173:, who ran it as its lead weather story. Germany's ZDF television channel subsequently ran a phone in poll on 17 July 1991 and claimed that 72% of the 40,000 responses favoured keeping the names. This made the DWD pause and think about the naming system and these days the DWD accept the naming system and request that it is maintained. During 1998 a debate started about if it was discrimination to name areas of high pressure with male names and the areas of low pressure with female names. The issue was subsequently resolved by alternating male and female names each year. In November 2002 the "Adopt-a-Vortex" scheme was started, which allowed members of the public or companies to buy naming rights for a letter chosen by the buyer, that are then assigned alphabetically to high and low pressure areas in Europe during each year. During 2021, the Meteorological Services of Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary started to use the names assigned to areas of low pressure by FU Berlin.
138:
issues an orange warning (amber in the UK), which generally requires a likelihood of widespread sustained wind speeds greater than 65 km/h, or widespread wind gust speeds over 110 km/h. (Required wind speeds vary slightly by agency and by season.) Both the likelihood of impact and the potential severity of the system are considered when naming a storm. The
Southwest Group of Spain, Portugal, and France share a similar storm-naming scheme, though their names differ from those used by the Western Group. In Greece, however, naming criteria were established for storms when the storm's forecasted winds are above 50 km/h over land, with the wind expected to have a significant impact to infrastructures. In
165:'s meteorological institute, who suggested that names should be assigned to all areas of low and high pressure that influenced the weather of Central Europe. The university subsequently started to name every area of high or low pressure within its weather forecasts, from a list of 260 male and 260 female names submitted by its students. The female names were assigned to areas of low pressure while male names were assigned to areas of high pressure. The names were subsequently exclusively used by Berlin's media until February 1990, after which the German media started to commonly use the names, however, they were not officially approved by the German Meteorological Service
243:
wind was issued by either agency. The project also helped Met Éireann communicate the impacts of several systems, which impacted
Ireland in quick succession over the 2015-16 Christmas and New Year period. After the season, it was determined that the project was a success, as the names had been adopted and accepted by the public, the media and emergency responders. As a result, it was decided to expand the naming scheme to include other weather types such as rain and snow, if its impact could lead to significant flooding as advised by their partner agencies.
22:
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149:(FUB) names all high and low pressure systems that affect Europe, though they do not assign names to any actual storms. A windstorm that is associated with one of these pressure systems will at times be recognized by the name assigned to the associated pressure system by the FUB. Named windstorms that have been recognized by a European meteorological agency are described in this article.
273:, decided to set up their own naming scheme. The naming scheme was discussed throughout the year by email, before it was finalised in various web-conferences during the Autumn. It was decided that a system within the Atlantic Ocean or western Mediterranean Sea would be named if it was expected to cause an orange or red wind warning in either France, Spain or Portugal.
204:
this project was to develop a project that would be operated by all of the
European national meteorological services and used by the media as well as other agencies such as civil protection. For the purposes of the project, Europe was divided into six groups of neighbouring countries with similar weather and climate characteristics.
292:, named the system Allan and ordered the DMI to name storms affecting Denmark in the future. During the course of that winter, it became clear that not having a single naming system for significant weather in Europe, was causing confusion as the media used names from different schemes to describe the same storms.
331:(NOA) started to name weather systems, that would be expected to cause significant social and economic consequences in Greece. In order to do this, the NOA developed a number of criteria that took into account, what the meteorological hazard was as well as the size of the affected area and population at risk.
250:(KNMI) decided to join the scheme and name weather systems, in order to raise awareness of dangerous weather before it impacted the country. They decided to name a system if it was forecast to produce significant wind gusts over the country and result in the issuance of an orange or red weather warning.
203:
During 2013, in response to the increasing usage by the
European media of common names for any meteorological depression that caused disruptive weather, a task force of the Working Group for the Cooperation between European Forecasters (WGCEF) started to work on a naming scheme. The main objective of
151:
Naming conventions used in Europe are generally based on conditions that are forecast, not conditions that have actually occurred, as public awareness and preparedness are often cited as the main purpose of the naming schemes–for example, a reference. Therefore, an assignment of a storm name does not
242:
or starting with the letters Q, U, X, Y, Z omitted. It was also decided that any post-tropical cyclones that impacted Europe would retain its name and be referred to as "ex-hurricane". Over the next few months, a total of eleven storms were assigned a name whenever a yellow, amber or red warning for
1401:
Kotroni, Vassiliki; Lagouvardos, Konstantinos; Bezes, Antonis; Dafis, Stavros; Galanaki, Elisavet; Giannaros, Christos; Giannaros, Theodore; Karagiannidis, Athanasios; Koletsis, Ioannis; Kopania, Theodora; Papagiannaki, Katerina; Papavasileiou, Georgios; Vafeiadis, Vasilis; Vougioulas, Eustratios
137:
There is no universal definition of what constitutes a windstorm in Europe, nor is there a universally accepted system of naming storms. For example, in the
Western Group, consisting of the UK, Ireland, and the Netherlands, a storm is named if one of the meteorological agencies in those countries
237:
announced a 2-year pilot project, to name weather systems that were expected to impact either the UK or
Ireland. In order to decide which names were going to be used, members of the public were invited to submit names to the forecasters via social media, which was welcomed with enthusiasm as
120:
had failed to create a federal weather bureau and appoint him director, Wragge started naming cyclones after political figures. This system of naming weather systems subsequently fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired, until it was revived in the latter part of the
288:. As a result, this created confusion within Denmark as the public thought that three separate depressions, were impacting the country rather than a single system. During the aftermath of the system, the then minister responsible for the Danish Meteorological Institute
339:
Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Czechia, Austria, Hungary and
Slovakia. Storms from the FUB are only included if they haven't already been named by another group, or if they are expected to cause damage equal to or greater than storms named by any of the other groups
95:
The practice of using names to identify weather systems goes back several centuries, with systems named after places, people or things they hit before the start of the naming scheme. Credit for the first usage of personal names for weather is generally given to the
195:, once they become tropical storms with 1-minute sustained winds of 35 kn (40 mph; 65 km/h). From time to time, tropical cyclones or their remnants impact Europe and retain the name assigned to them by the United States National Hurricane Center.
75:
Other groups include the southwestern countries of
Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Spain and Portugal, and the northern group of Denmark, Sweden and Norway. Several countries in central and eastern Europe use a naming scheme from the
125:. Despite falling into disuse the naming scheme was occasionally mentioned in the press, with an editorial published in the Launceston Examiner newspaper on 5 October 1935 that called for the return of the naming scheme.
860:
Kotroni, V; Lagouvardos, K; Bezes, A; Dafis, S; Galanaki, E; Giannaros, C; Giannaros, T; Karagiannidis, A; Koletsis, I; Kopania, T; Papagiannaki, K; Papavasileiou, G, G; Vafeiadis, V, V; Vougioulas, E (2021).
104:, who named tropical cyclones and anticyclones between 1887–1907. Wragge used names drawn from the letters of the Greek alphabet, Greek and Roman mythology and female names, to describe weather systems over
169:. The DWD subsequently banned the usage of the names by their offices during July 1991, after complaints had poured in about the naming system. However, the order was leaked to the German press agency,
1275:
1278:[Storms are given names in association with Great Britain and Ireland] (Press release) (in Dutch). Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. 6 September 2019. Archived from
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thousands of names were suggested before they were reviewed by both centres. The first list of names was compiled and issued during
October 2015, with any names appearing on the
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931:"Naming the Weather: Institute of Meteorology at Freie Universität Assigns Names to Weather Highs and Lows for the Year Ahead: Starting September 25, 2013"
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to give a single, authoritative naming system to prevent confusion with the media and public using different names for the same storms. The first
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During
September 2013, the Danish media used 3 different names that had originated in Britain, Germany and Sweden to describe the
1404:"Storm Naming in the Eastern Mediterranean: Procedures, Events Review and Impact on the Citizens Risk Perception and Readiness"
863:"Storm Naming in the Eastern Mediterranean: Procedures, Events Review and Impact on the Citizens Risk Perception and Readiness"
1194:
566:
328:
1116:
Cusack, Evelyn; Paterson, Laura; Lang, William Jonathan; Csekits, Christian (September 2017). Lang, William Jonathan (ed.).
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Should a system move from one area to another then it will retain the name it was assigned by the original weather service.
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During 2017, encouraged by the success of the UKMO and Met Éireann naming scheme, the meteorological services of
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1031:[History of Naming Weather Systems]. The Free University of Berlin's Institute of Meteorology.
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follows several multinational schemes under the EUMETNET framework. On the north Atlantic coast, the
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Adamson, Peter (September 2003). "Clement Lindley Wragge and the naming of weather disturbances".
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on 10 November 2015. The definitive list is combined from suggestions from the three countries.
692:. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hurricane Research Division.
1337:. Vol. 23. Working Group for the Cooperation between European Forecasters. p. 23-37
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Tropical cyclones that form over the northern Atlantic Ocean are named by the United States
142:, a windstorm must have an hourly average windspeed of at least 90 km/h (25 m/s).
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762:
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1328:"Storm naming: the First Season of Naming by the South-west Group: Spain-Portugal-France"
825:"Storm naming: the First Season of Naming by the South-west Group: Spain-Portugal-France"
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Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Malta
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1195:"8 September 2015 – Help the Met Office and Met Éireann name our storms this winter"
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Tropical storms crossing the Atlantic keep the name assigned by the United States
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Hurricane Research Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory
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The oldest naming system in Europe was developed by Karla Wege, a student at the
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1364:(in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. 4 December 2013. Archived from
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974:. The Free University of Berlin's Institute of Meteorology. Archived from
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862:
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1276:"Stormen krijgen namen in samenwerking met Groot-Brittannië en Ierland"
686:"Subject: Tropical Cyclone Names: B1) How are tropical cyclones named?"
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608:
131:
2022–23 European windstorm season § Definitions and naming conventions
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The British Isles (Ireland and United Kingdom) and The Netherlands
1148:"New! Israel will also have names for significant weather events!"
1147:
527:"Abigail, First British Storm Ever Named, Slams Scotland, Ireland"
214:
20:
461:"Storm-naming system yet to be put in place as Rachel peters out"
56:(KNMI), decided to introduce a storm naming system following the
1008:"Germany bans naming storms 'mean Irene' after howls of protest"
573:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Slides 8–72.
60:
on 27–28 October 2013 which caused 17 deaths in Europe and the
935:
Freie Universität Berlin Office of Communication and Marketing
1326:
Leitao, Paula; Roulet, Bernard; Rey, Jaime (September 2018).
1249:. United Kingdom Met Office. 7 September 2015. Archived from
1171:. United Kingdom Met Office. 8 September 2015. Archived from
937:. Freie Universität Berlin. 23 September 2013. Archived from
823:
Leitao, Paula; Roulet, Bernard; Rey, Jaime (September 2018).
567:"They Called the Wind Mahina: The History of Naming Cyclones"
1304:(Press release). United Kingdom Met Office. 5 September 2019
483:"Met Éireann plans to start naming storms from next year"
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684:
Landsea, Christopher W; Dorst, Neal M (1 June 2014).
1014:. Newsday. p. F10 – via Newspapers.com.
622:
620:
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409:European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
1062:. Newsday. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
832:The European Forecaster (Newsletter of the WGCEF)
1074:"European Cold Front 'Cooper' Sponsored by Mini"
258:Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Spain and Portugal
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1056:"Female names for bad weather draw protests"
739:Met Éireann The Irish Meteorological Service
229:During September 2015, the United Kingdom's
1482:Winter weather events in the United Kingdom
1388:"Severe weather event naming list released"
1118:"WGCEF Task Team on Storm Naming in Europe"
690:Tropical Cyclone Frequently Asked Question
248:Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute
54:Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute
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1247:"Name our storms - Terms and conditions"
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709:"Letters to the Editor: Quite Weatherly"
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394:Winter storm naming in the United States
240:List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
152:mean that a storm will actually develop.
62:2013–14 Atlantic winter storms in Europe
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300:Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
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696:from the original on 10 December 2018.
25:EUMETNET groups naming lists by colour
316:Moldova, Romania, Serbia and Romania
7:
1035:from the original on 7 December 2013
1302:"Storm names for 2019-20 announced"
972:"History of Naming Weather Systems"
434:"Storm names for 2019-20 announced"
715:. Launceston, Tasmania. p. 15
459:Ahlstrom, Dick (15 January 2015).
187:History of tropical cyclone naming
145:The Meteorology Department of the
16:Overview of storm naming in Europe
14:
1224:. United Kingdom Met Office. 2016
565:Dorst, Neal M (23 October 2012).
312:South-Eastern Mediterranean Group
246:Ahead of the 2019-20 winter, the
1487:Winter weather events in Ireland
800:(in Dutch). KNMI. Archived from
707:Barnard, G. M (5 October 1935).
378:
364:
350:
129:This section is an excerpt from
774:. UK Met Office. Archived from
485:. The Journal. 21 December 2014
30:Weather system naming in Europe
1146:Savir, Amit (5 October 2021).
1029:"Geschichte der Namensvergabe"
903:"Storms in Denmark since 1891"
735:"Weather Warnings Explanation"
329:National Observatory of Athens
1:
1127:. Vol. 22. p. 48-50
741:. Met Éireann. Archived from
529:. NBC News. 12 November 2015.
157:The Free University of Berlin
40:, in collaboration with its
834:(23): 33–37. Archived from
507:. Met Office. 3 August 2016
414:List of European windstorms
320:Eastern Mediterranean Group
304:Central Mediterranean Group
281:Denmark, Sweden and Norway
183:Tropical cyclones in Europe
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1447:Met Office UK Storm Centre
335:Central (FUB Naming) Group
324:Greece, Cyprus and Israel
180:
128:
404:Atlantic hurricane season
193:National Hurricane Center
163:Free University of Berlin
147:Free University of Berlin
85:National Hurricane Center
78:Free University of Berlin
541:"Naamgeving van stormen"
1335:The European Forecaster
1125:The European Forecaster
399:Tropical cyclone naming
177:Tropical cyclone naming
171:Deutsche Presse-Agentur
1362:"Stormen hedder Bodil"
223:
167:Deutscher Wetterdienst
26:
1429:10.3390/atmos12111537
1222:"The power of a name"
888:10.3390/atmos12111537
798:"KNMI waarschuwingen"
505:"The power of a name"
372:United Kingdom portal
327:In January 2017, the
218:
118:Australian government
98:Queensland Government
48:and, since 2019, its
24:
1197:. Met Office gov.uk.
1175:on 24 September 2015
1477:European windstorms
1420:2021Atmos..12.1537K
1368:on 16 November 2018
1282:on 20 December 2019
1253:on 17 November 2015
978:on 29 November 2014
879:2021Atmos..12.1537K
804:on 17 February 2023
778:on 27 November 2021
745:on 19 February 2023
636:Weather and Climate
629:"What's in a Name?"
627:Smith, Ray (1990).
601:2003Wthr...58..359A
296:North-Eastern Group
254:South-Western Group
222:on 12 November 2015
58:St Jude's day storm
1012:The Ottawa Citizen
941:on 9 February 2023
224:
66:European windstorm
27:
1390:. 6 October 2023.
1169:"Name our storms"
1080:. 31 January 2012
841:on 2 January 2023
768:"UK Storm Centre"
609:10.1256/wea.13.03
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