1555:, transferring water from the Sea of Galilee and other sources mainly to the coastal plain. Mekorot supplies 1.5 billion cubic meters of water in an average year, 70% of Israel's entire water supply and 80% of its drinking water. It supplies water to about 4,800 intermediary water providers, including municipalities, regional associations, agricultural settlements and industrial consumers. It also operates 31 desalination plants treating nearly a million cubic meters of seawater and brackish water every day. The company's eight wastewater treatment plants, including the Dan Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant, treat 40% of all Israel's wastewater. Its nine reclamation plants enable 70% of the treated effluent to be reused for agriculture. In 2007 the structure of Mekorot has been changed. The parent company, "Mekorot Water", continues to produce, transport and supply water. One of its subsidiaries, "Mekorot Ventures and Development", concentrates, among other things, on the desalination of seawater, wastewater treatment, projects for the municipal sector and projects abroad. Another subsidiary focuses on building and maintaining water infrastructures, primarily for the parent company. Mekorot also serves in some cases also as a Regional Water Authority. A Regional Water Authority does not have to be owned or controlled by the Government and may be owned either privately or by municipalities.
1585:
initially envisaged that by 2010 all municipal water and sewerage services would have been transferred to Water and
Sewerage Corporations. The Corporations may serve the area of one or more municipality, although in the latter case all municipalities in the service coverage area have to agree. The Corporations have quality of service obligations and are required to obtain a permit from the Ministry of the Interior. The Corporations may be owned either by the municipality (ies) in whose service area they operate or by private investors. The Government may intervene in the operation of the corporation, including transferring the provision of the services to another entity in case of failure in service provision, including in case of bankruptcy. The aim was to have only about 15 large regional water and sanitation companies. However, 52 companies had been established as of 2010 because mayors resisted the establishment of larger regional companies.
1010:
currently pumped into the
Mediterranean, however a new bill has passed stating a conversion to treating the sludge to be used as manure. Only 20% of the treated water is lost (due to evaporation, leaks, overflows and seeping). The recycled water allows farmers to plan ahead and not be limited by water shortages. There are many levels of treatment, and many different ways of treating the waterβwhich leads to a big difference in the quality of the end product. The best quality of reclaimed sewage water comes from adding a gravitational filtering step, after the chemical and biological cleansing. This method uses small ponds in which the water seeps through the sand into the aquifer in about 400 days, then is pumped out as clear purified water. This is nearly the same process used in the space station water recycling system, which turns urine and feces into purified drinking water, oxygen and manure. Almost 90% of the nation's
1531:) for the management of water resources, proposing the national water policy for Cabinet approval and subsequently implementing it, as well as for Israel's external water relations. Since some aspects of the management, protection and allocation of water resources fall into the spheres of other Ministries, the exercise of certain powers requires their consent. The principal Ministries in that category are the Ministries of Agriculture (agricultural allocations and pricing), Environmental Protection (water quality standards), Health (drinking water quality), Finance (tariffs and investments) and the Interior (urban water supply). The Administration for the Development of Sewage Infrastructures, a unit in the Ministry of Energy and Water Resources, implements government policy in the field of development of sanitation. Long-term planning for the supply and sanitation is included in the
806:
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categorized by the different uses: domestic, consumption and services, industry and agriculture. The rates for industrial and agriculture uses are lower than those for domestic consumption and services. Water for agriculture is supplied on a less reliable basis and is of poorer quality. Subsidies are provided for agriculture and for remote and elevated localities. The bulk water tariff for a specific use is the same throughout the country, irrespective of the difference in costs of supplying water to a specific locality. Mekorot bulk water tariffs were increased by 25% in
January 2010, to a large extent to absorb increases in electricity prices. Energy accounts for an ever-larger share of water supply costs because of the increasing share of seawater desalination.
894:
718:. In 2002, under the impact of drought, the Government approved the construction of large seawater desalination plants along the Mediterranean coast. These installations would supply 305 million m/yr of desalinated water by the year 2010 and 500 million mΒ³/yr by 2015. By mid-2008 two of the new plants with a capacity of 130 million m/yr were in operation. In parallel to the desalination program the cabinet also decided to promote water savings activities that could reduce household water use by at least 10 percent. In 2012, the Ashkelon Desalination Plant was converting 15,000 to 16,000 cubic meters of seawater to fresh water every hour, supplying 15 percent of Israel's annual water supply.
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and
Interior. The director of the authority (formerly the "Water Commissioner") is a cabinet-appointed civil servant reporting to the Minister of Energy and Water and to the Knesset. He is nominated by the Cabinet for a period of five years. There also is a Water Board, which is composed of representatives of the Government and the public (producers, suppliers and consumers), whose consent/advice must be obtained for certain measures. Past and present water commissioners or directors of the Water Authority include Meir Ben Meir (1996β2000), Shimon Tal (2001β2006), Uri Shani (2006β2011) and Alexander Kushnir (since 2011).
441:
630:
543:
384:
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uses and 110 million cubic meters (5.7%) for industrial use. According to one estimate, average domestic water consumption in Israel is 137 litres per person per day on average, about half of indoor water use in the United States. However, according to another estimate water use per person per year is 90 cubic meters, corresponding to 247 litres per day. The latter estimate includes losses and probably also water use by offices that may not have been included in the former figures.
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investments of US$ 240 million in 2006 can be attributed to domestic water supply (US$ 120 million), and US$ 125 million were invested by municipalities in sanitation (see below), total investments in drinking water supply and sanitation stood at least US$ 245 million per year, excluding investments in desalination plants under BOO schemes and excluding investments in drinking water distribution by municipalities.
44:
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per cubic meter. In condominiums apartments usually have their own meters. In 2005 the average household expenditures on water stood at 0.9% of total household consumption expenditures. In June 2013 the
Finance Ministry and the Council of Local Authorities reached agreement that the base water tariff will be reduced by 5% by the end of 2015. Water tariffs had gone up by over 30% in previous years.
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the five new desalination plants along the coast with water users. The project would include the construction of 100-kilometer water channels, advanced quality control and command systems, and water reservoirs. When completed, most drinking water supplied to Israel's residents from Hadera southwards β in other words, most of the country's population β would come from desalinated seawater.
1368:, as well as using construction techniques that allow rainwater to percolate into underground water reservoirs. The authors of the report claim that this would reduce the need for massive desalination of seawater and the environmental damage it causes, including the emission of greenhouse gases. In October 2011 the Water Authority published a Master Plan for Desalination in Israel.
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fresh sweet lake water β monitored by computer to account for the nationwide needs and input. This action reduced the outdated risk of salt and mineral percentages in the water. Plans to implement this overall usage of reclaimed water for drinking are discouraged by the psychological preconception of the public for the quality of reclaimed water, and the fear of its origin.
762:. The campaign resulted in reducing water use by more than 10 percent, saving the construction of a desalination plant. In its final report in March 2010 the commission of inquiry, headed by former judge Dan Bein, concluded that changes were needed in the Water Law of 1959. The Finance Ministry was accused of having delayed desalination plans arguing that conservation and
336:, in Israel called the "Gilboa-Bet She'an Aquifer" or "Schechem-Gilboa Aquifer", has an annual safe yield of 145 mcm (of which 70 mcm are brackish). Almost 100% of its water comes from precipitation falling within the West Bank area, but then flows underground in a northerly direction into the Bisan (Bet She'an) and Jezreel valley.
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municipalities and to
Mekorot. From 2010 to 2012 regional water companies distributed the equivalent of $ 55 million in profits to their municipal shareholders. mid-2014, the Ministry of Energy and Water planned to present a law to Parliament that would allow utilities to return profits to their customers in the form of refunds.
1076:, published an international tender for the planning and construction of the plant. The tender foresees an option for the winner to become a partner in the special project company controlled by Mekorot that will carry out the project, and in the project operating and maintenance company, with a stake of up to 40%.
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An example of a multi-municipal utility that precedes the 2001 law is the Dan
Regional Sewerage Board (Shafdan), which includes seven municipalities in and around Tel Aviv. It owns the Dan wastewater treatment plant, the largest wastewater treatment plant in the country which treats about 130 million
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of groundwater was first introduced, has shown a constant improvement in the quality of drinking water, with the percentage of violations decreasing from 8.4% in 1989 to 2.1% in 1999. In 2000, the
Minister of Health signed an amended version of public health regulations which raise chemical standards
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In early 2002, under the impact of drought, the government approved the construction of large seawater desalination plants along the
Mediterranean coast. These installations would supply 500 million m/yr by 2015. The government's goal is to reach a capacity of 750 million m/year by 2020. All projects
369:
The history of the development of water supply and sanitation in modern Israel can be divided into distinct phases, beginning with the unilateral development of conventional water resources. This was followed by a period that emphasized the use of reclaimed water, the signing of an agreement to share
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based on the following factors: Because tariffs established by the government are low and do not cover
Mekorot's operating costs, the company receives compensation for the difference between what it costs to produce a unit of water and what it is allowed to charge. The level of subsidies is fixed in
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Throughout its history, the Mekorot has been financially stable according to information published on its website. In 2006, Mekorot's turnover was over $ 700 million, shareholders' equity was $ 500 million and total assets were in excess of $ 2.8 billion. In 2006, Mekorot invested over $ 240 million
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Mekorot receives a subsidy from the Ministry of Finance to cover the difference between its supply costs and the tariffs it is allowed to charge to its customers. Between 1993 and 1999 government support to Mekorot declined from 40% to 23% of its turnover, to a large extent because of an increase in
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With the 2006 amendment to the Water Law the Governmental Authority of Water and Sewerage (the "Water Authority") was created. The Water Authority is an inter-agency body overseen by a council composed of senior representatives of the Ministries of Finance, Energy and Water, Environmental Protection
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Water shortage is a problem in Israel, however the country has managed to ensure the availability of clean drinking water for its citizens, but also to have a surplus of water that it sells to nearby nations like Jordan. Israel has been able to do this by utilizing desalination, reclaimed water, and
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each year, in comparison to an average year. The winters of 2002β03 and 2003β04 were characterized by average and higher-than-average rainfall, which led to a significant rise in the water level of the Sea of Galilee and in the collection of floodwater in catchment reservoirs. However, the country's
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Successive years of drought from 1998 to 2002 had dramatically lowered water levels in all of the main reservoirs. 1998β1999 was the worst drought year in Israel for the past 100 years. The following years were also characterized by less-than-average rainfall, which led to a shortfall of some half a
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outbreak because of illegal irrigation of lettuce with untreated wastewater. This gave rise to major investments in wastewater treatment under the National Sewerage Plan, which emphasized the reuse of treated wastewater. In 1984 the Kishon wastewater treatment plant was completed in Northern Israel.
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Most large-scale seawater desalination plants are being privately financed as BOT projects. The Hadera plant, for example, is led, for the first time, by a consortium of foreign banks, and amounts to NIS 1.5 billion according to the following breakdown: 50% The European Investment Bank (EIB); 25%
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charged by local authorities are set by the Ministers of Interior and Finance. They are progressive (increasing-block) tariffs. The first block is for the initial 3.5 cubic meters per month for each housing unit and was set at NIS 9.09 ($ 2.43) in 2013, with higher consumption charged at NIS 14.60
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Water use in 2009 was 1.91 billion cubic meters of which fresh water use was 1.26 billion cubic meters. Water use was 100 million cubic meters (5.2%) to Jordan and the Palestinian Authority, 1016 million cubic meters for agriculture(53.2%), 684 million cubic meters (35.8%) for domestic and public
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and directing it into recharge ponds. The groundwater is then pumped back up during summer through wells around the recharge ponds. The cost of the recharge process is limited to maintenance, with pumping costs amounting to only $ 0.02β0.03 per cubic meter. About 40β50% more water than the average
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said it would invest more than NIS 2 billion (US$ 500 million) in a new National Water System with several eastβwest arteries relying on pumping, complementing and partly substituting for the National Water Carrier running from north to south that relied on gravity. The new pipelines would connect
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facility. Built at a cost of more than $ 100 million, the sophisticated plant has annual filtering capacity in excess of 500 million cubic meters per year. It is the largest plant of its type in Israel and one of the largest in the world. In 2008 Mekorot lay a fifth pipeline to Jerusalem to double
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Municipalities receive grants and soft loans in order to finance investments, particularly in wastewater treatment. These subsidies are channeled through various funds, such as the Water Networks Rehabilitation Fund, the National Sewage Program and the Wastewater Renovation and Reuse Program. The
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The prices Mekorot is entitled to charge are the rates set by the Ministers of Energy and Water and Finance, approved by the Knesset's finance committee, and updated from time to time according to the changes in the Consumer Price Index, electricity rates and the average wage index. The rates are
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resources at its disposal in an average year. More than half of these resources consisted of inflows from the Golan Heights (275 million), Lebanon (310 million) and the West Bank (345 million). 92 percent of the conventional water resources were considered economically exploitable, the rest being
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According to other reports Israel desalinated only around 16,500 cubic meter/day (m/d) of brackish water in 2008, corresponding to 6 million m/year. In 2008 the government planned to increase this capacity more than 13-fold to somewhere between 220,000 m/d and 274,000 m/d by 2012. Some
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The construction of the plant in Ashdod by Mekorot had been delayed by an injunction in court from the private company IDE which had built the Ashkelon plant. It alleged that the contract had been awarded to Mekorot without a tender. In June 2008, the Tel Aviv District Court decided that IDE was
1017:
To add to the efficiency of the Israeli system β the reclaimed sewage water may be mixed with reclaimed sea water (plans are in action to increase the desalinization program up to 50% of the country's usage by 2013 β 600 billion liters of drinkable sea water a year), along with aquifer water and
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By 2014, Israel's desalination programs provided roughly 35% of Israel's drinking water and it is expected to supply 40% by 2015 and 70% by 2050. In recent years, Israel's annual use of water from the Sea of Galilee has shrunk from 513 million cubic meters (in 2001β2002) to just 25 million cubic
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currently has rainwater harvesting projects in the West Bank. Rainwater harvesting systems are being installed in local schools to educate schoolchildren about water conservation principles and bridge divides between people of different religious and ethnic backgrounds, all while addressing the
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from the Tel Aviv metropolitan area is treated and reused as irrigation water for agriculture and public works. In 2012 the Dan Region Wastewater Treatment Plant was cited as a global model by the United Nations. The plant, known locally as Shafdan, was lauded for its unique method of using the
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full cost recovery and the promotion of private sector investments for infrastructure. The transfer of service provision from municipalities to public service entities (called "Water and Sewerage Corporations") is initially voluntary, but at a later stage it will become compulsory. It had been
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As of 2010, Israel leads the world in the proportion of water it recycles. Israel treats 80% of its sewage (400 billion liters a year), and 100% of the sewage from the Tel Aviv metropolitan area is treated and reused as irrigation water for agriculture and public works. The remaining sludge is
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model program across the country. The first rainwater catchment system was installed at an elementary school in Lod, Israel. The project is looking to expand to Haifa in its third phase. The Southwest Center has also partnered with the Water Resources Action Project of Washington, D.C., which
905:
is practiced extensively in Israel from flood water, potable water from the National Water Carrier and treated wastewater. Artificial recharge has increased groundwater levels in the Coastal Aquifer and counteracted further seawater intrusion. Groundwater recharge from flood water is done by
1635:
The total investment in the sector consists of investments by Mekorot in bulk water supply (including water supply for domestic uses, industry and agriculture), as well as investments by municipalities in drinking water distribution, sewerage and wastewater treatment. If half of the Mekorot
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established a state commission of inquiry into the slow progress of desalination. Desalination capacity was less than a third of the amount set by the cabinet, mostly due to a slowdown in tenders after a few years of relatively high rainfall. The planned water-saving activities were stopped
721:
In July 2007 Water Commissioner Uri Shani warned about a decline in rainfall, exacerbating Israel's water crisis. "The drop in water supply derives from atmospheric contamination, which affects cloud composition and causes a drop in rainfall levels. Every year we record less water entering
4008:
1597:
In Israel water tariffs are levied for all uses and at all stages of production, from groundwater abstraction, to bulk water sales to final users. Investments are financed both through self-financing from water sales revenues, through commercial debt and through various subsidies paid to
1376:
In March 2017, a national survey was published that concluded that there is an extremely high rate of serious iodine deficiency among the Israeli population, and in particular among pregnant women (85%) and school-age children (62%). The researchers mentioned the lack of a national
277:, which provides the largest freshwater storage capacity along the Jordan River. The Sea of Galilee drains into the Lower Jordan River, which winds further south through the Jordan Valley to its terminus in the Dead Sea. A tributary of the Jordan River south of the lake is the
217:
are considered vital to the country's economic survival and growth. Large scale projects to desalinate seawater, direct water from rivers and reservoirs in the north, make optimal use of groundwater, and reclaim flood overflow and sewage have been undertaken. Among them is the
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in developing water facilities, including a new central filtration plant, compared with $ 180 million in investments in 2005. For a number of years Mekorot's fundraising instruments (primarily, bond offerings) have been awarded the highest AAA rating by the Ma'alot
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In 1999, during a severe drought, it was decided that all those extracting water from water sources would be charged with an extraction levy. The obligation for payment of the extraction levy falls on the extractor who can pass the costs on to the consumers.
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in 2010 found that 500,000 homes in Israel are not linked to a central sewage system. The vast majority of these homes are in 150 Arab communities which have no sewage hook-up and whose waste is therefore discharged into cesspits or the local environment.
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Water resources in Israel consist of conventional water resources (surface water, groundwater) and non-conventional water resources including the reuse of treated wastewater (reclaimed water), seawater desalination and the desalination of brackish water.
1352:
In 2004, a representative of the Israeli Water Commission had suggested at an international conference to use 50 million m/year from the desalination plant in Hadera for the exclusive supply of up to one million Palestinians in the Northern West Bank.
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Water distribution and sanitation is the responsibility of 52 regional water and sewer corporations that serve 132 local authorities with 5.5 million inhabitants. Outside their service area local authorities provide services directly to customers.
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should have been implemented first. Only years later, the ministry endorsed large-scale desalination. The Water Authority was said to have been slow, non-transparent and that it failed to coordinate with various ministries. Infrastructure Minister
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The largest recharge plant in Israel is the Menashe plant in the Northern coastal plain, which is operated by Mekorot. The drainage basin of the Menashe plant is 189 square kilometers, capturing about 12 million cubic meters in an average year.
328:
area is located within Israeli borders. Israel utilises the aquifers of this basin by means of 300 deep groundwater wells to the west of the Green Line, as well as by deep wells within the West Bank boundary. Palestinians use it via wells and
230:
desert through channels, pipes and tunnels. Israel's water demand today outstrips available conventional water resources. Thus, in an average year, Israel relies for about half of its water supply on unconventional water resources, including
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the efficiency of Mekorot. This has been induced by a change introduced in 1994, whereby Mekorot's tariffs were not set any more under a cost-plus formula, but a 2.5% annual factor for efficiency increases was built into the tariff formula.
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plants are intended to help to rehabilitate the southern part of the coastal aquifer, which has been adversely affected by salinity due to overextraction. As of 2014, twelve such installations were operational, desalinating 66 million m.
1360:, have called for a moratorium on new desalination plants, beyond the ones already in the advanced bidding stages. "We believe that even in 2020, we can make do with desalination 315 million cubic meters", a report says. It calls for
1014:, or almost 50% of all the water used by farmers nationally, is processed for reuse in agriculture. Because freshwater is so limited, drinking and other household needs take precedence over the use of reclaimed water for agriculture.
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natural filtration qualities of sand to improve the quality of sewage. In 2010, about 400 million cubic metres/year of treated wastewater was reused, primarily in agriculture. This constitutes about 40% of water use in agriculture.
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plant south of Tel Aviv was completed to treat approximately 130 million cubic meters of wastewater per year for reuse in agriculture. However, wastewater from other cities and towns remained largely untreated. In 1970 there was a
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plant in Jordan from which Israel will buy electricity in exchange for water from an Israeli desalination plant. Israel produces 85% of the country's drinkable water, which is distributed by municipal and regional utilities, via
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of supplied water in Israel varies from very low salinity water (10 mg/L of chlorides) from the Upper Jordan River, 200 mg/L from the Sea of Galilee, and more than 1500 mg/L from groundwater sources in the south.
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in rural areas. The Water and Sewerage Corporations Law of 2001 provides for the creation of regional companies to which local authorities would gradually transfer their water and sewerage services. The 2001 Law aims at,
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aquifers have remained depleted. It was estimated in 2003 that increased water demand and decreased water availability has led to a cumulative deficit of nearly 2 billion cubic metres. In 2008 another drought occurred.
239:. A particularly long drought in 1998β2002 had prompted the government to promote large-scale seawater desalination. In 2022, 85% of the country's drinkable water was produced through desalination of saltwater and
742:. In 2006 the Dan Regional Wastewater Board was criticized for plans to incinerate sludge to replace the practice of dumping it into the sea. Critics said the sludge should be used as fertilizer in agriculture.
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State invests about NIS 450 million per year (about US$ 125 million) in sanitation through these funds, mostly in the form of long term subsidized loans (20 years, 5% interest), and some in the form of grants.
857:, Israel provided 52 million cubic meters of water to the Palestinians in 2011, but prevents them from drilling new wells in the Mountain Aquifer. The surface water of the Jordan River remains disputed with
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520:
in 1965. As a reaction to the construction of the pipeline, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan tried to divert the headwaters of the Jordan River. This was one of the events that increased tensions leading to the
343:, whose waters empty into the Lower Jordan River and lay entirely within the West Bank, has an annual safe yield of 172 mcm (of which 70β80 mcm are brackish). This aquifer is mainly drained by springs.
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were to be executed by the private sector, through international tenders. At the end of 2013 four plants, with a total capacity of almost 500 million m/year per year, were operational. All plants use
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Responsibilities for the water and sanitation sector in Israel are defined in two key laws: The Water Law of 1959, amended most recently in 2006, and the Water and Sewerage Corporations Law of 2001.
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and the Coastal Aquifer are Israel's main water storage facilities, with a combined storage capacity of about 2 billion cubic meters. The coastal aquifer is used for artificial groundwater recharge.
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2301:
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other non-traditional water sources in addition to its natural supplies. Its 86 m renewable yearly water per capita is far less than the 500 m threshold that characterizes extreme shortage.
19:
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provided certain quantities of water to the Palestinians, but prevents them from drilling any new wells in the Mountain Aquifer. The surface water of the Jordan River remains disputed with
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and Water Authority head Uri Shani began to explore options for new wastewater treatment plants and reservoirs. Another alternative considered was more expensive but less land-intensive
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1401:
In addition to these large plants, there are around 30 small mostly brackish water desalination plants that desalinate about 30 million m/year. Most of these installations are in the
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Desalination Facility in Hadera. Speech given by The Minister of National Infrastructures on the occasion of completing the financing agreements for the Hadera Desalination Facility
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endorsed the report and announced that his Ministry would submit a bill to curtail the Water Authority's powers and to put it more firmly under the control of his Ministry.
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completely and were resumed only in 2006, but at a slow pace. However, a vigorous water savings campaign was then started featuring videos by famous Israelis such as singer
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320:, is the largest one, with an annual safe yield of 362 million cubic metres (mcm), based on average annual estimate, (of which 40 mcm are brackish). Eighty percent of the
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139:
Bond issues and subsidies (Mekorot), government grants, soft loans and self-financing from revenues (municipalities), equity and commercial loans (desalination plants)
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830:. About 80% of the water resources are located in the north of the country and only 20% in the south. However, average rainfall has declined, possibly as a result of
805:
3628:
3167:"Water Scarcity|Land & Water|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| Land & Water | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"
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in the winter. Another factor in the drop in water supply is contamination of the coastal aquifer, which reduces the amount of water that can be pumped out."
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and desalinates brackish water and Red Sea water for use of the city's inhabitants. The first desalination installations were established in Israel in 1965.
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recharge is pumped from the aquifer in order to create a temporary hydrological depression that creates space for artificial recharge the following winter.
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multi-annual agreements, the first one having covered the period 1993β98, the second one 1998β2006 and the third one for a much shorter period, 2007β08.
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the French Calyon Corporate and Investment Bank, which specializes in long-term projects; 25% Banco Espirito Santo (BES), a Portuguese investment bank.
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According to the Ministry of Environment, 97.9% of the tests complied with drinking water quality standards. An analysis of results since 1989, when
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http://www.water.gov.il/Hebrew/ProfessionalInfoAndData/2012/07-Israel-Water-Sector-Desalination.pdf The Master Plan for Desalination in Israel, 2020
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the quantity of water and provide 150 million cubic meters annually, including desalinated water. In March 2008 National Infrastructures Minister
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to jointly develop the water resources of the Jordan River Basin between Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan. The Johnston Plan was rejected by the
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cubic meters of wastewater annually for reuse in agriculture (see under reclaimed water). Mekorot operates the plant on behalf of Shafdan.
3601:""EMWIS: Local Water Supply, Sanitation and Sewage β Country Report Israel." November 2005, p. 16, quoting the Ministry of Infrastructure"
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299:, or groundwater basins, are the Mountain Aquifer and the Coastal Aquifer, with smaller, regional aquifers in the Galilee and the Negev.
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3545:"EMWIS: Local Water Supply, Sanitation and Sewage β Country Report Israel, November 2005, p. 16, quoting the Ministry of Infrastructure"
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Sachar, Howard M., "A history of Israel: from the rise of Zionism to our time", Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 3rd ed., (2007), pp. 518-520
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1385:-depleted desalinated seawater as reasons for this major public health problem. The concerns include a "high risk of maternal and fetal
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and a first pipeline to the Negev in 1955. Between 1953 and 1955 the United States Special Representative for Water in the Middle East,
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and impaired neurological development of the fetus", and the professor leading the study stated that iodine deficiency has lowered the
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were reported as dumping some of their refuse into streams. Overall, only 2.7% of raw sewage flows into streams and none into the sea.
476:
was created, more than a decade before the creation of the state of Israel. Among its achievements was the Shiloach Pipeline along the
259:
The by far largest part of drinkable water is being produced nowadays by desalination of seawater obtained from the Mediterranean Sea.
3004:
2460:
1703:
1056:
The NIS 1.5 billion (US$ 375 million) financing of the Hadera plant was led by a consortium of foreign banks with 50% financed by the
865:
and the Palestinians. Only with Jordan was Israel able to reach an agreement on the sharing of water resources in 1995 as part of the
702:
and the Palestinians. Only with Jordan was Israel able to reach an agreement on the sharing of water resources in 1995 as part of the
4424:
2817:
2753:
512:
to the Lower Jordan was completed in 1965. The main water resources project at the time, however, was the transfer of water from the
4540:
673:
586:
427:
3055:
2686:
3787:
1676:
493:
219:
4600:
4358:
4095:
4414:
4303:
4293:
3862:
3775:
3690:
1244:
1219:
1194:
1169:
4530:
4363:
845:
The security of these resources is impacted by riparian conflicts. Several hundred million cubic meters of groundwater in the
4585:
4580:
4465:
4080:
4065:
4045:
3666:
2984:
2806:
2742:
4610:
4570:
4515:
4510:
4490:
4485:
4470:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4060:
3501:
3038:
3003:
Abraham Tenne, Head of Desalination Division and Water Technologies Chairman of the WDA (Water Desalination Administration):
4595:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4525:
4120:
3744:
3625:
3090:
2532:
1908:
2441:
1773:
3934:
3887:
1913:
3240:
2203:
1080:
3919:
2411:
834:, so that conventional water resources are now estimated at less than 1,336 million cubic meters in an average year (
644:
638:
557:
551:
398:
392:
1229:
3804:
3683:
866:
703:
1420:
In addition, a desalination facility with a capacity of 54,800 m/dβ82,200 m/d is planned in the Western
485:
3914:
3797:
3334:
3215:
2834:
1576:
655:
568:
409:
3814:
1732:
1057:
440:
3658:
2096:
1428:
in southern Israel, a plan is being studied for increasing the size of the 9,600 m/d desalination plant.
1021:
As of today, all the reclaimed sewage water in Israel is used for agricultural and land improvement purposes.
2578:
3924:
3897:
2690:
2660:
2082:
730:
2627:
2434:
1979:"Zalul protests against the Shafdan's plan to construct a thermal plant that will cost 957 million shekels"
3502:"Statistical Abstract of Israel 2007:Composition of Consumption Expenditures of Households, by Sub-Groups"
3302:
Jewish Virtual Library :Israel's Chronic Water Problem:Water Quality, quoting the Israeli Foreign Ministry
3108:
2131:
1572:
1568:
1552:
1042:
517:
316:
3392:
1951:
370:
water resources with Jordan and the Palestinian Authority, and the development of seawater desalination.
213:. Because rain falls only in the winter, and largely in the northern part of the country, irrigation and
3834:
3829:
3770:
3754:
1532:
353:
214:
57:
3458:
2551:
1887:
1475:
for water quality to very stringent standards. Maximum levels for 38 new chemical substancesβincluding
612:
It provides 20 million cubic meters of treated wastewater per year for agricultural use in the fertile
3190:
1527:(until 2012 the Minister of Infrastructures) is the Cabinet member responsible to the Parliament (the
3857:
3737:
3301:
2485:
1663:
1441:
1437:
1084:
1065:
986:, whose wastewater is being treated and reused for irrigation in the neighboring Jewish community of
902:
823:
735:
603:
2770:
2707:
1053:
and Elran. In March 2006, it was voted 'Desalination Plant of the Year' in the Global Water Awards.
869:. 48 million cubic meters of water per year were provided to Israel under the Peace Treaty in 2011.
4019:
3882:
3824:
3722:
739:
477:
68:
3644:
18:
This article is about water supply and sanitation in Israel. For the Palestinian territories, see
3877:
3872:
3867:
3727:
3356:
1361:
971:
854:
691:
2279:
1844:
3841:
3809:
3792:
3714:
3706:
3604:
3568:
3548:
3279:
3070:
2871:
2847:
1794:
1699:
110:
2158:
Oded Fixler β Deputy Director General (Engineering) Israel Water Authority (September 2011).
2010:
1867:
1817:
600:
3819:
2493:
1480:
1050:
1041:
plant was the largest in the world when it was commissioned. The project was developed as a
1011:
944:
936:
2457:
3670:
3632:
3575:
3288:
3166:
2988:
2821:
2814:
2810:
2757:
2750:
2746:
2727:
2539:
2464:
2445:
1736:
1436:
The Southwest Center for the Study of Hospital and Healthcare Systems in cooperation with
1031:
924:
835:
453:
232:
3950:
813:
Historically, Israel had about 1,780 million cubic meters of conventional freshwater and
500:, but Israel nevertheless abided by its water allocation under the plan. Mekorot began a
2791:
2489:
3929:
2792:"Started delivery of desalinated water from the plant in Soreq β the biggest in Israel"
2579:
Tender published for the 100-million cubic meter seawater desalination center at Ashdod
1753:"Χ¦Χ¨ΧΧΧͺ ΧΧΧ Χ©Χ€ΧΧ¨ΧΧ ΧΧͺΧΧΧΧΧ ΧΧΧ, Χ¨Χ©ΧΧΧΧͺ ΧΧ§ΧΧΧΧΧͺ, ΧΧ©ΧΧΧΧ Χ§ΧΧΧΧͺΧΧΧ, Χ§ΧΧΧΧ¦ΧΧ ΧΧΧΧ©ΧΧΧ (2013)"
1446:
1386:
1097:
956:
907:
882:
831:
814:
613:
513:
509:
505:
469:
274:
240:
223:
2476:
Sauvet-Goichon, Bruno (2007). "Ashkelon desalination plant β A successful challenge".
2302:"Arid Israel recycles waste water on grand scale - Agricultural Commodities - Reuters"
4799:
2634:
2062:
2034:
874:
827:
818:
excess floodwaters. The usable amount consisted of about 1.1 billion cubic meters of
723:
526:
501:
489:
457:
278:
23:
3892:
3782:
3732:
2674:
2511:
1990:
1622:
1471:
1378:
1093:
1038:
1003:
729:
In 2007 Mekorot inaugurated its advanced Central Filtration Plant at the company's
461:
236:
3663:
2981:
2803:
2739:
1962:
1935:
1698:(First ed.). New York: Thomas Dunne Books, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.
1072:
right. In February 2009 Mekorot Development and Initiatives Ltd, a subsidiary of
3588:
3313:
2497:
1909:"Water From The Sea: The Risks And Rewards Of Israel's Huge Bet On Desalination"
1818:"Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions"
1483:
and petroleum productsβwere set for the first time while existing standards for
1088:
964:
940:
819:
763:
755:
751:
522:
497:
2438:
2118:
Plan to pump desalinated water to Sea of Galilee may open diplomatic floodgates
927:. Israel treats 80% of its sewage (400 billion liters a year), and 100% of the
1476:
979:
768:
759:
465:
357:
2563:
849:
Mountain Aquifer are disputed between Israel and the Palestinians. Under the
2969:
1365:
1179:
999:
960:
846:
481:
445:
43:
3569:"EMWIS: Local Water Supply, Sanitation and Sewage β Country Report Israel."
2675:"Ashkelon Desalination Plant Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) Plant, Israel"
1045:(Build-Operate-Transfer) by a consortium of three international companies:
2083:
After 45 years, Mekorot begins construction of a new National Water System
1730:
Progress on sanitation and drinking water - 2015 update and MDG assessment
714:
In 1997, the first reverse osmosis desalination plant in Israel opened in
3109:"Jewish National Fund: JNF Wire: Capturing the Future One Drop at a Time"
1978:
1503:
1484:
1425:
1393:
level of Israeli children by four to five points over the past 50 years.
1331:
1154:
975:
273:
The Upper Jordan River flows south into the freshwater lake known as the
2947:"IDE wins tender to operate Israel's Western Galilee Desalination Plant"
2160:"Challenges and Solutions for the Water Sector in Israel and the Region"
963:
Sorek Plant (23 million cubic metres/year), located in the basin of the
291:
Water supply and sanitation in the State of Palestine Β§ Groundwater
3902:
3578:
November 2005, p. 14 and p. 16, quoting the Ministry of Infrastructure.
2574:
2388:"Water scarcity: Commission advises on safe water reuse in agriculture"
2341:
2256:
2078:
1548:
1528:
1492:
1421:
1270:
1073:
983:
862:
780:
746:
699:
608:
473:
324:
area of this basin is located within the West Bank, whereas 80% of the
296:
3907:
2921:"IDE, Hapoalim win bid to build desalination plant in Israel's north"
1729:
1402:
1382:
1256:
1204:
1061:
1046:
987:
928:
839:
210:
33:
3675:
3033:
3031:
2982:"Environmentalists call for moratorium on new desalination plants."
2970:"The Impact of Desalination: Israel and the Palestinian Authority."
1571:(with a population ranging from 2,500 to 750,000 inhabitants), 144
2326:
Sandra Postel, "Last Oasis - Facing Water Scarcity." 1992. p. 126.
1410:
1406:
1135:
952:
948:
892:
858:
804:
715:
695:
439:
227:
1869:
Rivers of DiscordβInternational Water Disputes in the Middle East
222:, carrying water from the country's biggest freshwater lake, the
1991:"State inquiry commission to investigate Israel's water crisis."
1963:"Government mulling plan to upgrade Dan Region's sewage system."
1496:
1488:
616:, maximizing distribution potential during high-demand periods.
3954:
3679:
1696:
Let there be water: Israel's solution for a water-starved world
1872:, pp 11-12. Greg Shapland, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1997
978:
while conserving nutrients. An example is the Arab village of
623:
536:
377:
2252:"UN cites Israeli wastewater treatment plant as global model"
3091:"Rainwater Collection System Saves Water, Money for Schools"
2593:"Israel, Jordan sign climate cooperation agreement in Dubai"
2564:"Water Desalination Report: IDE prevails in Ashdod lawsuit."
1739:, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation
3523:"Israel's Finance Ministry lines up water tariff reduction"
3241:"The steps Israel must take to avoid a future water crisis"
2120:, The Times of Israel, 27 June 2019, accessed February 2020
1936:"Water Authority chief warns of possible shortage in 2008."
1390:
788:
meters (2018β19) as desalinated water has taken its place.
525:
of 1967 during which Israel captured the West Bank and the
1682:
Water supply and sanitation in the Palestinian territories
20:
water supply and sanitation in the Palestinian territories
3488:"Israel's Water Economy - Thinking of future generations"
3025:, Jerusalem Post, 28 March 2017, accessed 28 January 2019
2815:"Spanish/Israeli JV awarded Ashdod desalination contract"
2053:, Global Water Intelligence, Vol 11, Issue 4 (April 2010)
1409:. The largest of them (~11 million m/year) is located in
2835:"Mekorot wins battle to build Ashdod desalination plant"
2721:"Funding agreed for expanding Hadera desalination plant"
2458:
Desalination Plant Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) Plant
2338:"Half million Israeli homes not linked to sewage system"
1282:
Israeli water desalination facilities under construction
955:
Plant (37 million cubic metres/year), with reuse in the
935:
Israel has a modern sanitation system that includes 120
923:
As of 2010, Israel leads the world in the proportion of
209:
are intricately linked to the historical development of
2412:"Water Statistics - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
842:
was even lower at 1,202 million cubic meters per year.
974:, a low-cost and low-energy treatment that eliminates
3216:"How Israel used innovation to beat its water crisis"
374:
Development of conventional water resources (1937β70)
3436:"Israelis look for new route to lower water tariffs"
2751:"IDE reported winner of Soreq desalination contract"
2708:"Palmachim desalination plant inaugurates expansion"
2611:"Israel, Jordan to partner in water-for-energy deal"
1952:"Message from the Chairman of the Board, Eli Ronen."
970:
Many of the smaller wastewater treatment plants are
745:
In July 2008, in the middle of another drought, the
94:
Average urban domestic water and sewer bill for 20m
4722:
4641:
4433:
4402:
4209:
4028:
4009:
Responsibilities in Latin America and the Caribbean
3986:
3850:
3763:
3713:
3490:. Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 10 Aug 2002.
1551:) is responsible for bulk water supply through the
1364:, the treatment of wastewater and the recycling of
943:Region Plant (120 million cubic metres/year) using
452:Because the coastal plain of the West Bank had few
2552:"The Learning Diary of an Israeli Water Engineer."
508:Pipeline to divert brackish ground water from the
504:program in 1961, increasing rainfall by 13β18%. A
460:already envisioned the transfer of water from the
3023:Iodine-free salt create 'national health problem'
2362:"Arid Israel recycles waste water on grand scale"
2225:"Arid Israel recycles waste water on grand scale"
128:Annual investment in water supply and sanitation
3314:"ΧΧ£ ΧΧΧΧͺ - ΧΧ©Χ¨Χ ΧΧͺΧ©ΧͺΧΧΧͺ ΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΧͺ, ΧΧΧ Χ¨ΧΧΧ ΧΧΧΧΧ"
947:and nutrient removal, with reuse in the Western
939:plants in Israel. The three largest plants are:
251:The main natural water resources of Israel are:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1747:
1745:
1511:Responsibility for water supply and sanitation
1105:Existing Israeli water desalination facilities
897:Menashe groundwater recharge project reservoir
186:Water Law 1959, amended most recently in 2006
3966:
3691:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
1037:The Ashkelon seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO)
168:Governmental Authority of Water and Sewerage
8:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2191:Ministry of Environment, 2005, Water Sources
2097:"Israel solves water woes with desalination"
2051:Report reveals Israelβs crisis of confidence
152:Yes (for water distribution and sanitation)
2687:"Sea Water Desalination Outline Until 2020"
2004:
2002:
620:Signing of water sharing agreements (1990s)
472:supply. In 1937 the national water company
86:Average urban water use (liter/capita/day)
3973:
3959:
3951:
3698:
3684:
3676:
3007:, October 2011, retrieved on June 10, 2013
2204:"Mekorot's Artificial Recharge Activities"
1863:
1861:
1279:
1102:
3393:"Reform in water and sanitation (Hebrew)"
3387:
3385:
2637:, Accountant General, Ministry of Finance
2153:
2151:
2149:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1064:Corporate and Investment Bank and 25% by
906:collecting runoff from winter rains in a
674:Learn how and when to remove this message
587:Learn how and when to remove this message
428:Learn how and when to remove this message
3459:"For Israel, droughts go down the drain"
3438:. Global Water Intelligence. August 2014
2435:Israel is No. 5 on Top 10 Cleantech List
1547:The state-owned National Water Company (
775:New National Water System (2009 onwards)
637:This section includes a list of general
550:This section includes a list of general
391:This section includes a list of general
269:Water politics in the Jordan River basin
3664:Mekorot - Israel National Water Company
1718:
3981:Water supply and sanitation by country
3624:Ministry of National Infrastructures.
3587:Ministry of National Infrastructures.
3277:
3075:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3068:
2872:"Sorek II Desalination Plant (Israel)"
2848:"Sorek II Desalination Plant (Israel)"
2657:"Desalination Installations in Israel"
2063:'No guiding hand directs water sector'
2035:"C'tee urges changes to water economy"
1839:
1837:
1525:Minister of Energy and Water Resources
1358:Israel Union for Environmental Defense
995:Israel Union for Environmental Defense
177:Minister of Energy and Water Resources
157:National water and sanitation company
120:Share of collected wastewater treated
28:
4806:Water supply and sanitation in Israel
2531:Ministry of National Infrastructures:
2132:"FAO Aquastat Israel Country Profiel"
1094:large-scale desalination of saltwater
1068:(BES), a Portuguese investment bank.
207:Water supply and sanitation in Israel
7:
3659:Ministry of National Infrastructures
3133:Water use by sector and source, 2009
2833:Globes Business and Technology News:
2719:Globes Business and Technology News:
2706:Globes Business and Technology News:
1724:
1722:
1381:program and the heavy dependence on
1087:by which a UAE company will build a
1083:signed an agreement brokered by the
3039:"Israel's brackish water challenge"
2628:Public-Private Partnership Projects
2512:"Ashkelon Seawater Reverse Osmosis"
1264:100 (expansion up to 150 possible)
360:downstream at the end of the basin.
149:Decentralization to municipalities
3626:"Desalination Facility in Hadera."
3457:Friedman, Ron (January 31, 2013).
3239:Kaplan-Zantopp, Max (2022-05-12).
3214:Kaplan-Zantopp, Max (2022-04-28).
2591:Harkov, Lahav (22 November 2021).
1449:issue that the Middle East faces.
1356:Environmental groups, such as the
1237:150 (expansion up to 300 approved)
1034:, utilizing self-generated power.
993:However, a report released by the
643:it lacks sufficient corresponding
556:it lacks sufficient corresponding
397:it lacks sufficient corresponding
173:Responsibility for policy setting
14:
1977:Zalul Environmental Association.
1845:"In Israel, it's all about water"
1559:Water distribution and sanitation
1543:Bulk water supply through Mekorot
873:billion cubic meters in Israel's
838:) over the period 1975β2011. The
533:Water reclamation (1970s and 80s)
263:Water from the Jordan River basin
4071:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4018:
3191:"Israel's Chronic Water Problem"
2278:Melanie lidman (6 August 2010).
1677:Water Rights in Israel-Palestine
1593:Financial aspects and efficiency
1567:Local authorities consist of 76
628:
541:
494:Jordan Valley Unified Water Plan
382:
42:
3863:Free trade agreements of Israel
2972:Dr. Y. Dreizin. Antalia, 2004.
2250:Rinat, Zafrir (June 25, 2012).
2130:Israel Country Profile (2008).
2095:JOSEF FEDERMAN (May 30, 2014).
889:Artificial groundwater recharge
165:Water and sanitation regulator
3335:"Israel's Water Commissioners"
2804:Desalination & Water Reuse
2740:Desalination & Water Reuse
226:, to the northern part of the
160:Mekorot (Bulk water supplier)
1:
2945:Team, S. W. M. (2022-11-15).
2011:"How Israel beat the drought"
710:Seawater desalination (2000s)
22:. For the Golan Heights, see
3195:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
3041:, Vol 9, Issue 7 (July 2008)
2336:Rinat, Zafrir (2009-03-15).
1914:International Business Times
801:Conventional water resources
191:Number of service providers
102:Share of household metering
3750:Economic Stabilization Plan
3525:. Global Water Intelligence
2498:10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.525
1397:Brackish water desalination
1372:High iodine deficiency rate
4822:
3357:"Mekorot Company Profile."
3037:Global Water Intelligence:
2794:(in Hebrew), 5 August 2013
2771:"Sorek Desalination Plant"
2581:, accessed on June 5, 2009
2085:, accessed on June 5, 2009
867:Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty
704:Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty
307:consists of three basins:
288:
266:
193:
185:
175:
167:
159:
151:
138:
130:
122:
114:
104:
96:
88:
80:
72:
61:
17:
4015:
3589:"Sewage Infrastructures."
3287:Cite uses generic title (
2439:Israel 21c A Focus Beyond
1060:(EIB), 25% by the French
972:waste stabilization ponds
516:to the coast through the
143:
78:Continuity of supply (%)
50:
41:
31:
3337:. Jewish Virtual Library
2987:January 1, 2008, at the
2392:environment.ec.europa.eu
1822:European Investment Bank
1694:Siegel, Seth M. (2015).
1058:European Investment Bank
3021:Judy Siegel-Itzkovich,
658:more precise citations.
571:more precise citations.
412:more precise citations.
314:, in Israel called the
247:Natural water resources
97:249.60 NIS (Dec. 2010)
4461:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3930:Central Bank of Israel
2691:Israel Water Authority
2661:Israel Water Authority
2514:. Water-technology.net
2463:July 13, 2015, at the
1607:Domestic water tariffs
1575:in small towns and 53
1553:National Water Carrier
898:
851:1995 Interim Agreement
810:
688:1995 Interim Agreement
518:National Water Carrier
449:
317:Yarkon-Taninim Aquifer
220:National Water Carrier
194:1 Bulk water supplier
36:: Water and Sanitation
3755:Trajtenberg Committee
2673:water-technology.net:
2416:www.sciencedirect.com
1888:"Water Context 12/12"
1774:"Water Context 12/12"
1533:National Outline Plan
1519:Policy and regulation
1025:Seawater desalination
896:
826:and 0.6 billion from
808:
492:, had negotiated the
486:1948 ArabβIsraeli War
444:Laying water pipe to
443:
354:Israeli coastal plain
334:North-Eastern Aquifer
200:53 regional councils
136:Sources of financing
58:improved water source
4384:United Arab Emirates
3858:Corruption in Israel
2951:Smart Water Magazine
2448:Retrieved 2009-12-21
2280:"Wastewater wonders"
1664:credit rating agency
1442:rainwater harvesting
1438:Rotary International
1432:Rainwater harvesting
1085:United Arab Emirates
1066:Banco Espirito Santo
937:wastewater treatment
903:groundwater recharge
740:membrane bioreactors
736:Benjamin Ben-Eliezer
604:wastewater treatment
4775:Trinidad and Tobago
4566:Republic of Ireland
3888:Ministry of Finance
2710:, November 17, 2010
2490:2007Desal.203...75S
2015:The Times of Israel
1284:
1107:
1012:wastewater effluent
198:144 local councils
69:improved sanitation
4669:Dominican Republic
4004:Sub-Saharan Africa
3935:Standard of living
3873:Old Israeli shekel
3868:Israeli new shekel
3669:2017-08-04 at the
3645:"Mekorot Finance."
3631:2008-11-21 at the
3574:2006-11-27 at the
2900:www.waterworld.com
2824:, 24 November 2009
2820:2011-07-06 at the
2809:2010-10-22 at the
2760:, 15 December 2009
2756:2011-07-06 at the
2745:2010-10-22 at the
2730:, November 6, 2009
2726:2012-02-24 at the
2597:The Jerusalem Post
2538:2008-11-21 at the
2444:2010-10-16 at the
2099:. Associated Press
1735:2014-04-18 at the
1728:WHO/UNICEF (2015)
1362:water conservation
1280:
1103:
1079:In November 2021,
899:
855:Oslo Peace Process
811:
692:Oslo Peace Process
450:
4793:
4792:
4621:England and Wales
3948:
3947:
3745:Bank stock crisis
3707:Economy of Israel
3461:. Times of Israel
3415:"Legislation 1/9"
3395:. Water Authority
3369:"Legislation 6/9"
2994:October 14, 2007.
2695:referenced from:
1847:. 4 February 2020
1799:978-0-375-71132-9
1577:regional councils
1350:
1349:
1278:
1277:
1081:Jordan and Israel
925:water it recycles
684:
683:
676:
597:
596:
589:
484:built during the
464:to the coast for
438:
437:
430:
352:runs beneath the
255:Mediterranean Sea
215:water engineering
204:
203:
111:Non-revenue water
4813:
4626:Northern Ireland
4425:Papua New Guinea
4023:
4022:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3952:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3677:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3603:. Archived from
3597:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3547:. Archived from
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3484:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3389:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3310:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3283:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3074:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3054:. Archived from
3048:
3042:
3035:
3026:
3019:
3008:
3001:
2995:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2844:
2838:
2831:
2825:
2801:
2795:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2767:
2761:
2737:
2731:
2717:
2711:
2704:
2698:
2694:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2653:
2638:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2588:
2582:
2572:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2473:
2467:
2455:
2449:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2364:. Archived from
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2304:. Archived from
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2282:. Jerusalem Post
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2227:. Archived from
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2199:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2165:. Archived from
2164:
2155:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2092:
2086:
2076:
2070:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2009:David Horovitz.
2006:
1997:
1988:
1982:
1981:. February 2006.
1975:
1969:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1884:
1873:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1841:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1814:
1801:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1749:
1740:
1726:
1709:
1657:Mekorot finances
1614:Abstraction Fees
1602:Fees and tariffs
1499:were tightened.
1481:organic solvents
1440:is sponsoring a
1285:
1108:
1051:IDE Technologies
945:activated sludge
779:In January 2009
764:wastewater reuse
679:
672:
668:
665:
659:
654:this section by
645:inline citations
632:
631:
624:
592:
585:
581:
578:
572:
567:this section by
558:inline citations
545:
544:
537:
502:Rain Enhancement
433:
426:
422:
419:
413:
408:this section by
399:inline citations
386:
385:
378:
305:Mountain Aquifer
46:
29:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4718:
4637:
4541:North Macedonia
4429:
4398:
4205:
4024:
4017:
4013:
3982:
3979:
3949:
3944:
3915:Venture capital
3846:
3759:
3709:
3704:
3671:Wayback Machine
3655:
3650:
3642:
3638:
3633:Wayback Machine
3623:
3619:
3610:
3608:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3586:
3582:
3576:Wayback Machine
3567:
3563:
3554:
3552:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3528:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3486:
3485:
3474:
3464:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3441:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3383:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3276:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3249:
3247:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3224:
3222:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3199:
3197:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3175:
3173:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3146:"DrinkTap Home"
3144:
3143:
3139:
3131:
3127:
3118:
3116:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3052:"Archived copy"
3050:
3049:
3045:
3036:
3029:
3020:
3011:
3002:
2998:
2989:Wayback Machine
2980:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2955:
2953:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2930:
2928:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2905:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2880:
2878:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2856:
2854:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2832:
2828:
2822:Wayback Machine
2811:Wayback Machine
2802:
2798:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2758:Wayback Machine
2747:Wayback Machine
2738:
2734:
2728:Wayback Machine
2718:
2714:
2705:
2701:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2655:
2654:
2641:
2626:
2622:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2540:Wayback Machine
2530:
2526:
2517:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2465:Wayback Machine
2456:
2452:
2446:Wayback Machine
2433:
2429:
2420:
2418:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2396:
2394:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2346:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2077:
2073:
2069:, 25 March 2010
2061:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2041:, 25 March 2010
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1972:
1968:April 08, 2008.
1961:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1876:
1866:
1859:
1850:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1826:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1804:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1737:Wayback Machine
1727:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1693:
1690:
1688:Further reading
1673:
1659:
1642:
1633:
1604:
1595:
1561:
1545:
1521:
1513:
1468:
1466:Service quality
1455:
1434:
1399:
1379:salt iodisation
1374:
1300:
1295:
1187:90 (est. 2015)
1123:
1118:
1032:reverse osmosis
1027:
982:in the Western
921:
919:Reclaimed water
891:
853:as part of the
836:arithmetic mean
803:
794:
792:Water resources
777:
712:
690:as part of the
680:
669:
663:
660:
650:Please help to
649:
633:
629:
622:
593:
582:
576:
573:
563:Please help to
562:
546:
542:
535:
454:water resources
434:
423:
417:
414:
404:Please help to
403:
387:
383:
376:
367:
350:Coastal Aquifer
341:Eastern Aquifer
312:Western Aquifer
293:
287:
271:
265:
257:
249:
233:reclaimed water
199:
197:
195:
37:
27:
12:
11:
5:
4819:
4817:
4809:
4808:
4798:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4616:United Kingdom
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4476:Czech Republic
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3994:European Union
3990:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3955:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3925:Stock exchange
3922:
3917:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3883:Infrastructure
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3817:
3815:Communications
3812:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3661:
3654:
3653:External links
3651:
3649:
3648:
3636:
3617:
3592:
3580:
3561:
3536:
3514:
3493:
3472:
3449:
3427:
3406:
3381:
3360:
3348:
3326:
3305:
3294:
3256:
3231:
3206:
3182:
3158:
3137:
3125:
3100:
3082:
3043:
3027:
3009:
2996:
2974:
2962:
2937:
2912:
2887:
2863:
2839:
2837:, Feb 22, 2011
2826:
2796:
2783:
2762:
2732:
2712:
2699:
2678:
2666:
2639:
2633:2012-07-12 at
2620:
2602:
2583:
2567:
2556:
2544:
2542:, May 22, 2008
2524:
2503:
2484:(1β3): 75β81.
2468:
2450:
2427:
2403:
2379:
2368:on 21 May 2014
2353:
2328:
2319:
2308:on 21 May 2014
2293:
2270:
2242:
2231:on 21 May 2014
2216:
2194:
2183:
2145:
2134:. FAO Aquastat
2122:
2110:
2087:
2071:
2067:Jerusalem Post
2055:
2043:
2039:Jerusalem Post
2027:
1998:
1996:July 30, 2008.
1983:
1970:
1955:
1943:
1928:
1917:. 14 July 2012
1900:
1874:
1857:
1833:
1802:
1786:
1765:
1741:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1705:978-1250073952
1704:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1669:
1658:
1655:
1641:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1573:local councils
1560:
1557:
1544:
1541:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1467:
1464:
1454:
1451:
1447:water scarcity
1433:
1430:
1398:
1395:
1387:hypothyroidism
1373:
1370:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:Cost of water
1297:
1292:
1289:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1240:NIS 2.01β2.19
1238:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:Cost of water
1120:
1115:
1112:
1098:brackish water
1026:
1023:
920:
917:
908:drainage basin
890:
887:
883:Sea of Galilee
832:climate change
815:brackish water
809:Sea of Galilee
802:
799:
793:
790:
776:
773:
711:
708:
682:
681:
636:
634:
627:
621:
618:
614:Jezreel Valley
595:
594:
549:
547:
540:
534:
531:
514:Sea of Galilee
510:Sea of Galilee
506:Brackish Water
470:drinking water
436:
435:
390:
388:
381:
375:
372:
366:
363:
362:
361:
346:
345:
344:
337:
330:
286:
283:
275:Sea of Galilee
264:
261:
256:
253:
248:
245:
241:brackish water
224:Sea of Galilee
202:
201:
192:
188:
187:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
113:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
71:
64:
63:
60:
53:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
32:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4818:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4723:South America
4721:
4715:
4714:United States
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:North America
4640:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
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4037:
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4033:
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4027:
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4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3999:Latin America
3997:
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3992:
3991:
3989:
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3976:
3971:
3969:
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3957:
3956:
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3923:
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3918:
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3900:
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3898:Privatization
3896:
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3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
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3808:
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3660:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3607:on 2006-11-27
3606:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3551:on 2006-11-27
3550:
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3159:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3126:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3097:. 2009-09-09.
3096:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3058:on 2015-01-18
3057:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3014:
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3006:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2978:
2975:
2971:
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2963:
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2938:
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2913:
2902:. 29 May 2020
2901:
2897:
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2873:
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2736:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2692:
2689:(in Hebrew).
2688:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2659:(in Hebrew).
2658:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2635:archive.today
2632:
2629:
2624:
2621:
2617:. 2021-11-22.
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2554:May 05, 2008.
2553:
2548:
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2537:
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2297:
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2274:
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2246:
2243:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2172:on 2014-08-28
2168:
2161:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2133:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2098:
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2059:
2056:
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2047:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1941:July 2, 2007.
1940:
1937:
1932:
1929:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1889:
1883:
1881:
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1864:
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1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1637:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:water tariffs
1621:Mekorot bulk
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1601:
1599:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1556:
1554:
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1423:
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1408:
1404:
1396:
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1388:
1384:
1380:
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1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
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1306:
1303:
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1255:
1254:
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1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1209:December 2009
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1156:
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1149:
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1129:
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1116:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
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1077:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1015:
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1007:
1005:
1001:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
933:
930:
926:
918:
916:
912:
909:
904:
895:
888:
886:
884:
879:
876:
875:water balance
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:surface water
825:
821:
816:
807:
800:
798:
791:
789:
785:
782:
774:
772:
770:
765:
761:
757:
753:
748:
743:
741:
737:
732:
727:
725:
724:Lake Kinneret
719:
717:
709:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
678:
675:
667:
657:
653:
647:
646:
640:
635:
626:
625:
619:
617:
615:
610:
605:
602:
599:In 1969, the
591:
588:
580:
570:
566:
560:
559:
553:
548:
539:
538:
532:
530:
528:
527:Golan Heights
524:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:Eric Johnston
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:Theodor Herzl
455:
447:
442:
432:
429:
421:
411:
407:
401:
400:
394:
389:
380:
379:
373:
371:
364:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
338:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
318:
313:
309:
308:
306:
302:
301:
300:
298:
292:
284:
282:
280:
279:Yarmouk River
276:
270:
262:
260:
254:
252:
246:
244:
242:
238:
234:
229:
225:
221:
216:
212:
208:
190:
189:
182:
181:
178:
172:
171:
164:
163:
156:
155:
148:
147:
144:Institutions
142:
135:
134:
127:
126:
119:
118:
112:
109:
108:
101:
100:
93:
92:
85:
84:
77:
76:
70:
66:
65:
59:
56:Access to an
55:
54:
49:
45:
40:
35:
30:
25:
24:Golan Heights
21:
16:
4349:Saudi Arabia
4268:
4166:South Africa
4161:Sierra Leone
4056:Burkina Faso
3940:Water supply
3939:
3893:Silicon Wadi
3639:
3620:
3609:. Retrieved
3605:the original
3595:
3583:
3564:
3553:. Retrieved
3549:the original
3539:
3527:. Retrieved
3517:
3505:. Retrieved
3496:
3463:. Retrieved
3452:
3440:. Retrieved
3430:
3418:. Retrieved
3409:
3397:. Retrieved
3372:. Retrieved
3363:
3351:
3339:. Retrieved
3329:
3317:. Retrieved
3308:
3297:
3268:. Retrieved
3259:
3248:. Retrieved
3244:
3234:
3223:. Retrieved
3219:
3209:
3198:. Retrieved
3194:
3185:
3174:. Retrieved
3170:
3161:
3149:. Retrieved
3140:
3128:
3117:. Retrieved
3112:
3103:
3094:
3085:
3060:. Retrieved
3056:the original
3046:
2999:
2991:
2977:
2965:
2954:. Retrieved
2950:
2940:
2929:. Retrieved
2927:. 2022-11-13
2924:
2915:
2904:. Retrieved
2899:
2890:
2879:. Retrieved
2875:
2866:
2855:. Retrieved
2851:
2842:
2829:
2799:
2790:The Marker:
2786:
2774:. Retrieved
2765:
2735:
2715:
2702:
2681:
2669:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2596:
2586:
2570:
2559:
2547:
2527:
2516:. Retrieved
2506:
2481:
2478:Desalination
2477:
2471:
2453:
2430:
2419:. Retrieved
2415:
2406:
2395:. Retrieved
2391:
2382:
2370:. Retrieved
2366:the original
2356:
2345:. Retrieved
2331:
2322:
2310:. Retrieved
2306:the original
2296:
2284:. Retrieved
2273:
2261:. Retrieved
2255:
2245:
2233:. Retrieved
2229:the original
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2197:
2186:
2174:. Retrieved
2167:the original
2136:. Retrieved
2125:
2113:
2101:. Retrieved
2090:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2018:. Retrieved
2014:
1993:
1986:
1973:
1965:
1958:
1946:
1938:
1931:
1919:. Retrieved
1912:
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1868:
1849:. Retrieved
1825:. Retrieved
1821:
1789:
1777:. Retrieved
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1695:
1660:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1581:
1566:
1562:
1546:
1537:
1522:
1514:
1501:
1472:disinfection
1469:
1460:
1456:
1435:
1419:
1415:
1400:
1375:
1355:
1351:
1296:(mln m/year)
1281:
1250:
1159:August 2005
1119:(mln m/year)
1104:
1078:
1070:
1055:
1039:desalination
1036:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1008:
992:
969:
959:valley; and
934:
922:
913:
900:
880:
871:
844:
812:
795:
786:
778:
744:
728:
720:
713:
685:
670:
661:
642:
598:
583:
574:
555:
462:Jordan River
451:
424:
415:
396:
368:
349:
340:
333:
325:
321:
315:
311:
304:
294:
272:
258:
250:
237:desalination
206:
205:
73:100% (2015)
62:100% (2015)
15:
4674:El Salvador
4601:Switzerland
4536:Netherlands
4420:New Zealand
4403:Australasia
4359:South Korea
4339:Philippines
4217:Afghanistan
4171:South Sudan
4096:Ivory Coast
3835:Natural gas
3830:Solar power
3771:Agriculture
3738:Antisemitic
3171:www.fao.org
3115:(in Polish)
3113:usa.jnf.org
2896:"StackPath"
1582:inter alia,
1234:August 2013
1193:Via Maris (
1089:solar power
965:Sorek River
901:Artificial
820:groundwater
756:Bar Refaeli
752:Ninet Tayeb
656:introducing
569:introducing
523:Six-Day War
498:Arab League
410:introducing
285:Groundwater
183:Sector law
4659:Costa Rica
4415:East Timor
4304:Kyrgyzstan
4294:Kazakhstan
4227:Bangladesh
4222:Azerbaijan
4136:Mozambique
3788:Technology
3611:2008-09-16
3555:2008-09-16
3465:3 December
3341:3 December
3250:2022-08-29
3225:2022-08-29
3200:2022-08-29
3176:2022-08-29
3119:2020-11-21
3062:2015-04-26
2956:2023-05-29
2931:2023-05-29
2906:2023-05-29
2881:2023-05-29
2857:2023-05-30
2518:2011-08-10
2421:2022-08-29
2397:2022-08-29
2347:2010-03-12
2176:3 December
2138:3 December
2020:3 December
1851:2022-08-29
1827:2022-08-29
1714:References
1631:Investment
1477:pesticides
980:Kafr Manda
769:Uzi Landau
760:Moshe Ivgy
758:and actor
639:references
552:references
478:Burma Road
466:irrigation
393:references
289:See also:
267:See also:
196:76 cities
105:Very high
81:Very high
67:Access to
4785:Venezuela
4730:Argentina
4704:Nicaragua
4679:Guatemala
4531:Lithuania
4410:Australia
4364:Sri Lanka
4354:Singapore
4334:Palestine
4264:Indonesia
4242:Hong Kong
3987:By region
3920:Companies
3903:Kibbutzim
3825:Oil shale
3723:Austerity
3643:Mekorot.
3442:24 August
3355:Mekorot.
3245:ISRAEL21c
3220:ISRAEL21c
2263:April 17,
2209:6 October
2202:Mekorot.
1950:Mekorot.
1640:Financing
1453:Water use
1366:greywater
1321:NIS 1.45
1294:Capacity
1267:NIS 2.40
1261:Mid-2015
1215:NIS 2.60
1190:NIS 2.90
1184:May 2007
1180:Palmachim
1165:NIS 2.60
1117:Capacity
1000:Jerusalem
976:pathogens
961:Jerusalem
847:West Bank
664:July 2024
577:July 2024
482:Jerusalem
448:, c. 1946
446:Jerusalem
418:July 2024
295:The main
123:over 90%
4800:Category
4765:Paraguay
4750:Colombia
4689:Honduras
4631:Scotland
4586:Slovenia
4581:Slovakia
4561:Portugal
4466:Bulgaria
4379:Thailand
4329:Pakistan
4319:Malaysia
4232:Cambodia
4201:Zimbabwe
4181:Tanzania
4086:Ethiopia
4081:Eswatini
4066:Cameroon
4046:Botswana
3908:Moshavim
3878:Taxation
3805:Diamonds
3776:Research
3728:Boycotts
3667:Archived
3629:Archived
3572:Archived
3280:cite web
3071:cite web
2992:Haaretz.
2985:Archived
2876:IDE Tech
2852:IDE Tech
2818:Archived
2807:Archived
2754:Archived
2743:Archived
2724:Archived
2631:Archived
2536:Archived
2461:Archived
2442:Archived
2372:12 March
2286:8 August
2235:12 March
1994:Haaretz.
1966:Haaretz.
1939:Haaretz.
1733:Archived
1671:See also
1504:salinity
1485:nitrates
1426:Nitzanim
1405:and the
1332:Nahariya
1312:Soreq 2
1304:Operator
1288:Location
1155:Ashkelon
1127:Operator
1111:Location
754:, model
329:springs.
322:recharge
297:aquifers
4780:Uruguay
4755:Ecuador
4735:Bolivia
4694:Jamaica
4611:Ukraine
4571:Romania
4516:Iceland
4511:Hungary
4501:Germany
4491:Finland
4486:Estonia
4481:Denmark
4471:Croatia
4456:Belgium
4451:Austria
4446:Armenia
4441:Albania
4389:Vietnam
4314:Lebanon
4254:Georgia
4186:Tunisia
4156:Senegal
4146:Nigeria
4141:Namibia
4131:Morocco
4111:Liberia
4106:Lesotho
4061:Burundi
4036:Algeria
3842:Fishing
3810:Banking
3798:Medical
3793:Tourism
3764:Sectors
3715:History
3529:10 June
3507:15 June
3420:15 June
3399:10 June
3374:15 June
3319:15 June
3270:15 June
3151:15 June
3095:Haaretz
2925:Reuters
2776:15 June
2615:Reuters
2575:Mekorot
2486:Bibcode
2342:Haaretz
2312:15 June
2257:Haaretz
2103:May 30,
2079:Mekorot
1921:15 June
1893:15 June
1779:15 June
1758:15 June
1549:Mekorot
1529:Knesset
1493:cadmium
1422:Galilee
1301:(per m)
1291:Opening
1271:Mekorot
1124:(per m)
1114:Opening
1074:Mekorot
1049:water,
984:Galilee
957:Jezreel
863:Lebanon
824:springs
781:Mekorot
747:Knesset
700:Lebanon
652:improve
609:cholera
601:Shafdan
565:improve
474:Mekorot
406:improve
365:History
356:, with
326:storage
4760:Guyana
4740:Brazil
4709:Panama
4699:Mexico
4654:Canada
4649:Belize
4606:Turkey
4596:Sweden
4576:Russia
4556:Poland
4551:Serbia
4546:Norway
4526:Latvia
4506:Greece
4496:France
4434:Europe
4374:Taiwan
4344:Russia
4299:Kuwait
4289:Jordan
4269:Israel
4196:Zambia
4191:Uganda
4151:Rwanda
4121:Malawi
4041:Angola
4029:Africa
3820:Energy
1797:
1702:
1569:cities
1383:iodine
1307:Notes
1257:Ashdod
1218:H2ID (
1205:Hadera
1140:1970s
1130:Notes
1062:Calyon
1047:Veolia
988:Yodfat
929:sewage
840:median
731:Eshkol
641:, but
554:, but
395:, but
211:Israel
34:Israel
4745:Chile
4684:Haiti
4591:Spain
4521:Italy
4394:Yemen
4369:Syria
4284:Japan
4259:India
4247:Macau
4237:China
4176:Sudan
4116:Libya
4101:Kenya
4091:Ghana
4076:Egypt
4051:Benin
3851:Other
3265:"404"
2170:(PDF)
2163:(PDF)
1424:. In
1411:Eilat
1407:Negev
1403:Arava
1336:2025
1315:2024
1243:SDL (
1230:Soreq
1168:VID (
1136:Eilat
1004:Ariel
953:Haifa
949:Negev
859:Syria
716:Eilat
696:Syria
228:Negev
51:Data
4770:Peru
4664:Cuba
4324:Oman
4309:Laos
4279:Iraq
4274:Iran
4210:Asia
4126:Mali
3783:Wine
3733:Arab
3531:2013
3509:2016
3467:2013
3444:2014
3422:2016
3401:2013
3376:2016
3343:2013
3321:2016
3289:help
3272:2016
3153:2016
3077:link
2778:2016
2374:2016
2314:2016
2288:2010
2265:2013
2237:2016
2211:2011
2178:2013
2140:2013
2105:2014
2022:2013
1923:2016
1895:2016
1795:ISBN
1781:2016
1760:2016
1700:ISBN
1523:The
1502:The
1497:zinc
1495:and
1489:lead
1344:IDE
1339:100
1324:IDE
1318:200
1162:120
1096:and
1002:and
881:The
822:and
686:The
468:and
358:Gaza
348:The
339:The
332:The
310:The
303:The
235:and
131:n/a
115:n/a
89:137
2494:doi
2482:203
2437:in
1245:BOT
1220:BOT
1212:145
1195:BOO
1170:BOT
1043:BOT
941:Dan
480:to
4802::
3475:^
3384:^
3284::
3282:}}
3278:{{
3243:.
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3073:}}
3069:{{
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2254:.
2148:^
2065:,
2037:,
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2001:^
1911:.
1877:^
1860:^
1836:^
1820:.
1805:^
1744:^
1721:^
1535:.
1491:,
1487:,
1479:,
1391:IQ
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1197:)
1172:)
1143:3
1100:.
990:.
967:.
951:;
861:,
706:.
698:,
529:.
456:,
281:.
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3967:t
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3692:t
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26:.
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