60:
109:
84:
451:
46:
1402:
When introduced into non-native environments watercress can have negative impacts on native species. With the introduction of watercress, the organic matter in the sediment increases which in turn attracts predatory macroinvertebrates that feed on other plants in the environment.
1677:). . .Water-cress. . .often contaminated in the wild by liver-fluke larvae. . .cooking kills all stages of the fluke. . .Water-cress grown commercially in beds has the advantage. . .of growing in water drawn directly from underground springs or bore-holes. . .
2140:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
1492:). . .Water-cress was traditionally picked wild from the edges of fast-flowing streams, where it can grow in thick drifts. . .by the 19th century it was certainly under small-scale cultivation, especially in areas where there were clear
1231:
1649:( Richard Mabey ). . .Special railway tracks – " Watercress lines " – were established to run the crop up to London and are still referred to by this name in north Hampshire and near Stamford in Lincolnshire. . .
1895:
1244:
2515:
1373:, the edible shoots are harvested days after germination. If unharvested, watercress can grow to a height of 50 to 120 centimetres (1 ft 8 in to 3 ft 11 in).
2118:
2388:
Leclercq, Isabelle; Desager, Jean-Pierre; Horsmans, Yves (1998). "Inhibition of chlorzoxazone metabolism, a clinical probe for CYP2E1, by a single ingestion of watercress".
2786:
2308:
1523:
Many of the chalk stream springs are also used as sites for watercress production, due to the constant temperature and clean, alkaline, mineral-rich spring water.
2992:
2858:
3089:
1759:
1253:
The new tips of watercress leaves can be eaten raw or cooked, although caution should be used when collecting these in the wild because of parasites such as
2724:
2812:
2737:
2966:
2894:
2199:
2152:
2082:
2047:
2001:
2876:
735:
2432:
2147:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
2473:
2230:
2110:
3134:
2773:
1350:
Watercress cultivation is practical on both a large scale and a garden scale. Being semi-aquatic, watercress is well-suited to
435:
3028:
2945:
2817:
2507:
2166:
3124:
2106:
559:. Despite the Latin name, watercress is not particularly closely related to the flowers popularly known as nasturtiums (
2218:
Great Basin
Wildflowers: A Guide to Common Wildflowers of the High Deserts of Nevada, Utah, and Oregon (A Falcon Guide)
3099:
2799:
2603:
2222:
108:
3104:
3033:
2979:
709:
Watercress leaves, stems, and fruit can be eaten raw. Cultivated watercress has the advantage of being free of the
2863:
3119:
3094:
2564:
1965:
3129:
3114:
2899:
1659:
202:
2984:
1362:. In many local markets, the demand for hydroponically grown watercress exceeds supply, partly because cress
2701:
2485:
2706:
2693:
2255:
2035:
The
Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants, Mushrooms, Fruits, and Nuts: How to Find, Identify, and Cook Them
2688:
2628:
2526:
1240:
659:
1275:. A 100-gram serving of raw watercress provides 46 kilojoules (11 kilocalories), is particularly rich in
1319:
1115:
549:, although molecular evidence shows those aquatic species with hollow stems are more closely related to
225:
2742:
1840:
734:
thought eating it steamed and drinking the water would cure jaundice or fever. Watercress was eaten by
2886:
2662:
1442:
1167:
1128:
2191:
Foraging Wild Edible Plants of North
America: More than 150 Delicious Recipes Using Nature's Edibles
2935:
2930:
731:
455:
73:
3061:
2654:
2465:
2413:
1821:
1570:). . .Water-cress. . .It was important enough for settlements to be named after it. . .Examples:
1456:
1102:
1082:
861:
249:
103:
3043:
2971:
2850:
2791:
2334:"DPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasitic Diseases of Public Health Concern: Fascioliasis"
1366:
are unsuitable for distribution in dried form and can only be stored fresh for about 2–3 days.
2907:
2636:
2469:
2405:
2370:
2290:
2282:
2236:
2226:
2195:
2158:
2148:
2088:
2078:
2053:
2043:
2007:
1997:
1782:
1395:
1180:
751:
715:
605:
2912:
2830:
2765:
2397:
2360:
2274:
1852:
1813:
1774:
1422:
984:
643:
561:
24:
1635:
1573:
1461:
1411:
1407:
1327:
647:
487:
146:
28:
3053:
1243:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
2958:
1742:
59:
3109:
2953:
2575:
2493:
1707:
1335:
1323:
727:
678:
639:
491:
133:
2997:
2401:
3083:
2825:
2457:
1856:
1716:
1674:
1567:
1518:
1514:
1493:
1489:
1415:
1339:
1272:
919:
817:
755:
694:
690:
671:
621:
617:
594:
522:
499:
476:
93:
88:
2417:
2256:"Effects of domestic processing methods on the phytochemical content of watercress (
1758:
Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Pen, I.; Staal, M.; Stavenga, D. G.; Elzenga, J. T. M. (2016).
3066:
2922:
2641:
2333:
2278:
2039:
1611:
1451:
1359:
1260:
793:
743:
663:
574:
495:
480:
192:
2254:
Giallourou, Natasa; Oruna-Concha, Maria Jose; Harbourne, Niamh (1 November 2016).
1760:"Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers"
450:
2608:
2595:
2189:
1801:
3020:
2840:
2750:
2558:
1533:
1390:
1280:
777:
747:
710:
629:
578:
182:
2585:
2365:
2348:
2142:
1993:
Northwest
Foraging: The Classic Guide to Edible Plants of the Pacific Northwest
1601:
1549:
1351:
1331:
1296:
1292:
1154:
1001:
967:
927:
698:
570:
20:
2549:
2374:
2286:
2092:
2057:
2011:
642:, watercress was first commercially cultivated in 1808 by the horticulturist
2675:
2240:
1501:
1497:
1370:
1307:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1141:
1060:
1047:
1034:
915:
686:
667:
655:
597:
551:
531:
241:
45:
2804:
2294:
2162:
1870:
1786:
525:
are produced in clusters and are frequently visited by insects, especially
3010:
2409:
2074:
Foraging
Washington: Finding, Identifying, and Preparing Edible Wild Foods
2072:
2033:
1991:
3005:
2871:
2618:
2543:
2216:
1587:
1430:
1386:
1355:
950:
526:
159:
2716:
2729:
2649:
1825:
1615:
1577:
1303:
1264:
1255:
895:
625:
545:
518:
511:
1778:
2755:
1597:
1382:
1017:
924:
739:
682:
517:
The hollow stems of watercress float in water. The leaf structure is
507:
503:
172:
2520:
2349:"The impacts of non-native watercress in Oklahoma spring ecosystems"
1841:"Brassicales - an Order of Plants Characterised by Shared Chemistry"
1817:
730:
thought eating it would cure mental illness. Twelfth-century mystic
2778:
2680:
1996:(Rev. and updated ed.). Seattle, WA: Skipstone. p. 161.
807:
494:
consumed by humans. Watercress and many of its relatives, such as
449:
120:
1839:
Fay, Michael F.; Christenhusz, Maarten J.M. (14 September 2010).
1363:
651:
601:
590:
2667:
2524:
543:
Watercress is listed in some sources as belonging to the genus
1268:
837:
23:. For the vegetable sometimes called Chinese watercress, see
654:. Historically important areas of cultivation also included
620:
are the primary natural habitat for wild watercress in the
2111:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
490:
native to Europe and Asia. It is one of the oldest known
1686:
See (Contents) > Uses > Concerns . . .liver fluke.
1947:
1945:
701:, is considered to be the nation's watercress capital.
1920:
1918:
1916:
19:
For the flower with the common name "nasturtium", see
1802:"Delimitation of the Genus Nasturtium (Brassicaceae)"
1358:. It is frequently produced around the headwaters of
1354:
cultivation, thriving best in water that is slightly
2533:
2336:. US Centers for Disease Control. 29 November 2013.
1706:Ghogue, J.-P.; Akhani, H. & Zehzad, B. (2020).
1554:> " A low-lying meadow by the side of a river. "
1216:
1204:
1179:
1166:
1153:
1140:
1127:
1114:
1101:
1080:
1059:
1046:
1033:
1016:
1000:
983:
966:
949:
914:
893:
858:
834:
816:
806:
790:
776:
771:
677:Watercress is now grown in several counties of the
2144:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
1259:. Watercress is 95% water and has low contents of
1092:
905:
2490:A Concise Anglo−Saxon Dictionary, Second Edition
1326:that are partly destroyed by boiling, while the
16:Species of flowering plant in the cabbage family
1800:Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A.; Price, Robert A. (1998).
1414:in individuals on certain medications such as
1334:is slightly increased by cooking. Steaming or
772:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
758:; it was believed to cause sterility as well.
1871:"Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board"
589:In some regions, watercress is regarded as a
8:
766:
1283:, DV), and contains significant amounts of
2521:
2107:United States Food and Drug Administration
1936:
1381:Watercress crops grown in the presence of
875:
765:
82:
58:
44:
35:
2364:
738:. Some Native Americans used it to treat
2390:Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics
2347:Bergey, Elizabeth A. (25 January 2024).
1698:
1478:
479:flowering plant in the cabbage family,
264:
2309:"How Long Does Fresh Watercress Last?"
746:, and it was thought by some to be an
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
1951:
1924:
577:to the Brassicaceae within the order
7:
3034:cc8f5838-8fd9-4454-86da-4bd45da737d1
2887:71fd5bc4-d2e7-4cb6-83ac-7ae54e77a606
1410:, compounds in watercress may alter
3090:IUCN Red List least concern species
1717:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1421:Due to its fast-growing nature and
2433:"Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton"
2121:from the original on 27 March 2024
14:
2221:(1st ed.). Guilford, Conn.:
486:Watercress is a rapidly growing
2985:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:287534-1
2431:Cao L, Berent L (30 July 2019).
1857:10.1111/j.1467-8748.2010.01695.x
1592:ditch or grove where cress grows
1232:Full Link to USDA Database entry
107:
2169:from the original on 9 May 2024
2077:. Guilford, CT: Falcon Guides.
1548:WiKtionary : English <
604:. Watercress has grown in many
436:Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticum
347:Nasturtium nasturtium-aquaticum
278:P.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Schreb.
2279:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.190
2038:(2nd ed.). Guilford, CN:
1964:Peters, Rick (30 March 2010).
635:(êa..cerse) " water−cress ".
315:Cardamine nasturtium-aquaticum
283:Baeumerta nasturtium-aquaticum
1:
2402:10.1016/S0009-9236(98)90147-3
2188:Nyerges, Christopher (2016).
2071:Nyerges, Christopher (2017).
2032:Lyle, Katie Letcher (2010) .
1408:cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2E1
371:Radicula nasturtium-aquaticum
2509:Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum
2215:Blackwell, Laird R. (2006).
2194:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1239:Percentages estimated using
387:Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum
27:. For the railway line, see
2223:Morris Book Publishing, LLC
1966:"Seasonal food: watercress"
1845:Curtis's Botanical Magazine
1606:the haugh where cress grows
1342:a bit better than boiling.
510:, are noteworthy for their
3151:
2516:GLANSIS Species Fact Sheet
2366:10.1007/s10452-023-10081-3
1385:can be an environment for
1314:Phytochemicals and cooking
681:, most notably Hampshire,
521:. Small, white, and green
411:Sisymbrium cardaminefolium
374:(L.) Britten & Rendle
18:
1238:
1228:
1224:
1200:
1192:
1076:
1072:
889:
885:
878:
874:
854:
850:
830:
826:
786:
782:46 kJ (11 kcal)
593:, in other regions as an
255:
248:
231:
224:
104:Scientific classification
102:
80:
71:
66:
57:
52:
43:
38:
2486:Clark Hall, John Richard
2435:. U.S. Geological Survey
1660:Watercress Wildlife Site
3135:Flora of temperate Asia
1990:Benoliel, Doug (2011).
1539:, " water−cress ". . .
1241:US recommendations
1322:, watercress contains
1245:the National Academies
624:. Many settlements in
569:belongs to the family
459:
2936:Nasturtium officinale
2923:Nasturtium_officinale
2877:Nasturtium~officinale
2565:Nasturtium officinale
2535:Nasturtium officinale
2494:The Macmillan Company
2258:Nasturtium officinale
1745:Nasturtium officinale
1724:: e.T164311A136666515
1710:Nasturtium officinale
1427:Nasturtium officinale
1320:cruciferous vegetable
880:Vitamins and minerals
754:used the plant as an
608:locations worldwide.
472:Nasturtium officinale
453:
427:Sisymbrium nasturtium
419:Sisymbrium fluviatile
398:(W.T. Aiton) P. Royen
323:Cardaminum nasturtium
235:Nasturtium officinale
3125:Perennial vegetables
355:Nasturtium siifolium
307:Cardamine nasturtium
275:Baeumerta nasturtium
985:Pantothenic acid (B
768:
732:Hildegard of Bingen
616:Clear fast-flowing
456:Warnford, Hampshire
454:Watercress beds in
395:Rorippa officinalis
363:Radicula nasturtium
339:Nasturtium fontanum
74:Conservation status
3100:Nasturtium (genus)
2466:Sinclair-Stevenson
2313:www.stilltasty.com
2042:. pp. 34–35.
1457:List of vegetables
1406:By inhibiting the
1206:Other constituents
519:pinnately compound
475:) is a species of
460:
379:Rorippa nasturtium
294:(Garsault) Nieuwl.
291:Cardamine aquatica
217:N. officinale
3105:Freshwater plants
3077:
3076:
2908:Open Tree of Life
2527:Taxon identifiers
2201:978-1-4930-1499-6
2154:978-0-309-48834-1
2084:978-1-4930-2534-3
2049:978-1-59921-887-8
2003:978-1-59485-366-1
1779:10.1111/plb.12328
1443:Fool's watercress
1429:is prohibited in
1396:Fasciola hepatica
1336:microwave cooking
1251:
1250:
1196:
1195:
752:African Americans
716:Fasciola hepatica
448:
447:
441:
431:
423:
415:
407:
403:Sisymbrium amarum
399:
391:
383:
375:
367:
359:
351:
343:
335:
331:Crucifera fontana
327:
319:
311:
303:
299:Cardamine fontana
295:
287:
279:
271:
267:Arabis nasturtium
261:
97:
3142:
3120:Medicinal plants
3095:Asian vegetables
3070:
3069:
3057:
3056:
3047:
3046:
3037:
3036:
3024:
3023:
3014:
3013:
3001:
3000:
2988:
2987:
2975:
2974:
2962:
2961:
2949:
2948:
2939:
2938:
2926:
2925:
2916:
2915:
2903:
2902:
2890:
2889:
2880:
2879:
2867:
2866:
2854:
2853:
2844:
2843:
2834:
2833:
2821:
2820:
2808:
2807:
2795:
2794:
2782:
2781:
2769:
2768:
2759:
2758:
2746:
2745:
2733:
2732:
2720:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2697:
2696:
2684:
2683:
2671:
2670:
2658:
2657:
2645:
2644:
2632:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2599:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2522:
2497:
2479:
2462:Flora Britannica
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2264:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2029:
2016:
2015:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1764:
1755:
1749:
1743:The Plant List,
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1703:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1671:Flora Britannica
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1647:Flora Britannica
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1564:Flora Britannica
1561:
1555:
1546:
1540:
1531:
1525:
1511:
1505:
1486:Flora Britannica
1483:
1447:Apium nodiflorum
1423:invasive species
1096:
1021:
1005:
988:
971:
954:
916:Vitamin A equiv.
909:
876:
769:
736:Native Americans
644:William Bradbery
628:were named from
562:Tropaeolum majus
439:
429:
421:
413:
405:
397:
389:
381:
373:
365:
357:
349:
341:
333:
325:
317:
309:
301:
293:
285:
277:
269:
259:
237:
112:
111:
91:
86:
85:
62:
48:
36:
25:Ipomoea aquatica
3150:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3130:Flora of Europe
3115:Leaf vegetables
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3065:
3060:
3052:
3050:
3042:
3040:
3032:
3027:
3019:
3017:
3009:
3004:
2996:
2991:
2983:
2978:
2970:
2965:
2957:
2952:
2944:
2942:
2934:
2929:
2921:
2919:
2911:
2906:
2898:
2893:
2885:
2883:
2875:
2870:
2862:
2857:
2849:
2847:
2839:
2838:MichiganFlora:
2837:
2829:
2824:
2816:
2811:
2803:
2798:
2790:
2785:
2777:
2772:
2764:
2762:
2754:
2749:
2741:
2736:
2728:
2723:
2715:
2713:
2705:
2700:
2692:
2687:
2679:
2674:
2666:
2661:
2653:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2627:
2625:
2617:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2594:
2592:
2584:
2582:
2574:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2529:
2504:
2484:
2476:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2353:Aquatic Ecology
2346:
2345:
2341:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2233:
2225:. p. 196.
2214:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2155:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2085:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2050:
2031:
2030:
2019:
2004:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1943:
1937:Clark Hall 1916
1935:
1931:
1923:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1875:www.nwcb.wa.gov
1869:
1868:
1864:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1818:10.2307/3391978
1799:
1798:
1794:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1636:Watercress Line
1633:
1629:
1562:
1558:
1547:
1543:
1532:
1528:
1512:
1508:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1462:Watercress soup
1439:
1412:drug metabolism
1379:
1348:
1328:bioavailability
1324:isothiocyanates
1316:
1300:
1234:
1229:
1187:
1174:
1161:
1148:
1135:
1122:
1109:
1097:
1067:
1054:
1041:
1028:
1019:
1011:
1003:
995:
986:
978:
969:
961:
952:
945:
942:
940:
935:
930:
922:
910:
881:
870:
865:
846:
841:
802:
797:
767:Watercress, raw
764:
725:
707:
648:River Ebbsfleet
614:
587:
541:
492:leaf vegetables
488:perennial plant
444:
430:(Moench) Willd.
310:(Moench) Kuntze
263:
262:
244:
239:
233:
220:
106:
98:
87:
83:
76:
32:
29:Watercress Line
17:
12:
11:
5:
3148:
3146:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3082:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3067:wfo-0000380323
3058:
3048:
3038:
3025:
3015:
3002:
2989:
2976:
2963:
2950:
2940:
2927:
2917:
2904:
2891:
2881:
2868:
2855:
2845:
2835:
2822:
2809:
2796:
2783:
2770:
2760:
2747:
2734:
2721:
2711:
2698:
2685:
2672:
2659:
2646:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2600:
2590:
2580:
2570:
2555:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2503:
2502:External links
2500:
2499:
2498:
2481:
2480:
2474:
2458:Mabey, Richard
2452:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2423:
2380:
2359:(2): 411–427.
2339:
2325:
2300:
2267:Food Chemistry
2246:
2231:
2207:
2200:
2180:
2153:
2132:
2098:
2083:
2063:
2048:
2017:
2002:
1982:
1956:
1954:, p. 148.
1941:
1939:, p. 182.
1929:
1927:, p. 147.
1912:
1887:
1862:
1851:(3): 165–196.
1831:
1792:
1750:
1735:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1679:
1663:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1609:
1595:
1585:
1556:
1541:
1526:
1506:
1500:and the north
1477:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1438:
1435:
1378:
1375:
1347:
1344:
1340:phytochemicals
1338:retains these
1315:
1312:
1298:
1249:
1248:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1007:
998:
997:
993:
991:
981:
980:
976:
974:
964:
963:
959:
957:
947:
946:
943:
938:
937:
933:
931:
923:
918:
912:
911:
904:
899:
891:
890:
887:
886:
883:
882:
879:
872:
871:
868:
866:
859:
856:
855:
852:
851:
848:
847:
844:
842:
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
824:
823:
820:
814:
813:
810:
804:
803:
800:
798:
791:
788:
787:
784:
783:
780:
774:
773:
763:
760:
742:illnesses and
728:Ancient Romans
724:
721:
706:
703:
693:. The town of
679:United Kingdom
640:United Kingdom
613:
610:
586:
583:
540:
537:
523:inflorescences
446:
445:
443:
442:
432:
424:
416:
408:
400:
392:
384:
376:
368:
366:(Moench) Druce
360:
352:
350:(L.) H. Karst.
344:
336:
328:
320:
312:
304:
296:
288:
280:
272:
258:
257:
256:
253:
252:
246:
245:
240:
229:
228:
222:
221:
214:
212:
208:
207:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
163:
162:
157:
150:
149:
144:
137:
136:
131:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
100:
99:
81:
78:
77:
72:
69:
68:
64:
63:
55:
54:
50:
49:
41:
40:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3147:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2475:1-85619-377-2
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2259:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2232:0-7627-3805-7
2228:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2181:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2136:
2133:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1983:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1901:
1900:www.fs.fed.us
1897:
1891:
1888:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:Plant Biology
1761:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1675:Richard Mabey
1672:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:Richard Mabey
1565:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1515:Chalk streams
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1494:chalk streams
1491:
1490:Richard Mabey
1487:
1482:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1416:chlorzoxazone
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1369:Also sold as
1367:
1365:
1361:
1360:chalk streams
1357:
1353:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1279:(238% of the
1278:
1274:
1273:dietary fiber
1270:
1266:
1262:
1261:carbohydrates
1258:
1257:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1015:
1008:
1006:
999:
992:
990:
982:
975:
973:
968:Riboflavin (B
965:
958:
956:
948:
932:
929:
926:
921:
920:beta-Carotene
917:
913:
908:
903:
900:
898:
897:
892:
888:
884:
877:
873:
867:
864:
863:
857:
853:
849:
843:
840:
839:
833:
829:
825:
821:
819:
818:Dietary fiber
815:
811:
809:
805:
799:
796:
795:
794:Carbohydrates
789:
785:
781:
779:
775:
770:
761:
759:
757:
756:abortifacient
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
720:
718:
717:
712:
704:
702:
700:
696:
692:
691:Hertfordshire
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
672:Hertfordshire
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
631:
627:
623:
622:British Isles
619:
618:chalk streams
612:British Isles
611:
609:
607:
603:
599:
596:
592:
584:
582:
580:
576:
572:
571:Tropaeolaceae
568:
564:
563:
558:
554:
553:
548:
547:
538:
536:
534:
533:
528:
524:
520:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
473:
468:
464:
457:
452:
438:
437:
433:
428:
425:
420:
417:
412:
409:
404:
401:
396:
393:
388:
385:
382:(Moench) Beck
380:
377:
372:
369:
364:
361:
356:
353:
348:
345:
340:
337:
332:
329:
324:
321:
316:
313:
308:
305:
300:
297:
292:
289:
284:
281:
276:
273:
268:
265:
254:
251:
247:
243:
238:
236:
230:
227:
226:Binomial name
223:
219:
218:
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:Tracheophytes
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
110:
105:
101:
95:
90:
89:Least Concern
79:
75:
70:
65:
61:
56:
51:
47:
42:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2534:
2508:
2489:
2461:
2437:. Retrieved
2426:
2396:(2): 144–9.
2393:
2389:
2383:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2328:
2316:. Retrieved
2312:
2303:
2270:
2266:
2257:
2249:
2217:
2210:
2190:
2183:
2171:. Retrieved
2143:
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2114:
2101:
2073:
2066:
2040:FalconGuides
2034:
1992:
1985:
1973:. Retrieved
1970:The Guardian
1969:
1959:
1932:
1903:. Retrieved
1899:
1896:"Watercress"
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1874:
1865:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1812:(2): 124–6.
1809:
1805:
1795:
1773:(1): 56–62.
1770:
1766:
1753:
1744:
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1721:
1715:
1709:
1701:
1682:
1670:
1666:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1630:
1620:cress valley
1619:
1612:Kershopefoot
1605:
1591:
1590:, Suffolk, "
1582:cress island
1581:
1563:
1559:
1550:
1544:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1509:
1485:
1481:
1452:Garden cress
1446:
1426:
1420:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1389:such as the
1380:
1368:
1349:
1317:
1254:
1252:
1210:
1205:
1093:
1088:
1081:
906:
901:
894:
860:
836:
792:
744:constipation
726:
714:
708:
676:
664:Lincolnshire
637:
632:
615:
588:
585:Distribution
575:sister taxon
566:
560:
556:
550:
544:
542:
530:
516:
496:garden cress
485:
481:Brassicaceae
471:
470:
466:
462:
461:
434:
426:
418:
410:
402:
394:
386:
378:
370:
362:
354:
346:
338:
334:E.H.L.Krause
330:
322:
314:
306:
298:
290:
282:
274:
266:
234:
232:
216:
215:
203:
193:Brassicaceae
166:
153:
140:
127:
33:
2959:kew-2381026
2751:iNaturalist
2559:Wikispecies
2273:: 411–419.
1975:15 December
1534:Old English
1391:liver fluke
1346:Cultivation
1332:carotenoids
1281:Daily Value
951:Thiamine (B
748:aphrodisiac
711:liver fluke
630:Old English
579:Brassicales
467:yellowcress
318:(L.) Borbás
183:Brassicales
147:Angiosperms
39:Watercress
3084:Categories
3041:WisFlora:
2954:Plant List
2626:Calflora:
1952:Mabey 1996
1925:Mabey 1996
1602:Lancashire
1496:, such as
1468:References
1352:hydroponic
1293:riboflavin
1155:Phosphorus
928:zeaxanthin
699:Winchester
646:along the
529:, such as
527:hoverflies
463:Watercress
390:(L.) Hayek
286:(L.) Hayek
204:Nasturtium
21:Tropaeolum
2707:200009627
2694:200009627
2375:1573-5125
2287:0308-8146
2093:965922681
2058:560560606
2012:668195076
1694:Citations
1502:Chilterns
1498:Wiltshire
1387:parasites
1310:(table).
1308:manganese
1297:vitamin B
1289:vitamin C
1285:vitamin A
1277:vitamin K
1168:Potassium
1142:Manganese
1129:Magnesium
1061:Vitamin K
1048:Vitamin E
1035:Vitamin C
1018:Folate (B
1002:Vitamin B
762:Nutrition
723:Tradition
695:Alresford
687:Wiltshire
668:St Albans
656:Hampshire
606:temperate
598:vegetable
552:Cardamine
532:Eristalis
514:flavors.
458:, England
242:W.T.Aiton
211:Species:
117:Kingdom:
3029:VicFlora
3018:VASCAN:
3006:Tropicos
2920:PalDat:
2872:NSWFlora
2792:10587338
2779:287534-1
2616:BioLib:
2544:Wikidata
2488:(1916).
2460:(1996).
2418:43863786
2295:27374550
2241:61461560
2167:Archived
2163:30844154
2125:28 March
2119:Archived
2109:(2024).
1787:25754608
1588:Kesgrave
1437:See also
1431:Illinois
1425:status,
1377:Concerns
1356:alkaline
1211:Quantity
1149:0.244 mg
1089:Quantity
1083:Minerals
1012:0.129 mg
902:Quantity
896:Vitamins
750:. Early
660:Stamford
567:T. majus
539:Taxonomy
260:Synonymy
250:Synonyms
189:Family:
160:Eudicots
94:IUCN 3.1
67:Flowers
3011:4100231
2730:7701037
2650:Ecocrop
2550:Q150452
2451:Sources
2439:15 June
2410:9728894
2318:16 June
2173:21 June
1826:3391978
1616:Cumbria
1578:Suffolk
1537:êacerse
1519:Ecology
1371:sprouts
1330:of its
1304:calcium
1265:protein
1256:giardia
1103:Calcium
996:0.31 mg
979:0.12 mg
962:0.09 mg
944:5767 μg
941:1914 μg
862:Protein
697:, near
638:In the
633:êacerse
626:England
595:aquatic
557:Rorippa
546:Rorippa
535:flies.
512:piquant
500:mustard
477:aquatic
406:Salisb.
270:Clairv.
199:Genus:
179:Order:
121:Plantae
92: (
53:Leaves
2998:2860-9
2967:PLANTS
2913:556245
2884:NZOR:
2831:164311
2717:NASOFF
2714:FoIO:
2668:583920
2593:APDB:
2573:AoFP:
2512:(ITIS)
2472:
2416:
2408:
2373:
2293:
2285:
2239:
2229:
2198:
2161:
2151:
2091:
2081:
2056:
2046:
2010:
2000:
1824:
1785:
1728:21 May
1625:. . .
1598:Kersal
1574:Kersey
1504:. . .
1383:manure
1364:leaves
1306:, and
1271:, and
1181:Sodium
1175:330 mg
1123:0.2 mg
1110:120 mg
1068:250 μg
936:160 μg
925:lutein
808:Sugars
801:1.29 g
778:Energy
740:kidney
689:, and
683:Dorset
666:, and
508:wasabi
506:, and
504:radish
414:Gilib.
326:Moench
173:Rosids
3110:Herbs
3051:WoI:
2993:SANBI
2943:PFI:
2895:NZPCN
2864:65948
2848:NAS:
2818:23255
2805:35646
2787:IRMNG
2766:14217
2763:IPA:
2756:78174
2743:25072
2681:NAAOF
2642:87C5J
2619:39079
2609:77569
2596:77631
2583:APA:
2414:S2CID
2263:(PDF)
1905:4 May
1880:4 May
1822:JSTOR
1806:Novon
1763:(PDF)
1747:R.Br.
1551:haugh
1521:>
1517:>
1473:Notes
1318:As a
1217:Water
1188:41 mg
1162:60 mg
1136:21 mg
1042:43 mg
869:2.3 g
845:0.1 g
822:0.5 g
812:0.2 g
555:than
422:Vell.
358:Rchb.
342:Asch.
167:Clade
154:Clade
141:Clade
128:Clade
3044:4328
3021:4083
2980:POWO
2972:NAOF
2946:1402
2931:PfaF
2900:3229
2859:NCBI
2826:IUCN
2813:ITIS
2774:IPNI
2738:GRIN
2725:GBIF
2676:EPPO
2655:1522
2629:9597
2604:APNI
2586:1275
2470:ISBN
2441:2022
2406:PMID
2371:ISSN
2320:2022
2291:PMID
2283:ISSN
2237:OCLC
2227:ISBN
2196:ISBN
2175:2024
2159:PMID
2149:ISBN
2127:2024
2089:OCLC
2079:ISBN
2054:OCLC
2044:ISBN
2008:OCLC
1998:ISBN
1977:2012
1907:2021
1882:2021
1783:PMID
1730:2022
1722:2020
1658:See
1634:See
1513:See
1220:95 g
1116:Iron
1066:208%
1055:1 mg
1029:9 μg
705:Uses
652:Kent
602:herb
591:weed
573:, a
302:Lam.
3062:WFO
3054:709
2851:229
2841:670
2800:ISC
2702:FoC
2689:FNA
2663:EoL
2637:CoL
2576:399
2398:doi
2361:doi
2275:doi
2271:212
2115:FDA
1853:doi
1814:doi
1775:doi
1618:, "
1604:, "
1580:, "
1269:fat
1173:11%
1147:11%
1094:%DV
1040:48%
939:18%
934:18%
907:%DV
838:Fat
650:in
600:or
565:).
465:or
3086::
3064::
3031::
3008::
2995::
2982::
2969::
2956::
2933::
2910::
2897::
2874::
2861::
2828::
2815::
2802::
2789::
2776::
2753::
2740::
2727::
2704::
2691::
2678::
2665::
2652::
2639::
2606::
2561::
2546::
2492:.
2468:.
2464:.
2412:.
2404:.
2394:64
2392:.
2369:.
2357:58
2355:.
2351:.
2311:.
2289:.
2281:.
2269:.
2265:.
2260:)"
2235:.
2165:.
2157:.
2117:.
2113:.
2087:.
2052:.
2020:^
2006:.
1968:.
1944:^
1915:^
1898:.
1873:.
1849:27
1847:.
1843:.
1820:.
1808:.
1804:.
1781:.
1771:18
1769:.
1765:.
1720:.
1714:.
1673:(
1622:".
1614:,
1608:".
1600:,
1594:".
1584:".
1576:,
1566:(
1488:(
1445:–
1433:.
1418:.
1399:.
1393:,
1302:,
1295:,
1291:,
1287:,
1267:,
1263:,
1186:2%
1160:5%
1134:5%
1121:1%
1108:9%
1053:7%
1027:2%
1010:8%
994:6%
977:9%
960:8%
719:.
713:,
685:,
674:.
670:,
662:,
658:,
581:.
502:,
498:,
483:.
440:L.
169::
156::
143::
130::
2496:.
2478:.
2443:.
2420:.
2400::
2377:.
2363::
2322:.
2297:.
2277::
2243:.
2204:.
2177:.
2129:.
2095:.
2060:.
2014:.
1979:.
1909:.
1884:.
1859:.
1855::
1828:.
1816::
1810:8
1789:.
1777::
1732:.
1712:"
1708:"
1299:6
1247:.
1022:)
1020:9
1004:6
989:)
987:5
972:)
970:2
955:)
953:1
469:(
96:)
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
