417:. Initially interned in Adelboden, Ellington remained there until September when the American forces were approaching the France–Switzerland border. On 17 September 1944 Ellington slipped out by using his passable German to purchase train tickets for himself and three other internees. Dressed in civilian clothes, the group travelled unaccosted to a city near the French border where they were arrested by an observant Swiss soldier. They were first confined in the Basel city jail for three days and then transferred to Wauwilermoos where Ellington recalled "barbed wire, straw bunks, and guard dogs". After nearly a month in Wauwilermoos, Ellington and his companions were transported to Bern to appear at the Swiss military tribunal. Each defendant was given a copy of the poorly translated charges, and had "methodically listed the identities of the defendants, the charges against them, a catalog of evidence, and the names of their tribunal jurors", in fact the only trial record they received.
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862:) by Daniel Wyss. The fates of the internees in Wauwilermoos are widely unknown to the public. In publications on Swiss history the internment in Wauwilermoos has not been explored in depth. In reports Wauwilermoos is rarely mentioned, and Swiss politics has hardly taken notice, except to the 1944 interpellation from M. Brawand, and the reports by two Swiss newspapers in 1944 and 1946. Daniel Wyss, the documentary director, contacted Major Dwight Mears, participated in the ceremony in April 2014 in Washington D.C., and met the eight survivors of the camp.
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trenches, very unsanitary, and to clean them the trenches were hosed down every few weeks. Reportedly, "lice and rats were everywhere and the men got sick with boils due to the unsanitary conditions". They "also lost weight, mostly about 40 pounds". BĂ©guin castigated
American internees by "subjecting them to cruel punishments and solitary confinements for minor infractions". The soldiers also were "imprisoned a total of 7 months"; the Hague Convention allowed only 30 days confinement. In addition, the internees did not know the length of their sentences.
451:
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826:, hosted an office call for the eight Army Air Corps members before presenting them with the Prisoner of War medal during a ceremony at the Pentagon. The eight aviators who received the medal were: Sgt. William G. Blackburn, Tech. Sgt. Alva H. Moss, 1st Lt. Paul J. Gambaiana, retired Lt. Col. James I. Misuraca, retired Maj. James V. Moran, 1st Lt. James F. Mahon, Staff Sgt. John G. Fox and Sgt. George E. Thursby. "They served each other and our country proudly," the Chief of Staff said, "They saved a world and they inspired a nation."
607:
prior to the removal of the commandant in
September 1945 Rilliet rated the camp conditions unsatisfactory. Wauwilermoos was the subject of official protests by the United States, Great Britain, Poland, and Italy, as well as a barrier to the normalisation of diplomatic relations with the USSR. Numerous Swiss citizens reported that the conditions at Wauwilermoos were in violation of the 1929 Geneva Conventions, including a Swiss Army medical officer, an officer on the Swiss Army's General Staff, and the editors of two Swiss newspapers.
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confinement. In addition, they were each fined their pro-rated share of the trial cost of 17.5 Swiss francs. Ellington was unaware that the tribunal continued after his departure, and was never informed of the actual verdict. This "demonstrates that internees had difficulty comprehending their experience with Swiss military justice due to both language and cultural differences, and the fact that they were effectively serving their sentences in advance of the tribunal verdicts".
244:
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certificates, to be transferred to a nursing home. His letters were never answered; similarly unanswered were three letters sent in August and
September 1944 by Josef Dudkowiak, an officer of the German Air Force. Dudkowiak had deserted after four and a half years, after he had denounced his superior officer for corruption. Dudkowiak also said that he had been sent to the Wauwilermoos penal camp without any explanations.
521:
left these 115 men without any food. On the 14th day, they told us to die. Our answer was: Since man can live 24 days without food and drink, we'll order the doctor to day 23. Some hours later, they demanded to eat. We said: There are 57 shovels and 58 pickaxes. If you'll have worked for an hour, you'll get food. An hour later, after 60 minutes of work, 114 men were eating. The 115th endured 17 days. Then he ate.
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punishment camp, Northfelt quickly tired of the "meager rations of coffee, bread, and thin soup" which he blamed in part for his weight loss of forty pounds during his time in
Switzerland. Northfelt said that "he was only able to get enough food to survive by purchasing it off the black market". Northfelt was also ill; sleeping on dirty straw had caused sores all over his body, and he had problems with his
109:, who were sentenced for attempting to escape from other Swiss camps for interned soldiers, or other offences. The internment prison camp was one of three Swiss penal camps for internees that were established in Switzerland during World War II. In Wauwilermoos prison camp both military internees and male civilian internees who had been convicted under the Swiss Military Criminal Code were detained.
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chief of the legal department of the Swiss federal internment department, Major
Florian Imer. After an inspection of the camp, Imer noted that "in particular the allegations of Major Humbert were exaggerated for the most part". Another report in January 1943 noted the camp's poor sanitary condition. At the end of 1944, Ruggero Dollfus, interim Swiss Federal commissioner for internment (
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Wauwilermoos, normally for two or three months without trial". By autumn 1944, over 100 American internees were incarcerated in
Wauwilermoos, and "the Swiss government threatened to keep them there without trial for six to seven months". Many of the American internees were eventually charged in the Swiss military justice system, "an experience that forever changed their perceptions of
747:, a history class motivated him to conduct first-person historical research. He sought out his grandfather's surviving crew members, researched the story of his grandfather, and photographed approximately 30,000 documents from archives in Bern, Berlin and Washington D.C. Major Mears fought diligently for 15 years to get the Wauwilermoos airmen recognised as
223:, instructed the soldiers not to flee so as to allow the US Legation to co-ordinate their escape attempts, but the majority of the soldiers thought it was a diplomatic ruse or did not receive the instruction directly. Soldiers who were caught after their escape from the internment camps were often detained in the Wauwilermoos prison camp near Luzern.
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nor were they heated in winter. The barracks were equipped with simple beds stuffed with straw, and only officers slept on straw-filled mattresses. Sanitary facilities were basic; the latrines were simple trenches in the earth. The diet was meagre and poor. The detainees were widely lacking medical care. Even access to auxiliary packets from the
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swift execution of justice. The Swiss military justice system was overwhelmed by the rash of escape attempts in the summer of 1944. For the minority of indicted internees who eventually received verdicts the average sentence was 74 days in prison, but the average time to complete the investigations and military tribunals was 82 days.
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months of imprisonment in times of war. However, the MPC did not specify a minimum sentence and even permitted disciplinary punishment in "mild cases". "This subjectivity gave military tribunals wide latitude to treat escape attempts as minor infractions, or instead to classify them as criminal felonies".
724:
Under pressure from the United States, in late 1944 Switzerland improved the conditions for
American internees. Although BĂ©guin was sentenced for misconduct, he was never charged for his actions as commandant of the penal camp from spring 1941 to September 1945. The responsible Swiss authorities were
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wanted to get back to our base so we attempted to leave
Switzerland, and they got us and put us there. It was a Swiss concentration camp. About the only thing I can remember ... we had cabbage soup which was hot water and two leaves of cabbage floating around...The rest I have put away and forgotten.
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Symforian
Dziedic, a Polish lieutenant, was voluntarily returned to Switzerland after fleeing to France. After a second attempt to escape at the end of 1943, he was imprisoned in Wauwilermoos again. BĂ©guin locked Dziedic, as described by the lieutenant, in an "arrest local beside the pigsty". Dziedic
468:
January 1944 the fate of the Soviet internee
Dobrolyubov in late November 1943. After a failed escape from Wauwilermoos, Dobrolyubov was condemned to the punishment cell. Because he was sick, Dobrolyubov asked to be sent to the camp's sickroom, but this was denied by BĂ©guin. When Dobrolyubov argued,
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The authority to try military internees under the Military Penal Code (MPC) meant that "the intent to apply internal Swiss law to internees predated World War II". Internees on trial for escaping normally faced charges of "disregard of regulations", an MPC article that allowed punishment of up to six
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explained that "he could no longer provide amenities such as sheets and shaving mirrors for officers below the rank of captain". Firewood to heat the stoves was also in short supply. In response to the Americans "who up tables and benches to keep warm", BĂ©guin claimed surprise, and resolved that "if
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On the 4 hectares (10 acres) site a total of 25 barracks were situated: eleven barracks with a capacity of about 550 inmates; the remaining 14 barracks were used by the Swiss camp staff. The prisoner barracks could each accommodate up to 50 people and were built from wood; they were neither insulated
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in return for "old dirty rags." Sent to barracks 9, Culler was repeatedly raped by internees from Soviet Union. He reported this to BĂ©guin and some of the guards who laughed and sent him back. The next days they even closed Culler's barrack at night. The torture did not end until new internees became
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Special military-run prisons would offer confinement for "certain offenses of purely military character" since honourable crimes such as "escape and escape attempts... usually not the crimes of common criminals". Regardless of the intent of the Federal Council, for most of 1944 the Swiss authorities
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The ICRC inspected the camp on several occasions, headed by Swiss Army Colonel Auguste Rilliet. The inspection team simply noted that sanitary conditions could be improved, and that prisoners were not aware of the length of their sentences or why they were in the camp in the first place. Immediately
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115 internees refused to work. Three times we gave the command to work. It was refused. We examined all 115 men's pockets, left nothing therein as the handkerchiefs, and we locked all in a barrack. We told them at the same time, that they only would get food when they were working. During 14 days we
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In the same year an investigation of BĂ©guin was conducted because of possible espionage in favour of Nazi Germany. Although Colonel Robert Jaquillard, chief of the counterintelligence service of the army, spoke against the retention of Captain BĂ©guin as commander of the camp, his report came to the
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December. The verdict of the tribunal was not delivered for another 20 days, by a slightly altered panel on which one of the Swiss captains had been replaced by another officer of the same rank. The verdict was 75 days confinement for each of the four defendants, with 45 days deducted for pre-trial
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Only service members held by enemies in declared armed conflicts were eligible. It was widened in 1989 to also include those imprisoned by hostile foreign forces under similar conditions... since Switzerland was neutral — and therefore not hostile to the U.S. — the internees were not eligible for
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expressed his "deepest regrets", and said that the camp commander had lacked "subtle leadership qualities", while offering his apologies on the occasion of an official visit by Dan Culler in 1995. For 70 years there was no memorial to the horrors of the prison camp until a plaque was installed in
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In July 1941 BĂ©guin was appointed commandant of the Wauwilermoos penal camp, where he had no sympathy for the prisoners under his charge, particularly Americans. As his correspondence revealed he found "American internees to be undisciplined and ungrateful", claiming that they were "too spoiled by
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Robert Gamperl, probably a German refugee, reached Switzerland in November 1943. He and other internees in camp Lindenhof-Witzwil had refused to work. He was "punished with twenty days sharp arrest and transfer to the prison camp Wauwilermoos for three months" on the grounds that the detainees had
186:
the beds were wooden planks or some of them were only straw on the floor ... American prisoners were subjected to physical and sexual abuse, starvation, freezing, disease-ridden conditions and virtually no hygiene facilities ... was exactly like, if not worse than, any POW camp in Germany, it was
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BĂ©guin, who has been labelled "a disgrace to Switzerland", was appointed at his own request as the commander of the camp. The sanitary facilities were dysfunctional, and BĂ©guin stole the food packages and harassed the Allied internees. "He was a Nazi, not only a Nazi sympathizer," Robert Cardenas
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The tribunal panel consisted of three Swiss officers, of which the highest ranking were two captains, and three enlisted soldiers. During the interrogation, a Swiss captain asked why they had travelled so far from their camp at Adelboden, and in response, "one of the airmen defiantly informed the
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Once a tribunal convened, the burden of proof was normally substantiated by escape reports from the internment camp commanders, arrest reports from police, and interrogations carried out by an official investigator. This preliminary investigation was a laborious process and did not facilitate the
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In early December 1944 USAAF First Lieutenant Wally Northfelt was nearing his second month of imprisonment at Wauwilermoos. Northfelt attempted to escape from Switzerland near Geneva in September 1944, but he was apprehended by border guards and confined at Wauwilermoos. After his arrival at the
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April 1944 Gamperl asked the Swiss Commissariat for Internment by letter to "review the real reasons, a hearing by the legal officer and reprieve to the clarification of the matter". His letter was never forwarded from Wauwilermoos; neither were letters from Alfred Friedrich and Josef Haslinger.
667:". He was investigated by the Swiss counter-intelligence service for his pro-Nazi political views. Nevertheless, he was retained in command at Wauwilermoos. While in command BĂ©guin "publicly berated Americans, sentenced them to solitary confinement, and denied them Red Cross parcels and mail".
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district of the Swiss Federal Commissioner of Internment and Hospitalization (FCIH), mentioned in three reports in January and February 1942, the "enormous morbidity" in the penal camp: "The moral atmosphere in the camp is absolutely untenable". Major Humbert also noted the despotic punishment
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A US military memo of 1944 mentioned the conditions in Wauwilermoos as "worse than in enemy prison camps" and confirmed the first-hand impressions. The "meals consisted of watered-down soups and scorched stale bread". The sanitary circumstances were subpar: for instance, the latrines were just
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The reports contained statements from internees that the camp was "a relaxing place that they would happily return to". However, "the internees provided their statements in return for favours from BĂ©guin". The conditions in the camp were not reported correctly. "Switzerland's wartime general,
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In the second half of December 1943, the then 26 Soviet internees were sent, along with other detainees, to fetch wood from the forest. They were accompanied by several guards with dogs who ordered the soldiers to collect significantly more wood than normal and take it to the prison camp, 1.5
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Prior to the escape attempts of summer 1944, only a few American internees were condemned to Wauwilermoos, usually for "drunkenness and disorderly conduct" and with the tacit approval of the US legation. Once the escapes of American POWs increased, the "Swiss government sent every offender to
304:
Within the camp sector "Santenberg" was considered a military prison, sector "Egolzwil" housed alcoholics, while the department for "difficult elements" and for repeat offenders was in the sector "Wauwilermoos". In Wauwilermoos prison camp there were both military internees and male civilian
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November 1944 to the Federal Commissioner for Internment. Keller asked for health reasons to spend internment near his aunts in ZĂĽrich. He argued that because of a chronic gastrointestinal disease he was "cramped and incapacitated". He asked, supported by further justifications and medical
631:), complained again about the poor sanitation. Among others Dollfus noted that the Red Cross auxiliary packets were confiscated by BĂ©guin, and nearly 500 letters from and to the airmen had been withheld by the commandant. BĂ©guin, was suspended and banned from entering the camp effective 5
140:
The harsh detention conditions were later described by numerous former inmates and by various contemporary reports and studies. For instance, the American airman Sergeant Daniel L. Culler, B-24 top turret gunner, was one of the first USAAF airmen sent to Wauwilermoos, in June 1944. On
591:(ICRC) who visited Wauwilermoos "failed to notice much amiss", and ICRC member Frédéric Hefty wrote: "If iron discipline is the norm, there is also a certain sense of justice and understanding that helps with the re-education and improvement of the difficult elements sent there".
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Federal Council decree of 12 May 1941 "Vierter Bericht des Bundesrates an die Bundesversammlung ĂĽber die auf Grund der ausserordentlichen Vollmachten ergriffenen Massnahmen vom 21. Mai 1941." Bundesblatt 1941, Band 1, Heft 17, SFA, Ref. No. 10 034 515. In: Dwight S. Mears:
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Despite his tarnished record, in 1940 BĂ©guin obtained work as a civilian employee of the Swiss Federal Commissioner of Internment and Hospitalization (FCIH) There he translated artillery manuals, which led to his second commission in the Swiss Army as an orderly officer.
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prisons became "overcrowded with prisoners convicted in military court." According to a decree of the Swiss Federal Council in 1941, military prisoners would be confined according to whether their offences qualified them for "custodia honesta," or honourable confinement.
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juror that 'we were chasing butterflies'". According to Ellington, the response to this lack of candour was: "You have served thirty days at the detention camp and you will now return there and serve forty five more!" Ellington was returned to Wauwilermoos until 1
412:
For instance, Sgt. Dale Ellington, a gunner on a B-17 bomber based in England, was shot at by German anti-aircraft fire in April 1944. The aeroplane was shot at again by Swiss fighters and anti-aircraft batteries after crossing the Swiss border and then landed at
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kilometres (0.9 mi) from the forest. The Soviet internees refused to comply with this, and a guard fired his gun into the air and set the dogs on his prisoners. For this alleged resistance, soldier Malfejw was detained for ten days in the punishment cell.
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Between 149 and 161 Americans who were caught attempting to escape in 1944 were sent to Wauwilermoos, "where their confinement would eventually test the limits of international law." The American internees remained in Wauwilermoos until November 1944, when the
112:
Wauwilermoos housed military internees of various nations, including the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and the USA. Swiss military-run prisons like Wauwilermoos were established earlier in the war, after
783:
included an amendment allowing the award of the POW Medal to "any service member held captive under conditions 'comparable to those circumstances under which persons have generally been held captive by enemy armed forces during periods of armed conflict'".
364:
The majority of Americans held in Wauwilermoos in autumn 1944 were in "pre-trial confinement, awaiting a military tribunal by the Swiss Army for the crime of attempting escape". The Swiss military tribunals were convened by territorial courts (German:
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October 1944 Switzerland housed 39,670 internees in all: 20,650 from Italy, 10,082 from Poland, 2,643 from the United States, 1,121 from the United Kingdom (including five Australians), 822 from the Soviet Union, and 245 from France. In September the
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degree", but the judges were not required to be trained in law, despite their position as "chairman of the court". Also a prosecutor, defence attorney, court clerk, and in the case of foreign defendants, a translator, were present at the tribunals.
1551:
Memo from Captain Andre Béguin to Swiss Federal Commissioner of Internment and Hospitalization, "Concerne: Les internés américains et le camp pénitentiaire de Wauwilermoos", dated 22 November 1944, SFA, Box E5791, Vol. 8/24. In: Dwight S. Mears:
62:, Wauwilermoos was one of three Swiss penal camps for internees that were established in Switzerland during World War II. The intolerable conditions were later described by numerous former inmates and by various contemporary reports and studies.
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they behaved churlishly we could no longer treat them like officers". The commandant claimed that the allocation of firewood was greater than the quantity rationed to Swiss soldiers, a comparison used to justify many conditions around the camp.
580:. Medical care was given by a doctor, Northfelt said, who "specialized in women's cases". Northfelt said BĂ©guin was a "pro-Nazi" who "only cleaned up the camp when inspections by high ranking officers or American dignitaries were announced".
546:
James Misuraca spoke about the compound of single-storey buildings surrounded by barbed wire, the armed Swiss guards with dogs, and the commandant, "a hater of Americans, a martinet who seemed quite pleased with our predicament". Arriving on
157:
to Italy, rejoining the Allies near Rome. After three days in the Ticino mountains Culler became ill, and he decided to go back to the Adelboden camp. Culler was condemned, still ill, and placed on rations of bread and water for ten days in
2030:
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Survivors reported filthy living quarters, skin rashes and boils, all reported that they were underfed. Some reported being held in solitary for trying to escape. Some went in weighing in the 180s and 190s and came out 50 pounds
1788:, 19 February 1946. "Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft Urteil das Divisionsgericht 8 im Straffalle des Hptm. Andre BĂ©guin", dated 20 February 1946, SFA, Box E5330, Versement 1975/95, Vol. 1945/2518I, p. 27. In: Dwight S. Mears:
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From September 1945 Swiss prisoners were housed in the barracks. Since 1947 Wauwilermoos has been the site of a prison that was rebuilt in the early 1980s as a semi-open institution. The Wauwilermoos penitentiary (German:
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This ill-advised appointment was almost certainly due to the national state of emergency and manpower shortage in the Swiss Army, although this does not explain the decision to place BĂ©guin in charge of soldiers of other
685:
due to their brief military education they ... are specialists, but not soldiers do not know of barracks life, nor that of soldier campaigning; they are uniformed workers and technicians who service aircraft.
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1908:
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Major Dwight Mears's grandfather, Lt. George Mears, was also held at the Wauwilermoos prison in 1944. Major Mears was injured in a helicopter crash during a security mission in Iraq in 2003. While still at
599:, demanded that all Red Cross reports about the internment camps be submitted to army censors first if delegates wanted access" notes historian Dwight S. Mears. The American military attaché in Bern warned
1679:
Deposition of 1st Lt. Wallace O. Northfelt for the War Crimes Office, Judge Advocate General's Department, War Department, dated 17 September 1945, NARA, RG 153, E279, File 23-6. In: Dwight S. Mears:
1181:
2023:
818:, "thus being recognized for the suffering they endured during their imprisonment... the first time that the medal was granted to soldiers that were held prisoners in a friendly country". General
712:) described BĂ©guin as a "crook, embezzler, con-man and inhuman". He was convicted of dishonoring Switzerland and its army, administrative misdemeanors, embezzlement, and abuse of authority. The
651:
1596:
Data on military tribunals conducted against Americans were referenced from Bern Archives, SFA Box E 5330-01 1975/95. 93 Art. 3, Section 2 of the Military Penal Code: SFA, Ref. No. 10 030 071,
285:
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also collected "multiple war crimes accusations" against BĂ©guin, but the Allied authorities never attempted to prosecute the commander of the Wauwilermoos camp "due to lack of jurisdiction".
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of the stockade type... surrounded by barbed wire, constantly patrolled by dogs and guards with sub-machine guns... unreasonably severe, at the lowest subsistence level, and mud ankle deep.
196:
lodged protests against the Swiss government and secured their release. The agreement did not impact all nationalities, as Soviet internees were still at the Wauwilermoos camp in July 1945.
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model, but rather "grouped American internees with common criminals in Wauwilermoos". From July 1941 to September 1945 Wauwilermoos was under the command of Swiss Army captain Andre BĂ©guin.
2083:
1629:
1612:
Dale C. Ellington, Memoirs of Internment: "Internee-Escapee, 1944," unpublished manuscript, 3–7, and Internment Data Card of Dale C. Ellington, SFA, Box E 5791 1988/6. In: Dwight S. Mears:
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lake had been mined since 1820, and the area was drained in the mid-19th century. Due to the fact that the camp was built on a former lake, the internees often sank to their ankles in mud.
1784:
Letter from Andre BĂ©guin to Captain Baumgartner, Magistrate Ter.Ger. 2B, dated 25 Jan 1944, SFA, Box E5791, Vol. 1000/949, 687, and "Der Fall des Hptm. BĂ©guin vor Divisionsgericht 8". In:
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340:". Officials at the US Legation in Switzerland disagreed with Béguin's "tempered description of conditions" at the penal camp. According to military attaché General Legge, the camp was:
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their stay in hotels in the mountains and do not understand purely military treatment". BĂ©guin also scorned the American airmen because of their lack of professionalism, saying that:
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interned in Switzerland in 1944. While Cardenas was not himself sent to Wauwilermoos, he did visit it and witnessed the camp's abysmal conditions firsthand. In his recollection:
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under a judge. The Federal Council selected the judges and panel members for three-year terms. They retained their regular military positions while serving the court. The
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a dog was sent in, pulling him to the ground and tearing his clothes. A guard kicked the internee lying on the ground before Dobroliubov was sent to the punishment cell.
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1080:
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235:(OSS) was commissioned by the US Supreme Command to organise the escapes of 1,000 American internees, but this did not happen until late in the winter of 1944–45.
1970:
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162:. When he returned to Adelboden he was sent to Wauwilermoos without any explanation; later he was informed that a judge had deemed his punishment as too light.
1998:
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November. They had "timed the rounds of the guards, climbed out a window and over wire fences and walked for miles". A US Legation officer then drove them to
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BĂ©guin also claimed that "the barracks were built according to regulations, and despite their shortcomings, were 'of the same type as those used in the Army
2316:
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297:. From the beginning, Wauwilermoos had a bad reputation. The camp was guarded day and night by soldiers with dogs. In all 47 men formed the guard as of 13
603:, Swiss foreign minister in 1944, that "the mistreatment inflicted on US aviators could lead to 'navigation errors' during bombing raids over Germany".
199:
Starting in 1943 Switzerland attempted to shoot down American and British aircraft, mainly bombers, overflying Switzerland. Six aircraft were downed by
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65:
90:, for instance Jewish refugees, who were usually sent back to the territories occupied by the Nazi regime, the Swiss government was required by the
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1940:
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2162:"Interned or imprisoned? The successes and failures of international law in the treatment of American internees in Switzerland, 1943–45"
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1248:"Interned or imprisoned? The successes and failures of international law in the treatment of American internees in Switzerland, 1943–45"
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November 1944 the US embassy was informed of conditions by three American soldiers who had escaped from Wauwilermoos. Delegates of the
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Interned or imprisoned? The successes and failures of international law in the treatment of American internees in Switzerland, 1943–45
54:, who were sentenced for attempting to escape from other Swiss camps for interned soldiers, or other criminal offences. Together with
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663:. He had previously lived in Munich, Germany. "He was known to wear the Nazi uniform and to sign his correspondence with 'Heil Hitler
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for agriculture and industry, except for officers who were not compelled to work and stayed in unoccupied mountain hotels, mainly in
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713:
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Captain BĂ©guin was suspended and banned from the camp on 5 September 1945, because he had apparently burned files in the camp on 3
1628:. warhistoryonline.com, Based on features from The Seattle Times, The Christian Science Monitor and Swiss Internees. 2013-09-23.
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May of that year Culler, the B-24's tail gunner, Howard Melson, and the British soldier Matthew Thirlaway had slipped away from
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Jules Keller, a medical student, had deserted from the German Army. From Wauwilermoos he sent at least five requests between 23
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Culler's roommates: "I was bleeding everywhere", Culler said later. Culler fell seriously ill and was transferred to hospital.
86:
Established in 1940, Wauwilermoos was a penal camp for internees, particularly for Allied soldiers during World War II. Unlike
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military court sentenced him to prison for 42 months, and he lost his civil rights. In its decision the Swiss military court (
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Starting in 1942 on-site inspections had been carried out by the Swiss officials. For instance Major Humbert, army doctor (
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to keep these soldiers interned until the end of hostilities. The soldiers were held in barracks, and they were used as
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to Brigadier General B. R. Legge, number 8211.117.N/G, dated 2 December 1944, NARA, RG 84, E3207. In: Dwight S. Mears:
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in November 2013 that his efforts had gained the support of Ann Petersen, former Air Force general counsel, as well as
1962:
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In BĂ©guin's view there was an absence of "elementary courtesy and politeness... as painful for us as it is for them".
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Under the title "Das ist ein Skandal, Mit Hunden gehetzt" ("This is a scandal, rushed with dogs") the Swiss newspaper
1991:
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awarded 143 posthumous POW Medals to World War II veterans who were held in the Wauwilermoos punishment camp: On 30
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207:; 36 airmen were killed. In addition there were 137 emergency landings during the war. Officers were interned in
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Dwight S. Mears, "The Catch-22 Effect: The Lasting Stigma of Wartime Cowardice in the U.S. Army Air Forces",
508:
On the occasion of a lecture in front of Swiss officers BĂ©guin explained his "art of bulk handling" (German:
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114:
47:
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Most of the Wauwilermoos prisoners had never shared their stories until Mears's grandson contacted them.
484:
September 1944, a 27-year-old Soviet internee was shot by the guards and another wounded by two bullets.
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815:
796:
381:
204:
623:. His complaints resulted in no action by the authorities, and in February 1942 Humbert was dismissed.
414:
134:
1564:
Steiner, Die Internierung von Armeeangehörigen kriegführender, 66. Memo from Swiss military minister
460:
27:
2022:
Kdo Aufkl Bat 11, Hptm Stephan Schlunegger (PIO / S1 Stv.), Sdt Kilian Bui (Fotograf / DTP) (2013).
2161:
1330:
751:. Major Mears published his work in 2012 in a PhD thesis on the American internees in Switzerland.
1932:
1582:"Militärstrafgerichtsordnung (Bundesgesetz vom 28. Juni 1889)", Bundesblatt 1889, Band 3, Heft 37
600:
328:
The officer barracks were designed for only 20 occupants, but had 86 by autumn 1944. As a result
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in a 2013 interview. Cardenas, a retired US Air Force brigadier general, was a captain in the
87:
43:
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725:
also never accused. Only in 1949 did internees receive the same rights as prisoners of war.
488:
wanted to force an investigation of the camp's "undemocratic and inhumane conditions". On 30
353:
270:
795:
hosted an office call for the eight Army Air Corps members before presenting them with the
2306:
2136:
1966:
1869:
1659:
1211:
1076:
772:
748:
732:
200:
1626:"WWII vets' 'Catch-22' may be untangled: Were these men Deserters or POW in Switzerland?"
905:. Kindle Edition. Naval Institute Press/Amazon Media EU S.Ă r.l., 2015, ASIN B00ZSDPIHE.
243:
1805:
1436:
1430:"Schüsse auf die Befreier. Die 'Luftguerilla' der Schweiz gegen die Alliierten 1943–45"
1018:
577:
393:
59:
643:
February 1946, a military court sentenced BĂ©guin to three and a half years in prison.
46:(Luzern). Established in 1940, Wauwilermoos was a penal camp for internees, including
2265:
1933:"World War II Aviators Receive Prisoner of War Medal During Ceremony at the Pentagon"
1760:
1015:
Schüsse auf die Befreier. Die 'Luftguerilla' der Schweiz gegen die Alliierten 1943–45
385:
1598:
Militärstrafgesetz Bundesgesetz vom 13. Juni 1927, Bundesblatt 1927, Band 1, Heft 25
1279:, Geneva, Switzerland, Record Group B/G2, Internés en Suisse. In: Dwight S. Mears:
807:
776:
619:
catalogue and psychological deficits of the commandant of the prison camp, Captain
596:
397:
95:
55:
301:
February 1945. The camp was additionally secured by several rows of barbed wire.
1565:
253:
473:
had to take off his uniform and put on rags, and was paraded through the camp.
2165:
1580:
Tribunal panel requirements Art. 12, 13, & 107; SFA, Ref. No. 10 014 517,
1350:
1112:
744:
529:
2nd Lt. Paul Gambaiana was another USAAF airman sent to the camp. Just before
294:
175:
154:
23:
2247:
2234:
1873:
446:
Interior of the barracks: beds of straw to the right and latrines to the left
348:
General Legge considered them worse than those in POW camps in Nazi Germany.
2024:"Der Späher, Informationsorgan des Aufklärungsbataillons 11, Ausgabe 2013-1"
1728:
322:
212:
146:
556:
266:
150:
970:
Refuge from the Reich: American Airmen and Switzerland During World War II
2217:
955:
Infringing Neutrality: The RAF in Switzerland 1940–45 (Revealing History)
305:
internees who had been convicted under the Swiss Military Criminal Code.
258:
159:
39:
1180:(in German). Bildungs- und Kulturdepartement des Kantons Luzern (BKD).
739:
1142:""Akte GrĂĽninger": Der FlĂĽchtlingshelfer und die RĂĽckkehr der Beamten"
262:
35:
551:
October 1944, Misuraca and two other US officers made an escape on 1
1826:"120/4986 – Interpellation Brawand. Interniertenlager Wauwilermoos"
1694:"Straflager Wauwilermoos: Ich war Kriegsgefangener in der Schweiz"
1347:"WWII airmen imprisoned in Switzerland finally recognized as POWs"
786:
753:
650:
533:
his aircraft went down. In a telephone interview from his home in
449:
441:
433:
307:
284:
242:
208:
128:
99:
72:
64:
2209:
1656:"Grandson finally gets recognition for bomber crews held as POWs"
369:), operating under the Swiss Military Court Regulations of 1889 (
1331:
https://www.americanairmuseum.com/archive/person/daniel-l-culler
534:
216:
2187:
1901:"World War II internment camp survivors honored 70 years later"
1384:
2079:
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regulations specified that the chairmen must "hold at least a
1755:
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According to Mears, when the POW Medal was created in 1985:
1802:
Die "Luftguerilla" der Schweiz gegen die Alliierten 1943–45
779:, acting Secretary, and General Mark Welsh III. The fiscal
69:
Aerial photograph of the Wauwilermoos camp area in mid-1944
165:
Culler's good clothes were confiscated by camp commandant
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
838:
first mentioned that dark chapter of Swiss history. On 27
850:. One day later it broadcast the Swiss documentary film
814:
April 2014 eight survivors of the camp were awarded the
16:
Internment and prisoner-of-war penal camp in Switzerland
1819:
1817:
700:
September he was arrested and taken into custody. On 20
2110:(in German). Strafanstalt Wauwilermoos. Archived from
1963:"Wauwilermoos: Kriegsgefangene im Luzerner Mittelland"
1718:
1716:
1714:
1275:
Colonel A. Rilliet, Rapport No. 4, dated 16 May 1944,
910:
Prisoner of the Swiss:: A World War II Airman's Story.
1173:
Paul Bernet and Kurt Messmer (editors) (2009-01-27).
149:, where they were interned. They hoped to escape via
1168:
1166:
1000:
Prisoner of the Swiss: A World War II Airman's Story
848:
Wauwilermoos: Kriegsgefangene im Luzerner Mittelland
430:
Conditions, human rights violations, and inspections
388:, the tribunal panels consisted of six officers and
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
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912:CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014,
380:The jurisdiction was established by decree of the
2287:Buildings and structures in the canton of Lucerne
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1423:
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1419:
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1277:International Committee of the Red Cross Archives
375:Militärstrafgesetz Bundesgesetz vom 13. Juni 1927
1650:
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289:Entrance area guarded by two Swiss Army soldiers
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903:Shot from the Sky: American POWs in Switzerland
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673:
568:
539:
518:
342:
184:
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830:Wauwilermoos penal camp in film and television
105:Among the Swiss prisoners were members of the
1725:"POW medal recognises US aviators' suffering"
1239:
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1231:
1229:
1227:
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985:Black Hole of Wauwilermoos: An Airman's Story
824:Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force
373:) and the Swiss Military Penal Code of 1927 (
8:
2133:"Wauwilermoos: Kritik von Gefängnisinsassen"
2073:"Es sind keine groben Fehler gemacht worden"
2053:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1894:
1892:
1890:
1135:
1133:
972:. Da Capo Press, illustrated edition, 2001,
480:In a fight among inmates of barrack 29 on 28
1927:
1925:
1530:(in German). raf.durham-light-infantry.ch.
1252:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
987:. Sky & Sage Books, Green Valley 1995.
639:September he was taken into custody. On 20
215:. The representative of the US military in
34:. It was situated in the municipalities of
2057:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1997:(in German). historische-gesellschaft.ch.
1808:ZĂĽrich 1993, p. 200. In: Dwight S. Mears:
1385:"Wauwilermoos: Geschichte des Straflagers"
842:October 2015 the Swiss television channel
293:The camp was under the supervision of the
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1073:"Gedenkstein fĂĽr Internierten-Straflager"
659:Captain André Béguin was a member of the
325:and communication by letter were denied.
2189:Wauwilermoos: Geschichte des Straflagers
1800:Peter Kamber, SchĂĽsse auf die Befreier:
1476:"Abgeschossen von der neutralen Schweiz"
589:International Committee of the Red Cross
563:November they reached the Allied lines.
133:USAAF B-17 and B-24 bombers interned at
1340:
1338:
1053:
890:Bombings of Switzerland in World War II
875:) also serves as a deportation centre.
799:during a ceremony at the Pentagon on 30
781:2013 National Defense Authorization Act
2221:on the website of the Swiss television
2046:
1207:
1197:
542:I'm trying to forget the whole thing.
384:in 1939. Presided over by a judge or
7:
927:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI, , 2010,
730:President of the Swiss Confederation
2312:Switzerland–United States relations
1937:United States Department of Defense
454:Wauwilermoos camp in winter 1944–45
312:Bird's eye view animated map, from
273:in Switzerland. Peat at the former
251:The site was located on the former
2317:Human rights abuses in Switzerland
2272:1940 establishments in Switzerland
771:Mears said in an interview to the
559:at the border to France, and on 15
438:Wauwilermoos barracks in late 1944
14:
1034:Die Strafanstalt Wauwilermoos LU
1002:. Casemate, Philadelphia, 2017.
2202:on raf.durham-light-infantry.ch
2089:from the original on 2016-03-04
2036:from the original on 2016-03-06
2004:from the original on 2016-03-04
1973:from the original on 2015-10-28
1943:from the original on 2015-09-22
1911:from the original on 2015-12-08
1842:from the original on 2015-12-08
1767:from the original on 2015-09-06
1735:from the original on 2015-12-08
1700:from the original on 2015-12-08
1632:from the original on 2015-12-08
1534:from the original on 2015-11-07
1505:The Journal of Military History
1486:from the original on 2015-11-05
1446:from the original on 2015-12-08
1391:from the original on 2015-12-08
1357:from the original on 2015-12-08
1313:from the original on 2015-11-10
1258:from the original on 2015-12-08
1187:from the original on 2015-12-08
1152:from the original on 2014-10-21
1119:from the original on 2015-12-08
1083:from the original on 2015-12-08
998:Daniel Culler and Rob Morris:
655:BĂ©guin with Swiss Army officers
1474:Franz Kasperski (2015-09-07).
1175:"Lager – Kolonien des Terrors"
257:lake in the municipalities of
77:Wauwilermoos camp in late 1944
1:
2224:Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen
1905:American Forces Press Service
1763:. swissinternees.tripod.com.
1723:Olivier Grivat (2013-02-11).
1480:Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen
942:. Xlibris Corporation, 2005,
844:Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen
107:United States Army Air Forces
52:United States Army Air Forces
2139:. 2009-03-03. Archived from
1872:. 2015-10-27. Archived from
1345:Richard Allyn (2013-11-12).
1140:Stefan Keller (2014-01-23).
614:) and head physician in the
233:Office of Strategic Services
50:, among them members of the
2282:Switzerland in World War II
1692:Martin Suter (2013-11-08).
896:Literature (selected works)
834:The 1993 Swiss documentary
371:Militärstrafgerichtsordnung
2333:
2029:(in German). he.admin.ch.
1961:Daniel Wyss (2015-10-27).
1899:Amaani Lyle (2014-05-01).
1526:Patrick Schlenker (2013).
510:Kunst der Massenbehandlung
281:Buildings and organisation
28:prisoner-of-war penal camp
2210:Strafanstalt Wauwilermoos
1761:"Straflager Wauwilermoos"
1528:"Straflager Wauwilermoos"
873:Strafanstalt Wauwilermoos
866:Strafanstalt Wauwilermoos
390:non-commissioned officers
92:Geneva Convention of 1929
2108:"Ausschaffungsgefängnis"
1507:77 (July 2013): 1037–43.
1246:Dwight S. Mears (2010).
758:US Prisoner of War Medal
537:in 2013 Gambaiana said:
2200:Straflager Wauwilermoos
1810:Interned or Imprisoned?
1790:Interned or Imprisoned?
1696:(in German). 20min.ch.
1681:Interned or Imprisoned?
1614:Interned or Imprisoned?
1602:Interned or Imprisoned?
1586:Interned or Imprisoned?
1584:. In: Dwight S. Mears:
1570:Interned or Imprisoned?
1554:Interned or Imprisoned?
1294:Interned or Imprisoned?
1281:Interned or Imprisoned?
706:Divisionsgericht ZĂĽrich
2297:Prisons in Switzerland
2248:47.175856°N 8.005106°E
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629:Internierungskommissär
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1833:Swiss Federal Council
1600:In: Dwight S. Mears:
1146:Die Wochenzeitung WOZ
816:Prisoner of War Medal
797:Prisoner of War Medal
790:
757:
696:September 1945. On 24
654:
635:September 1945. On 24
453:
445:
437:
382:Swiss Federal Council
311:
288:
247:Wauwilermoos moorland
246:
205:anti-aircraft cannons
203:fighters and nine by
132:
76:
68:
1786:Neue ZĂĽrcher Zeitung
1049:Notes and references
1036:. Sauerländer 1978,
714:US War Crimes Office
2292:World War II crimes
2253:47.175856; 8.005106
2244: /
1824:M. Brawand (1944).
901:Cathryn J. Prince:
704:February 1946, the
219:, military attaché
194:US State Department
122:did not follow the
32:during World War II
1307:"Custodia Honesta"
1210:has generic name (
983:Daniel L. Culler:
852:Erzwungene Landung
805:
760:
657:
601:Marcel Pilet-Golaz
456:
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415:DĂĽbendorf airfield
318:
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249:
211:, enlisted men in
138:
135:DĂĽbendorf airfield
79:
71:
1042:978-3-794-11844-1
1008:978-1-61200-554-6
993:978-1-887-77601-1
978:978-1-885-11970-4
963:978-0-752-43420-9
933:978-1-109-74571-9
923:Dwight S. Mears:
918:978-1-500-68354-2
836:Helden vom Himmel
820:Mark A. Welsh III
793:Mark A. Welsh III
221:Barnwell R. Legge
44:Canton of Lucerne
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953:Roger Anthoine:
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957:. Tempus 2005,
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773:Air Force Times
767:the decoration.
733:Kaspar Villiger
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180:44th Bomb Group
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48:Allied soldiers
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2182:External links
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2082:. 2009-03-03.
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2014:
1983:
1953:
1939:. 2014-04-30.
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1806:Rotpunktverlag
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1437:Rotpunktverlag
1428:Peter Kamber.
1401:
1387:. 2014-07-15.
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1115:. climage.ch.
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1079:. 2015-10-23.
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1019:Rotpunktverlag
1013:Peter Kamber:
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2219:Wauwilermoos
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2191:on lagota.ch
2188:
2169:. Retrieved
2156:
2145:. Retrieved
2141:the original
2127:
2116:. Retrieved
2112:the original
2102:
2091:. Retrieved
2067:
2038:. Retrieved
2017:
2006:. Retrieved
1992:"Notlandung"
1986:
1975:. Retrieved
1956:
1945:. Retrieved
1913:. Retrieved
1878:. Retrieved
1874:the original
1866:"Notlandung"
1844:. Retrieved
1809:
1801:
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1662:. 2013-11-11
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1504:
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1488:. Retrieved
1455:pp. 189–242.
1448:. Retrieved
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1301:
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1121:. Retrieved
1085:. Retrieved
1033:
1032:JĂĽrg Hofer:
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940:Untold Valor
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20:Wauwilermoos
19:
18:
2251: /
2213:(in German)
2205:(in German)
2194:(in German)
1566:Karl Kobelt
822:, the 20th
803:April 2014.
736:late 2015.
612:Militärarzt
516:June 1944:
316:documentary
275:Wauwilersee
254:Wauwilersee
2266:Categories
2236:47°10′33″N
2171:2015-10-27
2166:Helveticat
2147:2015-10-23
2118:2015-10-23
2093:2015-10-23
2040:2015-10-26
2008:2015-10-23
1977:2015-10-27
1947:2015-10-23
1915:2015-10-28
1880:2015-10-27
1846:2015-10-25
1771:2015-10-25
1739:2015-10-23
1704:2015-10-23
1666:2015-10-27
1636:2015-10-23
1538:2015-10-23
1490:2015-10-23
1450:2015-10-25
1395:2015-10-25
1361:2015-10-23
1351:CBS 8 News
1317:2015-10-26
1262:2015-10-25
1191:2015-10-26
1156:2014-11-03
1123:2015-10-23
1087:2015-10-23
856:Notlandung
745:West Point
314:Notlandung
295:Swiss Army
176:CBS 8 News
155:Bellinzona
24:internment
2239:8°00′18″E
1729:swissinfo
1309:. bl.uk.
720:Aftermath
571:lighter".
323:Red Cross
213:Adelboden
187:horrible.
147:Adelboden
88:civilians
56:HĂĽnenberg
26:camp and
2302:Egolzwil
2084:Archived
2049:cite web
2031:Archived
1999:Archived
1971:Archived
1941:Archived
1909:Archived
1837:Archived
1765:Archived
1733:Archived
1698:Archived
1630:Archived
1532:Archived
1484:Archived
1441:Archived
1389:Archived
1355:Archived
1311:Archived
1256:Archived
1200:cite web
1182:Archived
1150:Archived
1117:Archived
1081:Archived
879:See also
791:General
259:Egolzwil
239:Location
160:Frutigen
115:cantonal
40:Egolzwil
740:US Army
616:Seeland
512:) on 26
269:in the
96:workers
82:History
42:in the
22:was an
2307:Wauwil
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267:Schötz
263:Wauwil
228:
151:ZĂĽrich
143:
36:Wauwil
2087:(PDF)
2076:(PDF)
2034:(PDF)
2027:(PDF)
2002:(PDF)
1995:(PDF)
1840:(PDF)
1829:(PDF)
1482:SRF.
1444:(PDF)
1433:(PDF)
1185:(PDF)
1178:(PDF)
854:, or
728:Then
531:D-Day
398:major
209:Davos
174:told
100:Davos
2059:link
2055:link
1212:help
1038:ISBN
1023:ISBN
1004:ISBN
989:ISBN
974:ISBN
959:ISBN
944:ISBN
929:ISBN
914:ISBN
749:POWs
583:On 3
535:Iowa
265:and
226:On 1
217:Bern
153:and
58:and
38:and
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2080:NZZ
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