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exoskeletons involved in clinical activities, or in general, used in any hospital/clinic. Additionally, the recovery exoskeletons are normally classified in the medical class. Furthermore, the research class comprises the exoskeletons that are nowadays in their research development phase. The industrial class, as its name suggests, encompasses those exoskeletons made specifically for industrial activities. These exoskeletons are characterized for being used by people without any pathology seeking the avoidance of long-term physical damages. This description also applies to military exoskeletons. The civilian class is for the recovery or performance exoskeletons made for people to use in their homes or public spaces, aiding in tasks that people cannot perform as easily alone. Finally, there is a class for exoskeletons in which the applications do not fit into any of the previous classes.
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exoskeletons made to assist all the limbs, or most of the body. The upper body refers to the exoskeletons made for the upper limbs, and involving the chest, head, back, and/or shoulders. The lower body category refers to the exoskeletons made for the lower limbs: thighs, lower legs, and/or hips. Moreover, there are classes for specific limbs and specific joints. These classes include exoskeletons designed for the knee, ankle, hand, arm, foot, etc. Additionally, there is a special class for any other exoskeleton that is not included in the previous classes.
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263:. Legged locomotion systems were developed first, with the goal of assisting in the rehabilitation of paraplegics. In the course of developing active exoskeletons, the Institute also developed theory to aid in the analysis and control of the human gait. Some of this work informed the development of modern high-performance humanoid robots. In 1972, an active exoskeleton for rehabilitation of paraplegics that was pneumatically powered and electronically programmed was tested at Belgrade Orthopedic Clinic.
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apply energy. The energy needed to perform the movement is supplied by an external source. On the other hand, the passive class comprises exoskeletons that need the user to perform the movement to work; these exoskeletons do not have power sources. Thus, the user has to perform the movement, and while doing it, the exoskeleton facilitates the movement.
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suit was slow compared to a suit constructed of a single layer, and bugs caused "violent and uncontrollable motion by the machine" when moving both legs simultaneously. Hardiman's slow walking speed of 0.76 metres per second (2.5 ft/s) further limited practical uses, and the project was not successful.
248:. The suit was powered by hydraulics and electricity and amplified the wearer's strength by a factor of 25, so that lifting 110 kilograms (240 lb) would feel like lifting 4.5 kilograms (10 lb). A feature called force feedback enabled the wearer to feel the forces and objects being manipulated.
687:. According to Sarcos, the company has solved some of these issues related to battery technology, particularly consumption, reducing the amount of power required to operate its Guardian XO to under 500 watts (0.67 hp) and enabling its batteries to be "hot-swapped" without powering down the unit.
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Exoskeletons are not only designed for specific body parts; the exoskeletons may be designed more generally for only one hand, a leg, or even the complete body. Thus, the separation of the classes demonstrates the most common body parts exoskeletons can be built for. The full-body class refers to the
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Humans exhibit a wide range of physical size differences in both skeletal lengths and limb and torso girth, so exoskeletons must either be adaptable or fitted to individual users. In military applications, it may be possible to address this by requiring the user to be of an approved physical size in
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The powered technologies are separated into four main classes, with one specific class for hybrid and one for any other non-common power technology. The four main classes comprise the electric, hydraulic, and pneumatic actuators as the active action, and the mechanical systems as the passive action.
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The
Hardiman had major limitations, including its 680-kilogram (1,500 lb) weight. It was also designed as a master-slave system: the operator was in a master suit surrounded by the exterior slave suit, which performed work in response to the operator's movements. The response time for the slave
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A successful exoskeleton should assist its user, for example by reducing the energy required to perform a task. Individual variations in the nature, range and force of movements make it difficult for a standardized device to provide the appropriate amount of assistance at the right time. Algorithms
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features powered hip and knee motion to enable those with lower limb disabilities, including paraplegia as a result of spinal cord injury (SCI), to perform self-initiated standing, walking, and stair ascending and descending. ReStore, a simpler system by the same manufacturer, attaches to a single
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The last category comprises the application area for which the exoskeleton was made. Each exoskeleton may belong to one or more class. The military class comprises any exoskeleton used for any activity involving an army, navy, airforce, or any other military branch. The medical class comprises the
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The action category describes the type of help the exoskeleton gives the user, dividing exoskeletons into active and passive action. The active class comprises exoskeletons that give “active” aid to the user; in other words, these exoskeletons perform the movements without the need for the user to
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The general categorization suggests several feasible exoskeleton categories. Such categories have general classes, due to the wide quantity of exoskeletons in existence, and are the structure, the body part focused on, the action, the power technology, the purpose, and the application area varying
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full-body, powered exoskeleton prototype, which was hydraulically actuated and consumed 6,800 watts of power. By 2010, DARPA and Sarcos had more than halved that, to 3,000 watts, but still required the exoskeleton to be tethered to the power source. Nowadays, the Sarcos
Guardian XO is powered by
280:, and Heinlein's description of mobile infantry power suits inspired Reed to design a supportive exoskeleton. In 2001, Reed began working full-time on the project, and in 2005 he wore the 12th prototype in the Saint Patrick's Day Dash foot race in Seattle, Washington. Reed claims to have set the
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The earliest-known exoskeleton-like device was an apparatus for assisting movement developed in 1890 by
Russian engineer Nicholas Yagin. It used energy stored in compressed gas bags to assist in movement, although it was passive and required human power. In 1917, United States inventor Leslie C.
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has developed a draft risk assessment for exoskeletons and their use. The safety assessment is based on diverse experience including machine safety, personal protective equipment and risk analysis of physical stresses at work. The exoskeletons available on the market often fail to give adequate
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In 2018, Spanish exoskeleton provider Gogoa
Mobility was the first European company to get a CE approval for their powered lower body HANK exoskeleton for medical use. The CE approval covered the use of HANK for rehabilitation due to Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), Acquired Brain Damage (ABD) &
509:
For its application in the broadest sense, industrial exoskeletons must be lightweight, comfortable, safe, and minimally disruptive to the environment. For some applications, single-joint exoskeletons (i.e. intended to assist only the limb involved in specific tasks) are more appropriate than
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is intended to activate the recovery of muscle work. In addition powered exoskeletons can improve the quality of life of individuals who have lost the use of their legs by enabling system-assisted walking. Exoskeletons—that may be called "step rehabilitation robots"—may also help with the
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are even suitable for lesion heights above T12 in order to promote the patient's own activity to such an extent that the therapeutical mobilization can be successful. In contrast to an orthosis, an exoskeleton takes over a large part of the active muscle work, while an
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order to be issued an exoskeleton. Physical body size restrictions already occur in the military for jobs such as aircraft pilots, due to the problems of fitting seats and controls to very large and very small people. For soft exoskeletons, this is less of a problem.
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for walking in robot suits by completing the 4.8-kilometre (3 mi) race at an average speed of 4 kilometres per hour (2.5 mph). The
Lifesuit prototype 14 can walk 1.6 km (1 mi) on a full charge and lift 92 kg (203 lb) for the wearer.
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has developed two general purpose powered exoskeletons, CAPIO and VI-Bot. These are primarily being used for teleoperation. Exoskeleton technology is also being developed to enhance precision during surgery, and to help nurses move and carry heavy patients.
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858:(CDC) has called for research to address the potential dangers and benefits of the technology, noting potential new risk factors for workers such as lack of mobility to avoid a falling object, and potential falls due to a shift in center of gravity.
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Mobility aids are frequently abandoned for lack of usability. Major measures of usability include whether the device reduces the energy consumed during motion, and whether it is safe to use. Some design issues faced by engineers are listed below.
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The exoskeleton’s purpose defines what the exoskeleton will be used for. This category has only two classes: recovery and performance. The recovery exoskeletons are used for rehabilitation; the performance exoskeletons are used for assistance.
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Passive exoskeleton technology is increasingly being used in the automotive industry, with the goal of reducing worker injury (especially in the shoulders and spine) and reducing errors due to fatigue. They are also being examined for use in
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has developed a series of ergonomic exoskeletons for robotic teleoperation, including the EXARM, X-Arm-2 and SAM exoskeletons. The target application is telemanipulation of astronaut-like robots, operating in a remote harsh
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company in 2018. Designed for lifting and holding loads weighing up to 60 kg (130 lb) and collecting information about the environment using sensors. More than 20 exoskeletons have been tested and are used at the
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In 1986, an exoskeleton called the
Lifesuit was designed by Monty Reed, a US Army Ranger who had broken his back in a parachute accident. While recovering in the hospital, he read Robert Heinlein's science fiction novel
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or during aging. Several prototype exoskeletons are under development. The Ekso GT, made by Ekso
Bionics, is the first exoskeleton to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for stroke patients. The
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introduced a passive spring-loaded exoskeleton called the Comau MATE which provides antigravitational support to the user. The exosuit supports the upper arms and spine to help facilitate work and reduce physical
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Voilqué, Anthony; Masood, Jawad; Fauroux, J.C.; Sabourin, Laurent; Guezet, Olivier (March 25, 2019). "Industrial
Exoskeleton Technology: Classification, Structural Analysis, and Structural Complexity Indicator".
393:, an exoskeleton can be an additional option for the supply of aids if the structural and functional properties of the neuromuscular and skeletal system are too limited to be able to achieve mobilization with an
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The biomechanical efficacy of exoskeletons in industrial applications is however still largely unknown. Companies have to conduct a risk assessment for workplaces at which exoskeletons are to be used. The
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full-body powered suits. Full-body powered exoskeletons have been developed to assist with heavy loads in the industrial setting, and for specialized applications such as nuclear power plant maintenance.
270:(LANL) proposed an exoskeleton called Pitman, a powered suit of armor for infantrymen. The design included brain-scanning sensors in the helmet and was considered too futuristic; it was never built.
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flexibility is another challenge since the spine is effectively a stack of limited-motion ball joints. There is no simple combination of external single-axis hinges that can easily match the full
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exoskeleton project was put on hold. A variety of "slimmed-down" exoskeletons have been developed for use on the battlefield, aimed at decreasing fatigue and increasing productivity. For example,
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Bosch, Tim; van Eck, Jennifer; Knitel, Karlijn; de Looze, Michiel (1 May 2016). "The effects of a passive exoskeleton on muscle activity, discomfort and endurance time in forward bending work".
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has unveiled a full-body, powered exoskeleton, the
Guardian XO, which can lift up to 200 pounds (91 kg). Their "Alpha" version was demonstrated at the 2020 Consumer Electronics Show with
3877:"Anthropometric Cockpit Compatibility Assessment of US Army Aircraft for Large and Small Personnel Wearing a Cold Weather, Armored Vest, Chemical Defense Protective Clothing Configuration"
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Wandercraft produces
Atalante, the first powered exoskeleton to allow users to walk hands-free, unlike most powered medical exoskeleton that require the simultaneous use of crutches.
675:. This is a particular issue if the exoskeleton is intended to be worn "in the field", i.e. outside a context in which the exoskeleton can be tethered to external power sources via
885:: an international competition in which people with physical disabilities compete against each other to complete everyday tasks using state-of-the-art technical assistance systems.
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401:, exoskeletons are interesting as an alternative to an orthosis under this criterion for lesion heights above the thoracic vertebra (T12). In patients with incomplete paraplegia
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345:, also called exo-suits, are instead made with materials that allow free movement of the structural components. Exo-suits are often made with, yet not restricted to, textiles.
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719:. However, steel is heavy and the powered exoskeleton must work harder to overcome its own weight, reducing efficiency. Aluminium alloys are lightweight, but fail through
642:(BLEEX) consisted of mechanical metal leg braces, a power unit, and a backpack-like frame to carry a heavy load. The technology developed for BLEEX led to SuitX's Phoenix.
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and improve existing muscle functions. Currently, there are products that can help humans reduce their energy consumption by as much as 60 percent while carrying things.
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SuitX's Phoenix is a modular, light and cheap exoskeleton, powered by a battery backpack that allows paraplegics to walk at up to 1.8 kilometres per hour (1.1 mph).
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Rigid exoskeletons are those whose structural components attached to the user’s body are made with hard materials. Such materials include metals, plastics, fibers, etc.
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621:. MATE’s spring-loaded actuation box stores energy through an advanced mechanism during the extension phase, and then returns it to the user during the flexion phase.
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is a wearable robot that comes in multiple configurations. HAL is currently in use in Japanese and US hospitals and was given global safety certification in 2013.
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563:'s Walking Assist Device is a partial exoskeleton to help those with difficulties walking unsupported. It was given pre-market notification by the FDA in 2019.
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aims to sense and synchronize with the user's intended motion and relay the signal to motors which manage the gears. The exoskeleton also protects the user's
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547:'s EskoGT is a hydraulically powered exoskeleton system allowing paraplegics to stand and walk with crutches or a walker. It was approved by the FDA in 2019.
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1744:"Establishing Prognosis and Maximizing Functional Outcomes After Spinal Cord Injury: A Review of Current and Future Directions in Rehabilitation Management"
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have considerably higher strength per weight. "Soft" exoskeletons that attach motors and control devices to flexible clothing are also under development.
528:
Japet Exoskeleton is a powered lower-back exoskeleton for work and industry based on established passive braces. It is intended to reduce lumbar pressure.
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649:, WALL-X was shown in 2013 to reduce the metabolic cost of normal walking. This result was achieved by optimizing the controls based on the study of the
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534:'s Indego Exoskeleton is an FDA-Cleared, electrically powered support system for legs that helps spinal cord injury patients and stroke patients walk.
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821:. Because accurate alignment is challenging, devices often include the ability to compensate for misalignment with additional degrees of freedom.
635:(HULC) was abandoned after tests showed that wearing the suit caused users to expend significantly more energy during controlled treadmill walks.
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also face the challenge of being lightweight, yet powerful. Technologies used include pneumatic activators, hydraulic cylinders, and electronic
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449:) launched the Warrior Web program in September 2011 and has developed and funded several prototypes, including a "soft exosuit" developed by
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Näf, Matthias B.; Koopman, Axel S.; Baltrusch, Saskia; Rodriguez-Guerrero, Carlos; Vanderborght, Bram; Lefeber, Dirk (June 21, 2018).
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Näf, Matthias B.; Junius, Karen; Rossini, Marco; Rodriguez-Guerrero, Carlos; Vanderborght, Bram; Lefeber, Dirk (September 1, 2018).
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Developing a full-body suit that meets the needs of soldiers has proven challenging. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (
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to tune control parameters to automatically optimize the energy cost of walking are under development. Direct feedback between the
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212:, although it does provide mechanical benefits and protection to the user. This also explains the difference of an exoskeleton to
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Exoskeletons are being developed to help firefighters and other rescue workers to climb stairs while carrying heavy equipment.
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de la Tejera, Javier A.; Bustamante-Bello, Rogelio; Ramirez-Mendoza, Ricardo A.; Izquierdo-Reyes, Javier (24 December 2020).
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470:'s ONYX suit aims to support soldiers in performing tasks that are "knee-intensive", such as crossing difficult terrain.
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Ferris, Daniel P.; Schlink, Bryan R.; Young, Aaron J. (2019-01-01), "Robotics: Exoskeletons", in Narayan, Roger (ed.),
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Neurodegenerative Illnesses. In Feb 2020, their knee specific exoskeleton called Belk also received a CE approval.
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acting in parallel to the wearer's movements. This system was able to supplement human power with external power.
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3331:"Misalignment Compensation for Full Human-Exoskeleton Kinematic Compatibility: State of the Art and Evaluation"
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799:, with the center of rotation inside the body. Since no two individuals are exactly alike, fully mimicking the
38:
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Malcolm, Philippe; Derave, Wim; Galle, Samuel; De Clercq, Dirk; Aegerter, Christof Markus (13 February 2013).
1974:
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Koopman, Axel S.; Kingma, Idsart; Faber, Gert S.; de Looze, Michiel P.; van Dieën, Jaap H. (23 January 2019).
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In the 1960s, the first true 'mobile machines' integrated with human movements began to appear. A suit called
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Looze, Michiel P. de; Bosch, Tim; Krause, Frank; Stadler, Konrad S.; O’Sullivan, Leonard W. (May 3, 2016).
1721:"Current status of acute spinal cord injury pathophysiology and emerging therapies: promise on the horizon"
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and motorized prosthetics ("neuro-embodied design") has also been implemented in a few high-profile cases.
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Spada, Stefania; Ghibaudo, Lidia; Gilotta, Silvia; Gastaldi, Laura; Cavatorta, Maria Pia (1 July 2018).
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of a joint movement is not possible. Instead, the exoskeleton joint is commonly modeled as a series of
3211:"UC Berkeley researchers developing robotic exoskeleton that can enhance human strength and endurance"
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Monty K Reed (October 10, 2014). "LIFESUIT Exoskeleton Gives the Gift of Walking so They Shall Walk".
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consideration to safety aspects, in some cases despite claims to the contrary by their manufacturers.
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918:(1959) is credited with introducing the concept of futuristic military armor. Other examples include
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2656:"Subjective assessment of a lumbar exoskeleton's impact on lower back pain in a real work situation"
1408:"A survey in the different designs and control systems of powered-exoskeleton for lower extremities"
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1141:"Effects of a passive exoskeleton on the mechanical loading of the low back in static holding tasks"
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lithium-ion batteries and is applicable for military logistics applications. In 2019, the US Army's
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2421:"Analysis of Exoskeleton Introduction in Industrial Reality: Main Issues and EAWS Risk Assessment"
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3267:"A Simple Exoskeleton That Assists Plantarflexion Can Reduce the Metabolic Cost of Human Walking"
3082:"Guardian XO Alpha: Up Close and Personal with the Sarcos Robotics Full-Body Powered Exoskeleton"
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1320:"Final Report On Hardiman I Prototype For Machine Augmentation Of Human Strength And Endurance"
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movement with increased strength and endurance. The exoskeleton is designed to provide better
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While exoskeletons can reduce the stress of manual labor, they may also pose dangers. The US
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braided pneumatic actuator or McKibben air muscle, is also used to enhance tactile feedback.
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and inability to modulate power smoothly, as well as the periodic need to replenish volatile
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At about the same time, early active exoskeletons and humanoid robots were developed at the
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Zingman, Alissa; Earnest, G. Scott; Lowe, Brian D.; Branche, Christine M. (June 15, 2017).
2812:"Through the Help of a Robotic Exoskeleton, a Collegeville Man Gets a Chance to Walk Again"
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Moulart, Mélissa; Olivier, Nicolas; Giovanelli, Yonnel; Marin, Frédéric (1 November 2022).
2511:"Exoskeletons for industrial application and their potential effects on physical work load"
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1028:, experimental quadrupedal vehicle; also known as the "Cybernetic Anthropomorphous Machine"
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Kelley developed what he called a pedomotor, which operated on steam power with artificial
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One of the biggest problems facing engineers and designers of powered exoskeletons is the
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3987:"18 suits of power armor from science fiction you don't want to meet on the battlefield"
3825:"Open-source bionic leg: First-of-its-kind platform aims to rapidly advance prosthetics"
3575:"ReWalk Robotics shows off a soft exosuit designed to bring mobility to stroke patients"
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1357:"Do You Even Lift, Bro? Hardiman Was GE's Muscular Take On The Human-Machine Interface"
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984: – Articulated pressure resistant anthropomorphic housing for an underwater diver
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Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance
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1801:"Spinal Cord Injury Medicine. 3. Rehabilitation Phase After Acute Sinap CordInjury"
1678:"Systematic Review of Exoskeletons towards a General Categorization Model Proposal"
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2427:. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 602. pp. 236–244.
1104:"Wearable Robotics, Industrial Robots and Construction Worker's Safety and Health"
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is a design issue for traditional "hard" robots. Several human joints such as the
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474:'s group has identified that exoskeletons can reduce a soldier's response times.
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3709:"Passive Back Support Exoskeleton Improves Range of Motion Using Flexible Beams"
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1110:. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 595. pp. 31–36.
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have been used in some prototypes but also suffer from several safety problems.
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would require frequent replacement or recharging, and may risk explosion due to
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3183:"Feature: Can we build an 'Iron Man' suit that gives soldiers a robotic boost?"
2314:"Auberon exoskeleton takes the strain out of firefighting in towering infernos"
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exoskeletons for upper-limb for assisting shoulder flexion-extension movements;
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3680:"Glove powered by soft robotics to interact with virtual reality environments"
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987:
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951:, among other factions, are known to use different kinds of Power Armour, the
919:
756:
724:
692:
158:
154:
146:
131:
3734:
3725:
3364:
3002:"Roam Robotics Announces $ 2500 Soft Exoskeleton For Skiers and Snowboarders"
2689:
2544:
2450:
2232:"Power-multiplying exoskeletons are slimming down for use on the battlefield"
1769:
1290:
1267:
1220:
1167:
594:
ExoMed's ExoHeaver is electrically powered exoskeleton, designed for Russian
5116:
5010:
4709:
4408:
4226:
2095:
1975:"Wearable exoskeleton lets researchers in Russia control a robot in Germany"
1426:
1259:
1014:
882:
599:
492:
411:
406:
394:
230:
213:
135:
3752:
3310:
2707:
2552:
1947:"Demo: The Ekso GT Robotic Exoskeleton for Paraplegics and Stroke Patients"
1858:"One step at a time: Rehabilitation robots that will keep 'elderly' mobile"
1777:
1228:
1175:
4058:
4031:"We unbox the $ 200 'power armor' Fallout 76 version so you don't have to"
5156:
5106:
4581:
4325:
4310:
4231:
4069:
3771:"Forget Iron Man: skintight suits are the future of robotic exoskeletons"
3032:
2870:
2731:"Innovation Factory: How Parker Hannifin Pumps Out Breakthrough Products"
1835:
923:
792:
752:
606:
237:
201:
174:
4101:
2260:"Lockheed Martin shows off Orlando-built exoskeleton tech for U.S. Army"
1694:
1677:
1415:
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Biomechanics, Rational Publication
541:
leg to assist with gait retraining, and was approved by the FDA in 2019.
5086:
4667:
4201:
3602:"Military exoskeletons uncovered: Ironman suits a concrete possibility"
3108:"Delta reveals exoskeletons, free Wi-Fi and a binge button at CES 2020"
2970:"Gogoa Mobility Robots announces CE Mark Approval for HANK Exoskeleton"
2340:"Passive Exoskeletons Establish A Foothold In Automotive Manufacturing"
1701:
993:
824:
Soft exoskeletons bend with the body and address some of these issues.
711:
Early exoskeletons used inexpensive and easy-to-mold materials such as
618:
209:
127:
3355:
3330:
3133:"«Норникель» выпустит интеллектуальную версию экзоскелета - Норникель"
2535:
578:
Roam Robotics produces a soft exoskeleton for skiers and snowboarders.
44:"Exosuit" redirects here. For a brand of atmospheric diving suit, see
5141:
4692:
4687:
3519:
Frumento, Christopher; Messier, Ethan; Montero, Victor (2010-03-02).
3056:"Sarcos offers fully mobile, insanely strong industrial exoskeletons"
2757:"Exoskeleton Device Donated to San Diego VA Will Help Rehabbing Vets"
2344:
602:
595:
584:
537:
458:
416:
205:
4092:
Video and abstract about the GAIT Robotic Orthosis (via IEEE Xplore)
208:
for movements, adding more stress and making the user more prone to
3909:"Exoskeletons in Construction: Will they reduce or create hazards?"
2602:"Panasonic's robotic exoskeletons could help nuclear plant workers"
2576:"Battery-powered, full-body exoskeleton lets users lift 200 pounds"
505:
exoskeletons for lumbar support for assisting manual lifting tasks.
5111:
4659:
1009:
804:
742:
712:
613:
560:
446:
436:
368:
186:
178:
150:
50:
37:"Mobile suit" redirects here. For the fictional mecha robots, see
27:
Wearable machine meant to enhance a person's strength and mobility
193:, and stabilizes movements when lifting and holding heavy items.
5146:
1891:
696:
182:
4554:
4105:
2287:"Leia Stirling leads study on exoskeletons and decision making"
1545:
4070:
Video, images and articles about the Bleex exoskeleton project
3854:
3156:
990: – Corrective medical device worn around a patient's back
908:, miners, astronauts and colonists. The science fiction novel
788:
691:
offer high energy output, but problems include exhaust fumes,
3028:"Wandercraft's exoskeleton was made to help paraplegics walk"
2920:"Honda's exoskeleton is one (assisted) step closer to launch"
1705:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1568:"Man's dream is that Lifesuit will help paralyzed walk again"
2206:"SOCOM's Iron Man Must Die, So Iron Man Spinoffs Might Live"
1831:"Robotic exoskeletons are changing lives in surprising ways"
865:
has not prepared any safety standards for exoskeletons. The
389:
In medical application, e.g. with complete paraplegia after
4550:
4075:
University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)—Exo Arm Project
2838:"This $ 40,000 Robotic Exoskeleton Lets the Paralyzed Walk"
2045:"Hand-mounted exoskeleton system helps surgeons get a grip"
873:
was working on standards to be released beginning in 2019.
4088:, the world's first exoskeleton weight-lifting competition
3416:"Preventing Thermal Runaway in Electric Vehicle Batteries"
2180:"SOCOM Tests Sarcos Exoskeleton (No, It Isn't 'Iron Man')"
1622:
IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC 2014)
2786:"Bionic exoskeleton could transform lives of paraplegics"
2470:
2019 Wearable Robotics Association Conference (WearRAcon)
1596:"Paralyzed Man Walks Again: Thanks to LIFESUIT prototype"
380:
powered exoskeleton suit, commercially available in Japan
3470:"HULC Robotic Exoskeleton Powered by Hydrogen Fuel Cell"
3386:. National Academies Press. 31 August 2004. p. 40.
1742:
Burns, Anthony S.; Ditunno, John F. (15 December 2001).
1108:
Advances in Human Factors in Robots and Unmanned Systems
1799:
Kirshblum, Steven C.; Priebe, Michael M. (March 2007).
1288:
Yagin, Nicholas. "Apparatus for Facilitating Walking".
807:
with one degree of freedom for each axis of rotations.
759:. Elastic actuators are being investigated to simulate
4006:"Fallout 4 14.5 inch power armour figurine costs £279"
1707:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
679:, thus having to rely solely on onboard power supply.
3414:
Liebscher, Alysha; Gayman, Gary (December 26, 2018).
3239:"UC Berkeley exoskeleton helps the paralyzed to walk"
3237:
Affairs, Public; Berkeley, U. C. (February 4, 2016).
1294:
filed February 11, 1890 and issued November 18, 1890.
30:"Battlesuit" redirects here. For the board game, see
3444:"Exoskeleton Suit Problems That Need To Be Overcome"
2122:"Ekso Selected to Participate in Warrior Web Task B"
996: – Application of natural systems to technology
5180:
5074:
4998:
4961:
4916:
4814:
4658:
4588:
4371:
4324:
4192:
4146:
4139:
3797:"Exoskeletons Don't Come One-Size-Fits-All ... Yet"
3188:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
2893:"Japan's Robot Suit Gets Global Safety Certificate"
2866:"The Cyborgs Among Us: Exoskeletons Go Mainstream"
1079:"Industrial Exoskeletons: What You're Not Hearing"
498:These systems can be divided into two categories:
426:German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence
3962:"Fallout Power Armor helmet recalled due to mold"
3875:Cote, David O.; Schopper, Aaron W. (1984-07-01).
2425:Advances in Physical Ergonomics and Human Factors
1546:"Giving the Gift of Walking – a 501 C3 nonprofit"
1406:Baldovino, Renann; Jamisola, Rodrigo Jr. (2017).
1383:"Exoskeletons for Human Performance Augmentation"
763:in human limbs and provide touch perception. The
2368:"Checking Out Ford's Factory Floor Exoskeletons"
3521:"History and Future of Rehabilitation Robotics"
3106:German, Kent; Collins, Katie (7 January 2020).
1017: – Motion picture camera stabilizer mounts
4097:SARCOS Military Humanoid Exoskeleton (YouTube)
1918:"Patients Walk Again with the HAL Exoskeleton"
1459:"When Were Active Exoskeletons Actually Born?"
1452:
1450:
904:books and media as the standard equipment for
867:International Organization for Standardization
4566:
4117:
2025:. Robotics Innovation Center—DFKI. 2010-12-31
2004:. Robotics Innovation Center—DFKI. 2013-12-31
1940:
1938:
1885:Moore, Elizabeth Armstrong (March 15, 2011).
1309:filed April 24, 1917 and issued July 1, 1919.
863:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
457:. In the early 2000s, DARPA funded the first
8:
1887:"HAL-5: The exoskeleton robot 'to suit you'"
1457:Vukobratovic, Miomir K. (February 7, 2017).
1439:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
896:List of films featuring powered exoskeletons
161:technologies, while allowing for sufficient
3383:Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors
2995:
2993:
1244:"Exoskeletons: a review of recent progress"
329:General model to classify the exoskeletons
4573:
4559:
4551:
4533:
4143:
4124:
4110:
4102:
3914:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3653:"Robotic Fingers Are Learning How to Feel"
3376:
3374:
2779:
2777:
2462:
2460:
2291:Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology
2178:Freedberg, Sydney J Jr. (March 18, 2019).
1719:James W. Rowland, Gregory W. J. Hawryluk.
1046:
1044:
1042:
856:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3742:
3724:
3354:
3300:
3290:
2697:
2679:
2635:. Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung
2534:
2100:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
1759:
1693:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
869:published a safety standard in 2014, and
130:that is wearable over all or part of the
3882:. Defense Technical Information Center.
3851:"Exoskeletons promise superhuman powers"
3764:
3762:
2899:. Agence France-Presse. 27 February 2013
2173:
2171:
2169:
2071:"Exoskeletons await in work/care closet"
1945:Strickland, Eliza (September 30, 2016).
1911:
1909:
1492:. Issue 1527: New Scientist. p. 31.
324:
204:and relies completely on the user's own
1038:
397:. In patients with complete paraplegia
287:
4389:Differential technological development
3629:Encyclopedia of Biomedical Engineering
3324:
3322:
3320:
1495:
1432:
4980:Simultaneous localization and mapping
3181:Cornwall, Warren (October 15, 2015).
2145:Kusek, Kristen (September 11, 2014).
1517:Pope, Gregory T. (December 1, 1992).
1051:Ferguson, Alan (September 23, 2018).
900:Powered exoskeletons are featured in
768:
653:of the human-exoskeleton interaction.
259:in Yugoslavia by a team led by Prof.
196:A powered exoskeleton differs from a
7:
3985:Liptak, Andrew (December 10, 2017).
2836:Brewster, Signe (February 1, 2016).
1973:Dormehli, Luke (November 15, 2016).
1829:Ashley, Steven (February 21, 2017).
1489:Armour-suited warriors of the future
1327:Defense Technical Information Center
1053:"Exoskeletons and injury prevention"
926:suit, the robot exoskeleton used by
640:Berkeley Lower Extremity Exoskeleton
441:Exoskeleton being developed by DARPA
4478:Future-oriented technology analysis
3468:Kantola, Kevin (January 26, 2010).
3080:Maronov, Bobby (10 December 2019).
1594:Reed, Monty K. (January 21, 2011).
964:franchise and the Exoskeleton from
4237:High-temperature superconductivity
3889:from the original on March 2, 2016
3216:University of California, Berkeley
2918:Davies, Chris (January 10, 2019).
2784:Fanning, Paul (October 11, 2012).
2338:Marinov, Borislav (May 15, 2019).
2258:Santana, Marco (January 4, 2019).
2043:Franco, Michael (March 15, 2017).
1916:Osbun, Ashley (February 8, 2019).
841:Adaptation to user size variations
25:
3026:Dent, Steve (27 September 2017).
2864:Maloney, Dan (January 28, 2019).
1329:. August 30, 1971. Archived from
200:, as the latter has no intrinsic
5244:
5233:
5232:
4649:
4532:
4349:Self-reconfiguring modular robot
4057:
3849:Wakefield, Jane (July 8, 2018).
3795:Collins, Steve (June 22, 2017).
3528:Worchetser Polytechnic Institute
3000:Ackerman, Evan (March 6, 2018).
2729:Alexander, Dan (15 April 2015).
2574:Haridy, Rich (January 3, 2019).
1761:10.1097/00007632-200112151-00023
1700:
1355:Keller, Mike (August 25, 2016).
1303:Kelley, C. Leslie. "Pedomotor".
1083:Occupational Health & Safety
311:
302:
293:
5245:
4004:Matulef, Jeffrey (2016-01-23).
3651:Siegel, R. P. (April 8, 2019).
3573:Heater, Brian (July 18, 2017).
3547:Kerns, Jeff (January 8, 2015).
3054:Salter, Jim (22 January 2020).
2755:Freeman, Danny (July 1, 2019).
2366:Stuart, S. C. (June 18, 2018).
2312:Ridden, Paul (April 18, 2018).
1566:Richman, Dan (March 11, 2005).
4242:High-temperature superfluidity
4029:Machkovech, Sam (2018-11-13).
3960:Gonzalez, Oscar (2019-09-25).
3769:Davis, Steve (June 26, 2016).
3631:, Elsevier, pp. 645–651,
3549:"The Rise of the Exoskeletons"
2478:10.1109/WEARRACON.2019.8719395
2069:Gilhooly, Rob (17 June 2012).
1160:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.11.033
268:Los Alamos National Laboratory
1:
4505:Technology in science fiction
3495:"Hydrogen Storage Challenges"
3442:Yellow Magpie (May 1, 2013).
3209:Yang, Sarah (March 3, 2004).
2681:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11420
2600:Hornyak, Tim (June 2, 2014).
2527:10.1080/00140139.2015.1081988
2230:Adams, Eric (June 28, 2018).
1548:. They Shall Walk. 2013-01-24
1005:List of emerging technologies
658:Limitations and design issues
3713:Frontiers in Robotics and AI
3292:10.1371/journal.pone.0056137
2810:Jacobs, Melissa (May 2019).
2433:10.1007/978-3-319-60825-9_26
2395:"Exoskeletons for Logistics"
2204:Egozi, Arie (May 24, 2019).
1242:Bogue, Robert (2022-06-30).
1213:10.1016/j.apergo.2015.12.003
1077:Blake McGowan (2019-10-01).
977:Affusto d'assalto/bari mount
828:Power control and modulation
633:Human Universal Load Carrier
4990:Vision-guided robot systems
3829:University of Michigan News
3823:Arbor, Ann (June 5, 2019).
1805:Spinal Cord Injury Medicine
1725:JNS Journal of Neurosurgery
1116:10.1007/978-3-319-60384-1_4
1102:Li, R.M.; Ng, P.L. (2018).
141:and powered by a system of
5324:
5210:Technological unemployment
4510:Technology readiness level
4446:Technological unemployment
4084:Issue 13.01, January 2005—
1624:. IEEE. pp. 382–385.
1573:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
1486:Hecht, Jeff (1986-09-25).
893:
689:Internal combustion engine
626:Projects on hold/abandoned
43:
36:
29:
5228:
5198:Workplace robotics safety
4647:
4528:
4493:Technological singularity
4453:Technological convergence
4269:Multi-function structures
3335:Applied Mechanics Reviews
1922:Electronic Component News
1866:. Reuters. April 12, 2017
1630:10.1109/GHTC.2014.6970309
4284:Molecular nanotechnology
4247:Linear acetylenic carbon
3726:10.3389/frobt.2018.00072
3244:University of California
2126:Robotics Business Review
2120:RBR Staff (2015-02-21).
1502:: CS1 maint: location (
266:In 1985, an engineer at
39:Gundam (fictional robot)
5046:Human–robot interaction
4458:Technological evolution
4431:Exploratory engineering
1260:10.1108/IR-04-2022-0105
1148:Journal of Biomechanics
982:Atmospheric diving suit
289:Some exoskeleton models
257:Mihajlo Pupin Institute
46:Atmospheric diving suit
4468:Technology forecasting
4463:Technological paradigm
4436:Proactionary principle
2147:"The $ 3 million suit"
2075:The Japan Times Online
1429:(inactive 2024-06-09).
1057:Safety+Health Magazine
797:ball and socket joints
748:
442:
381:
330:
63:
5152:Starship Technologies
4394:Disruptive innovation
4257:Metamaterial cloaking
4133:Emerging technologies
2949:European Space Agency
2945:"The ESA Exoskeleton"
2843:MIT Technology Review
1427:10.24243/JMEB/1.4.192
1306:U.S. patent 1,308,675
746:
568:European Space Agency
440:
378:Hybrid Assistive Limb
372:
334:from one to another.
328:
54:
5303:Robotic exoskeletons
5102:Energid Technologies
4441:Technological change
4384:Collingridge dilemma
4066:at Wikimedia Commons
4064:Powered exoskeletons
1000:Future Force Warrior
890:Fictional depictions
835:human nervous system
761:control of stiffness
747:Pneumatic air muscle
415:rehabilitation from
240:was co-developed by
157:or a combination of
5283:Industrial robotics
5193:Powered exoskeleton
4498:Technology scouting
4473:Accelerating change
4344:Powered exoskeleton
4301:Programmable matter
4179:Smart manufacturing
4174:Molecular assembler
4154:3D microfabrication
3347:2018ApMRv..70e0802N
3283:2013PLoSO...856137M
2672:2022Heliy...811420M
1863:The Express Tribune
1695:10.3390/app11010076
1466:Robotics Laboratory
1291:U.S. patent 440,684
861:As of 2018, the US
261:Miomir Vukobratović
198:passive exoskeleton
169:tolerance, and its
68:powered exoskeleton
55:An exhibit of the "
5308:Russian inventions
5273:1890 introductions
5162:Universal Robotics
5137:Intuitive Surgical
5127:Harvest Automation
5092:Barrett Technology
4874:Robotic spacecraft
4720:Audio-Animatronics
4515:Technology roadmap
4217:Conductive polymer
3608:. January 29, 2012
3086:Exoskeleton Report
2472:. pp. 13–20.
1200:Applied Ergonomics
916:Robert A. Heinlein
871:ASTM International
801:degrees of freedom
749:
631:Lockheed Martin's
451:Harvard University
443:
421:spinal cord injury
391:spinal cord injury
382:
331:
139:structural support
124:augmented mobility
64:
61:United States Army
59:" designed by the
5293:Military robotics
5260:
5259:
5203:Robotic tech vest
5132:Honeybee Robotics
4948:Electric unicycle
4901:remotely-operated
4548:
4547:
4367:
4366:
4316:Synthetic diamond
4212:Artificial muscle
4194:Materials science
4062:Media related to
3936:"About CYBATHLON"
3474:Hydrogen Cars Now
3356:10.1115/1.4042523
2978:. 22 October 2018
2293:. October 4, 2018
1524:Discover Magazine
911:Starship Troopers
850:Health and safety
775:Joint flexibility
343:Soft exoskeletons
277:Starship Troopers
32:Battlesuit (game)
16:(Redirected from
5315:
5288:Medical robotics
5248:
5247:
5236:
5235:
5220:Fictional robots
5188:Critique of work
4837:Unmanned vehicle
4653:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4552:
4536:
4535:
4483:Horizon scanning
4399:Ephemeralization
4359:Uncrewed vehicle
4279:Carbon nanotubes
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3775:The Conversation
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2019:
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1754:(24S): S137-45.
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1682:Applied Sciences
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1248:Industrial Robot
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1048:
944:Warhammer 40,000
770:
733:carbon nanotubes
647:Ghent University
315:
306:
297:
242:General Electric
108:cybernetic armor
104:robot armor suit
21:
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5263:
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5176:
5097:Boston Dynamics
5082:Amazon Robotics
5070:
4994:
4985:Visual odometry
4975:Motion planning
4957:
4912:
4832:Continuum robot
4815:Classifications
4810:
4673:Anthropomorphic
4654:
4645:
4641:AI competitions
4584:
4579:
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4363:
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4207:Amorphous metal
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2816:Main Line Today
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2237:Popular Science
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2203:
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2152:Harvard Gazette
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2020:
2016:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1944:
1943:
1936:
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1600:They Shall Walk
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1339:
1337:
1336:on July 6, 2019
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973:
902:science fiction
898:
892:
879:
852:
843:
830:
815:range of motion
777:
741:
717:aluminium alloy
709:
685:thermal runaway
669:
660:
645:A project from
628:
589:Delta Air Lines
532:Parker Hannifin
525:
488:
480:
468:Lockheed Martin
435:
387:
374:Steve Jurvetson
367:
323:
316:
307:
298:
246:US Armed Forces
226:
167:mechanical load
143:electric motors
96:high-tech armor
84:cybernetic suit
70:(also known as
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Wearable robots
15:
12:
11:
5:
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5215:Terrainability
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4827:Cloud robotics
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4381:
4375:
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4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
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4354:Swarm robotics
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4296:Picotechnology
4293:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4274:Nanotechnology
4271:
4266:
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4249:
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4089:
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4053:
4052:External links
4050:
4047:
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4021:
3996:
3977:
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3867:
3841:
3815:
3787:
3758:
3699:
3688:. May 30, 2017
3671:
3643:
3637:
3619:
3593:
3565:
3553:Machine Design
3539:
3511:
3486:
3460:
3434:
3421:Machine Design
3406:
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3229:
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2910:
2884:
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2828:
2802:
2773:
2747:
2721:
2666:(11): e11420.
2646:
2629:"Exoskeletons"
2620:
2592:
2566:
2521:(5): 671–681.
2501:
2487:97815386-80568
2486:
2456:
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2411:
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2278:
2250:
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2014:
1993:
1980:Digital Trends
1965:
1934:
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1446:
1421:(4): 103–115.
1398:
1381:Bellis, Mary.
1373:
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1254:(5): 813–818.
1234:
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966:S.T.A.L.K.E.R.
894:Main article:
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701:Hydrogen cells
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455:Wyss Institute
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321:Classification
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171:control system
126:) is a mobile
57:Future Soldier
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5167:Wolf Robotics
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5122:Foster-Miller
5120:
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5041:Developmental
5039:
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5019:
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4806:Soft robotics
4804:
4802:
4801:BEAM robotics
4799:
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4782:
4779:
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4772:
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4756:Entertainment
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4589:Main articles
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4520:Transhumanism
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4289:Nanomaterials
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3448:Yellow Magpie
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3006:IEEE Spectrum
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2607:Computerworld
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2097:
2096:"Warrior Web"
2091:
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2050:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1982:
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1952:IEEE Spectrum
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1519:"Power Suits"
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1026:Walking Truck
1024:
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949:Space Marines
946:
945:
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938:
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930:to fight the
929:
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917:
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906:space marines
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785:human anatomy
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681:Battery packs
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472:Leia Stirling
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100:robotic armor
97:
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89:
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81:
77:
76:powered armor
73:
69:
62:
58:
53:
47:
40:
33:
19:
5249:
5237:
5192:
5006:Evolutionary
4953:Robotic fins
4906:Robotic fish
4891:Telerobotics
4864:Nanorobotics
4854:Mobile robot
4791:Food service
4786:Agricultural
4636:Competitions
4621:Hall of Fame
4537:
4424:Robot ethics
4343:
4339:Nanorobotics
4306:Quantum dots
4079:
4038:. Retrieved
4035:Ars Technica
4034:
4024:
4013:. Retrieved
4009:
3999:
3990:
3980:
3969:. Retrieved
3965:
3955:
3943:. Retrieved
3939:
3930:
3918:. Retrieved
3912:
3902:
3891:. Retrieved
3870:
3858:. Retrieved
3844:
3832:. Retrieved
3828:
3818:
3806:. Retrieved
3800:
3790:
3778:. Retrieved
3774:
3716:
3712:
3702:
3690:. Retrieved
3685:ScienceDaily
3683:
3674:
3662:. Retrieved
3656:
3646:
3628:
3622:
3610:. Retrieved
3605:
3596:
3584:. Retrieved
3578:
3568:
3556:. Retrieved
3552:
3542:
3531:. Retrieved
3527:
3514:
3502:. Retrieved
3498:
3489:
3477:. Retrieved
3473:
3463:
3451:. Retrieved
3447:
3437:
3425:. Retrieved
3419:
3409:
3397:. Retrieved
3382:
3338:
3334:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3248:. Retrieved
3242:
3232:
3220:. Retrieved
3214:
3204:
3192:. Retrieved
3186:
3176:
3164:. Retrieved
3160:
3157:"Comau MATE"
3151:
3140:. Retrieved
3136:
3127:
3115:. Retrieved
3111:
3101:
3089:. Retrieved
3085:
3075:
3063:. Retrieved
3060:Ars Technica
3059:
3049:
3037:. Retrieved
3031:
3021:
3009:. Retrieved
3005:
2980:. Retrieved
2973:
2964:
2952:. Retrieved
2948:
2939:
2927:. Retrieved
2923:
2913:
2901:. Retrieved
2897:IndustryWeek
2896:
2887:
2875:. Retrieved
2869:
2859:
2847:. Retrieved
2841:
2831:
2819:. Retrieved
2815:
2805:
2793:. Retrieved
2789:
2764:. Retrieved
2760:
2750:
2738:. Retrieved
2734:
2724:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2637:. Retrieved
2632:
2623:
2611:. Retrieved
2605:
2595:
2583:. Retrieved
2579:
2569:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2469:
2424:
2414:
2402:. Retrieved
2398:
2389:
2377:. Retrieved
2371:
2361:
2349:. Retrieved
2343:
2333:
2321:. Retrieved
2317:
2307:
2295:. Retrieved
2290:
2281:
2269:. Retrieved
2263:
2253:
2241:. Retrieved
2235:
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2209:
2199:
2187:. Retrieved
2183:
2156:. Retrieved
2150:
2140:
2129:. Retrieved
2125:
2115:
2103:. Retrieved
2099:
2090:
2078:. Retrieved
2074:
2064:
2052:. Retrieved
2048:
2038:
2027:. Retrieved
2017:
2006:. Retrieved
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1978:
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1950:
1925:. Retrieved
1921:
1896:. Retrieved
1890:
1880:
1868:. Retrieved
1861:
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1834:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1808:
1804:
1794:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1685:
1681:
1621:
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1599:
1589:
1577:. Retrieved
1571:
1561:
1550:. Retrieved
1540:
1528:. Retrieved
1522:
1512:
1488:
1481:
1469:. Retrieved
1465:
1435:cite journal
1418:
1414:
1401:
1390:. Retrieved
1386:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1360:
1350:
1338:. Retrieved
1331:the original
1326:
1314:
1299:
1284:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1151:
1147:
1134:
1107:
1097:
1086:. Retrieved
1082:
1072:
1060:. Retrieved
1056:
956:
955:used in the
943:
935:
928:Ellen Ripley
909:
899:
877:Major events
860:
853:
844:
831:
823:
809:
778:
750:
729:carbon fiber
710:
677:power cables
673:power supply
670:
667:Power supply
661:
651:biomechanics
571:environment.
553:Cyberdyne's
545:Ekso Bionics
512:
508:
497:
489:
481:
444:
388:
365:Applications
359:
355:
351:
347:
340:
336:
332:
282:speed record
275:
272:
265:
254:
250:
235:
227:
197:
195:
134:, providing
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
80:powered suit
79:
75:
71:
67:
65:
5298:Prosthetics
5026:Open-source
4879:Space probe
4869:Necrobotics
4859:Microbotics
4822:Biorobotics
4751:Educational
4734:Articulated
4715:Animatronic
4700:Claytronics
4488:Moore's law
4419:Neuroethics
4414:Cyberethics
4184:Utility fog
4169:Claytronics
4159:3D printing
3945:1 September
3658:Design News
3399:18 February
2373:PC Magazine
1207:: 212–217.
1062:October 19,
953:Power Armor
819:human spine
781:flexibility
757:servomotors
610:enterprise.
88:robot armor
72:power armor
5278:Body armor
5267:Categories
5066:Ubiquitous
5056:Perceptual
4963:Navigation
4918:Locomotion
4896:Underwater
4781:Disability
4729:Industrial
4379:Automation
4264:Metal foam
4040:2020-10-30
4015:2020-10-30
3971:2020-10-30
3893:2016-02-20
3580:TechCrunch
3533:2016-02-20
3499:Energy.gov
3142:2022-10-06
2903:25 October
2536:10344/5646
2515:Ergonomics
2404:16 January
2131:2018-09-04
2029:2016-02-08
2008:2016-02-08
1552:2016-02-20
1392:2016-02-20
1361:GE Reports
1154:: 97–103.
1088:2018-10-10
1033:References
988:Back brace
962:video game
920:Tony Stark
765:air muscle
725:Fiberglass
693:waste heat
403:(ASIA B-D)
159:cybernetic
155:hydraulics
147:pneumatics
132:human body
92:robot suit
5117:Figure AI
5075:Companies
5051:Paradigms
5036:Adaptable
5016:Simulator
4710:Automaton
4705:Companion
4616:Geography
4409:Bioethics
4227:Fullerene
4010:Eurogamer
3991:The Verge
3940:CYBATHLON
3735:2296-9144
3365:0003-6900
2924:SlashGear
2716:253449651
2690:2405-8440
2580:New Atlas
2545:0014-0139
2496:169037039
2451:2194-5357
2318:New Atlas
2189:March 10,
2080:21 August
2049:New Atlas
1770:0362-2436
1688:(1): 76.
1498:cite book
1387:ThoughtCo
1276:248640941
1268:0143-991X
1221:0003-6870
1168:0021-9290
1015:Steadicam
934:queen in
932:Xenomorph
883:Cybathlon
793:shoulders
753:actuators
739:Actuators
723:quickly.
600:palladium
493:logistics
407:orthotics
231:ligaments
214:orthotics
136:ergonomic
5239:Category
5157:Symbotic
5107:FarmWise
5061:Situated
5031:Software
4999:Research
4943:Climbing
4766:Military
4761:Juggling
4746:Domestic
4678:Humanoid
4601:Glossary
4582:Robotics
4334:Domotics
4326:Robotics
4311:Silicene
4232:Graphene
3884:Archived
3753:33500951
3311:23418524
3271:PLOS ONE
3166:March 3,
3033:Engadget
2982:5 August
2871:Hackaday
2708:36425419
2553:26444053
2297:July 24,
2023:"VI-Bot"
1836:NBC News
1814:6 August
1786:30220082
1778:11805621
1648:35922757
1229:26851481
1184:54484633
1176:30514627
971:See also
924:Iron Man
707:Skeleton
607:smelting
523:Products
486:Industry
478:Civilian
433:Military
412:orthosis
399:(ASIA A)
395:orthosis
244:and the
238:Hardiman
202:actuator
191:overload
189:against
175:shoulder
120:exoframe
116:hardsuit
5251:Outline
5181:Related
5172:Yaskawa
5087:Anybots
4967:mapping
4936:Hexapod
4931:Walking
4776:Service
4771:Medical
4683:Android
4668:Aerobot
4611:History
4596:Outline
4202:Aerogel
4086:Ironmen
3920:July 8,
3860:July 8,
3834:July 8,
3808:July 8,
3780:July 7,
3744:7805753
3692:July 6,
3664:July 6,
3612:July 6,
3586:July 6,
3558:July 6,
3504:July 7,
3479:July 5,
3453:July 5,
3427:July 5,
3343:Bibcode
3302:3571952
3279:Bibcode
3250:July 5,
3222:July 4,
3194:July 5,
3117:6 April
3091:6 April
3065:6 April
3039:4 March
3011:July 6,
2954:July 5,
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