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X-ray diffraction patterns of helical structures of atoms, correctly interpreted further one of
Franklin's experimental findings as indicating that DNA was most likely to be a double helix with the two polynucleotide chains running in opposite directions. Crick was thus in a unique position to make this interpretation because he had formerly worked on the X-ray diffraction data for other large molecules that had helical symmetry similar to that of DNA. Franklin, on the other hand, rejected the first molecular model building approach proposed by Crick and Watson: the first DNA model, which in 1952 Watson presented to her and to Wilkins in London, had an obviously incorrect structure with hydrated charged groups on the inside of the model, rather than on the outside. Watson explicitly admitted this in his book
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sequences of amino acids in proteins. The details of how sequences of DNA instruct cells to make specific proteins was worked out by molecular biologists during the period from 1953 to 1965. Francis Crick played an integral role in both the theory and analysis of the experiments that led to an improved understanding of the
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Although Watson and Crick were first to put together all the scattered fragments of information that were required to produce a successful molecular model of DNA, their findings had been based on data collected by researchers in several other laboratories. For example, they drew on published research
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instructions are held inside organisms and how they are passed from generation to generation. The article presents a simple and elegant solution, which surprised many biologists at the time who believed that DNA transmission was going to be more difficult to deduce and understand. The discovery had a
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during a meeting arranged by M.H.F. Wilkins at King's
College, following a request from Crick and Watson; Perutz said he had not acted unethically because the report had been part of an effort to promote wider contact between different MRC research groups and was not confidential. This justification
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It is not always the case that the structure of a molecule is easy to relate to its function. What makes the structure of DNA so obviously related to its function was described modestly at the end of the article: "It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately
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By
November 1951, Watson had acquired little training in X-ray crystallography, by his own admission, and thus had not fully understood what Franklin was saying about the structural symmetry of the DNA molecule. Crick, however, knowing the Fourier transforms of Bessel functions that represent the
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subunits. In some way, the genetic molecule, DNA, had to contain instructions for how to make the thousands of proteins found in cells. From the DNA double helix model, it was clear that there must be some correspondence between the linear sequences of nucleotides in DNA molecules to the linear
659:. Watson and Crick also worked in the MRC-supported Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge whereas Wilkins and Franklin were in the MRC-supported laboratory at King's in London. Such MRC reports were not usually widely circulated, but Crick read a copy of Franklin's research summary in early 1953.
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Perutz's justification for passing
Franklin's report about the crystallographic unit of the B-DNA and A-DNA structures to both Crick and Watson was that the report contained information which Watson had heard before, in November 1951, when Franklin talked about her unpublished results with
297:, a fundamentally important structural component of proteins. In early 1953, Pauling published a triple helix model of DNA, which subsequently turned out to be incorrect. Both Crick, and particularly Watson, thought that they were racing against Pauling to discover the structure of DNA.
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with the article by Watson and Crick. The article by Watson and Crick acknowledged that they had been "stimulated" by experimental results from the King's
College researchers, and a similar acknowledgment was published by Wilkins, Stokes, and Wilson in the following three-page article.
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Indeed, the base-pairing did suggest a way to copy a DNA molecule. Just pull apart the two sugar-phosphate backbones, each with its hydrogen bonded A, T, G, and C components. Each strand could then be used as a template for assembly of a new base-pair complementary strand.
239:
287:. The discovery of the DNA double helix made clear that genes are functionally defined parts of DNA molecules, and that there must be a way for cells to translate the information in DNA to specific amino acids, which make proteins.
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Creeth, J.M., Gulland, J.M. and Jordan, D.O. (1947) Deoxypentose nucleic acids. Part III. Viscosity and streaming birefringence of solutions of the sodium salt of the deoxypentose nucleic acid of calf thymus. J. Chem. Soc. 1947,25
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The application of physics and chemistry to biological problems led to the development of molecular biology, which is particularly concerned with the flow and consequences of biological information from DNA to
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would exclude Crick, who was not present at the
November 1951 meeting, yet Perutz also gave him access to Franklin's MRC report data. Crick and Watson then sought permission from Cavendish Laboratory head
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JM Gulland; DO Jordan; HF Taylor; (1947) Deoxypentose nucleic acids; Part II electrometric titration of the acidic and the basic groups of the deoxypentose nucleic acid of calf thymus. J Chem Soc. 1947;
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489:, a type of chemical attraction that is easy to break and easy to reform. After realizing the structural similarity of the A:T and C:G pairs, Watson and Crick soon produced their
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When Watson and Crick produced their double helix model of DNA, it was known that most of the specialized features of the many different life forms on Earth are made possible by
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was a chemist who was very influential in developing an understanding of the structure of biological molecules. In 1951, Pauling published the structure of the
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Cochran W, Crick FHC and Vand V. (1952) "The
Structure of Synthetic Polypeptides. I. The Transform of Atoms on a Helix", Acta Crystallogr., 5, 581–586.
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Watson, James D., 2012 The
Annotated and Illustrated Double Helix, Ed. Gann & Witkowski, Simon & Schuster, New York (pp196-7)
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in 1947. However the discovery of the DNA double helix also used a considerable amount of material from the unpublished work of
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model of DNA with the hydrogen bonds at the core of the helix providing a way to unzip the two complementary strands for easy
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This article is often termed a "pearl" of science because it is brief and contains the answer to a fundamental mystery about
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Other advances in molecular biology stemming from the discovery of the DNA double helix eventually led to ways to
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Group" (exploring genetics by way of the viruses that infect bacteria) was important in the early development of
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Diagramatic representation of the key structural features of the DNA double helix. This figure does not depict
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562:. The austere beauty of the structure and the practical implications of the DNA double helix combined to make
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In 1968, Watson published a highly controversial autobiographical account of the discovery of the
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The "specific pairing" is a key feature of the Watson and Crick model of DNA, the pairing of
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also printed a rather "unsympathetic review" of Watson's book in the 29 March 1968 issue of
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Watson and Crick used many aluminium templates like this one, which is the single base
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755:"Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid"
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383:"Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid"
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in general and the development of Watson's scientific interests in particular.
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Molecular
Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
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613:. Key data from Wilkins, Stokes, and Wilson, and, separately, by Franklin and
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Molecular structure of
Nucleic Acids; A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
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Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
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The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA
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The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA
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1356:(with foreword by Francis Crick; revised in 1994, with a 9-page postscript.)
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dramatization about the scientific race to discover the DNA double-helix.
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Perutz MF, Randall JT, Thomson L, Wilkins MH, Watson JD (27 June 1969).
729:, the first demonstration that DNA was likely to be the genetic material
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The Third Man of the Double Helix: The Autobiography of Maurice Wilkins
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497:: the last key requirement for a likely model of the genetic molecule.
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374: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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was a physicist who recognized some of the biological implications of
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Perutz MF, Randall JT, Thomson L, Wilkins MH, Watson JD (June 1969).
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one of the most prominent biology articles of the twentieth century.
707:, a TV series (2015–2018) with twin admirals named Watson and Crick
554:. The ability to sequence and manipulate DNA is now central to the
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307:. Delbruck's thinking about the physical basis of life stimulated
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suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material".
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The Eighth Day of Creation. Makers of the Revolution in Biology
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Access Excellence Classic Collection article on DNA structure
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on pages 737–738 of its 171st volume (dated 25 April 1953).
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Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology
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in recognition of their discovery of the DNA double helix.
257:. This mystery was the question of how it is possible that
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Linus Pauling and the Race for DNA: A Documentary History
735:, which showed that A:T and G:C occurred in equal amounts
966:"History – Historic Figures: Watson and Crick (1928- )"
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relating to the discovery of Hydrogen bonds in DNA by
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1076:"Molecular structure of deoxypentose nucleic acids"
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1074:Wilkins MH, Stokes AR, Wilson HR (25 April 1953).
1018:"Molecular configuration in sodium thymonucleate"
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902:Discover the rules of DNA base pairing with an
270:, enabling later researchers to understand the
1867:Works originally published in Nature (journal)
1342:The Path to The Double Helix: Discovery of DNA
1143:Watson and DNA: Making a Scientific Revolution
692:Comparison of nucleic acid simulation software
517:(A), to build a physical model of DNA in 1953.
1763:History of the creation-evolution controversy
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1147:. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing. p.
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819:"A Proposed Structure for the Nucleic Acids"
525:. Structurally, proteins are long chains of
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1793:Relationship between religion and science
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434:Learn how and when to remove this message
1496:Am J Psychiatry 160:623-624, April 2003.
1016:Franklin R, Gosling RG (25 April 1953).
1318:Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA
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576:King's College London DNA Controversy
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629:, molecular structure of DNA called
372:adding citations to reliable sources
1670:Central dogma of molecular biology
1487:Francis Crick Documents Collection
882:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
753:Watson JD, Crick FH (April 1953).
25:
1137:"Double Take on the Double Helix"
546:genes. James Watson directed the
202:to describe the discovery of the
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876:Judson, Horace Freeland (1979).
727:Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment
465:subunits. In DNA, the amount of
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1481:National Library of Medicine's
1139:. In Victor K. McElheny (ed.).
359:needs additional citations for
266:, particularly in the field of
218:transform. It was published by
1842:Genetics in the United Kingdom
1695:One gene–one enzyme hypothesis
278:Evolution of molecular biology
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1450:Annotated copy of the article
1259:10.1126/science.164.3887.1537
943:10.1126/science.164.3887.1537
591:University College Nottingham
570:Collaborators and controversy
552:National Institutes of Health
817:Pauling L, Corey RB (1953).
27:1953 scientific paper on DNA
1389:. Oxford University Press.
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340:DNA structure and function
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1378:(first published in 1968)
1360:Watson, James D. (1980).
1217:Rosalind Franklin and DNA
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1185:Watson, James D. (1980).
721:Keto-enol tautomerism#DNA
214:and the mathematics of a
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645:Medical Research Council
589:and their colleagues at
334:Nobel Prize for Medicine
198:" was the first article
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704:Miles from Tomorrowland
694:: nucleic acid modeling
657:University of Cambridge
1715:Spontaneous generation
1665:Germ theory of disease
1642:Zoology (through 1859)
1296:. Simon and Schuster.
1135:Beckwith, Jon (2003).
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1680:Great chain of being
1647:Zoology (since 1859)
1582:Evolutionary thought
1552:Agricultural science
1404:Life Story (TV film)
1213:Sayre, Anne (1975).
844:10.1073/pnas.39.2.84
653:Cavendish Laboratory
558:industry and modern
548:Human Genome Project
368:improve this article
1852:History of genetics
1773:Humboldtian science
1710:Sequence hypothesis
1617:Molecular evolution
1250:1969Sci...164.1537W
1244:(3887): 1537–1539.
1221:. New York: Norton.
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771:1953Natur.171..737W
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328:Crick, Watson, and
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1847:History of biology
1783:Natural philosophy
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1531:History of biology
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1612:Molecular biology
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1303:978-0-671-22540-7
1198:978-0-689-70602-8
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357:This section
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314:What Is Life?
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72:Francis Crick
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57:Florence Bell
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1857:James Watson
1622:Paleontology
1562:Biochemistry
1494:HTML version
1437:
1436:
1435:profile for
1432:
1386:
1366:. Atheneum.
1362:
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1338:Olby, Robert
1317:
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1279:Bibliography
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1191:. Atheneum.
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587:Denis Jordan
579:
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541:
538:Consequences
532:genetic code
520:
499:
491:double helix
477:is equal to
469:is equal to
460:
445:
430:
421:
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404:
397:
390:
378:
366:Please help
361:verification
358:
327:
312:
301:Max DelbrĂĽck
299:
289:
281:
272:genetic code
249:
230:
204:double helix
195:
193:
151:
137:James Watson
122:Fred Neufeld
107:Denis Jordan
52:Oswald Avery
39:Double helix
38:
29:
1748:Ethnobotany
1637:RNA biology
1545:disciplines
1234:"DNA helix"
987:25:1131-41.
918:"DNA helix"
607:H.R. Wilson
599:A.R. Stokes
495:replication
295:alpha helix
132:Alec Stokes
1826:Categories
1690:Lamarckism
1597:Immunology
740:References
649:Max Perutz
527:amino acid
483:base pairs
463:nucleotide
424:April 2017
394:newspapers
1758:Dysgenics
1741:Teleology
1705:RNA world
1700:Protocell
1675:Darwinism
1656:Theories,
1627:Phycology
997:1141–1145
311:to write
255:organisms
200:published
1811:Category
1753:Eugenics
1658:concepts
1602:Medicine
1587:Genetics
1535:timeline
1483:PDF copy
1385:(2003).
1340:(1974).
1314:(2002).
1288:(1979).
1167:51440191
1111:13054693
1053:13054694
863:16578429
787:13054692
686:See also
560:medicine
544:sequence
523:proteins
471:cytosine
332:won the
285:proteins
268:genetics
210:, using
153:Photo 51
1724:Related
1592:Geology
1577:Ecology
1557:Anatomy
1543:Fields,
1485:in the
1429:Scholia
1268:5796048
1246:Bibcode
1238:Science
1119:4280080
1091:Bibcode
1061:4268222
1033:Bibcode
972:15 June
952:5796048
930:Bibcode
922:Science
854:1063734
831:Bibcode
795:4253007
767:Bibcode
655:of the
641:Science
615:Gosling
550:at the
515:Adenine
479:thymine
475:adenine
467:guanine
408:scholar
264:biology
259:genetic
226:in the
1572:Botany
1431:has a
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1083:Nature
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619:Nature
605:, and
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252:living
232:Nature
1115:S2CID
1079:(PDF)
1057:S2CID
1021:(PDF)
968:. BBC
791:S2CID
415:JSTOR
401:books
319:Phage
244:B-DNA
216:helix
1433:work
1391:ISBN
1368:ISBN
1346:ISBN
1324:ISBN
1298:ISBN
1264:PMID
1193:ISBN
1163:OCLC
1153:ISBN
1107:PMID
1049:PMID
974:2014
948:PMID
884:ISBN
859:PMID
823:PNAS
783:PMID
387:news
222:and
1408:BBC
1254:doi
1242:164
1149:363
1099:doi
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1041:doi
1029:171
938:doi
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849:PMC
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609:at
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208:DNA
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