations of 1907
85:
42:This article needs to be
5889:Palestine–Israel Journal
4281:Rutgers University Press
3902:European Investment Bank
1494:European Investment Bank
1451:Investment and financing
1101:Israel’s Rafah offensive
1044:2004 Raid on Beit Hanoun
737:liter per capita per day
675:European Investment Bank
671:Islamic Development Bank
159:Gaza Strip: 62% (2001).
5899:Palestinian Media Watch
5883:The Palestine Telegraph
5267:Hamas-Salafist conflict
5185:1948 Palestinian exodus
5180:1947–1949 Palestine war
5128:Palestinian nationalism
4661:, Report No. 47657-GZ,
4601:World Bank Publications
4336:Oxford University Press
4308:Edward Elgar Publishing
3244:Retrieved on 2009-06-18
2812:Aish, Adnan M. (2013).
1351:non-revenue water (NRW)
1307:non-revenue water (NRW)
691:collection of rainwater
384:Palestinian territories
250:The water resources of
6687:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5686:Costume and embroidery
5639:Palestinian Christians
4938:Palestine Trade Centre
4383:Transaction Publishers
4060:(September 17, 2009).
4009:"GTZ. Water programme"
3803:Cite journal requires
3434:Diabes, Fadia (2003).
2916:. New York Times Op-Ed
1195:National Water Council
1190:
1011:central region of Gaza
1001:Drinking water quality
993:
910:
630:
580:or flows into Israel.
476:National Water Carrier
467:
80:: Water and Sanitation
4632:Amnesty International
4444:Third World Quarterly
4271:Abdhen, Ziad (2010).
4033:"GTZ Water Programme"
3993:KfW Entwicklungsbank:
2255:, Routledge, 2005 p.
1969:(September 3, 2009).
1332:-Palestinian company
1211:Joint Water Committee
1188:
1181:Policy and regulation
1040:Joint Water Committee
1025:colonies per 100 ml.
991:
964:improved water source
935:Bethlehem Governorate
904:
873:, recommended by the
703:Amnesty International
624:
544:North-Eastern Aquifer
465:
438:Joint Water Committee
364:1948 Arab–Israeli War
273:when compared to the
116:Continuity of supply
6610:United Arab Emirates
5551:World Heritage Sites
5546:Depopulated villages
5245:Fatah–Hamas conflict
5123:Slavery in Palestine
4990:Palestinian enclaves
4984:Palestinian Airlines
4895:United States dollar
4665:, 20 April 2009. On
4310:. pp. 146–156.
4039:on November 22, 2009
2305:. pp. 301–308.
2288:No. 94 2012 pp.1–36.
1914:The Environmentalist
1861:Karen Assaf (2004).
1479:External cooperation
1275:management contracts
1107:Wastewater treatment
848:excl. East Jerusalem
685:Rainwater collection
652:Desalinated seawater
410:In 2024, during the
258:fully controlled by
7001:Trinidad and Tobago
6792:Republic of Ireland
6132:Gypsies (Dom/Nawar)
5813:Religious buildings
5481:Anti-Palestinianism
5167:Israeli–Palestinian
4634:, October 2009. On
4496:Finkelstein, Norman
3822:World Bank (2006).
3754:World Bank (2006).
3679:World Bank (2003).
3517:"Foundation of JWU"
2696:2003WatIn..28..154E
2684:Water International
1996:(January 7, 2009).
1926:2004ThEnv..24..227F
1113:improved sanitation
1048:Operation Cast Lead
1046:, or the 2008/2009
537:Israeli settlements
490:Other surface water
6895:Dominican Republic
6230:Sub-Saharan Africa
5519:Southern West Bank
5514:Northern West Bank
5399:State of Palestine
4928:Palestine Exchange
4884:Israeli new shekel
4690:, 24 February 2014
4548:. 19 January 2016.
4546:Human Rights Watch
4439:Falah, Ghazi-Walid
4283:. pp. 67–70.
3853:, 24 February 2014
3602:"Official website"
3261:2013-10-22 at the
3088:2014-03-01 at the
2778:2014-03-13 at the
2412:2016-03-04 at the
1764:2014-02-25 at the
1753:2015-05-13 at the
1528:KfW is engaged in
1458:water conservation
1191:
994:
911:
689:In the West Bank,
631:
468:
342:Model Palestinian
315:was taken over by
301:Human Rights Watch
283:Gaza War (2008–09)
164:Non-revenue water
108:Sanitation access
78:State of Palestine
7019:
7018:
6847:England and Wales
6174:
6173:
6150:
6149:
6084:Afro-Palestinians
5877:Ma'an News Agency
5750:Mental healthcare
5730:Flag of Palestine
5409:Political parties
5359:
5358:
5282:
5281:
5195:First Lebanon War
5015:
5014:
4749:978-1-4613-5499-4
4712:978-0-300-26270-4
4610:978-1-464-80196-9
4585:978-1-552-50097-2
4515:978-1-85984-442-7
4392:978-1-412-80988-7
4345:978-0-199-58889-3
4317:978-1-786-43149-3
4290:978-0-813-54770-1
4068:on August 7, 2009
3445:978-9950-305-04-5
3282:from the original
2673:Eckstein, Gabriel
2671:Eckstein, Yoram;
2580:978-1-444-12865-9
2334:Devlin, Kayleen.
2320:978-3-540-69508-0
2199:, pp. 19–20.
2115:, pp. 16–17.
1558:non-revenue water
1445:
1444:
1369:Financial aspects
1217:Service provision
1125:Mediterranean Sea
1097:Rafah Governorate
867:per capita supply
861:is less than the
842:
841:
733:per capita supply
299:. According to
248:
247:
63:
62:
16:(Redirected from
7054:
6852:Northern Ireland
6651:Papua New Guinea
6249:
6248:
6201:
6194:
6187:
6178:
6162:
6062:
5291:
5217:Israel–Hamas war
5163:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5019:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4840:
4753:
4724:
4614:
4589:
4564:
4549:
4537:
4531:
4519:
4491:
4476:
4451:(8): 1341–1372.
4434:
4406:
4396:
4371:
4349:
4326:Benvenisti, Eyal
4321:
4294:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4117:(January 2011).
4111:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4090:(January 2011).
4084:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4064:. Archived from
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4035:. Archived from
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3898:
3892:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3863:
3854:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3806:
3801:
3799:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3776:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3713:
3704:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3634:
3627:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3594:
3588:
3580:
3574:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3491:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3465:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3431:
3420:
3417:
3408:
3400:
3394:
3386:
3380:
3372:
3366:
3365:July 2024 p.17.
3355:
3349:
3348:13 November 2023
3339:
3333:
3332:12 January 2024.
3323:
3312:
3304:
3298:
3290:
3284:
3272:
3266:
3251:
3245:
3238:
3229:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3198:
3185:
3176:
3168:
3162:
3154:
3148:
3140:
3131:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3099:
3093:
3078:
3069:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3038:
3032:
3024:
3011:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2909:
2903:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2867:. Archived from
2856:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2809:
2800:
2792:
2783:
2768:
2762:
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2749:
2740:
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2715:
2681:
2668:
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2635:
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2628:
2608:
2602:
2594:
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2521:
2513:
2502:
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2469:
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2324:
2298:
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2271:
2262:
2256:
2249:
2243:
2233:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2185:Finkelstein 2003
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1963:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1905:
1892:
1890:http://oanda.com
1886:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1867:
1858:
1835:
1827:
1814:
1806:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1743:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1389:
1334:Khatib and Alami
1298:Khatib and Alami
1263:al-Aqsa Intifada
1085:Israel-Hamas war
920:Israeli settlers
881:Israeli settlers
871:for domestic use
778:use per head **
761:
508:Mountain Aquifer
412:Israel–Hamas war
397:Mountain Aquifer
90:
73:
58:
55:
49:
37:
36:
29:
21:
7062:
7061:
7057:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7052:
7051:
7022:
7021:
7020:
7015:
6944:
6863:
6767:North Macedonia
6655:
6624:
6431:
6250:
6243:
6239:
6208:
6205:
6175:
6170:
6146:
6110:
6091:Christian Arabs
6053:
5948:
5916:Foreign affairs
5910:
5830:
5799:Public holidays
5627:
5625:
5615:
5555:
5485:
5385:
5355:
5327:
5323:Judicial system
5278:
5262:
5239:
5227:Black September
5221:
5207:Second Intifada
5154:
5133:British Mandate
5094:Ayyubid Dynasty
5052:
5046:
5016:
5011:
4942:
4905:
4900:Palestine pound
4889:Jordanian dinar
4872:
4867:
4763:
4757:
4750:
4727:
4713:
4700:
4697:
4695:Further reading
4651:, May 2011. On
4622:
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4529:
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4354:Cooley, John K.
4352:
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2964:. 22 July 2013.
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2414:Wayback Machine
2403:
2399:
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2250:
2246:
2242:22 August 2024
2235:Nina Lakhani
2234:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2163:, p. 1371.
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2053:Benvenisti 2012
2051:
2047:
2041:World Bank 2009
2039:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2019:, pp. 7–8.
2015:
2011:
2002:
2000:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1975:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1944:
1907:
1906:
1895:
1887:
1880:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1838:
1828:
1817:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1766:Wayback Machine
1755:Wayback Machine
1744:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1657:
1607:
1583:
1571:
1511:
1502:
1490:
1481:
1464:loans from the
1453:
1401:
1376:
1371:
1347:
1279:Second Intifada
1271:
1256:
1219:
1207:
1183:
1171:
1166:
1109:
1081:
1060:
1031:
1003:
986:
952:
947:
899:
883:
849:
847:
845:
729:
724:
711:
699:Troubled Waters
687:
654:
639:reverse osmosis
619:
585:Coastal Aquifer
551:Eastern Aquifer
524:Western Aquifer
504:
492:
460:
454:
429:
424:
422:Water resources
360:
292:
158:
129:Gaza strip: 70
128:
81:
69:
59:
53:
50:
47:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7060:
7058:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7024:
7023:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
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6897:
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6887:
6882:
6877:
6871:
6869:
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6862:
6861:
6860:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6842:United Kingdom
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6702:Czech Republic
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6663:
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6657:
6656:
6654:
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6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
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6319:
6314:
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6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
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6279:
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6269:
6264:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6251:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6220:European Union
6216:
6214:
6210:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6196:
6189:
6181:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6168:
6155:
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6151:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6081:
6070:
6068:
6059:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5958:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5920:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5816:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5683:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5630:
5628:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5584:Stock Exchange
5581:
5579:Communications
5576:
5571:
5565:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5501:
5495:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5406:
5395:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5341:Prime Minister
5337:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5303:Prime Minister
5299:
5297:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5253:Battle of Gaza
5249:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5231:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5202:First Intifada
5199:
5198:
5197:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5171:
5169:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5113:Modern history
5109:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5104:Ottoman Empire
5101:
5099:Mamluk Dynasty
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5037:
5030:
5022:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4979:Transportation
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4959:Communications
4956:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4919:
4917:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4828:
4821:
4820:, 9 April 2013
4809:
4802:
4794:
4786:
4779:
4771:
4762:
4761:External links
4759:
4755:
4754:
4748:
4725:
4711:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4679:
4675:Water for Life
4671:
4654:
4640:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4609:
4590:
4584:
4565:
4550:
4538:
4520:
4514:
4492:
4477:
4435:
4397:
4391:
4372:
4359:Foreign Policy
4350:
4344:
4322:
4316:
4295:
4289:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4238:
4217:
4196:
4175:
4154:
4133:
4106:
4079:
4049:
4020:
3999:
3983:
3962:
3941:
3920:
3893:
3879:
3855:
3839:
3814:
3805:|journal=
3771:
3746:
3725:
3696:
3671:
3645:
3613:
3589:
3575:
3561:
3552:
3530:
3508:
3483:
3451:
3444:
3421:
3409:
3395:
3381:
3367:
3350:
3334:
3313:
3308:Water for Life
3299:
3285:
3267:
3246:
3230:
3216:
3199:
3177:
3163:
3149:
3132:
3116:
3094:
3070:
3056:
3033:
3012:
2998:
2986:
2967:
2949:
2927:
2904:
2890:
2881:
2851:
2837:
2801:
2784:
2763:
2735:
2690:(2): 154–161.
2663:
2630:
2619:(2): 255–273.
2603:
2584:
2565:J.A.A. Jones,
2555:
2552:UNEP/DEWA/GRID
2539:
2522:
2503:
2498:Water for Life
2486:
2470:
2446:
2432:
2418:
2397:
2383:
2364:
2352:
2326:
2319:
2290:
2272:
2257:
2244:
2225:
2223:, p. 155.
2221:Beckouche 2017
2213:
2201:
2189:
2187:, p. 174.
2177:
2173:Hareuveni 2011
2165:
2153:
2141:
2129:
2127:, p. 131.
2125:de Chatel 2011
2117:
2105:
2103:, p. 129.
2101:de Chatel 2011
2093:
2081:
2079:, p. 130.
2077:de Chatel 2011
2069:
2065:Hareuveni 2011
2057:
2055:, p. 215.
2045:
2033:
2021:
2009:
1982:
1967:United Nations
1953:
1920:(4): 227–236.
1893:
1878:
1836:
1815:
1796:
1769:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1711:
1701:
1700:
1698:
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1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1606:
1603:
1582:
1579:
1570:
1567:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1489:
1488:European Union
1486:
1480:
1477:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:more than 100
1435:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1346:
1343:
1270:
1267:
1255:
1252:
1218:
1215:
1206:
1203:
1182:
1179:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1108:
1105:
1080:
1077:
1059:
1056:
1030:
1027:
1023:total coliform
1002:
999:
985:
984:Water cisterns
982:
951:
948:
946:
945:Infrastructure
943:
898:
895:
882:
879:
857:The household
840:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
820:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
800:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
780:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
754:For 2012, the
728:
725:
723:
720:
710:
707:
686:
683:
681:tariff level.
653:
650:
618:
615:
555:
554:
547:
540:
535:as opposed to
503:
500:
491:
488:
472:Sea of Galilee
453:
450:
433:Oslo II Accord
428:
425:
423:
420:
359:
356:
291:
288:
264:Oslo II Accord
257:
246:
245:
242:
238:
237:
234:
230:
229:
226:
222:
221:
218:
214:
213:
210:
206:
205:
202:
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
173:
169:
168:
165:
161:
160:
157:West Bank: 15%
155:
151:
150:
147:
143:
142:
139:
134:Average urban
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
92:
91:
83:
82:
76:
61:
60:
41:
39:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7059:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6949:South America
6947:
6941:
6940:United States
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6868:North America
6866:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6658:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6627:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6434:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6247:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6225:Latin America
6223:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6211:
6202:
6197:
6195:
6190:
6188:
6183:
6182:
6179:
6167:
6166:
6161:
6157:
6156:
6153:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6067:
6063:
6060:
6058:Ethnic groups
6056:
6050:
6047:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6037:United States
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5833:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5817:
5814:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5784:Personalities
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5755:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5649:Refugee camps
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5623:
5618:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5488:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5285:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5064:Early history
5062:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5050:
5043:
5038:
5036:
5031:
5029:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4923:Al-Quds Index
4921:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4864:
4859:
4857:
4852:
4850:
4845:
4844:
4841:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4758:
4751:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4708:
4704:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4528:
4527:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4403:
4398:
4394:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4249:
4242:
4239:
4228:
4221:
4218:
4207:
4200:
4197:
4186:
4179:
4176:
4165:
4158:
4155:
4144:
4137:
4134:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4010:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3987:
3984:
3973:
3966:
3963:
3952:
3945:
3942:
3931:
3924:
3921:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3869:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3840:
3825:
3818:
3815:
3810:
3797:
3782:
3775:
3772:
3757:
3750:
3747:
3736:
3729:
3726:
3710:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3682:
3675:
3672:
3656:
3649:
3646:
3635:on 2007-06-18
3631:
3624:
3617:
3614:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3497:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2915:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2871:on 2014-01-15
2870:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2664:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2264:Nurit Kliot,
2261:
2258:
2254:
2251:Nurit Kliot,
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2175:, p. 21.
2174:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2151:, p. 67.
2150:
2145:
2142:
2139:, p. 53.
2138:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2091:, p. 17.
2090:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2070:
2067:, p. 19.
2066:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2043:, p. iv.
2042:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2010:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1783:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1506:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1487:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1450:
1448:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1412:
1406:Less than 25
1405:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:joint venture
1287:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:established.
1216:
1214:
1212:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1169:Relevant laws
1168:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1090:In November,
1088:
1086:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1069:public health
1065:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1000:
998:
990:
983:
981:
978:
976:
975:refugee camps
971:
967:
965:
961:
957:
949:
944:
942:
938:
936:
932:
927:
923:
921:
917:
908:
903:
896:
894:
891:
889:
880:
878:
877:is 100 lpcd.
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
852:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
821:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
801:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
781:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
763:
762:
759:
757:
752:
750:
745:
742:
741:household use
738:
734:
726:
721:
719:
716:
708:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
684:
682:
678:
676:
672:
666:
664:
659:
658:Deir al-Balah
651:
649:
647:
642:
640:
636:
629:, Gaza Strip.
628:
623:
616:
614:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
586:
581:
577:
575:
570:
568:
567:surface water
564:
560:
559:Jordan Valley
552:
548:
545:
541:
538:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:
519:
517:
514:: Before the
513:
509:
501:
499:
497:
489:
487:
485:
481:
480:Yarmouk River
477:
473:
464:
459:
451:
449:
447:
441:
439:
434:
426:
421:
419:
417:
413:
408:
404:
402:
398:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
357:
355:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
317:Ma'ale Adumim
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:zero-sum game
289:
287:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
255:
253:
239:
231:
223:
215:
207:
199:
191:
188:Institutions
186:
178:
170:
162:
152:
144:
137:
132:
127:West Bank: 50
122:
119:62.8% (2005)
114:
106:
100:Water access
98:
93:
89:
84:
79:
74:
71:
68:
57:
45:
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
6575:Saudi Arabia
6559:
6392:South Africa
6387:Sierra Leone
6282:Burkina Faso
6163:
6074:Muslim Arabs
5903:
5881:
5794:Prostitution
5757:Human rights
5715:Demographics
5690:
5664:Architecture
5634:Palestinians
5603:
5536:Governorates
5084:Islamic Rule
5079:Roman Empire
4831:
4824:
4812:
4805:
4797:
4789:
4782:
4774:
4767:
4756:
4730:
4702:
4682:
4674:
4667:
4657:
4643:
4636:
4626:
4595:
4570:
4560:The Guardian
4558:
4525:
4500:
4485:
4448:
4442:
4417:(1): 46–71.
4414:
4408:
4377:
4357:
4330:
4303:
4276:
4251:. Retrieved
4246:World Bank.
4241:
4230:. Retrieved
4225:World Bank.
4220:
4209:. Retrieved
4204:World Bank.
4199:
4188:. Retrieved
4183:World Bank.
4178:
4167:. Retrieved
4162:World Bank.
4157:
4146:. Retrieved
4141:World Bank.
4136:
4125:. Retrieved
4109:
4098:. Retrieved
4082:
4070:. Retrieved
4066:the original
4052:
4041:. Retrieved
4037:the original
4023:
4012:. Retrieved
4002:
3986:
3975:. Retrieved
3965:
3954:. Retrieved
3944:
3933:. Retrieved
3923:
3912:. Retrieved
3896:
3887:
3882:
3871:. Retrieved
3842:
3830:. Retrieved
3817:
3796:cite journal
3785:. Retrieved
3774:
3762:. Retrieved
3749:
3738:. Retrieved
3733:World Bank.
3728:
3716:. Retrieved
3687:. Retrieved
3674:
3662:. Retrieved
3648:
3637:. Retrieved
3630:the original
3616:
3605:. Retrieved
3592:
3583:
3578:
3569:
3564:
3555:
3543:. Retrieved
3533:
3521:. Retrieved
3511:
3499:. Retrieved
3475:. Retrieved
3471:
3467:
3454:
3435:
3403:
3398:
3389:
3384:
3375:
3370:
3353:
3337:
3307:
3302:
3293:
3288:
3276:
3270:
3254:
3249:
3224:
3219:
3194:
3188:
3171:
3166:
3157:
3152:
3143:
3124:
3119:
3107:. Retrieved
3097:
3081:
3064:
3059:
3048:. Retrieved
3036:
3027:
3006:
3001:
2989:
2981:
2975:
2970:
2961:
2952:
2940:. Retrieved
2930:
2918:. Retrieved
2907:
2898:
2893:
2884:
2873:. Retrieved
2869:the original
2864:
2854:
2840:
2821:
2817:
2795:
2782:. PCBS, 2013
2771:
2766:
2755:. Retrieved
2751:
2738:
2687:
2683:
2666:
2655:. Retrieved
2650:
2646:
2633:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2597:
2567:
2542:
2533:
2516:
2497:
2478:
2473:
2465:
2459:
2440:
2435:
2426:
2421:
2405:
2400:
2391:
2386:
2377:
2355:
2343:. Retrieved
2339:
2329:
2302:
2285:
2275:
2266:
2260:
2252:
2247:
2240:The Guardian
2216:
2204:
2192:
2180:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2137:Dillman 1989
2132:
2120:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2036:
2024:
2012:
2001:. Retrieved
1974:. Retrieved
1945:. Retrieved
1917:
1913:
1870:. Retrieved
1830:
1809:
1788:. Retrieved
1746:
1714:
1705:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1620:water meters
1616:
1610:
1608:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1572:
1563:
1527:
1512:
1503:
1491:
1482:
1474:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1385:
1377:
1348:
1314:governorates
1311:
1303:water meters
1285:
1283:
1272:
1257:
1243:
1242:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1208:
1194:
1192:
1175:Oslo Accords
1172:
1129:
1121:
1110:
1089:
1082:
1073:
1061:
1052:
1032:
1008:
1004:
995:
979:
972:
968:
953:
939:
928:
924:
912:
892:
884:
870:
866:
862:
858:
856:
853:
843:
753:
748:
746:
740:
736:
732:
730:
727:Palestinians
712:
698:
688:
679:
667:
663:water kiosks
655:
643:
632:
611:
584:
582:
578:
571:
556:
550:
543:
531:
527:
523:
507:
505:
493:
484:Tirza Stream
469:
466:Jordan River
445:
442:
430:
409:
405:
401:Jordan River
378:. After the
361:
352:
339:
321:
293:
268:
249:
136:water tariff
70:
51:
43:
26:
6900:El Salvador
6827:Switzerland
6762:Netherlands
6646:New Zealand
6629:Australasia
6585:South Korea
6565:Philippines
6443:Afghanistan
6397:South Sudan
6322:Ivory Coast
6042:Los Angeles
5987:El Salvador
5862:Photography
5852:Journalists
5762:LGBT rights
5745:Health care
5735:Handicrafts
5659:Archaeology
5574:Agriculture
5074:Philistines
4969:Foreign aid
4954:Agriculture
4902:(1927–1950)
4891:(West Bank)
4506:Verso Books
4072:October 20,
3991:(in German)
2149:Abdhen 2010
2113:Cooley 1984
2089:Cooley 1984
1719:commander."
1355:water theft
1234:Beit Sahour
1083:Before the
798:76.4 lpcd
715:water reuse
709:Water reuse
635:desalinated
627:Khan Younis
563:groundwater
502:Groundwater
380:Six-Day War
313:al-Eizariya
309:John Cooley
228:Yes (2001)
225:Sector law
7026:Categories
6885:Costa Rica
6641:East Timor
6530:Kyrgyzstan
6520:Kazakhstan
6453:Bangladesh
6448:Azerbaijan
6362:Mozambique
6137:Samaritans
5872:Television
5857:Newspapers
5774:Literature
5674:watermelon
5499:Gaza Strip
5287:Government
5069:Canaanites
4721:2023930267
4663:World Bank
4253:2011-12-22
4232:2011-12-22
4211:2011-12-22
4190:2009-04-11
4169:2009-04-11
4148:2009-04-11
4127:2011-12-22
4100:2011-12-22
4043:2009-06-22
4014:2009-04-13
3977:2011-12-22
3956:2011-12-22
3935:2011-12-22
3914:2011-12-22
3873:2011-12-21
3832:2009-06-06
3787:2009-06-06
3769:, p. 05-12
3764:2009-06-06
3740:2009-06-06
3718:2009-04-13
3689:2009-04-13
3664:2009-04-13
3639:2009-04-13
3607:2009-06-22
3477:2011-12-20
3050:2023-11-07
2875:2023-10-31
2757:2009-06-18
2743:Isaac, J.
2657:2011-12-20
2209:Joyce 2016
2161:Falah 2005
2003:2009-02-27
1994:World Bank
1976:2009-11-25
1947:2008-02-15
1872:2014-02-02
1790:2011-12-20
1631:Beit Lahia
1609:Under the
1605:World Bank
1470:World Bank
1361:to 65% in
1345:Efficiency
1244:Gaza strip
1155:aid agency
1064:World Bank
916:World Bank
907:Green Line
838:81.7 lpcd
818:89.5 lpcd
803:Gaza Strip
783:West Bank
772:Consumed *
769:Supplied *
766:Population
695:water grid
456:See also:
416:Gaza Strip
362:Since the
271:Gaza strip
138:(US$ /m3)
65:See also:
54:March 2024
7011:Venezuela
6956:Argentina
6930:Nicaragua
6905:Guatemala
6757:Lithuania
6636:Australia
6590:Sri Lanka
6580:Singapore
6560:Palestine
6490:Indonesia
6468:Hong Kong
6213:By region
6106:Metawalis
6022:Nicaragua
5962:Australia
5720:Education
5599:Transport
5569:Companies
5541:Landforms
5504:West Bank
5491:Geography
5471:Elections
5449:Third Way
5346:President
5308:President
5089:Crusaders
5049:Palestine
4986:(defunct)
4473:154697979
3346:ReliefWeb
2824:: 13–20.
2722:153718546
2713:10601/521
2572:Routledge
1727:Citations
1554:Gaza City
1318:Bethlehem
1230:Beit Jala
1226:West Bank
1115:in 2008.
832:122.6 MCM
829:199.9 MCM
826:4,108,203
809:106.0 MCM
806:1,672,865
792:67.9 MCM
789:93.9 MCM
786:2,435,338
722:Water use
633:In Gaza,
496:Wadi Gaza
431:The 1995
392:West Bank
275:West Bank
252:Palestine
6991:Paraguay
6976:Colombia
6915:Honduras
6857:Scotland
6812:Slovenia
6807:Slovakia
6787:Portugal
6692:Bulgaria
6605:Thailand
6555:Pakistan
6545:Malaysia
6458:Cambodia
6427:Zimbabwe
6407:Tanzania
6312:Ethiopia
6307:Eswatini
6292:Cameroon
6272:Botswana
6079:Bedouins
6027:Pakistan
5954:Diaspora
5824:Football
5809:Religion
5769:Language
5692:keffiyeh
5644:Diaspora
5509:Enclaves
5391:Politics
5364:Security
5212:Gaza War
5175:Timeline
5159:Conflict
4974:Taxation
4877:Currency
4793:(PECDAR)
4778:(PASSIA)
4649:B'Tselem
4534:B'Tselem
4498:(2003).
4328:(2012).
4031:(n.d.).
3904:(2011).
3600:(2009).
3501:5 August
3259:Archived
3086:Archived
2776:Archived
2675:(2003).
2410:Archived
2029:HRW 2016
1942:85346288
1762:Archived
1751:Archived
1655:See also
1546:Al-Bireh
1542:Ramallah
1534:Tulkarem
1468:and the
1359:Ramallah
1330:Lebanese
1328:and the
1148:Al-Bireh
1144:Tulkarem
1140:Ramallah
1117:Cesspits
1019:colonies
835:77.3 MCM
815:51.3 MCM
812:54.7 MCM
795:26.0 MCM
603:chloride
595:salinity
528:recharge
512:aquifers
344:new town
340:per diem
290:Overview
256:de facto
7006:Uruguay
6981:Ecuador
6961:Bolivia
6920:Jamaica
6837:Ukraine
6797:Romania
6742:Iceland
6737:Hungary
6727:Germany
6717:Finland
6712:Estonia
6707:Denmark
6697:Croatia
6682:Belgium
6677:Austria
6672:Armenia
6667:Albania
6615:Vietnam
6540:Lebanon
6480:Georgia
6412:Tunisia
6382:Senegal
6372:Nigeria
6367:Namibia
6357:Morocco
6337:Liberia
6332:Lesotho
6287:Burundi
6262:Algeria
6142:Bushnaq
6101:Druzers
6096:Baháʼís
6049:Uruguay
6012:Lebanon
5842:By city
5700:Cuisine
5626:society
5622:Culture
5594:Tourism
5561:Economy
5526:Borders
5057:History
5002:Tourism
4947:Sectors
4915:finance
4911:Banking
4801:(EMWIS)
4620:Sources
4487:Haaretz
4465:4017718
4431:2537245
4368:1148352
4264:Sources
3837:, p. 06
3723:, p. 26
3694:, p. 27
3669:, p. 25
3545:3 March
3523:3 March
3109:1 March
2942:6 March
2920:6 March
2692:Bibcode
2574:, 2014
1922:Bibcode
1509:Germany
1430:75–100
1363:Jericho
1326:Vivendi
1238:Mekorot
970:96.3%.
888:Mekorot
590:nitrate
574:Mekorot
532:storage
358:History
324:Mekorot
44:updated
6986:Guyana
6966:Brazil
6935:Panama
6925:Mexico
6880:Canada
6875:Belize
6832:Turkey
6822:Sweden
6802:Russia
6782:Poland
6777:Serbia
6772:Norway
6752:Latvia
6732:Greece
6722:France
6660:Europe
6600:Taiwan
6570:Russia
6525:Kuwait
6515:Jordan
6495:Israel
6422:Zambia
6417:Uganda
6377:Rwanda
6347:Malawi
6267:Angola
6255:Africa
6165:Portal
6017:Mexico
6007:Kuwait
6002:Jordan
5972:Canada
5967:Brazil
5804:Racism
5740:Health
5681:Cinema
5531:Cities
5051:topics
4964:Energy
4818:Al-Haq
4746:
4719:
4709:
4607:
4582:
4512:
4471:
4463:
4429:
4389:
4366:
4342:
4314:
4287:
3442:
2865:UNICEF
2730:758637
2728:
2720:
2582:p.190.
2578:
2345:4 July
2317:
1940:
1569:Sweden
1538:Salfit
1530:Nablus
1500:France
1422:50–75
1417:15.1%
1414:25–50
1409:69.4%
1322:Hebron
1296:) and
1152:German
1132:Hebron
1036:Area C
960:UNICEF
863:supply
823:Totals
775:Lost *
607:sodium
376:Israel
372:Jordan
348:Rawabi
260:Israel
6971:Chile
6910:Haiti
6817:Spain
6747:Italy
6620:Yemen
6595:Syria
6510:Japan
6485:India
6473:Macau
6463:China
6402:Sudan
6342:Libya
6327:Kenya
6317:Ghana
6302:Egypt
6277:Benin
6127:Kurds
6115:Other
6066:Arabs
6032:Syria
5992:Haiti
5982:Egypt
5977:Chile
5867:Radio
5847:Books
5835:Media
5819:Sport
5779:Music
5710:Dance
5589:Taxes
5424:Hamas
5419:Fatah
5138:Nakba
4530:(PDF)
4469:S2CID
4461:JSTOR
4427:JSTOR
4405:(PDF)
4364:JSTOR
4122:(PDF)
4095:(PDF)
3909:(PDF)
3827:(PDF)
3759:(PDF)
3712:(pdf)
3684:(PDF)
3658:(pdf)
3633:(PDF)
3626:(PDF)
3464:(PDF)
3363:Oxfam
3275:Gaza
3045:(PDF)
2748:(PDF)
2718:S2CID
2680:(PDF)
2643:(PDF)
1938:S2CID
1866:(PDF)
1785:(PDF)
1697:Notes
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