Wayne Corporation - Knowledge (XXG)

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employees and terminated the contracts of their 34 North American distributors. By the late 1970s, as the situation became critical, Wayne Corporation, the parent of M-M and C-B, and Wayne's Thyssen owners chose not to invest heavily in either firm as would have been required in the uncertain futures of the diverging professional car and ambulance building industries. There were no buyers for either subsidiary as a going business. In 1980, Cotner-Bevington ambulance product line was sold to Gene Knisley, owner of Mid-Continent Conversion Co., which was an ambulance and medicar builder in

1004: 1608:, its first transit-style school bus since the early 1970s and its first transit-style bus with a front-engine layout since World War II. Designed specifically for school bus use, the body of the Lifestar was designed to share the longitudinal side panels of the Lifeguard. Unlike its largest competitors, Wayne did not have the manufacturing equipment or capacity to build chassis in-house; consequently, chassis from an outside supplier was crucial. Supply problems outside of the company's control led to the use of several suppliers for the Lifestar over its production run. 848:) maintained assembly plants at multiple locations. Instead of establishing multiple assembly points in the U.S., Wayne chose to replace the overcrowded and aged Wayne Works facility on E Street near downtown Richmond with a single new plant large enough to handle both manufacturing and assembly for United States production. Due primarily to Canadian import tariffs, the separate Canadian assembly plant (Welles, Ltd.) had been established and was maintained for Canadian production. In 1963, Divco-Wayne acquired Welles entirely, making it a subsidiary of the company. 1265: 1377: 93: 1171: 777: 1566:-based industrialist, and several officers who had served at Wayne for many years under the Indian Head and Thyssen ownership. RTC acquired Wayne Corporation and its Welles subsidiary in Canada in February, 1985. Terry G. Whitesell was named President of RTC. A civic leader in Richmond, Indiana, his prior responsibilities at Wayne included sales, marketing, and purchasing over a period of more than 15 years. Whitesell was well known within the company, its dealer and supplier networks, and the industry. 1028: 801: 1828: 511: 1736: 1762:, facilities to lease the former Wayne Corporation Richmond, Indiana facilities in their entirety. By moving to the Wayne facilities, Carpenter had the asset of combining its own team with former Wayne Corporation employees. Both the leadership and workforce based at Richmond included a number of veterans of the former Wayne operations there; as such, they brought considerable experience and knowledge of the plant and industry to the effort. 554:). In 1914, alongside a line of commercial truck bodies, the company introduced its first motorized "School Car", its first school bus mounted on an automotive chassis. In the vehicle bodies for school transportation that the company produced during this era, passengers sat on perimeter seating, facing the sides rather than the front of the bus. In place of wooden benches, the 1914 School Car was fitted with padded seats. 1179: 459: 789: 1597:

longitudinal-panel construction of the Wayne Lifeguard on a smaller bus. Using the same GM and Ford dual rear-wheel chassis as the Busette/Transette, the Chaperone fit the single-panel construction of the Lifeguard on its body, along with a standard bus-style door. The Busette would remain in production alongside the Chaperone through 1990, when Wayne sold its body tooling to

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Sentinel received a headroom increase for 1971, but were only built through the 1972 model year. After that, the Sentinel brand name was used on Wayne's line of Type I (pickup chassis) modular ambulances. Body shells were produced at the Richmond, Indiana, bus plant for Care-O-Van ambulance units, based upon cutaway chassis and Wayne Busette bodies.

43: 1157:, a wood-products manufacturer. As Boise Cascade had sought out Divco-Wayne for its manufactured-housing division, Wayne Corporation was resold in October 1968 for $ 15 million to Indian Head, Inc., a textile conglomerate. The sale included Wayne Corporation and its transportation-segment subsidiaries: Welles, Miller-Meteor, and Cotner-Bevington. 470:, as the Witt family set up a foundry. Alongside the initial manufacturing of stoves, the foundry expanded its manufacturing to farm implements. Through the 1840s and 1850s, the foundry would undergo several changes of ownership. In 1868, the company produced its first vehicle, a horse-drawn utility wagon derived from the then-popular 1437:

passed by Congress in 1974, and implemented four years later (in 1978). In order for communities to receive federal funds, their ambulances were required to meet updated federal specifications. Passenger-based vehicles were purposely excluded from legislation and the last American-made automobile-based ambulance was built in 1978.

1284:(a competing bus manufacturer) subjected one of their school bus bodies to a multiple roll test and noted the separation at the joints. Ward noted that many of their competitors were using far fewer rivets and fasteners. This resulted in new attention by all manufacturers to the number and quality of fasteners. 594: 1858:

The former Wayne Corporation plant, after standing idle for a number of years, was purchased by a group of investors in 2005 with the intention of using the plant and surrounding property for a business park. The investors intended to use the large plant to house a number of smaller companies, rather

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By the end of the 1980s, Mid Bus sought to compete with larger-scale school bus manufacturers, seeking to replace its raised-roof van with a cutaway van chassis with a bus body. In 1990, Wayne discontinued production of the Busette in favor of the Chaperone, with the tooling for the body design sold

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During 1994, Harsco began to change its footprint as a defense supplier; leading to BMY ending production of its 5-ton truck line. After an attempted sale of Wayne (to a commercial bus manufacturer) fell through, WWV was closed down by parent company Harsco in June 1995. Currently, this remains the

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Although not publicly reported (as corporate ownership under Thyssen was private), it is likely that Wayne and Welles began incurring losses around 1980 or 1981, and these continued into 1982. By 1983, Wayne dealers and union leaders were told that the annual losses at Wayne/Welles were reportedly in

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In 1930, Wayne Works became the first manufacturer to replace steel-sheathed bodies with full-steel construction, including the internal body frame. Initially offered as an option, the all-steel body became standard in 1933. In 1933, Wayne became the first manufacturer to offer an all-steel body with

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Among many innovations, Wayne pioneered the side-mounted guard rails of modern school buses, inboard wheelchair lifts, and high-headroom doors (a special accommodation for mobility-challenged persons requiring head and neck support from above). The company was the first with a school bus based upon a

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After 1999, Carpenter retired the Crown name and its small bus lines. In another redesign of the body, Carpenter kept the Wayne Lifeguard entry door; while the windshield was redesigned, the dashboard of the Lifeguard was adopted nearly in its entirety. In early 2001, majority owner Spartan Motors

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For 1996 production, Carpenter unveiled extensive changes to its body design. The body structure was strengthened with single-piece roof bows and full-length exterior lower guard rails; new welding procedures (allowed by the newer equipment at the Richmond factory) strengthened roof joints (without

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The professional car industry was negatively and profoundly impacted by three factors in the late 1970s. At the time, many units served as both ambulances and funeral vehicles, called "combinations." Combinations disappeared from general service in the late 1970s. The downsizing of America's biggest

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Thyssen spent much of the next 8–10 years selling off or closing its North American investments. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the portions of Thyssen-Bornemisza which formed the Wayne Corporation went through a period of decline. By 1980, Wayne existed solely as a bus manufacturer in a segment

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As opposed to simply adding more fasteners, Wayne engineers proposed eliminating the body panel joints entirely; essentially, the entire side of the bus would have to be formed from a single piece of metal. The roof panel would be manufactured in the same fashion: one piece, cut to length. Fasteners

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In the early 1930s, Wayne was one of the first school bus manufacturers to introduce guard rails and all-metal construction into school bus design. While safer than wooden body construction, riveted metal body panels posed problems of their own; in a crash, a weak point of the body was identified as

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In late 1964, construction began on the new 550,000 square feet (51,000 m) facility, at a cost of $ 3.5 million. As it opened at the beginning of 1967, the new Richmond factory included assembly and manufacturing for all Wayne product lines under one roof, including steel manufacturing presses,

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Following the merger, Divco-Wayne expanded into a manufacturing conglomerate; beyond its bus, professional car, and truck product lines, Divco-Wayne expanded into the manufacturing of mobile homes, recreational vehicles, and ambulances. Although Divco would continue the manufacturing of its namesake

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was becoming re-utilized for a number of retail and industrial enterprises. Included was construction of new retail businesses such as restaurants and service stations near the busy Interstate highway exit which had been known for over 25 years for the massive bus factory and acres of yellow school

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Divco-Wayne had formed a union and had expanded into a moderate sized-conglomerate, with all facilities basically within 500 miles (800 km) of Wayne's Richmond, Indiana base. In contrast, Indian Head was already a large and diversified corporate conglomerate when it purchased Wayne Corporation

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In 1973, Wayne truck-based ambulance production moved to Piqua, Ohio, home to Miller-Meteor. C-B stayed in business through the 1975 model year, building only on Oldsmobile commercial chassis after 1964; all other production would become truck-based ambulances. In 1967, the company became the first

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To conserve steel for war use, Wayne Works and other manufacturers reverted from all-steel construction to building some bus bodies with wooden components during World War II. The company also did some reconstruction on older buses and trucks to extend their lives during the war years, as did other

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For 1936, Wayne redesigned its school bus body, making it sectional, allowing a customer to add or remove sections for repair or change capacity. In 1937, the company produced its largest school bus, seating 115 students. In 1938, Wayne Works introduced its first forward-control school bus, offered

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At the time of its closure, Wayne was in the process of developing the RD-9000 school bus. A rear-engine design, the RD-9000 featured significant advances and innovations, improving usage for both driving and servicing the vehicle. The vehicle was only built as a prototype, with some features of

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was introduced; a model similar to the Lifestar, the TC/2000 captured a large share of the school bus segment. In 1991, Navistar, a chassis supplier for the Wayne Lifestar, purchased a controlling interest in AmTran; along with the end of Ward in school bus manufacturing, the purchase also began a

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became the first company to build a school bus on a P-chassis, named the Cadet. In 1970, Wayne developed its own vehicle line for a Chevrolet P-chassis, named the Wayne Papoose. The front bodywork of the Papoose was designed in an effort to maximize forward visibility; in what would make for an

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For the first time since 1875, Wayne no longer was associated with Richmond, Indiana; the Wayne Corporation factory was not included in the sale and remained shuttered. In Ohio, the Lifeguard and Lifestar full-size buses restarted production alongside the Chaperone small bus (the Busette ended

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At the same time coachbuilders met downsizing in the automotive industry, the federal government in the United States updated its requirements concerning minimum width, headroom, and equipment levels of emergency vehicles. These changes were part of the 1973 National EMS Systems Act, which was

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For 1978, Cadillac's commercial chassis production further declined to only 852 units; Miller-Meteor received orders for only 4 ambulances. There were no 1979 Miller-Meteor ambulances. On December 13, 1979, the company, with roots tracing back to 1853, closed its doors. The company laid-off 252

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was introduced, using Chevrolet/GMC and Dodge chassis. Prior to the Busette, small school buses were conversions of full-size vans or large SUVs (such as the Chevrolet Suburban or International Travelall). Using a cutaway chassis, the Busette placed a purpose-built bus body on a dual rear-wheel

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Although the Papoose failed to gain ground in the school bus segment and was discontinued in 1973, other school bus manufacturers would develop buses of a similar configuration by the end of the 1970s, with the Blue Bird Mini Bird and Carpenter Cadet remaining in production into the late 1990s.

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The late 1960s and early 1970s led to the development of new platforms suitable for use for small school buses. Additionally, to improve the basic structural integrity of full-size school buses, Wayne engineers went back to the drawing board and changed how school buses were constructed with an

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During the earlier years of the school bus industry, the factory manufactured most of the parts used to assemble a bus body, but it was customary for these to be shipped unassembled to body dealers around the United States and Canada, for assembly onto an incomplete truck chassis. Gradually, as

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began negotiations with Divco to undergo a merger with Wayne Works. After having inspected the Richmond factory for a potential 1949 sale, the New York-based investor retained interest. At the time in the United States, Wayne controlled a 25% share of school bus manufacturing with Miller-Meteor

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In 1968, Wayne began production of truck-based ambulances, using the Cotner-Bevington facilities. For 1968, the "Sentinel" (based on the Chevrolet Suburban) was introduced, expanding to the "Vanguard" (based on the Chevrolet Van) in 1971, and "Medicruiser" (based on Dodge Ram Van) in 1973. The

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In November 1956, under the leadership of Newton Glekel, a real estate investor from New York, completed a merger of Divco and Wayne Works, with Divco acquiring the assets of Wayne; a 26% share was owned by the law firm owned by Glekel. Under the merger, Wayne began business as the Divco-Wayne

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As Wayne started out as the Wayne Agricultural Works in the 19th century, all manufacturing had been centralized at its facility in Richmond, Indiana. Most bus bodies consisted of in-house manufactured parts and purchased components manufactured by others, combined into bus bodies in assembly

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After the bankruptcy of Richmond Transportation Corporation, Wayne Corporation effectively ceased to exist. During its liquidation, the product rights and many of the assets of the company (aside from the company itself and its liabilities) were purchased in February 1993 by the BMY defense

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In 1985, Wayne introduced the Chaperone, a school bus designed to use a cutaway van chassis. Although the Busette had proven successful in the marketplace, its standard interior height of 63 inches was far shorter than a full-size school bus. In addition, the company sought to adapt the

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Entry and egress was through a door at the rear, a design first utilized from the days of wagons (to avoid startling the horses). This feature was retained, becoming the rear emergency exit seen on the buses of today; the primary mode of ingress/egress is now through a curbside door.

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From 1967 to 1968, the makeup of Wayne Corporation would change significantly, changing hands twice within 2 years. At the end of 1966, Divco was put up for sale and sold to Transairco. At the beginning of 1967, Newton Glekel put the entirety of Divco-Wayne Corporation up for sale.

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Professional car manufacturers Miller and Meteor, newly combined as Miller-Meteor, were brought into the fold of Divco-Wayne as the newly formed conglomerate was developing its opportunities in this field. Although the recently combined Miller-Meteor company was initially based at

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In 1902, Wayne Works was forced to completely rebuild after a fire destroyed the factory. Moving away from farm implements, the company began a transition towards the manufacturing of automobile bodies. In addition, the company began production of complete automobiles, with the

438:, the factory became a familiar landmark to millions of travelers. During the 1980s, the company struggled against an industry downturn fueled by overcapacity and a difficult market cycle. Following millions of dollars of losses, Wayne Corporation declared bankruptcy in 1992. 493:

Following the closure of Wayne Agricultural in 1888, Wayne Works began focusing its product range from farm implements towards horse-drawn vehicles, including wagons and carriages. In 1892, Wayne Works was commissioned by an Ohio school district to build a wagon designed for

1806:, respectively. At the end of the 1990s, lower initial capital costs for school buses began to trump their longevity; when it was time for purchasing decisions, financially pressed districts and contractors tended to select cheaper products with shorter life cycles. 1047:

brands included Kozy, Elcar, Star, and National. The Divco-Wayne conglomerate also had a financial arm, Divco-Wayne Acceptance Corporation, which was also known as Divco-Wayne Financial, Wayne Acceptance or Financial Corporation and Wayne Financial Sales Corporation.

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Following its introduction, the Busette (and its Transette commercial variant) set a design precedent for the configuration of all small buses, not just school buses. The Busette and Transette also were among the first small buses to be fitted with wheelchair lifts.

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for a school bus and an improvement in structural integrity in bus body construction, involving the use of continuous longitudinal panels to reduce body joints; the design change happened before federal standards required stronger body structures in school buses.

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Coach Company (C-B) in 1965, making it a subsidiary of Wayne Corporation. Founded as Comet Coach Company, the coachbuilder sold the rights in 1959 to the "Comet" name" to Ford Motor Company (which sought to use it for the Lincoln-Mercury Division); in 1960, the

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operations. Thus, the major two functions of the Richmond, Indiana plant were manufacturing of parts, and assembly. Wayne bus bodies were also assembled at multiple locations of truck body dealers around the US and at a Canadian assembly plant, Welles, Ltd. in

1778:. Resurrecting the first half of the Crown Coach name, the company introduced a revised version of a Crown Coach emblem introduced in the late 1980s. In an effort to further diversify its product line outside of school buses, the company introduced a 411:

The crowning safety achievement was the "Wayne Lifeguard" structural body design introduced in 1973, which featured continuous interior and exterior longitudinal panels. The body design helped pave the way for U.S. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards

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later found in Mitchell-produced buses). The tooling from the Wayne factory also provided some components to update the body, with the Wayne Lifeguard donating its windshield, driver control panel, and entry door for the redesigned Carpenter body.

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In 1975, when the ownership of Wayne Corporation shifted from Indian Head to Thyssen, Wayne was one of six major school bus body builders in the United States. Wayne apparently enjoyed some profitable years in the late 1970s, buoyed by sales of its

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Although as industrialist investor, Dekruif had a track record of liquidating troubled businesses, he was persuaded to allow the new organization to operate and compete. Several successful years followed. The Chaperone and Chaperone II products on

2336:"Carpenter Schools Buses, Ralph H. Carpenter Body Co., Carpenter Body Works, Carpenter Mfg. Co., Mitchell Indiana, Richmond Indiana, North Vernon, Seymour, Carpenter Industries, Inc. div of Spartan Industries,Crown By Carpenter - CoachBuilt.com" 1408:

was downsized for 1977 to reduce vehicle weight and fuel consumption. The Cadillac Division built 1,299 commercial chassis for 1977; of that total, only 21 Lifeliner Cadillac ambulances were manufactured by Wayne's Miller-Meteor subsidiary.

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became the sole Canadian distributor of Wayne Works school buses. Named for Halsey V. Welles (who founded H. V. Welles Ltd. in 1925), Welles Corporation was first established as Warford Corp. of Canada to distribute Warford transmissions.

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In 1973, Indian Head established a joint business venture with Thyssen-Bornemisza Group N.V., a Dutch holding company. In 1975, the rest of Indian Head Industries was sold to (and folded into) Thyssen-Bornemisza, a conglomerate based in

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In 1967, Divco-Wayne sold off its namesake truck manufacturing arm to air conditioning manufacturer Transairco. As part of the sale, Transairco shifted manufacturing of Divco trucks in 1969 from Detroit to Delaware, Ohio, lasting until

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Facing a similar market situation as Wayne did at the beginning of the decade, Carpenter continued to struggle for market share through the end of the 1990s, leading to its closure. In 1998, the company was acquired by Michigan-based

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Following World War I, Wayne Works began to produce the School Car in large numbers; alongside changes in education funding and school modernization, the motorized school bus was a contributing factor in the decline of rural

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After 1980, Wayne faced difficulty competing in a market with overcapacity. Declaring bankruptcy, the company discontinued operations in 1992 and its assets were liquidated. Later in 1992, the Wayne brand was reorganized as

876:(or similar vehicles); using a heavy-duty frame, the vehicle was a bare chassis aft of the dashboard, leaving all exterior and interior bodywork to be completed by coachbuilders (much of the vehicle was completed by hand). 860:(quoted from a leading trade association) "is loosely defined as a custom-bodied vehicle, based on passenger car styling, and used in the funeral, rescue or livery services." Such vehicles may be ambulances, funeral cars ( 1709:(a separate company produced full-size Superior school buses), the company converted a full-size van, adding a raised roof, reinforced body sides, and split-sash windows. In 1987, "Superior" was dropped as a prefix. 618:

as a standard color for school buses, the conference resulted in the development of a number of industry-wide standards, including the adoption of forward-facing seats and the standardization of many body dimensions.

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In the late 1880s, Wayne Agricultural fell into receivership and was nearly closed; in 1888, the company was reorganized as Wayne Works. In 1902, Wayne Works was forced to rebuild after a fire destroyed the factory.

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unusual appearance, the front bodywork also maximized the use of flat glass and flat-paneled sheetmetal. Described by some observers as "severe" in its appearance, the Papoose earned other nicknames even less kind.

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van, the step van chassis was built with dual rear wheels and shipped to a body manufacturer with a bare frame. Often referred to as a "P-chassis", step-van chassis were produced by both Ford or General Motors.

1015: 1620:. During 1987, its Welles factory in Canada was destroyed by fire; to keep the division in business, Wayne had to remodel a separate factory in Windsor; in June 1990, the Welles division was closed entirely. 3331: 2460: 1141:

rust-proofing equipment, and paint booths. Although export buses would remain shipped in CKD form (to ease shipping), the new factory allowed all buses to leave the factory fully assembled and driveable.

3301: 910:. Over the years the Miller hearses became known and used throughout the world. The Miller Co. was combined with Wayne's existing professional car subsidiary, Meteor Motor Car Company, forming the new 1530:

The mini-taxi project was dropped by Wayne. For potential liability reasons, the frequently seen "Rabbitransit" at the Richmond plant could not be sold for highway use and it was later destroyed.

1133:. In response, $ 450,000 was raised by the community of Richmond and local UAW to persuade the company to build on a 100-acre parcel of land outside of the city, located near the intersection of 635:

For World War II, as with other school bus manufacturers, Wayne Works retooled as a military supplier for the Armed Forces. From 1942 to 1945, Wayne would produce 22,857 ambulance bodies for the

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In the early 1970s, the principal platform for school buses smaller than conventional types but with more than 4 wheels was the truck chassis in widespread use for commercial delivery work: the

872:, vehicles specially built to combine multiple functions (hearse-ambulances, sedan ambulances or invalid coaches). From the 1930s to the 1970s, a common starting point for such vehicles was the 574:

The 1930s marked a number of significant changes in school bus design. Among other manufacturers, Wayne would introduce changes that have remained part of school bus design, even decades later.

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The 1870s saw two major events that would change the company forever. In 1871, Wayne Agricultural Company was founded out of a reorganization of the foundry ownership (deriving its name from

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services, found having a dealership provided both a source and an input to product design at Wayne, as well as a natural outlet for sale of surplus equipment at the end of contract periods.

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to Mid Bus. The adoption of an existing design largely eliminated development and engineering costs, but through its production as a Wayne, the Busette had grown popular (especially among

498:. Its "School Car" featured perimeter seating with wooden bench seats. Other wagons at the time adapted for transporting students were referred to as "school hacks,","school trucks," or " 1190:

and its subsidiaries in 1968. Indian Head Inc. acquired Wayne Corp., which its history recorded as "maker of school buses, ambulances, hearses, professional cars" from Divco-Wayne.

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in the early part of the 20th century. However, the small company found it could not compete in the general market with the larger automobile makers, so they began specializing in

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as a second-party conversion on its conventional-chassis body. In contrast to later front-engine buses, the driver sat on top of the front axle (instead of before the front axle).

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4x4 chassis. The military also were supplied with other vehicles from the company, including mobile machine shops and buses. Along with conventional-chassis buses, Wayne produced

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windows. In addition, the company began to phase in the heavy-duty reinforced side rails seen on school buses, "collision rails" or "guard rails" became an added safety feature.

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would change the design of the school bus forever. Although Wayne Works was not a participant, the results would lead to many industry-wide changes. Along with the adoption of

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production in 1990). The school buses restarted production largely unchanged, with the most notable revision being a change in chassis suppliers for the Lifestar.

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Through nearly 160 years of existence, Wayne went through several ownership and name changes. From 1955 to 1975 alone, the business underwent periods under the ownership of

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highway transportation of completed buses became more practical, and school bus bodies became more sophisticated, the assembly of complete bodies onto truck chassis in the

1295:. Although Wayne needed specialized equipment to manufacture the Lifeguard's body panels, the design also reduced overall body weight and man-hours required for assembly. 1129:

As early as 1964, Divco-Wayne started plans for the construction of a new plant. In need for over 100 acres of land to build a factory, the company purchased a site in

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In late 1950, Wayne Works changed hands, as the Jeffery Ives Corporation acquired Wayne Works from the Clements family, involved with the company ownership since 1897.

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Local # 721 which were intended to make the company more efficient, Wayne Corporation (and its Canadian subsidiary, Welles, Ltd.) were sold by Thyssen to new owners.

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was introduced. In response, Comet Coach renamed itself Cotner-Bevington Coach Company, taking on the names of its two founders; the company also relocated from

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Divco-Wayne Corporation acquired two professional car manufacturers, Miller-Meteor and Cotner-Bevington; both companies produced funeral cars and ambulances.

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In the school bus marketplace, Wayne struggled alongside its competitors. In 1986, a major potential order for Wayne in Canada was split between Wayne and

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luxury cars, beginning with the 1977 model year, forced major changes upon professional car builders, who were dependent upon car frames purchased from

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to distribute a separate bus; the joint venture resulted in Crown becoming the West Coast distributor for Wayne. The same year, Welles Corporation of

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in United States. Although fewer children lived within walking distance of school, school systems consisted of fewer but larger multi-room schools.

416:) for school buses, most of which became applicable on April 1, 1977. In the years after, Wayne continued to be a leader in bus safety engineering. 1774:

Though retaining its official corporate name, Carpenter considered the transformation of its bus line so extensive that it changed its branding to

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From 1958 to 1959, the company owned Divco-Wayne Electronics. In a $ 1.5 million purchase of the Electronics Division of Gruen Watch Company of

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completed their elementary and secondary educations. Bidding competition for reduced volumes became devastating to profits and even liquidity.

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was formed by three former Superior employees and seven co-workers, choosing to specialize in small school buses. Debuting a small bus named

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At the time of its acquisition by Divco-Wayne, Cotner-Bevington specialized primarily in ambulances based on Oldsmobile commercial chassis.

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product lines. By 1980, the company was one of the "Big Six" school bus body manufacturing companies in the United States, competing with

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facility. From 1959 to 1961, the company produced the Divco Dividend bus, a Divco truck modified with seats and windows from Wayne buses.

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derived from its bus body. By 1927, Wayne introduced the use of steel for its external body panels (combined with a wood internal frame).

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which in 2004 was producing a line of funeral coaches and limousines on Cadillac and Lincoln chassis under the Miller-Meteor brand name.

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Following the failure of the Papoose, Wayne chose to develop an even smaller school bus, becoming the first manufacturer to adapt a

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For 1952, the company introduced a redesigned bus body, introducing wraparound rear windows and an optional wraparound windshield.

522:). By combining the kid hack wagon body with an automotive chassis, Wayne Works helped create the school bus in its earliest form. 2852: 2361: 800: 655:

Following World War II, Wayne Works began to adapt for new markets for its vehicles. In 1948, Wayne entered a joint venture with

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even after all North American assembly was eventually centralized in Richmond, Indiana and Windsor, Ontario in the early 1960s.

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A few years later, the rights to the Miller-Meteor name were acquired and resurrected by another professional car builder in

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remained in production under a single generation for longer. Divco trucks have become popular collectible vehicles today.

682:. In 1954, the company acquired Meteor Motor Car and A.J. Miller Company in 1956, merging them together as Miller-Meteor. 348: 2380: 2423: 1118: 1396:

Cotner-Bevington was closed in 1975, with Thyssen selling off its assets; Miller-Meteor was closed at the end of 1979.

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delivery vehicles, nearly all vehicle manufacturing was completed through Wayne and its professional car subsidiaries.

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chassis; the wider rear axle provided an extra margin of stability and capability over converted passenger vehicles.

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bus body manufacturers. In 1944, as the end of World War II approached, Wayne returned to building all-steel bodies.

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became centralized at locations owned by the body companies. The companies often continued to ship "kits" overseas.

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stake) did not see any potential return on any further investments made on the company, voting to end the venture.

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Richmond Transportation Corporation (RTC) declared bankruptcy in August 1992, with the company put up for auction.

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has a rare 1907 "Richmond" on display, along with horse-drawn "kid hack" also manufactured by the Wayne Works.

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Corporation; by 1961, all management of the merged company came from Wayne, with Glekel serving as president.

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The 1959 Cadillac Miller-Meteor Futura Duplex Ambulance "Ectomobile" that was used in the Ghostbusters films.

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coach bodies based on Wayne's technology and designs. These were marketed as Bosuga Wayne, utilizing mainly

1088: 1080: 1072: 943: 656: 3260: 3230: 3210: 3110: 3001: 2939: 2766: 2728: 2599: 2291: 1767: 1744: 1729: 1694: 1656: 1645: 1342: 1338: 442: 337: 177: 103: 92: 922:, originally the home of the A.J. Miller Company, under Divco-Wayne ownership, it was later relocated to 2991: 2907: 2511: 2491: 2403: 1578:. In the fall of 1986, the company was preparing to launch an initial public stock offering (IPO) when " 1418: 1414: 1364:

A downturn in North American school bus purchase volumes began in the late 1970s as the children of the

1334: 1064: 968: 841: 528: 478: 313: 1655:

for $ 2.1 million. Seeking to diversify beyond military production, BMY relaunched the Wayne brand as

1170: 434:

In 1967, Wayne opened the largest school bus manufacturing facility in the United States; adjacent to

3245: 3225: 3047: 2649: 1226: 1076: 1044: 539: 3346: 3265: 3215: 1803: 1579: 1571: 1543: 1539:

the millions, and the Thyssen owners were poised to end the relationship and financial hemorrhage.

919: 895: 822: 686: 401: 369: 328: 141: 788: 2949: 2922: 2532: 2516: 1795: 1714: 1652: 1516: 1496: 1390: 1358: 1130: 1084: 964: 1102:(CKDs) outside North America. By 1957, Wayne bus bodies were in use in 60 different countries. 1098:

Wayne Export was a Divco-Wayne division which specialized in selling disassembled Wayne bodies

678:

In the mid-1950s, Wayne expanded beyond bus manufacturing, as it acquired two manufacturers of

510: 3185: 3120: 3013: 2893: 2408: 2295: 1759: 1624: 1524: 898:. The A.J. Miller Company had begun in 1853 by making horse carriages and then started making 753: 615: 532: 495: 413: 365: 309: 188: 31: 1739:

Crown by Carpenter "Classic" school bus; produced with Wayne exterior and interior body parts

1288:

would only be needed for the interior structure, the guardrails, and at the rear of the bus.

65: 3100: 3080: 2976: 2537: 2495: 1779: 1752: 1735: 1690: 1660: 1281: 1214: 1121:

chassis. The venture was short-lived since the Spanish market for coach bodies was crowded.

1106: 1052: 955: 857: 818: 742: 679: 660: 287: 249: 1519:, Wayne's Engineering Department experimented with creation of a stretch conversion of the 1491:

In the early 1970s, Wayne introduced a full line of non-car-based ambulances; the Type III

3220: 2749: 2438: 2384: 2365: 2358: 2335: 2251: 1876: 1617: 1259: 939: 563: 471: 467: 2398: 1841:

Please help update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information.

364:

seen all over the United States and Canada. Beginning in the 19th century, craftsmen in

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In the 1910s, Wayne chose to become a body manufacturer for truck chassis (such as the

258: 244: 759:

Following the 1956 merger, Divco-Wayne continued manufacturing of Divco trucks in its

458: 3285: 3030: 2964: 2912: 2543: 1882: 1860: 1859:

than looking for a single, large corporation. At the end of 2006, the property along

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period of mergers and acquisitions of school bus manufacturers by chassis suppliers.

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In 1984, Richmond Transportation Corporation (RTC) was formed by Jack H. Dekruif, a

3160: 3155: 3037: 2944: 2221: 934: 611: 579: 551: 515: 2275: 2130: 1091:. These school bus contractors, several of whom were also involved in contracting 1153:

After several offers, the company was sold for $ 47.1 million in January 1968 to

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pulled by a semi-tractor; the latter buses could transport up to 150 passengers.

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In April 1939, a school bus industry conference hosted by rural education expert

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U.S. DOT, NHTSA, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards for School Buses (FMVSS)

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In 1984, following significant concessions by its unionized workers, members of

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Three design styles meet the criteria and are still in use today (as of 2017):

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1976 photograph of Wayne Lifeguard (foreground) and Wayne Busette school buses.

3240: 3090: 3042: 2959: 2861: 2657: 2548: 2469: 2377: 2314: 929: 899: 865: 636: 481:). In 1875, Wayne Agricultural relocated its operations to Richmond, Indiana. 381: 361: 317: 275: 239: 222: 752:

First built in 1926, Divco produced its delivery trucks until 1986; only the

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did well, and several Wayne dealer-contractors were expanding, most notably

1365: 1217:. Essentially developed as a newer, larger generation of the Divco truck or 907: 891:

in 1954. Meteor built professional cars, such as limousines and ambulances.

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In 1956, Wayne acquired A.J. Miller's professional car building company of

360:

Wayne is a name in school transportation that predates the familiar yellow

17: 327:

Among innovations introduced by the company were the first application of

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Wayne Corporation company logo, post-Indian Head ownership (c. 1975–1992)

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sequels, is a 1959 Cadillac fitted with a Miller-Meteor ambulance body.

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constructed from a 1945 Wayne bus body (with a 1925 Pierce-Arrow engine)

316:. During the middle 20th century, Wayne served as a leading producer of 3145: 2929: 2701: 2639: 1702: 1693:

industry and growing overcapacity among school bus body manufacturers,

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coachbuilder to standardize air conditioning on all vehicles produced.

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Alongside the rest of the full-size Cadillac product model line, the

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Wayne RD 9000 school bus (1995 prototype only; never mass-produced)

531:

built between 1901 and 1917. The Wayne County Historical Museum in

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The ultimate beginning of Wayne Corporation traces back to 1837 in

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in May 1991. The company had sought to restart production of the

1734: 1553: 1375: 1263: 1177: 1169: 722: 717: 626: 593: 509: 420: 263: 1790:, one of its largest chassis suppliers. In a similar situation, 2865: 2442: 1821: 301: 36: 1743:

Alongside Wayne, Indiana was home to school bus manufacturer

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A horse-drawn kid hack at the Wayne County Historical Museum

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In 1963, Wayne licensed the Spanish S.A. Bosuga to build in

1507:

an early version of a 1-ton truck-based modular ambulance.

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mpany. Founded in 1926, Divco was known for its pioneering

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controlling a 50% share of professional car manufacturing.

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final presence of the Wayne product line and brand name.

1623:

Shortly after the introduction of the Wayne Lifestar, the

1361:, manufacturers which traded primarily on the West Coast. 1675:

the RD-9000 later adopted by competitive manufacturers.

3332:

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States

932:, the vehicle used by the protagonists in the 1984 film 840:

By the mid-1960s, several other body companies (notably

57: 3302:

Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1995

2368:

School Bus Explorer Archives, retrieved on 2009-11-06.

1717:

agencies), providing for an existing customer base.

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In 1973, Wayne introduced the new design, branded the

1273:

the joints where body panels were fastened together.

1033:

Wayne Sentinel ambulance (GMC C20 Suburban 1969–1972)

1071:

were the largest. Others included Bus and Bodies of

1021:

1972 Oldsmobile 98 ambulance (Cotner-Bevington body)

3073: 2900: 2825: 2804: 2780: 2742: 2667: 2592: 2574: 2561: 2525: 2484: 2477: 1063:More than a few Wayne dealerships were operated by 631:

A former school bus that was built by Wayne in 1945

441:During the 1990s, Wayne was briefly reorganized as 396:used to haul oil field workers in the Middle East. 274: 257: 213: 201: 183: 173: 165: 147: 125: 117: 109: 99: 1697:of Lima, Ohio was shut down by its parent company 887:Wayne Works purchased Meteor Motor Car Company in 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 1009:1964 Cadillac ambulance with Miller-Meteor body. 1550:Richmond Transportation Corporation (1985-1992) 1310:Baron Hans Heinrich (Heini) Thyssen-Bornemisza 538:In 1922, Wayne introduced the Touring Home, a 2877: 2454: 1659:(WWV) and relocated bus manufacturing to its 1174:Logo used under ownership of Indian Head Inc. 8: 2610:American Transportation Corporation (AmTran) 1586:New-generation buses: Chaperone and Lifestar 85: 1604:For 1986, Wayne Corporation introduced the 782:Divco milk delivery truck (vintage unknown) 2884: 2870: 2862: 2571: 2481: 2461: 2447: 2439: 2414:Frank Cyr, Father of the Yellow School Bus 2399:Wayne County Historical Museum – main page 1909: 1241:chassis for school bus use. For 1973, the 394:huge bus bodies pulled by tractor trailers 84: 3151:General Motors Diesel Division (GM Coach) 2288:Ghostbusters: The Ultimate Visual History 1897:Wayne Chaperone II school bus (1985–1995) 1782:loosely based on its Cadet bus products. 1372:Closure of professional car manufacturing 1182:1969-1975 Wayne/International school bus 3236:Transportation Manufacturing Corporation 1864:buses and chassis of Wayne Corporation. 1442: 1316:Thyssen-Bornemisza ownership (1975-1984) 457: 368:at Wayne Works and its successors built 347: 2081: 1689:In 1980, following the collapse of the 1503:was a Type II ambulance and the Type I 1075:, Town & Country Transportation of 984: 769: 2254:LoHud.com obituary. (December 6, 2005) 1894:Wayne Chaperone school bus (1985–1995) 1758:In 1994, Carpenter relocated from its 1083:, Virginia Overland Transportation of 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 1393:to begin their conversion processes. 308:. The corporate headquarters were in 304:and other vehicles under the "Wayne" 7: 2309: 2307: 2286:Wallace, Daniel (October 27, 2015). 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 1873:Wayne Papoose school bus (1971–1973) 2723:1992; became Wayne Wheeled Vehicles 2674:Coach and Equipment Manufacturing ( 694:Divco-Wayne Corporation (1956-1968) 3317:Defunct companies based in Indiana 3307:Coachbuilders of the United States 3271:Yellow Coach Manufacturing Company 2935:Environmental Performance Vehicles 1640:Wayne Wheeled Vehicles (1993-1995) 25: 3327:1995 disestablishments in Indiana 1166:Indian Head ownership (1968-1975) 1137:and US 35 northwest of the city. 27:Defunct American bus manufacturer 2853:List of school bus manufacturers 2540:(renamed Micro Bird by Girardin) 1826: 1203:Small buses: Papoose and Busette 1026: 1014: 1002: 990: 926:, Meteor's old hometown nearby. 868:, service cars), limousines, or 799: 787: 775: 300:was an American manufacturer of 91: 41: 2795:1972; became Thomas Built Buses 2567:or last school bus manufacture) 2429:STN 100 Years of the School Bus 823:Kits were also shipped overseas 506:1900-1930: From wagons to buses 427:, "Indian Head, Inc.", and the 340:, doing business through 1995. 3322:1837 establishments in Indiana 3176:Les Enterprises Michel Corbeil 2620:Les Enterprises Michel Corbeil 2404:The old Wayne Works circa 1921 2316:Wayne RD 9000 School Bus Promo 1321:itself struggling to survive. 1308:, which was owned by one man: 745:, with many examples built as 280:Welles Corporation (1925–1990) 270:Thyssen-Bornemisza (1975–1984) 1: 3297:Companies established in 1837 3206:North American Bus Industries 2812:Hackney Brothers Body Company 1353:; the Big Six were joined by 1276:In 1967, safety engineers of 1161:Wayne Corporation (1968-1992) 1087:, and School Bus Services of 986:Divco-Wayne professional cars 668:1950-1956: End of Wayne Works 2472:manufacturers, North America 2424:The History of Miller-Meteor 2066: 2056: 2045: 2033: 2026: 2014: 590:1940s: Production transition 131:; 187 years ago 3196:Millennium Transit Services 3156:GM Truck and Coach Division 2565:(including date of closure 1406:Cadillac commercial chassis 874:Cadillac Commercial Chassis 153:; 29 years ago 3368: 2791:Perley A. Thomas Car Works 2069: 2067: 2063: 2052: 2042: 2029: 2027: 2020: 1927: 1924: 1914:Wayne Corporation Timeline 1912: 1753:Crown Supercoach Series II 1682: 1643: 1589: 1564:Corona del Mar, California 1474:Van body with raised roof 1257: 1254:Full-size buses: Lifeguard 1206: 846:Perley A. Thomas Car Works 715: 520:(body manufacturer unknown 29: 2850: 2706:1998; acquired by Collins 2600:Carpenter Industries, Inc 2581:Corbeil Bus Corporation ( 2485:Full-size and small buses 2378:Wayne RD 9000 promo video 2060: 2057: 2049: 2039: 2037: 2023: 2018: 2015: 1930: 1919: 1835:This article needs to be 1511:Rabbitransit: 41-MPG Taxi 1499:Tradesman panel van, the 1495:was based on the popular 1067:. ARA Transportation and 914:(M-M) division of Wayne. 812:Bus manufacturing (Wayne) 806:1962 Divco delivery truck 712:Delivery vehicles (Divco) 570:1930s: Safety innovations 449:Early history (1837-1956) 234:Second-stage manufacturer 90: 3136:Fifth Avenue Bus Company 3106:Canadian Car and Foundry 2502:GreenPower Motor Company 1347:Thomas Built Buses, Inc. 1043:Divco-Wayne Corporation 1039:Non-automotive divisions 429:Thyssen-Bornemisza Group 268:Indian Head (1968–1975) 30:Not to be confused with 3116:Crown Coach Corporation 2837:1957; still in business 2696:1993; still in business 2682:Crown Coach Corporation 2676:1999; still in business 2517:Thomas Built Buses, Inc 2030:Chaperone/Chaperone II 1768:crucial structural flaw 1749:Crown Coach Corporation 1355:Crown Coach Corporation 1299:Indian Head and Thyssen 1089:Shawnee Mission, Kansas 1081:Duncannon, Pennsylvania 1073:Plaistow, New Hampshire 967:, a few miles north to 623:World War II production 52:is written like a story 3261:Wayne Wheeled Vehicles 3231:Superior Coach Company 3211:Optima Bus Corporation 3111:Carpenter Body Company 3002:Motor Coach Industries 2767:Superior Coach Company 2729:Wayne Wheeled Vehicles 2626:; acquired by Collins) 2562:Defunct manufacturers 2292:San Rafael, California 2274:Mark Theobald (2004). 1903:school bus (1986–1995) 1891:Wayne Transette XT bus 1885:school bus (1973–1990) 1879:school bus (1973–1995) 1740: 1695:Superior Coach Company 1657:Wayne Wheeled Vehicles 1646:Wayne Wheeled Vehicles 1559: 1515:About the time of the 1381: 1343:Superior Coach Company 1335:Blue Bird Body Company 1269: 1186: 1175: 1065:school bus contractors 842:Blue Bird Body Company 632: 607: 523: 463: 443:Wayne Wheeled Vehicles 357: 338:Wayne Wheeled Vehicles 178:Wayne Wheeled Vehicles 2512:Lion Electric Company 2494:(small buses made by 2492:Blue Bird Corporation 2419:Divco Club of America 1738: 1557: 1419:Blytheville, Arkansas 1415:Kansas City, Missouri 1379: 1267: 1199:all-new body design. 1181: 1173: 969:Blytheville, Arkansas 954:Divco-Wayne acquired 703:Divco-Wayne structure 630: 597: 513: 479:Wayne County, Indiana 461: 351: 314:Wayne County, Indiana 66:neutral point of view 3246:U.S. Bus Corporation 3226:St Louis Car Company 2650:U.S. Bus Corporation 2478:Active manufacturers 2290:, Insight Editions. 1745:Carpenter Body Works 1482:Cutaway van chassis 1460:1-ton truck chassis 1339:Carpenter Body Works 1227:Carpenter Body Works 1194:New-generation buses 1077:Warren, Rhode Island 1059:Distribution network 1045:manufactured housing 540:recreational vehicle 423:(as "Divco-Wayne"), 370:horse-drawn vehicles 169:Defunct (bankruptcy) 58:rewrite this article 3266:White Motor Company 3216:Orion International 2754:1980; became AmTran 2245:Drimmer, Harold Lee 1888:Wayne Transette bus 1818:Fate of the factory 1707:Superior by Mid Bus 1572:cutaway van chassis 1544:United Auto Workers 1417:. The C-B plant in 1145:Divco-Wayne breakup 920:Bellefontaine, Ohio 896:Bellefontaine, Ohio 402:cutaway van chassis 329:cutaway van chassis 142:Union City, Indiana 87: 3337:Brass Era vehicles 2533:Collins Industries 2383:2011-07-07 at the 2364:2010-07-10 at the 2340:www.coachbuilt.com 2250:2011-07-27 at the 2226:www.coachbuilt.com 2135:www.coachbuilt.com 1796:Thomas Built Buses 1776:Crown by Carpenter 1741: 1730:Crown By Carpenter 1721:Crown by Carpenter 1653:Harsco Corporation 1560: 1517:1979 energy crisis 1497:Dodge B-series van 1432:Regulatory Changes 1391:Ford Motor Company 1382: 1270: 1187: 1176: 1131:Florence, Kentucky 1125:Factory relocation 1085:Richmond, Virginia 965:Memphis, Tennessee 633: 608: 524: 464: 358: 62:encyclopedic style 3312:Richmond, Indiana 3292:Wayne Corporation 3279: 3278: 3256:Wayne Corporation 3186:Marmon-Herrington 3121:Dupont Industries 3014:Phoenix Motorcars 2859: 2858: 2846: 2845: 2759:New Bus Company ( 2719:Wayne Corporation 2557: 2556: 2359:"Carpenter Buses" 2074: 2073: 1856: 1855: 1798:were acquired by 1760:Mitchell, Indiana 1701:. The next year, 1625:Blue Bird TC/2000 1525:Volkswagen Rabbit 1489: 1488: 852:Professional cars 794:Divco dairy truck 754:Volkswagen Beetle 743:delivery vehicles 680:professional cars 533:Richmond, Indiana 496:student transport 366:Richmond, Indiana 310:Richmond, Indiana 298:Wayne Corporation 294: 293: 264:Divco Corporation 250:Professional cars 189:Richmond, Indiana 86:Wayne Corporation 83: 82: 32:Wayne Enterprises 16:(Redirected from 3359: 3352:Vintage vehicles 3342:Veteran vehicles 3221:Pullman-Standard 2886: 2879: 2872: 2863: 2833:Kenworth-Pacific 2616:; became IC Bus) 2572: 2538:Girardin Minibus 2526:Small buses only 2496:Girardin Minibus 2482: 2463: 2456: 2449: 2440: 2387: 2375: 2369: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2346: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2311: 2302: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2255: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2233: 2232: 2218: 2145: 2144: 2142: 2141: 2127: 1910: 1851: 1848: 1842: 1830: 1829: 1822: 1691:professional car 1661:Marysville, Ohio 1443: 1282:Conway, Arkansas 1053:Cincinnati, Ohio 1030: 1018: 1006: 994: 956:Cotner-Bevington 950:Cotner-Bevington 870:combination cars 858:professional car 819:Windsor, Ontario 803: 791: 779: 661:Windsor, Ontario 564:one-room schools 462:Early Wayne logo 288:Cotner-Bevington 161: 159: 154: 139: 137: 132: 95: 88: 78: 75: 69: 60:to introduce an 45: 44: 37: 21: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3357: 3356: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3251:Ward Body Works 3069: 2896: 2892:North American 2890: 2860: 2855: 2842: 2821: 2800: 2776: 2750:Ward Body Works 2738: 2663: 2588: 2566: 2563: 2553: 2521: 2473: 2467: 2395: 2390: 2385:Wayback Machine 2376: 2372: 2366:Wayback Machine 2357: 2353: 2344: 2342: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2305: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2258: 2252:Wayback Machine 2243: 2239: 2230: 2228: 2220: 2219: 2148: 2139: 2137: 2129: 2128: 2083: 2079: 1877:Wayne Lifeguard 1870: 1852: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1831: 1827: 1820: 1813: 1723: 1687: 1681: 1648: 1642: 1637: 1614: 1594: 1588: 1552: 1536: 1534:Sale by Thyssen 1513: 1471:Heavy-duty van 1380:Combination car 1374: 1351:Ward Body Works 1318: 1301: 1278:Ward Body Works 1262: 1260:Wayne Lifeguard 1256: 1211: 1205: 1196: 1168: 1163: 1147: 1127: 1100:knock-down kits 1061: 1041: 1034: 1031: 1022: 1019: 1010: 1007: 998: 995: 952: 885: 854: 814: 807: 804: 795: 792: 783: 780: 720: 714: 705: 696: 670: 653: 625: 600:Galloping Goose 592: 572: 548: 508: 491: 472:Conestoga wagon 468:Dublin, Indiana 456: 451: 384:, military and 382:highway coaches 346: 286: 281: 269: 267: 204: 197: 191: 157: 155: 152: 135: 133: 130: 79: 73: 70: 55: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3365: 3363: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3284: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3171:LAG Motorcoach 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3067: 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Retrieved 2339: 2330: 2320:, retrieved 2315: 2287: 2282: 2240: 2229:. Retrieved 2225: 2138:. Retrieved 2134: 1920: 1913: 1857: 1844: 1836: 1808: 1804:Freightliner 1784: 1775: 1773: 1764: 1757: 1742: 1726: 1711: 1706: 1688: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1649: 1630: 1622: 1615: 1603: 1595: 1580:Black Monday 1568: 1561: 1541: 1537: 1529: 1514: 1504: 1500: 1493:Medi-cruiser 1492: 1490: 1452:Compartment 1439: 1435: 1423: 1421:was closed. 1411: 1403: 1395: 1383: 1363: 1359:Gillig Bros. 1323: 1319: 1302: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1275: 1271: 1248: 1236: 1232: 1224: 1212: 1197: 1188: 1183: 1152: 1148: 1139: 1128: 1104: 1097: 1079:, Rohrer of 1062: 1050: 1042: 980: 976: 973: 953: 935:Ghostbusters 933: 928: 916: 893: 886: 878: 855: 839: 827: 815: 765: 758: 751: 738: 734: 730: 726: 721: 706: 697: 684: 677: 674: 671: 654: 651:Post-war era 645: 634: 612:Frank W. Cyr 609: 584: 580:safety glass 576: 573: 560: 556: 552:Ford Model T 549: 537: 525: 519: 516:Ford Model T 492: 483: 476: 465: 440: 433: 418: 410: 398: 372:, including 359: 334: 326: 318:school buses 297: 295: 276:Subsidiaries 266:(1957–1968) 233: 232: 223:School buses 217: 184:Headquarters 100:Company type 71: 56:Please help 51: 3201:Neoplan USA 3181:Mack Trucks 3053:Volvo Buses 2630:Liberty Bus 1810:(holding a 1239:cutaway van 1093:paratransit 924:Piqua, Ohio 900:automobiles 889:Piqua, Ohio 866:flower cars 747:milk trucks 725:stands for 657:Crown Coach 637:Dodge WC-54 546:First buses 352:1988 Wayne/ 290:(1964–1980) 203:Area served 121:Wayne Works 118:Predecessor 18:Wayne Works 3347:1900s cars 3286:Categories 3241:Twin Coach 3091:AM General 3043:Trans Tech 2982:GreenPower 2658:Trans Tech 2549:Trans Tech 2470:School bus 2345:2023-06-25 2322:2023-06-25 2276:CoachBuilt 2231:2017-08-27 2140:2017-08-27 2077:References 2053:Lifeguard 1715:Head Start 1683:See also: 1612:Bankruptcy 1501:Care-O-Van 1400:Downsizing 908:ambulances 733:ndustrial 390:ambulances 362:school bus 240:Ambulances 74:March 2011 3126:Eagle Bus 3086:Aerocoach 3081:ACF-Brill 3026:REV Group 3007:New Flyer 2997:NFI Group 2965:Starcraft 2908:Blue Bird 2711:TAM-USA ( 2656:; became 2294:. p. 41. 2070:Lifestar 1727:See Also: 1523:-powered 1505:Guardian, 1479:Type III 1366:Baby Boom 1331:Transette 1293:Lifeguard 1225:In 1969, 1219:IHC Metro 1184:(retired) 1115:Barreiros 1107:Barcelona 685:In 1956, 500:kid hacks 489:Kid hacks 454:1837-1900 392:and even 374:kid hacks 356:Lifeguard 174:Successor 3166:Kenworth 3141:FitzJohn 3058:Nova Bus 3048:Vicinity 3038:Stallion 3019:Proterra 2977:Girardin 2955:ElDorado 2945:Champion 2381:Archived 2362:Archived 2248:Archived 2040:Papoose 2021:Busette 1921:Bus Type 1868:Products 1800:Navistar 1635:Epilogue 1485:Modular 1468:Type II 1463:Modular 1449:Chassis 1215:step van 938:and its 737:ehicles 529:Richmond 344:Overview 214:Products 110:Industry 3146:Flxible 3074:Defunct 3063:Prevost 2950:Collins 2702:Mid Bus 2640:Mid Bus 2058:Type D 2047:Type C 2035:Type B 2016:Type A 1837:updated 1703:Mid Bus 1685:Mid Bus 1679:Mid Bus 1599:Mid Bus 1576:Laidlaw 1457:Type I 1327:Busette 1243:Busette 1069:Laidlaw 904:hearses 862:hearses 761:Detroit 729:etroit 604:railbus 514:A 1922 156: ( 148:Defunct 134: ( 126:Founded 104:Private 3131:Fageol 3096:AmTran 2987:IC Bus 2972:Gillig 2960:Glaval 2923:Thomas 2901:Active 2692:Gillig 2507:IC Bus 2298: 1931:1990s 1928:1980s 1925:1970s 1792:AmTran 1521:diesel 1349:, and 1306:Monaco 1111:Pegaso 930:Ecto-1 835:Canada 404:, the 306:marque 259:Parent 64:and a 2918:Setra 2826:1950s 2805:1960s 2781:1970s 2743:1980s 2668:1990s 2593:2000s 2575:2010s 1446:Type 767:1986. 723:Divco 718:Divco 421:Divco 414:FMVSS 312:, in 302:buses 218:Buses 3191:MASA 3101:Beck 2992:Lion 2930:DINA 2816:1966 2771:1985 2761:1989 2733:1995 2713:1991 2686:1991 2654:2007 2644:2008 2634:2005 2624:2008 2614:2002 2604:2001 2583:2016 2296:ISBN 2011:'95 1993:'89 1963:'79 1802:and 1794:and 1618:Ward 1389:and 1357:and 1329:and 1113:and 944:2021 942:and 940:1989 906:and 856:The 844:and 833:and 296:The 166:Fate 158:1995 151:1995 136:1837 129:1837 3031:ENC 2061:RE 2008:'94 2005:'93 2002:'92 1999:'91 1996:'90 1990:'88 1987:'87 1984:'86 1981:'85 1978:'84 1975:'83 1972:'82 1969:'81 1966:'80 1960:'78 1957:'77 1954:'76 1951:'75 1948:'74 1945:'73 1942:'72 1939:'71 1936:'70 1280:of 1119:AEC 598:A " 502:." 320:in 140:in 3288:: 2338:. 2306:^ 2259:^ 2224:. 2149:^ 2133:. 2084:^ 1766:a 1601:. 1345:, 1341:, 1337:, 1312:. 971:. 864:, 821:. 739:CO 474:. 431:. 388:, 380:, 324:. 192:, 2885:e 2878:t 2871:v 2839:) 2835:( 2818:) 2814:( 2797:) 2793:( 2773:) 2769:( 2763:) 2756:) 2752:( 2735:) 2731:( 2725:) 2721:( 2715:) 2708:) 2704:( 2698:) 2694:( 2688:) 2684:( 2678:) 2660:) 2652:( 2646:) 2642:( 2636:) 2632:( 2622:( 2612:( 2606:) 2602:( 2585:) 2498:) 2462:e 2455:t 2448:v 2348:. 2234:. 2143:. 1849:) 1845:( 1839:. 1812:⅔ 1117:- 735:V 731:I 727:D 412:( 160:) 138:) 76:) 72:( 68:. 54:. 34:. 20:)

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