305:
3264:
3251:
1858:
148:
1370:"URL mapping is the process by which a URL is analyzed to figure out what resource it is referring to, so that that resource can be returned to the requesting client. This process is performed with every request that is made to a web server, with some of the requests being served with a file, such as an HTML document, or a gif image, others with the results of running a CGI program, and others by some other process, such as a built-in module handler, a PHP document, or a Java servlet."
1333:
132:
3234:, lots of stream buffers and other implementation details); besides this, HTTP/2 and maybe HTTP/3 too, depending also on settings of web server and client program, may not be the best options for data upload of big or huge files at very high speed because their data streams are optimized for concurrency of requests and so, in many cases, using HTTP/1.1 TCP/IP connections may lead to better results / higher upload speeds (your mileage may vary)
156:
1717:
124:
830:
659:
754:
mitigate the problem of the shortage of persistent connections dedicated to dynamic objects used for bi-directional notifications of events in web pages. Within a year, these changes, on average, nearly tripled the maximum number of persistent connections that web servers had to manage. This trend (of increasing the number of persistent connections) definitely gave a strong impetus to the adoption of
1959:
27:
630:
470:
316:
167:
727:
suffered, even more, the competition of commercial servers and, above all, of other open-source servers which meanwhile had already achieved far superior performances (mostly when serving static content) since the beginning of their development and at the time of the Apache decline were able to offer also a long enough list of well tested advanced features.
445:, were made available to people interested in their usage. Although the source code was not formally licensed or placed in the public domain, CERN informally allowed users and developers to experiment and further develop on top of them. Berners-Lee started promoting the adoption and the usage of those programs along with their
3200:, especially if dynamic content is involved, to speed up the HTTP responses (i.e. by avoiding dynamic calls to retrieve objects, such as style sheets, images and scripts), that never change or change very rarely, by copying that content to static files once and then keeping them synchronized with dynamic content).
2536:
resources. Not only do these requests to the kernel take time, but they might not always be satisfied because the system reserves resources for its own usage and has the responsibility to share hardware resources with all the other running applications. Executing in user mode can also mean using more
1869:
and it has been configured to do so, then it is able to communicate with the proper internal module or external program (associated with the requested URL path) in order to pass to it the parameters of the client request. After that, the web server program reads from it its data response (that it has
1728:
and it has been configured to do so, then it is able to send file content whenever a request message has a valid URL path matching (after URL mapping, URL translation and URL redirection) that of an existing file under the root directory of a website and file has attributes which match those required
1649:
so that the program has the info it needs to run. (In this case, it will return an HTML document containing a view of forum entries ordered by thread from
October 15, 2021). In addition to this, the web server reads data sent from the external program and resends that data to the client that made the
1588:
and if it exists and it can be accessed then tries to find out an index file (which in this case does not exist) and so it passes the request to an internal module or a program dedicated to directory listings and finally reads data output and sends a response to the client's web browser. The response
758:
in front of slower web servers and it gave also one more chance to the emerging new web servers that could show all their speed and their capability to handle very high numbers of concurrent connections without requiring too many hardware resources (expensive computers with lots of CPUs, RAM and fast
1937:
An external SCGI program (it usually is a process) is started once by web server program or by some other program / process and then it waits for network connections; every time there is a new request for it, web server program makes a new network connection to it in order to send request parameters
726:
From 2005–2006, Apache started to improve its speed and its scalability level by introducing new performance features (e.g. event MPM and new content cache). As those new performance improvements initially were marked as experimental, they were not enabled by its users for a long time and so Apache
1318:
refers to the process of modifying and standardizing a URL in a consistent manner. There are several types of normalization that may be performed, including the conversion of the scheme and host to lowercase. Among the most important normalizations are the removal of "." and ".." path segments and
2471:
minutes) and that are accessed by a huge number of clients per minute / hour; in those cases it is useful to return cached content too (without calling the internal module or the external program) because clients often do not have an updated copy of the requested content in their browser caches.
774:
In fact supporting HTTP/2 often required radical changes to their internal implementation due to many factors (practically always required encrypted connections, capability to distinguish between HTTP/1.x and HTTP/2 connections on the same TCP port, binary representation of HTTP messages, message
753:
Around 2007–2008, most popular web browsers increased their previous default limit of 2 persistent connections per host-domain (a limit recommended by RFC-2616) to 4, 6 or 8 persistent connections per host-domain, in order to speed up the retrieval of heavy web pages with lots of images, and to
1981:
If a web server program is configured to do so and a requested URL path matches an existing directory and its access is allowed and no static index file is found under that directory then a web page (usually in HTML format), containing the list of files and/or subdirectories of above mentioned
2993:), maybe because of too many queries mixed with too many inserts or updates of DB data; in these cases web servers have to wait for back-end data responses before replying to HTTP clients but during these waits too many new client connections / requests arrive and so they become overloaded.
612:
In the second half of 1995, CERN and NCSA web servers started to decline (in global percentage usage) because of the widespread adoption of new web servers which had a much faster development cycle along with more features, more fixes applied, and more performances than the previous ones.
1948:
An external FastCGI program (it usually is a process) is started once by web server program or by some other program / process and then it waits for a network connection which is established permanently by web server; through that connection are sent the request parameters and read data
2455:
Dynamic content, output by an internal module or an external program, may not always change very frequently (given a unique URL with keys / parameters) and so, maybe for a while (e.g. from 1 second to several hours or more), the resulting output can be cached in RAM or even on a fast
2220:
have the capability of doing URL redirections to new URLs (new locations) which consists in replying to a client request message with a response message containing a new URL suited to access a valid or an existing web resource (client should redo the request with the new URL).
3215:
too, whenever available web server software has reliable support for the latter two protocols) in order to reduce a lot the number of TCP/IP connections started by each client and the size of data exchanged (because of more compact HTTP headers representation and maybe data
505:
In 1991–1993, CERN web server program continued to be actively developed by the www group, meanwhile, thanks to the availability of its source code and the public specifications of the HTTP protocol, many other implementations of web servers started to be developed.
809:
protocol could be reused as a starting point and because most used web browsers implemented it very quickly for the same reason. Another reason that prompted those developers to act quickly was that webmasters felt the pressure of the ever increasing
2824:
on the fly (when transferred), pre-compressed (i.e. when a file resource is stored on disk already compressed so that web server can send that file directly to the network with the only indication that its content is compressed) or not compressed at
1223:(e.g. in client requests or in its internal functioning) using syslog or some other system facilities; these log messages usually have a debug, warning, error, alert level which can be filtered (not logged) depending on some settings, see also
718:
Apache resulted in the most used web server from mid-1996 to the end of 2015 when, after a few years of decline, it was surpassed initially by IIS and then by Nginx. Afterward IIS dropped to much lower percentages of usage than Apache (see also
1542:, if it exists, and sends a response to the client's web browser. The response will describe the content of the file and contain the file itself or an error message will return saying that the file does not exist or its access is forbidden.
2155:
When an error response / message is received by a client browser, then if it is related to the main user request (e.g. an URL of a web resource such as a web page) then usually that error message is shown in some browser window / message.
2656:
for each new client request; usually benchmark tool shows how many requests have been satisfied within a scale of time laps (e.g. within 1ms, 3ms, 5ms, 10ms, 20ms, 30ms, 40ms) and / or the shortest, the average and the longest response
2567:(as soon as possible) to client requests; unless content response is throttled (by configuration) for some type of files (e.g. big or huge files), also returned data content should be sent as fast as possible (high transfer speed).
1302:
lower security risks (e.g. by intercepting more easily attempts to access static resources outside the root directory of the website or to access to portions of path below website root directory that are forbidden or which require
3794:
3652:
Server Side
Includes, rarely used, static HTML documents containing SSI directives are interpreted by server software to include small dynamic data on the fly when pages are served, e.g. date and time, other static file contents,
1693:(a virtual path or a directory listing) then its handler (an internal module or an external program) is called and request parameters (query string and path info) are passed to it in order to allow it to reply to that request;
2902:, also because it is limited by OS resources and because it can handle only a limited number of concurrent client connections (usually between 2 and several tens of thousands for each active web server process, see also the
2514:) can have direct access to kernel resources and so they can be, in theory, faster than those running in user mode; anyway there are disadvantages in running a web server in kernel mode, e.g.: difficulties in developing (
1439:
When a web server implements one or more of the above-mentioned advanced features then the path part of a valid URL may not always match an existing file system path under website directory tree (a file or a directory in
609:. This marked the entry, in the field of World Wide Web technologies, of a very important commercial developer and vendor that has played and still is playing a key role on both sides (client and server) of the web.
4664:
570:
thanks to the NCSA httpd source code being available to the public domain. At the beginning of 1995 those patches were all applied to the last release of NCSA source code and, after several tests, the
2201:) that usually forces the client browser to ask human user to provide required user credentials; if authentication credentials are provided then web server program verifies and accepts or rejects them.
509:
In April 1993, CERN issued a public official statement stating that the three components of Web software (the basic line-mode client, the web server and the library of common code), along with their
357:; therefore, for the sake of clarity and understandability, some key historical information below reported may be similar to that found also in one or more of the above-mentioned history articles.
2417:
expected from top level web servers, specially since mid-late 1990s, when web
Internet traffic started to grow exponentially along with the constant increase of speed of Internet / network lines.
2540:
Nowadays almost all web server software is executed in user mode (because many of the aforementioned small disadvantages have been overcome by faster hardware, new OS versions, much faster OS
928:: support for one or more versions of HTTP protocol in order to send versions of HTTP responses compatible with versions of client HTTP requests, e.g. HTTP/1.0, HTTP/1.1 (eventually also with
2116:
In practice whenever there is content that may vary, depending on one or more parameters contained in client request or in configuration settings, then, usually, it is generated dynamically.
2946:
attacks. A denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt to make a computer or network resource unavailable to its intended users.
2186:
If the authorization / access rights feature has been implemented and enabled and access to web resource is not granted, then, depending on the required access rights, a web server program:
1589:
will describe the content of the directory (list of contained subdirectories and files) or an error message will return saying that the directory does not exist or its access is forbidden.
817:
In 2020–2021 the HTTP/2 dynamics about its implementation (by top web servers and popular web browsers) were partly replicated after the publication of advanced drafts of future RFC about
783:
protocols HTTP/1.x would have been supported anyway by browsers for a very long time (maybe forever) so that there would be no incompatibility between clients and servers in next future;
2130:
NOTE: the following sections are reported only as examples to help to understand what a web server, more or less, does; these sections are by any means neither exhaustive nor complete.
1795:
and that directory is accessible and serving directory index file(s) is enabled then a web server program may try to serve the first of known (or configured) static index file names (a
388:
Between late 1990 and early 1991 the project resulted in
Berners-Lee and his developers writing and testing several software libraries along with three programs, which initially ran on
2785:
In practice some web server software models may require more OS resources (specially more CPUs and more RAM) than others to be able to work well and so to achieve target performances.
1267:
Once an HTTP request message has been decoded and verified, its values can be used to determine whether that request can be satisfied or not. This requires many other steps, including
2642:), is the number of connections per second accepted by web server (useful when using HTTP/1.0 or HTTP/1.1 with a very low limit of requests / responses per connection, i.e. 1 .. 20);
814:
and they really wanted to install and to try – as soon as possible – something that could drastically lower the number of TCP/IP connections and speedup accesses to hosted websites.
4561:
864:
by implementing one or more versions of HTTP protocol, often including the HTTPS secure variant and other features and extensions that are considered useful for its planned usage.
3835:
775:
priority, compression of HTTP headers, use of streams also known as TCP/IP sub-connections and related flow-control, etc.) and so a few developers of those web servers opted for
1927:
An external CGI program is run by web server program for each dynamic request, then web server program reads from it the generated data response and then resends it to client.
2974:(network) slowdowns (e.g. due to packet losses) so that client requests are served more slowly and the number of connections increases so much that server limits are reached.
1658:
Once a request has been read, interpreted, and verified, it has to be managed depending on its method, its URL, and its parameters, which may include values of HTTP headers.
1601:
the URL path specified by the client should refer to an existing external program (usually an executable file with a CGI) used by the web server to generate dynamic content.
3142:
small and medium-sized files, without affecting performances of dynamic site under heavy load, by using different settings for each (group) of web server computers, e.g.:
3755:
3668:
1736:
because usually it is not changed by the web server when it is sent to clients and because it remains the same until it is modified (file modification) by some program.
715:) that was known as one of the fastest and most scalable web servers available on market, at least till the first decade of 2000s, despite its low percentage of usage.
5273:
1826:
and that file is accessible by web server program and its attributes match internal rules of web server program, then web server program can send that file to client.
2335:
In order to speed up web server responses by lowering average HTTP response times and hardware resources used, many popular web servers implement one or more content
689:
about protocol versions HTTP/1.0 (1996) and HTTP/1.1 (1997, 1999), forced most web servers to comply (not always completely) with those standards. The use of TCP/IP
1476:
a program name (dynamic requests that is executed using CGI or SCGI interface and whose output is read by web server and resent to client who made the HTTP request).
1989:
Some web server programs allow the customization of directory listings by allowing the usage of a web page template (an HTML document containing placeholders, e.g.
1899:
In order to be able to communicate with its internal modules and/or external programs, a web server program must have implemented one or more of the many available
3529:
NOTE: (*) percentage rounded to integer number, because its decimal values are not publicly reported by source page (only its rounded value is reported in graph).
5949:
2447:(storage hardware with very high I/O speed) has slightly reduced but of course not eliminated the advantage of having a file cache incorporated in a web server.
5599:
5569:
5539:
5509:
5479:
5449:
4163:
2020:
is usually avoided or limited to a few selected directories of a website because that generation takes much more OS resources than sending a static index page.
5419:
4304:
502:
was installed at SLAC (U.S.A.). This was a very important event because it started trans-continental web communications between web browsers and web servers.
4330:
2242:
name but it does not have a final slash '/' so web server sends a redirect to client in order to instruct it to redo the request with the fixed path name.
1459:
Website's root directory may be specified by a configuration file or by some internal rule of the web server by using the name of the website which is the
304:
2409:
Even with the aid of an OS file cache, the relative / occasional slowness of I/O operations involving directories and files stored on disks became soon a
2420:
The problem about how to further efficiently speed-up the serving of static files, thus increasing the maximum number of requests/responses per second (
2138:
A web server program may reply to a client request message with many kinds of error messages, anyway these errors are divided mainly in two categories:
5909:
5389:
4962:
3059:
To partially overcome above average load limits and to prevent overload, most popular websites use common techniques like the following ones (e.g.).
2424:), started to be studied / researched since mid 1990s, with the aim to propose useful cache models that could be implemented in web server programs.
1480:
The web server appends the path found in requested URL (HTTP request message) and appends it to the path of the (Host) website root directory. On an
5904:
5798:
5067:
3927:
3656:
5335:
4696:
693:(HTTP/1.1) required web servers both to increase the maximum number of concurrent connections allowed and to improve their level of scalability.
5304:
1410:
other types of dynamic request in order to identify the program / module processor able to handle that kind of URL path and to pass to it other
794:
that till 2015 did not exist and so it would have required notable investments in developing and testing the implementation of the new protocol;
1703:
if request method is not known or if there is some other unacceptable condition (e.g. resource not found, internal server error, etc.) then an
5243:
5656:
5145:
4017:
3788:
5015:
243:
The hardware used to run a web server can vary according to the volume of requests that it needs to handle. At the low end of the range are
5212:
2440:
4554:
3818:
381:, asked for comments and it was read by several people. In October 1990 the proposal was reformulated and enriched (having as co-author
5959:
4085:
3984:
5093:
5041:
4044:
1174:, checking the availability, the start and eventually the stop of the execution of external programs used to generate dynamic content;
170:
5119:
4989:
4414:
3226:
Even if newer HTTP (2 and 3) protocols usually generate less network traffic for each request / response data, they may require more
4658:
4241:
4215:
3865:
3749:
3548:
2545:
2537:
buffer/data copies (between user-space and kernel-space) which can lead to a decrease in the performance of a user-mode web server.
2519:
776:
110:
4359:
2312:
A web server program is able to reply to a valid client request message with a successful message, optionally containing requested
2127:
An error response message may be sent because a request message could not be successfully read or decoded or analyzed or executed.
4388:
3263:
3778:
3193:
to process dynamic requests (spawning one or more external programs every time a dynamic page is retrieved, kills performances).
3739:
3626:
3138:); the idea is to be able to efficiently serve big or huge (over 10 – 1000 MB) files (maybe throttling downloads) and to fully
1932:
1629:
GET /cgi-bin/forum.php?action=view&ordeby=thread&date=2021-10-15 HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com
Connection: keep-alive
734:, but also many other open-source programs, often of excellent quality and very high performances, among which should be noted
285:
5362:
4625:
4599:
3302:
2684:
1452:
Web server programs are able to translate an URL path (all or part of it), that refers to a physical file system path, to an
1189:
to client requests sending proper HTTP responses (e.g. requested resources or error messages) eventually verifying or adding
562:
In the second half of 1994, the development of NCSA httpd stalled to the point that a group of external software developers,
296:
extensions, have extended the application of web servers well beyond their original purpose of serving human-readable pages.
48:
4936:
3897:
1881:
from client(s) and so to be able to host also websites with interactive form(s) that may send large data sets (e.g. lots of
805:, not only because they had the work force and the time to do so, but also because usually their previous implementation of
950:: usually web servers have also the capability of logging some information, about client requests and server responses, to
6146:
4066:
3321:
3040:
2943:
2839:
1665:
if something in request was not acceptable (in status line or message headers), web server already sent an error response;
1378:(e.g. URL rewrite engine, dynamic content serving), usually have to figure out how that URL has to be handled, e.g. as a:
598:
332:
4185:
771:(e.g. with a percentage of usage lower than 1% .. 2%), about adding or not adding support for that new protocol version.
767:
In 2015, RFCs published new protocol version , and as the implementation of new specifications was not trivial at all, a
582:, was released with specific features. It was the first one of many other similar products that were developed first by
91:
6190:
6185:
3957:
3245:
1799:) found in that directory; if no index file is found or other conditions are not met then an error message is returned.
5624:
4137:
63:
6200:
6195:
5696:
3688:
3569:
3204:
1857:
1822:
If a web server program receives a client request message with an URL whose path matches the file name of an existing
704:
programs Apache HTTP Server held the lead as the preferred server (because of its reliability and its many features).
697:
431:
201:
44:
5591:
5561:
5531:
5501:
5471:
5441:
4300:
4159:
5411:
3250:
1019:: to limit the speed of content responses in order to not saturate the network and to be able to serve more clients;
6154:
5821:
4722:
4107:
3163:
3046:
In very rare cases, the web server returns only a part of the requested content. This behavior can be considered a
2652:
1974:
1967:
1786:
908:
Although web server programs differ in how they are implemented, most of them offer the following common features.
690:
328:
2047:) can execute some sort of application function that may be used to get data from or to store data to one or more
70:
37:
5889:
5794:
5649:
4326:
3029:
2496:
2198:
2191:
1307:
1177:
optionally manages the communications with external programs / internal modules used to generate dynamic content;
579:
237:
6056:
5974:
5691:
3620:
3123:
1922:
1292:
541:
3004:. This can happen because of required or urgent maintenance or upgrade, hardware or software failures such as
861:
678:
known (different) web server software programs that were available to everybody who wanted to own an
Internet
2952:
that sometimes cause abnormal traffic because of millions of infected computers (not coordinated among them).
2231:
to give a new URL for a no more existing URL path to a new path where that kind of web resource can be found.
1436:
and other path components) to a specific URL handler (file, directory, external program or internal module).
5954:
2883:
2873:
2548:
to discover which of them run in kernel mode or in user mode (also referred as kernel space or user space).
2533:
1791:
If a web server program receives a client request message with an URL whose path matches one of an existing
730:
In fact, a few years after 2000 started, not only other commercial and highly competitive web servers, e.g.
336:
77:
5385:
3276:
Below are the latest statistics of the market share of all sites of the top web servers on the
Internet by
1993:, etc., that are replaced with the field values of each file entry found in directory by web server), e.g.
1877:, a web server program usually has to support also the following HTTP method in order to be able to safely
1444:) because it can refer to a virtual name of an internal or external module processor for dynamic requests.
277:
that communicates with the server software. The former usually can be served faster and can be more easily
4958:
147:
5063:
4045:"Hobbes' Internet Timeline v5.1 (WWW Growth) NOTE: till 1996 number of web servers = number of web sites"
3923:
2378:
which had to be accessed frequently, randomly and quickly, have been stored mostly on electro-mechanical
895:
target hardware and category of usage, e.g. embedded system, low-medium traffic web server, high traffic
323:
workstation with
Ethernet, 1990. The case label reads: "This machine is a server. DO NOT POWER IT DOWN!!"
5998:
5764:
5686:
2965:
2879:
2410:
1585:
1404:
735:
700:
and
Microsoft's IIS emerged among the leading commercial options whereas among the freely available and
556:
544:
to communicate with external programs. These capabilities, along with the multimedia features of NCSA's
5327:
707:
In those years there was also another commercial, highly innovative and thus notable web server called
59:
4692:
1747:
of served websites (as they are only read and never written) and so it suffices to support only these
1716:
555:
in order to send data to a web server) highlighted the potential of web technology for publishing and
123:
5724:
5642:
5296:
4915:
4878:
4838:
4801:
4764:
4536:
4499:
4459:
4283:
3649:
3641:
3574:
3170:
3094:
3081:
2767:
2747:
2629:, depending on HTTP version and configuration, type of HTTP requests and other operating conditions);
2511:
2429:
1016:
997:: to be able to allow, to forbid or to authorize access to portions of website paths (web resources).
739:
731:
686:
545:
174:
3012:) failures; in these cases the remaining web servers may get too much traffic and become overloaded.
642:
517:. This statement freed web server developers from any possible legal issue about the development of
482:
240:. A web server can also accept and store resources sent from the user agent if configured to do so.
5701:
5678:
5235:
3709:
3589:
3005:
2984:
2936:. Thousands or even millions of clients connecting to the website in a short amount of time, e.g.,
2845:
the number of active processes managed by web server (including external CGI, SCGI, FCGI programs);
2710:
366:
292:, which use HTTP as a basis for general computer-to-computer communication, as well as support for
5141:
2479:) or by storing dynamic data output in separate computers, managed by specific applications (e.g.
2327:
depending on how it has been retrieved (from a file or from the output of some program / module).
5784:
5629:
5190:
5011:
3543:
3538:
3298:
2717:
2625:
2148:
2142:
2093:
structured data, e.g. that may be used to update one or more values displayed by a dynamic page (
2048:
1481:
1433:
1053:
1006:
947:
682:
and/or to host websites. Many of them lived only shortly and were replaced by other web servers.
591:
572:
248:
233:
5194:
1997:
or the usage of HTML and embedded source code that is interpreted and executed on the fly, e.g.
1870:
generated, often on the fly) and then it resends it to the client program who made the request.
853:
of the tasks that it may perform in order to have a sufficiently wide scenario about the topic.
441:
and encouraged scientists to adopt and develop it. Soon after, those programs, along with their
2072:
can return any kind of web content, also by using data retrieved from a data repository, e.g.:
2027:
is to allow the download of files (usually when their names, sizes, modification date-times or
1056:(s) or elsewhere, optionally opens log file, starts listening to client connections / requests;
131:
6096:
4654:
4263:
4081:
4060:
4013:
3827:
3784:
3745:
3331:
3131:
2853:
2849:
2444:
2399:
2336:
2124:
Web server programs are able to send response messages as replies to client request messages.
2001:, and / or by supporting the usage of dynamic index programs such as CGIs, SCGIs, FCGIs, e.g.
1288:
1282:
1269:
1209:
1032:
867:
The complexity and the efficiency of a web server program may vary a lot depending on (e.g.):
567:
412:
197:
4648:
3980:
2929:
At any time web servers can be overloaded due to one or more of the following causes (e.g.).
2427:
In practice, nowadays, many popular / high performance web server programs include their own
1700:(usually a file on file system) then the internal static handler is called to send that file;
6091:
5944:
5875:
5202:
5089:
5037:
4905:
4895:
4868:
4858:
4828:
4791:
4781:
4754:
4744:
4526:
4516:
4489:
4479:
4449:
4439:
4273:
3858:"History of Computers and Computing, Internet, Birth, The World Wide Web of Tim Berners-Lee"
3704:
3559:
3227:
2857:
2821:
2492:
2464:
2395:
2391:
2109:
1661:
In practice, the web server has to handle the request by using one of these response paths:
1611:
http://www.example.com/cgi-bin/forum.php?action=view&orderby=thread&date=2021-10-15
1453:
1429:
1010:
974:
837:
The following technical overview should be considered only as an attempt to give a few very
797:
adding HTTP/2 support could always be done in future in case the efforts would be justified.
667:
587:
450:
274:
270:
205:
178:
4410:
3075:
techniques (not only for static contents but, whenever possible, for dynamic contents too).
1958:
155:
5719:
5115:
4985:
4818:
4237:
4211:
3612:
3584:
3564:
3098:
2937:
2700:
2646:
2559:
2507:
2436:, tailored for a web server usage and using their specific implementation and parameters.
2379:
2211:
1849:
to them. The aim is to avoid undesirable side effects when serving static web resources.
1003:: to be able to cache static and/or dynamic content in order to speed up server responses;
980:
977:: to be able to serve dynamic content (generated on the fly) to clients via HTTP protocol.
919:
708:
382:
266:
258:
might handle requests with hundreds of servers that run on racks of high-speed computers.
244:
4355:
3857:
3025:
Requests are served with (possibly long) delays (from 1 second to a few hundred seconds).
2801:
the settings of web server (including the fact that log file is or is not enabled, etc.);
1861:
PC clients communicating via network with a web server serving static and dynamic content
1829:
Usually, for security reasons, most web server programs are pre-configured to serve only
1672:) that can be satisfied by general code of web server then a successful response is sent;
1059:
optionally tries to adapt its general behavior according to its settings and its current
4160:"Web Server Survey, NOTE: number of active web sites in year 2000 has been interpolated"
2483:), in order to not compete for hardware resources (CPU, RAM, disks) with web server(s).
1346:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
84:
6051:
5939:
5734:
4384:
3579:
2573:
2522:
2102:
2028:
1972:
A web server program may be capable to manage the dynamic generation (on the fly) of a
1022:
846:
566:
and other professional figures interested in that server, started to write and collect
136:
3114:
and computers to serve different kinds (static and dynamic) of content; the aim is to
2145:, due to the type of request message or to the availability of requested web resource;
127:
PC clients communicating via the network with a web server serving static content only
6179:
6159:
5964:
5711:
3594:
2964:
Traffic not filtered/limited on large websites with very few network resources (e.g.
2949:
2832:
2476:
2475:
Anyway, in most cases those kind of caches are implemented by external servers (e.g.
2375:
2098:
1842:
1539:
1392:
1374:
In practice, web server programs that implement advanced features, beyond the simple
755:
514:
320:
262:
4595:
4007:
750:
and other derived/related products also available with commercial support, emerged.
373:, with the goal of easing the exchange of information between scientists by using a
6106:
6041:
5754:
5729:
5358:
5168:
4621:
3700:
3174:
3047:
2961:
2907:
2903:
2541:
2457:
2403:
1830:
1643:
1415:
1260:
1190:
829:
791:
658:
405:
229:
2467:
about news, weather, images, maps, etc. that do not change frequently (e.g. every
2382:
since mid-late 1960s / 1970s; regrettably reads from and writes to those kind of
1720:
PC clients communicating via network with a web server serving static content only
1466:
Path translation to file system is done for the following types of web resources:
1424:
One or more configuration files of web server may specify the mapping of parts of
638:
478:
281:
for repeated requests, while the latter supports a broader range of applications.
269:) available to the web server, or it can be generated at the time of the request (
4932:
3893:
2807:
the average HTTP request type (method, length of HTTP headers and optional body);
1575:
GET /directory1/directory2 HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com
Connection: keep-alive
892:
model and techniques adopted to achieve wished performance and scalability level;
6111:
5994:
5894:
5816:
5759:
5749:
4918:
4899:
4881:
4862:
4841:
4822:
4804:
4785:
4767:
4748:
4539:
4520:
4502:
4483:
4462:
4443:
4286:
4267:
3604:
3553:
3107:
3021:
The symptoms of an overloaded web server are usually the following ones (e.g.).
2773:
2754:
2682:
used during a test is an important parameter because it allows to correlate the
2033:
as they are, without requiring to provide further information to requesting user
1886:
1838:
1748:
1441:
1364:
984:
811:
701:
679:
663:
552:
510:
442:
401:
221:
217:
209:
159:
26:
2958:
can cause high traffic because of millions of infected browsers or web servers.
315:
6126:
6061:
5899:
5846:
4189:
3315:
3231:
3197:
3111:
2740:
2724:
2661:
2500:
2383:
1882:
1615:
1561:
1515:
1299:
make resource path always a clean uniform path from root directory of website;
988:
951:
929:
922:: to be able to serve static content (web files) to clients via HTTP protocol.
602:
525:
419:
140:
4133:
3953:
3831:
430:, from web server(s) using a new basic communication protocol that was named
6121:
6081:
6076:
6016:
5841:
5836:
5779:
5774:
3599:
3325:
3308:
3139:
3084:
to block unwanted traffic coming from bad IP sources or having bad patterns;
3071:
2814:
2529:
2515:
2480:
2172:
1846:
1473:
a local directory (dynamic request: directory listing generated on the fly);
1411:
1026:
606:
563:
374:
278:
251:
that runs a small web server as its configuration interface. A high-traffic
3066:
Tuning web server(s) parameters to improve their security and performances.
2164:
A web server program may be able to verify whether the requested URL path:
1044:
A web server program, when it is running, usually performs several general
2234:
to give a new URL to another domain when current domain has too much load.
2171:
requires a user authentication (request of user credentials, e.g. such as
1546:
URL path translation for a directory request (without a static index file)
1529:
GET /path/file.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com Connection: keep-alive
803:
most popular web servers, rushed to offer the availability of new protocol
166:
6086:
6071:
6006:
5984:
5595:
5565:
5535:
5505:
5475:
5445:
5415:
4718:
3277:
3033:
3009:
2997:
2990:
2971:
2955:
2176:
2058:
896:
743:
583:
389:
252:
225:
193:
190:
5207:
4111:
3819:"'Father of the web' Sir Tim Berners-Lee on his plan to fight fake news"
3130:) and from main dynamic site (maybe where some contents are stored in a
2689:
supported by web server with results of the tested performance metrics.
2286:
and now it is mandatory to use secure HTTPS connections to access them.
1470:
a local, usually non-executable, file (static request for file content);
6136:
6131:
6046:
6021:
6011:
5969:
5934:
5929:
5861:
5826:
5806:
3713:
3632:
3087:
HTTP traffic managers to drop, redirect or rewrite requests having bad
1943:
1642:
The web server executes that program, passing in the path-info and the
446:
255:
143:
environment. Servers similar to this one are often used as web servers.
3162:
Using many web servers (computers) that are grouped together behind a
1407:
listing of files or other sub-directories contained in that directory;
1009:: to be able to serve files whose size is greater than 2 GB on 32 bit
637:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
477:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
6116:
5979:
5914:
5866:
5831:
5811:
5634:
4910:
4873:
4833:
4796:
4759:
4531:
4494:
4454:
4278:
3335:
3230:
resources (i.e. RAM and CPU) used by web server software (because of
3212:
3208:
1632:
The result is the local file path of the program (in this example, a
1224:
1205:
941:
937:
818:
787:
524:
At the beginning of 1994, the most notable among new web servers was
521:
based on that source code (a threat that in practice never existed).
345:, so some information necessarily overlaps with the histories of the
293:
5195:"WebMonitor: a tool for measuring World Wide Web server performance"
2782:
or when using high end hardware (many CPUs, disks and lots of RAM).
2304:
Above examples are only a few of the possible kind of redirections.
5265:
6066:
6036:
5924:
5919:
5884:
5856:
5851:
3662:
3292:
3262:
3249:
3180:
Using more efficient computer programs for web servers (see also:
2797:
of a web server; performance values may vary depending on (i.e.):
2386:
have always been considered very slow operations when compared to
2094:
1957:
1856:
1715:
933:
828:
779:(at least in the near future) also because of these main reasons:
747:
657:
314:
303:
213:
165:
162:
with thousands of web servers used for super-high traffic websites
154:
146:
130:
122:
2532:
have to ask the system for permission to use more memory or more
2197:
may deny access by sending a specific error message (e.g. access
2190:
can deny access by sending a specific error message (e.g. access
1938:
and to read its data response, then network connection is closed.
1306:
make path of web resources more recognizable by human beings and
6164:
6031:
6026:
4350:
4348:
4301:"Maximum concurrent connections to the same domain for browsers"
3694:
3682:
3676:
3088:
2077:
1623:
1569:
1523:
1489:
925:
806:
549:
529:
427:
393:
370:
289:
5638:
4264:"Connections, persistent connections: practical considerations"
4009:
Analysis and Testing of Ajax-based Single-page Web Applications
3924:"WorldWideWeb wide-area hypertext app available (announcement)"
3777:
William Nelson; Arvind Srinivasan; Murthy Chintalapati (2009).
1986:(on the fly). If it cannot be generated an error is returned.
6101:
3887:
3885:
3883:
2913:
When a web server is near to or over its load limits, it gets
2387:
2105:
2081:
2064:
other sources located in local computer or in other computers.
1633:
1460:
1326:
1070:(accepting new ones or closing the existing ones as required);
623:
463:
20:
3556:(core part of a web server program that serves HTTP requests)
5297:"Getting a 503 Service Unavailable Error? Here's What to Do"
2894:
A web server (program installation) usually has pre-defined
2319:
If web resource data is sent back to client, then it can be
151:
Multiple web servers may be used for a high-traffic website.
3917:
3915:
3032:, such as 500, 502, 503, 504, 408, or even an intermittent
2463:
The typical usage of a dynamic cache is when a website has
1052:
starts, optionally reads and applies settings found in its
5169:"Improving Web Server Performance by Caching Dynamic Data"
2491:
A web server software can be either incorporated into the
769:
dilemma arose among developers of less popular web servers
4590:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4385:"Implementations of HTTP/2 in client and server software"
3063:
Tuning OS parameters for hardware capabilities and usage.
1554:
of an existing directory specified by the following URL:
1310:(also known as log analyzers / statistical applications).
5328:"Getting a 504 Gateway Timeout Error? Here's What to Do"
4686:
4684:
4682:
2577:, even under high load of web traffic, in order to keep
2293:
http://www.example.com/directory1/directory2/2021-10-08/
1204:
to an external user log file or to a system log file by
1099:
261:
A resource sent from a web server can be a pre-existing
4327:"Linux Web Server Performance Benchmark - 2016 results"
3733:
3731:
3729:
1962:
Directory listing dynamically generated by a web server
1319:
adding trailing slashes to a non-empty path component.
578:
At the end of 1994, a new commercial web server, named
4134:"About the Apache HTTPd server: How Apache Came to be"
1905:
Web Server Gateway Interfaces used for dynamic content
426:
Those early browsers retrieved web pages written in a
4038:
4036:
3050:, even if it usually arises as a symptom of overload.
2795:
operating conditions that can affect the performances
5236:"Getting a 502 Bad Gateway Error? Here's What to Do"
4047:. ISOC. Archived from the original on 15 August 2000
3207:(e.g. beyond using common HTTP/1.1 also by enabling
2228:
to fix a directory name by adding a final slash '/';
1771:
Response of static file content can be sped up by a
1508:
of an existing file specified by the following URL:
1496:). See the following examples of how it may result.
224:, initiates communication by making a request for a
6145:
5993:
5874:
5793:
5710:
5677:
5670:
4379:
4377:
3166:
so that they act or are seen as one big web server.
2810:
whether the requested content is static or dynamic;
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5266:"What is a 502 bad gateway and how do you fix it?"
5193:; Virgilio Almeida; David J. Yates (7 July 1997).
3817:
2605:) usually are at least the following ones (i.e.):
2544:and new optimized web server software). See also
1647:action=view&orderby=thread&date=2021-10-15
1593:URL path translation for a dynamic program request
1584:The web server then verifies the existence of the
1295:found in most HTTP request messages) in order to:
1234:about web traffic managed and/or its performances;
4269:RFC 2616, Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1
3671:Netscape Server Application Programming Interface
3665:Internet Server Application Programming Interface
3244:Further information on HTTP server programs:
3101:, in order to smooth down peaks in network usage.
2828:whether the connections are or are not encrypted;
2182:access is forbidden to some or all kind of users.
1581:/home/www/www.example.com/directory1/directory2/
1287:Web server programs usually perform some type of
1171:
833:PC clients connected to a web server via Internet
790:that could open the door to a whole new class of
236:responds with the content of that resource or an
3611:Standard Web Server Gateway Interfaces used for
2860:of the computer(s) on which the web server runs;
2563:(on client / browser side), a web server should
2406:operations of frequently accessed data / files.
2264:in order to reorganize their file system paths.
3225:
3221:Caveats about using HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 protocols
2968:) and/or hardware resources (CPUs, RAM, disks).
2342:Content is usually cached by its origin, e.g.:
2300:https://docs.example.com/directory1/2021-10-08/
1889:) to web server / external programs / modules:
1029:(found in client requests) to their real names.
139:server, a computer designed to be mounted in a
4853:
4851:
4522:RFC 7230, HTTP/1.1: Message Syntax and Routing
4485:RFC 7230, HTTP/1.1: Message Syntax and Routing
4474:
4472:
4445:RFC 7230, HTTP/1.1: Message Syntax and Routing
4434:
4432:
3039:The web server refuses or resets (interrupts)
2339:, each one specialized in a content category.
1557:http://www.example.com/directory1/directory2/
1532:The result is the local file system resource:
1500:URL path translation for a static file request
1463:part of the URL found in HTTP client request.
5650:
5386:"Delivering HTTP/2 upload speed improvements"
4719:"Apache: directory listing to download files"
3947:
3945:
3640:A few other Web Server Interfaces (server or
2720:(no thread) or multi-thread for each process;
2282:Example 3: a whole set of documents has been
2260:Example 2: a whole set of documents has been
1035:: support for customized HTTP error messages.
786:implementing HTTP/2 was considered a task of
437:In August 1991 Tim Berners-Lee announced the
8:
2764:... used to implement a web server program,
1802:Most used names for static index files are:
1639:/home/www/www.example.com/cgi-bin/forum.php
1193:to those sent by dynamic programs / modules;
1095:(which may default to URL path translation);
1078:client requests (by reading HTTP messages):
674:At the end of 1996, there were already over
617:Explosive growth and competition (1996–2014)
16:Computer software that distributes web pages
4695:. Apache foundation: HTTPd server project.
3738:Nancy J. Yeager; Robert E. McGrath (1996).
3122:) (that domain might be replaced also by a
2878:Performances of a web server are typically
2817:or not cached (by server and/or by client);
2525:may lead to serious problems in OS kernel.
2043:An external program or an internal module (
1456:under the target website's root directory.
1108:
1081:reads and verify each HTTP request message;
5674:
5657:
5643:
5635:
3816:Zolfagharifard, Ellie (24 November 2018).
3659:Server Application Programming Interface:
3282:
3043:connections before it returns any content.
2757:used to perform a certain function / task;
1690:
1221:detected anomalies or other notable events
1185:
1156:
1139:
5206:
4909:
4901:RFC 7231, HTTP/1.1: Semantics and Content
4872:
4864:RFC 7231, HTTP/1.1: Semantics and Content
4832:
4795:
4787:RFC 7231, HTTP/1.1: Semantics and Content
4758:
4750:RFC 7231, HTTP/1.1: Semantics and Content
4530:
4493:
4453:
4277:
2899:
2804:the HTTP version used by client requests;
2602:
1729:by internal rules of web server program.
1697:
1608:using a program file to generate output:
1535:/home/www/www.example.com/path/file.html
1131:
1074:
1060:
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
5064:"HTTP server: configuration: file cache"
4859:"Response Status Codes: Redirection 3xx"
4272:. pp. 46–47. sec. 8.1.4.
4238:"Overview of new features in Apache 2.4"
4212:"Overview of new features in Apache 2.2"
4188:. Netcraft (web archive). Archived from
3181:
2421:
1578:The result is the local directory path:
889:
3725:
3697:JavaScript Web Server Gateway Interface
3196:Using other programming techniques and
2983:waiting for slow responses coming from
2402:sub-systems were developed to speed up
2374:Historically, static contents found in
1164:
369:proposed a new project to his employer
308:First web proposal (1989) evaluated as
5630:Netcraft: news about web server survey
5092:. Apache: HTTPd server project. 2021.
5040:. Apache: HTTPd server project. 2021.
5012:"IPlanet Web Server 7.0.9: file-cache"
4988:. Computer networks and ISDN Systems.
4986:"Main Memory Caching of Web Documents"
4935:. Apache: HTTPd server project. 2021.
4904:. pp. 51-54. sec. 6.3.
4867:. pp. 53–54. sec. 6.4.
4790:. pp. 62-63. sec. 6.6.
4624:. Apache: HTTPd server project. 2021.
4598:. Apache: HTTPd server project. 2021.
4596:"Mapping URLs to Filesystem Locations"
4525:. pp. 34–35. sec. 3.5.
4417:from the original on 27 September 2014
4362:from the original on 27 September 2014
4240:. Apache: HTTPd server project. 2012.
4214:. Apache: HTTPd server project. 2005.
4186:"Netcraft: web server software (1996)"
4136:. Apache: HTTPd server project. 1997.
4058:
3284:Web server: Market share of all sites
3272:for most popular web servers 1995–2005
3259:for most popular web servers 2005–2021
2882:by using one or more of the available
2581:(sum of browser time + network time +
1865:If a web server program is capable of
1724:If a web server program is capable of
1676:
1675:if URL requires authorization then an
1511:http://www.example.com/path/file.html
1263:and to extract their values from them.
1116:
1085:
994:
954:for security and statistical purposes.
886:and scalability level aimed as a goal;
653:Number of active web sites (1996-2002)
493:Number of active web sites (1991–1996)
5422:from the original on 15 November 2021
5392:from the original on 16 November 2021
5365:from the original on 16 November 2021
5246:from the original on 23 February 2017
5167:Arun Iyengar; Jim Challenger (2000).
4628:from the original on 15 November 2021
4567:from the original on 15 November 2021
4391:from the original on 23 December 2021
4333:from the original on 23 December 2021
4307:from the original on 21 December 2021
4244:from the original on 26 November 2021
4218:from the original on 27 November 2021
4166:from the original on 27 December 2021
3169:Adding more hardware resources (i.e.
3126:) from small and medium-sized files (
2487:Kernel-mode and user-mode web servers
2224:URL redirection of location is used:
983:: to be able to serve many websites (
763:New challenges (2015 and later years)
457:Fast and wild development (1991–1995)
7:
5602:from the original on 27 January 2022
5307:from the original on 20 January 2023
5276:from the original on 20 January 2023
5215:from the original on 4 November 2021
5148:from the original on 20 January 2023
5122:from the original on 9 December 2021
5096:from the original on 9 December 2021
5070:from the original on 9 December 2021
5044:from the original on 9 December 2021
5018:from the original on 9 December 2021
4992:from the original on 20 January 2023
4965:from the original on 9 December 2021
4939:from the original on 9 December 2021
4725:from the original on 2 December 2021
4667:from the original on 20 January 2023
4602:from the original on 20 October 2021
4448:. pp. 7–8. sec. 2.1.
4110:. NCSA (web archive). Archived from
4088:from the original on 6 December 2021
3987:from the original on 7 December 2021
3960:from the original on 2 December 2021
3930:from the original on 2 December 2021
3900:from the original on 8 December 2021
3838:from the original on 11 January 2022
3797:from the original on 20 January 2023
3758:from the original on 20 January 2023
3644:specific) used for dynamic contents:
3078:Managing network traffic, by using:
2670:Among the operating conditions, the
2168:can be freely accessed by everybody;
1683:
1682:if URL maps to a redirection then a
1382:
1202:client requests and/or its responses
1123:
915:that most web servers usually have.
871:
49:adding citations to reliable sources
3981:"Qualifiers on hypertext links ..."
3868:from the original on 4 January 2019
3780:Sun Web Server: The Essential Guide
3685:Python Web Server Gateway Interface
3203:Using latest efficient versions of
2835:between web server and its clients;
2503:(like other regular applications).
2101:and that maybe was requested by an
1448:URL path translation to file system
1102:along with various security checks;
5572:from the original on 14 March 2017
5542:from the original on 17 April 2021
5512:from the original on 15 April 2021
5482:from the original on 17 April 2021
5452:from the original on 15 April 2021
5338:from the original on 23 April 2021
4824:RFC 7235, HTTP/1.1: Authentication
4753:. p. 58. sec. 6.5.
4488:. p. 34. sec. 3.4.
2597:For web server software, main key
2394:, first disk caches and then also
2360:
2278:/directory1/directory2/2021/10/08/
2271:/directory1/directory2/2021-10-08/
2238:Example 1: a URL path points to a
2031:may change randomly / frequently)
1796:
1704:
1146:
1112:or refuses requested HTTP method:
1000:
597:In mid-1995, the first version of
14:
5592:"February 2016 Web Server Survey"
5562:"February 2017 Web Server Survey"
5532:"February 2018 Web Server Survey"
5502:"February 2019 Web Server Survey"
5472:"February 2020 Web Server Survey"
5442:"February 2021 Web Server Survey"
4084:. CERN (World Wide Web project).
3956:. CERN (World Wide Web project).
3926:. CERN (World Wide Web project).
3922:Tim Berner-Lee (20 August 1991).
3896:. CERN (World Wide Web project).
3691:Rack Web Server Gateway Interface
3679:Perl Web Server Gateway Interface
3549:Comparison of web server software
3189:
2572:web server should always be very
2546:comparison of web server software
2414:
1904:
883:
877:
777:not supporting new HTTP/2 version
720:
385:), and finally, it was approved.
5412:"October 2021 Web Server Survey"
4699:from the original on 7 June 2019
4140:from the original on 7 June 2008
3979:Tim Berner-Lee (2 August 1991).
3894:"WWW Project History (original)"
3311:(OpenResty Software Foundation)
2499:space, or it can be executed in
2151:, due to internal server errors.
1331:
1250:to read an HTTP request message;
1154:optionally manages requests for
1129:optionally manages requests for
1092:
860:plays the role of a server in a
628:
468:
341:This is a very brief history of
319:The world's first web server, a
25:
5142:"Dynamic Cache Option Tutorial"
4827:. p. 3. sec. 1.
4356:"Will HTTP/2 replace HTTP/1.x?"
4080:Tim Smith; François Flückiger.
3983:CERN (World Wide Web project).
3629:Simple Common Gateway Interface
2856:limitations or settings of the
2349:
2016:Usage of dynamically generated
1773:
1743:, a web server program usually
1732:That kind of content is called
1385:, a redirection to another URL;
500:first web server outside Europe
361:Initial WWW project (1989–1991)
36:needs additional citations for
5625:Mozilla: what is a web server?
5090:"Apache Module mod_cache_disk"
5038:"Apache Module mod_file_cache"
4984:Evangelos P. Markatos (1996).
4560:. Apache software foundation.
4553:R. Bowen (29 September 2002).
4480:"Handling Incomplete Messages"
4411:"Why just one TCP connection?"
4162:. Netcraft. 22 December 2021.
2753:minimization of the number of
1978:of files and sub-directories.
1668:if request has a method (e.g.
1538:The web server then reads the
1246:Web server programs are able:
1:
6147:Web content management system
5384:Junho Choi (24 August 2020).
3635:Fast Common Gateway Interface
2944:Distributed Denial of Service
2934:Excess legitimate web traffic
2680:concurrent client connections
1745:does not change file contents
1622:and then sends the following
1568:and then sends the following
1522:and then sends the following
1414:, i.e. usually path-info and
548:browser (also able to manage
534:dynamically generated content
418:a web server, later known as
333:History of the World Wide Web
4691:ASF Infrabot (22 May 2019).
4517:"Message Parsing Robustness"
3246:Category:Web server software
3190:Web Server Gateway Interface
3146:https://download.example.com
2884:automated load testing tools
2750:in critical paths for speed;
2439:The wide spread adoption of
2039:Program or module processing
1991:$ (FILE_NAME), $ (FILE_SIZE)
1172:program or module processing
377:system. The proposal titled
181:used for modem configuration
4413:. IETF HTTP Working Group.
4387:. IETF HTTP Working Group.
4358:. IETF HTTP Working Group.
4329:. RootUsers. 8 March 2016.
3570:Open source web application
2778:that can be achieved under
1677:authorization error message
968:only a very short selection
532:-based OSs and could serve
216:. A user agent, commonly a
6217:
6155:Document management system
5822:Domain Technologie Control
5795:Web hosting control panels
5359:"Slow uploads with HTTP/2"
4622:"Dynamic Content with CGI"
3243:
3151:https://static.example.com
3028:The web server returns an
2871:
2390:speed and so, since early
2363:(module / program output).
2209:
1968:Web server directory index
1965:
1875:static and dynamic content
1787:Web server directory index
1784:
1362:
1280:
970:) are the following ones.
698:Netscape Enterprise Server
528:which ran on a variety of
329:History of the web browser
326:
200:that accepts requests via
135:The inside and front of a
4650:HTTP developer's handbook
4440:"Client/Server Messaging"
4065:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3270:Market share of all sites
3257:Market share of all sites
3187:Using the most efficient
2748:CPU branch mispredictions
2746:minimization of possible
2739:minimization of possible
1492:machines, usually it is:
1340:This section needs to be
1308:web log analysis programs
428:simple early form of HTML
5357:many (24 January 2021).
5116:"What is dynamic cache?"
4721:. Apache: HTTPd server.
3623:Common Gateway Interface
3055:Anti-overload techniques
2898:for each combination of
2583:web server response time
2528:Web servers that run in
2512:kernel space web servers
2506:Web servers that run in
1918:are the following ones.
212:) or its secure variant
5326:Fisher, Tim; Lifewire.
5295:Fisher, Tim; Lifewire.
5234:Fisher, Tim; Lifewire.
4959:"NGINX Content Caching"
4647:Chris Shiflett (2003).
4043:Robert H'obbes' Zakon.
3892:Tim Berner-Lee (1992).
3156:https://www.example.com
2979:serving dynamic content
2874:Web server benchmarking
2863:other minor conditions.
2820:whether the content is
2813:whether the content is
2256:/directory1/directory2/
1867:serving dynamic content
1550:Example of an implicit
1428:(e.g. initial parts of
1200:(partially or totally)
975:Dynamic content serving
936:), plus, if available,
801:Instead, developers of
788:overwhelming complexity
696:Between 1996 and 1999,
439:birth of WWW technology
337:History of the Internet
310:"vague but exciting..."
3273:
3260:
3002:partial unavailability
2771:and in particular the
2733:programming techniques
2666:, in bytes per second.
2635:connections per second
2284:moved to a new website
2249:/directory1/directory2
1963:
1862:
1726:serving static content
1721:
1654:Manage request message
1376:static content serving
1372:
920:Static content serving
834:
691:persistent connections
671:
498:In December 1991, the
324:
312:
208:created to distribute
182:
163:
152:
144:
128:
5765:Web content lifecycle
4653:. Sams's publishing.
3783:. Pearson Education.
3741:Web Server Technology
3266:
3253:
2917:and so it may become
2838:the number of active
2601:(measured under vary
2216:A web server program
2120:Send response message
1984:dynamically generated
1961:
1860:
1853:Serve dynamic content
1781:Directory index files
1719:
1368:
1256:to verify its syntax;
1230:optionally generates
1217:logs process messages
1140:directory index files
845:features that may be
832:
661:
575:project was started.
557:distributed computing
413:line mode web browser
318:
307:
284:Technologies such as
169:
158:
150:
134:
126:
5725:Mobile web analytics
5598:. 22 February 2016.
5568:. 27 February 2017.
5538:. 13 February 2018.
5508:. 28 February 2019.
5478:. 20 February 2020.
5448:. 26 February 2021.
5144:. Siteground. 2021.
4693:"Directory listings"
3862:history-computer.com
3642:programming language
3575:List of AMP packages
3095:Bandwidth management
3017:Symptoms of overload
2900:operating conditions
2789:Operating conditions
2699:specific web server
2603:operating conditions
2262:moved inside website
2055:files (file system);
1975:directory index list
1901:gateway interface(s)
1712:Serve static content
1242:Read request message
1100:URL path translation
1068:client connection(s)
1061:operating conditions
1017:Bandwidth throttling
849:in a web server and
740:Cherokee HTTP server
670:(2002, discontinued)
540:HTTP method and the
536:by implementing the
379:"HyperText and CERN"
232:using HTTP, and the
45:improve this article
6191:Web server software
6186:Servers (computing)
5418:. 15 October 2021.
5208:10.5210/fm.v2i7.539
5118:. Educative. 2021.
4192:on 30 December 1996
4082:"Licensing the Web"
4006:Ali Mesbah (2009).
3952:Web Administrator.
3744:. Morgan Kaufmann.
3710:Active Server Pages
3590:Web hosting service
3314:Cloudflare Server (
3285:
3182:software efficiency
3177:) to each computer.
3118:big or huge files (
2766:can bias a lot the
2693:Software efficiency
2614:requests per second
2599:performance metrics
2593:Performance metrics
2518:) software whereas
2413:in the increase of
1873:NOTE: when serving
1833:or to avoid to use
1741:static content only
1739:NOTE: when serving
1484:, this is commonly
1237:other custom tasks.
1170:optionally manages
1163:optionally manages
1145:optionally manages
1138:optionally manages
1122:optionally manages
1115:optionally manages
862:client–server model
685:The publication of
367:Sir Tim Berners-Lee
343:web server programs
175:embedded web server
6201:English inventions
6196:Website management
5785:Website governance
5665:Website management
5191:Jussara M. Almeida
4961:. F5 NGINX. 2021.
4782:"Server Error 5xx"
4745:"Client Error 4xx"
3544:Application server
3539:Server (computing)
3283:
3274:
3261:
3192:
3074:
2925:Causes of overload
2735:, such as (e.g.):
2688:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2628:
2622:
2618:
2587:as low as possible
2570:In other words, a
2445:solid-state drives
2308:Successful message
2149:HTTP server errors
2143:HTTP client errors
2025:directory listings
2023:The main usage of
2018:directory listings
1964:
1954:Directory listings
1916:gateway interfaces
1863:
1835:special file types
1722:
1434:filename extension
1259:to identify known
1165:directory listings
1117:URL authorizations
1054:configuration file
1033:Custom error pages
1025:: to map parts of
1007:Large file support
858:web server program
835:
825:Technical overview
672:
601:was released, for
592:Oracle Corporation
573:Apache HTTP server
513:, were put in the
501:
325:
313:
183:
164:
153:
145:
129:
6173:
6172:
6097:Network Solutions
5745:
5744:
4019:978-90-79982-02-8
3790:978-0-13-712892-1
3527:
3526:
3188:
3070:
2713:or multi-process;
2703:and model adopted
2683:
2679:
2671:
2660:
2645:
2639:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2609:
2585:) for a response
2579:total user's wait
2465:dynamic web pages
2357:dynamic content:
2314:web resource data
2160:URL authorization
2076:a document (e.g.
2049:data repositories
1696:if URL maps to a
1689:if URL maps to a
1486:/home/www/website
1361:
1360:
1316:URL normalization
1289:URL normalization
1283:URL normalization
1277:URL normalization
1210:common log format
1157:dynamic resources
1135:(file contents):
1098:usually performs
1091:usually performs
1086:URL normalization
1084:usually performs
987:) using only one
958:A few other more
650:
649:
590:, and finally by
499:
490:
489:
451:operating systems
179:dynamic web pages
173:modem running an
121:
120:
113:
95:
6208:
6092:NearlyFreeSpeech
5945:Identity Digital
5876:Top-level domain
5675:
5659:
5652:
5645:
5636:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5210:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5014:. Oracle. 2010.
5008:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4913:
4911:10.17487/RFC7231
4896:"Successful 2xx"
4892:
4886:
4885:
4876:
4874:10.17487/RFC7231
4855:
4846:
4845:
4836:
4834:10.17487/RFC7235
4815:
4809:
4808:
4799:
4797:10.17487/RFC7231
4778:
4772:
4771:
4762:
4760:10.17487/RFC7231
4741:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4688:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4592:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4566:
4559:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4534:
4532:10.17487/RFC7230
4513:
4507:
4506:
4497:
4495:10.17487/RFC7230
4476:
4467:
4466:
4457:
4455:10.17487/RFC7230
4436:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4381:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4352:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4281:
4279:10.17487/RFC2616
4260:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4114:on 1 August 2010
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4064:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4040:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3949:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3919:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3889:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3821:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3735:
3705:JavaServer Pages
3613:dynamic contents
3560:HTTP compression
3316:Cloudflare, Inc.
3286:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3137:
3132:backend database
3129:
3121:
3106:Using different
2741:CPU cache misses
2616:
2615:
2510:(usually called
2495:and executed in
2346:static content:
2301:
2294:
2279:
2272:
2257:
2250:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1895:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1691:dynamic resource
1684:redirect message
1671:
1648:
1621:
1567:
1521:
1495:
1494:/var/www/website
1487:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1253:to interpret it;
1208:, usually using
1132:static resources
1124:URL redirections
839:limited examples
713:now discontinued
668:server appliance
632:
631:
624:
588:Sun Microsystems
539:
472:
471:
464:
245:embedded systems
206:network protocol
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
6216:
6215:
6211:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6205:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6141:
5989:
5870:
5789:
5741:
5720:Click analytics
5706:
5666:
5663:
5621:
5616:
5615:
5605:
5603:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5575:
5573:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5545:
5543:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5515:
5513:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5485:
5483:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5455:
5453:
5440:
5439:
5435:
5425:
5423:
5410:
5409:
5405:
5395:
5393:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5368:
5366:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5341:
5339:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5310:
5308:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5279:
5277:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5249:
5247:
5233:
5232:
5228:
5218:
5216:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5174:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5161:
5151:
5149:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5125:
5123:
5114:
5113:
5109:
5099:
5097:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5073:
5071:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5047:
5045:
5036:
5035:
5031:
5021:
5019:
5010:
5009:
5005:
4995:
4993:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4968:
4966:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4942:
4940:
4933:"Caching Guide"
4931:
4930:
4926:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4857:
4856:
4849:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4728:
4726:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4702:
4700:
4690:
4689:
4680:
4670:
4668:
4661:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4631:
4629:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4605:
4603:
4594:
4593:
4580:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4557:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4478:
4477:
4470:
4438:
4437:
4430:
4420:
4418:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4394:
4392:
4383:
4382:
4375:
4365:
4363:
4354:
4353:
4346:
4336:
4334:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4310:
4308:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4247:
4245:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4221:
4219:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4195:
4193:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4169:
4167:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4143:
4141:
4132:
4131:
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4117:
4115:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4091:
4089:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4057:
4050:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4034:
4024:
4022:
4020:
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4004:
4000:
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3988:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3963:
3961:
3951:
3950:
3943:
3933:
3931:
3921:
3920:
3913:
3903:
3901:
3891:
3890:
3881:
3871:
3869:
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3855:
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3839:
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3798:
3791:
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3771:
3761:
3759:
3752:
3737:
3736:
3727:
3722:
3585:Virtual hosting
3565:Web application
3535:
3268:
3255:
3248:
3242:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3135:
3127:
3119:
3099:traffic shaping
3057:
3030:HTTP error code
3019:
2938:Slashdot effect
2927:
2892:
2876:
2870:
2793:There are many
2791:
2701:software design
2695:
2647:network latency
2613:
2612:
2595:
2560:user experience
2554:
2523:critical errors
2489:
2453:
2372:
2333:
2325:dynamic content
2310:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2214:
2212:URL redirection
2208:
2206:URL redirection
2162:
2136:
2122:
2070:processing unit
2045:processing unit
2041:
2029:file attributes
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1970:
1956:
1914:and historical
1893:
1855:
1820:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1789:
1783:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1714:
1698:static resource
1669:
1656:
1646:
1640:
1630:
1620:www.example.com
1619:
1612:
1606:dynamic request
1599:dynamic request
1582:
1576:
1566:www.example.com
1565:
1558:
1552:dynamic request
1536:
1530:
1520:www.example.com
1519:
1512:
1493:
1485:
1450:
1399:dynamic request
1383:URL redirection
1367:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1303:authorization);
1285:
1279:
1270:security checks
1244:
1042:
981:Virtual hosting
906:
904:Common features
872:common features
827:
765:
756:reverse proxies
666:3 – a computer
656:
655:
654:
651:
646:
633:
629:
619:
586:, then also by
537:
519:derivative work
496:
495:
494:
491:
486:
473:
469:
459:
383:Robert Cailliau
365:In March 1989,
363:
339:
302:
271:dynamic content
196:and underlying
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6214:
6212:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6178:
6177:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6151:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6052:Google Domains
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6003:
6001:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5940:Google Domains
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5881:
5879:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5802:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5735:Click tracking
5727:
5722:
5716:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5683:
5681:
5672:
5668:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5654:
5647:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5620:
5619:External links
5617:
5614:
5613:
5583:
5553:
5523:
5493:
5463:
5433:
5403:
5388:. Cloudflare.
5376:
5349:
5318:
5287:
5257:
5226:
5182:
5159:
5133:
5107:
5081:
5055:
5029:
5003:
4976:
4950:
4924:
4887:
4847:
4819:"Introduction"
4810:
4773:
4736:
4710:
4678:
4659:
4639:
4613:
4578:
4545:
4508:
4468:
4428:
4402:
4373:
4344:
4318:
4292:
4255:
4229:
4203:
4177:
4151:
4125:
4099:
4072:
4032:
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3971:
3941:
3911:
3879:
3849:
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3789:
3769:
3750:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3707:
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3692:
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3637:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3580:Variant object
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3534:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3523:Less than 19%
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3497:Less than 15%
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3471:Less than 13%
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3445:Less than 19%
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3419:Less than 15%
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3393:Less than 18%
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3367:Less than 22%
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3329:
3319:
3312:
3306:
3296:
3295:(Nginx, Inc.)
3290:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:encrypted data
3218:
3217:
3201:
3194:
3185:
3178:
3167:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3092:
3085:
3076:
3067:
3064:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3026:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
2994:
2975:
2969:
2959:
2953:
2950:Computer worms
2947:
2941:
2926:
2923:
2891:
2888:
2872:Main article:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2846:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2826:
2818:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2790:
2787:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2731:... and other
2729:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2694:
2691:
2668:
2667:
2658:
2643:
2630:
2594:
2591:
2553:
2550:
2488:
2485:
2452:
2449:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2332:
2329:
2321:static content
2309:
2306:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2210:Main article:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2169:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2146:
2135:
2132:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2103:XMLHttpRequest
2091:
2088:
2085:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2040:
2037:
1982:directory, is
1966:Main article:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1897:
1896:
1854:
1851:
1843:symbolic links
1819:
1816:
1785:Main article:
1782:
1779:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1705:error response
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1655:
1652:
1638:
1628:
1626:/1.1 request:
1610:
1580:
1574:
1572:/1.1 request:
1556:
1534:
1528:
1526:/1.1 request:
1510:
1506:static request
1478:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1449:
1446:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1408:
1396:
1389:static request
1386:
1363:Main article:
1359:
1358:
1339:
1337:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1300:
1281:Main article:
1278:
1275:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1228:
1225:severity level
1213:
1194:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1168:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1127:
1120:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1023:Rewrite engine
1020:
1014:
1004:
998:
992:
978:
956:
955:
945:
923:
913:basic features
905:
902:
901:
900:
893:
887:
881:
875:
826:
823:
799:
798:
795:
784:
764:
761:
652:
648:
647:
636:
634:
627:
622:
621:
620:
618:
615:
559:applications.
492:
488:
487:
476:
474:
467:
462:
461:
460:
458:
455:
424:
423:
416:
409:
396:workstations:
362:
359:
351:World Wide Web
301:
298:
267:static content
137:Dell PowerEdge
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6213:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6166:
6165:Blog software
6163:
6161:
6160:Wiki software
6158:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5997:managers and
5996:
5992:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5873:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
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5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5712:Web analytics
5709:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5673:
5669:
5660:
5655:
5653:
5648:
5646:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5618:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5587:
5584:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5557:
5554:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5527:
5524:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5497:
5494:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5464:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5434:
5421:
5417:
5413:
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5404:
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5387:
5380:
5377:
5364:
5360:
5353:
5350:
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5333:
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5322:
5319:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5291:
5288:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5261:
5258:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5230:
5227:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5170:
5163:
5160:
5147:
5143:
5137:
5134:
5121:
5117:
5111:
5108:
5095:
5091:
5085:
5082:
5069:
5066:. GNU. 2021.
5065:
5059:
5056:
5043:
5039:
5033:
5030:
5017:
5013:
5007:
5004:
4991:
4987:
4980:
4977:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4951:
4938:
4934:
4928:
4925:
4920:
4917:
4912:
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4903:
4902:
4897:
4891:
4888:
4883:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4843:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4814:
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4806:
4803:
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4789:
4788:
4783:
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4766:
4761:
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4752:
4751:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4711:
4698:
4694:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4666:
4662:
4660:0-672-32454-7
4656:
4652:
4651:
4643:
4640:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4614:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4563:
4556:
4555:"URL Mapping"
4549:
4546:
4541:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4504:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4293:
4288:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4217:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4046:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4021:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4002:
3999:
3986:
3982:
3975:
3972:
3959:
3955:
3954:"Web History"
3948:
3946:
3942:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3824:The Telegraph
3820:
3812:
3809:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3773:
3770:
3757:
3753:
3751:1-55860-376-X
3747:
3743:
3742:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3595:Web container
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3530:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3502:February 2016
3501:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3476:February 2017
3475:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3450:February 2018
3449:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3424:February 2019
3423:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3398:February 2020
3397:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3372:February 2021
3371:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3271:
3265:
3258:
3252:
3247:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3216:compression).
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3164:load balancer
3161:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2996:Web servers (
2995:
2992:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2977:Web servers,
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2962:Internet bots
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2833:network speed
2830:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2760:other tricks;
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2677:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2653:response time
2648:
2644:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:, similar to
2617:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2566:
2565:reply quickly
2562:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2477:reverse proxy
2473:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2451:Dynamic cache
2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2362:
2361:dynamic cache
2359:
2358:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2331:Content cache
2330:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2265:
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2227:
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2222:
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2213:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:Error message
2133:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2099:web interface
2096:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2053:
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2050:
2046:
2038:
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2021:
2019:
2014:
1987:
1985:
1979:
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1969:
1960:
1953:
1947:
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1941:
1936:
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1926:
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1892:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1859:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1841:, along with
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:regular files
1827:
1825:
1818:Regular files
1817:
1815:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1764:
1759:
1754:
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1664:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1637:
1635:
1627:
1625:
1617:
1614:The client's
1609:
1607:
1604:Example of a
1602:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1563:
1560:The client's
1555:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1517:
1514:The client's
1509:
1507:
1504:Example of a
1502:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1483:
1482:Apache server
1475:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1454:absolute path
1447:
1445:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1397:
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1387:
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1366:
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1298:
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1262:
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1249:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1236:
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1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1147:regular files
1144:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:Content cache
999:
996:
995:Authorization
993:
990:
986:
982:
979:
976:
973:
972:
971:
969:
965:
961:
953:
949:
946:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
924:
921:
918:
917:
916:
914:
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903:
898:
894:
891:
888:
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879:
876:
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870:
869:
868:
865:
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854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
831:
824:
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815:
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772:
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733:
728:
724:
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710:
705:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
669:
665:
660:
644:
643:MediaWiki.org
640:
635:
626:
625:
616:
614:
610:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
551:
547:
543:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
515:public domain
512:
507:
503:
484:
483:MediaWiki.org
480:
475:
466:
465:
456:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
421:
417:
414:
410:
407:
403:
399:
398:
397:
395:
392:installed on
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
360:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
338:
334:
330:
322:
321:NeXT Computer
317:
311:
306:
299:
297:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
273:) by another
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
238:error message
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
192:
188:
180:
176:
172:
168:
161:
157:
149:
142:
138:
133:
125:
115:
112:
104:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
6107:Register.com
6042:GMO Internet
5769:
5755:Web document
5730:Web tracking
5697:Self-hosting
5692:Peer-to-peer
5604:. Retrieved
5586:
5574:. Retrieved
5556:
5544:. Retrieved
5526:
5514:. Retrieved
5496:
5484:. Retrieved
5466:
5454:. Retrieved
5436:
5424:. Retrieved
5406:
5394:. Retrieved
5379:
5367:. Retrieved
5352:
5340:. Retrieved
5331:
5321:
5309:. Retrieved
5300:
5290:
5278:. Retrieved
5269:
5260:
5248:. Retrieved
5239:
5229:
5217:. Retrieved
5199:First Monday
5198:
5185:
5173:. Retrieved
5162:
5150:. Retrieved
5136:
5124:. Retrieved
5110:
5098:. Retrieved
5084:
5072:. Retrieved
5058:
5046:. Retrieved
5032:
5020:. Retrieved
5006:
4994:. Retrieved
4979:
4967:. Retrieved
4953:
4941:. Retrieved
4927:
4900:
4890:
4863:
4823:
4813:
4786:
4776:
4749:
4739:
4727:. Retrieved
4713:
4701:. Retrieved
4669:. Retrieved
4649:
4642:
4630:. Retrieved
4616:
4604:. Retrieved
4569:. Retrieved
4548:
4521:
4511:
4484:
4444:
4419:. Retrieved
4405:
4393:. Retrieved
4364:. Retrieved
4335:. Retrieved
4321:
4309:. Retrieved
4295:
4268:
4258:
4246:. Retrieved
4232:
4220:. Retrieved
4206:
4194:. Retrieved
4190:the original
4180:
4168:. Retrieved
4154:
4142:. Retrieved
4128:
4116:. Retrieved
4112:the original
4108:"NCSA httpd"
4102:
4090:. Retrieved
4075:
4049:. Retrieved
4023:. Retrieved
4008:
4001:
3989:. Retrieved
3974:
3962:. Retrieved
3932:. Retrieved
3902:. Retrieved
3870:. Retrieved
3861:
3852:
3840:. Retrieved
3823:
3811:
3799:. Retrieved
3779:
3772:
3760:. Retrieved
3740:
3701:Java Servlet
3639:
3638:
3610:
3609:
3528:
3346:October 2021
3275:
3269:
3256:
3240:Market share
3224:
3220:
3219:
3115:
3112:IP addresses
3108:domain names
3058:
3020:
3001:
2982:
2978:
2933:
2928:
2919:unresponsive
2918:
2914:
2912:
2908:C10M problem
2904:C10k problem
2895:
2893:
2877:
2868:Benchmarking
2842:connections;
2831:the average
2794:
2792:
2784:
2779:
2772:
2768:performances
2765:
2763:
2755:system calls
2732:
2730:
2698:
2696:
2675:
2669:
2664:of responses
2651:
2634:
2611:
2598:
2596:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2569:
2564:
2558:improve the
2557:
2555:
2552:Performances
2542:system calls
2539:
2527:
2505:
2490:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2454:
2443:and/or fast
2438:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2419:
2415:performances
2408:
2373:
2341:
2334:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2269:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2199:unauthorized
2185:
2163:
2154:
2137:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2115:
2110:dynamic page
2069:
2067:
2044:
2042:
2032:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2015:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1900:
1898:
1887:file uploads
1879:receive data
1878:
1874:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1839:device files
1834:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1801:
1797:regular file
1792:
1790:
1772:
1770:
1749:HTTP methods
1744:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1660:
1657:
1644:query string
1641:
1631:
1618:connects to
1613:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1577:
1564:connects to
1559:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1531:
1518:connects to
1513:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1479:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1438:
1425:
1423:
1416:query string
1398:
1388:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1349:
1341:
1315:
1313:
1286:
1268:
1266:
1261:HTTP headers
1245:
1231:
1220:
1216:
1201:
1197:
1191:HTTP headers
1184:
1155:
1130:
1107:
1073:
1067:
1045:
1043:
1040:Common tasks
985:domain names
967:
963:
962:and popular
959:
957:
932:connections
912:
910:
907:
884:performances
878:common tasks
874:implemented;
866:
857:
855:
850:
842:
838:
836:
816:
802:
800:
773:
768:
766:
752:
729:
725:
721:market share
717:
712:
706:
695:
684:
675:
673:
611:
596:
577:
561:
533:
523:
518:
508:
504:
497:
438:
436:
425:
406:WorldWideWeb
400:a graphical
387:
378:
364:
354:
350:
347:web browsers
346:
342:
340:
309:
283:
260:
247:, such as a
242:
186:
184:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
60:"Web server"
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
6112:Squarespace
5995:Domain name
5895:DNS Belgium
5817:DirectAdmin
5760:Web content
5750:Overselling
5679:Web hosting
5426:15 November
5396:15 November
5369:15 November
4729:16 December
4703:16 November
4571:15 November
4421:22 December
4395:22 December
4366:22 December
4337:22 December
4311:21 December
4248:16 December
4222:16 December
4196:16 December
4170:27 December
4144:17 December
4118:16 December
4051:18 December
4025:18 December
3904:20 December
3605:Web service
3554:HTTP server
3198:workarounds
2987:computer(s)
2896:load limits
2890:Load limits
2880:benchmarked
2774:scalability
2685:concurrency
2508:kernel mode
2108:(see also:
1812:Default.htm
1442:file system
1365:URL mapping
1323:URL mapping
1215:optionally
1196:optionally
1093:URL mapping
899:web server.
847:implemented
812:web traffic
702:open-source
680:domain name
664:Cobalt Qube
639:Phabricator
511:source code
479:Phabricator
443:source code
411:a portable
402:web browser
390:NeXTSTEP OS
222:web crawler
218:web browser
210:web content
160:Server farm
6180:Categories
6127:Webcentral
6062:Infomaniak
5999:registrars
5965:NIC México
5900:CentralNic
5878:registries
5847:Ispmanager
5799:comparison
5770:Web server
5606:27 January
5361:. github.
5342:1 February
5311:1 February
5280:1 February
5250:1 February
5219:4 November
5175:9 December
5152:9 December
5126:9 December
5100:9 December
5074:9 December
5048:9 December
5022:9 December
4996:9 December
4969:9 December
4943:9 December
4671:9 December
4632:19 October
4606:19 October
4092:16 October
3991:16 October
3964:16 October
3934:16 October
3872:1 February
3842:1 February
3826:. London.
3801:14 October
3762:22 January
3720:References
3211:and maybe
3120:download.*
3069:Deploying
2915:overloaded
2822:compressed
2780:heavy load
2725:coroutines
2662:throughput
2633:number of
2610:number of
2574:responsive
2501:user space
2434:file cache
2411:bottleneck
2370:File cache
2350:file cache
2011:index.fcgi
1949:responses.
1910:The three
1903:(see also
1883:data entry
1847:hard links
1804:index.html
1774:file cache
1636:program):
1616:user agent
1562:user agent
1516:user agent
1418:variables.
1232:statistics
1048:, (e.g.):
1027:clean URLs
989:IP address
911:These are
880:performed;
821:protocol.
603:Windows NT
564:webmasters
526:NCSA httpd
420:CERN httpd
327:See also:
187:web server
141:rack mount
101:March 2009
71:newspapers
6082:Hostinger
6077:Namecheap
6017:DreamHost
5842:ISPConfig
5837:InterWorx
5780:Webmaster
5775:Web cache
5687:Clustered
3832:0307-1235
3600:Web proxy
3364:4.00% (*)
3361:4.00% (*)
3326:Microsoft
3309:OpenResty
3091:patterns;
3082:Firewalls
3072:web cache
2998:computers
2991:databases
2966:bandwidth
2956:XSS worms
2723:usage of
2530:user-mode
2516:debugging
2481:memcached
2240:directory
2192:forbidden
2173:user name
2087:an image;
2059:databases
2007:index.php
2003:index.cgi
1999:index.asp
1995:index.tpl
1808:index.htm
1793:directory
1650:request.
1586:directory
1430:file path
1412:URL parts
1405:directory
1352:June 2023
1314:The term
952:log files
930:encrypted
732:LiteSpeed
607:Microsoft
449:to other
404:, called
375:hypertext
228:or other
6087:NameSilo
6072:Name.com
6007:Bluehost
5985:Verisign
5671:Concepts
5600:Archived
5596:Netcraft
5576:13 March
5570:Archived
5566:Netcraft
5540:Archived
5536:Netcraft
5510:Archived
5506:Netcraft
5480:Archived
5476:Netcraft
5450:Archived
5446:Netcraft
5420:Archived
5416:Netcraft
5390:Archived
5363:Archived
5336:Archived
5332:Lifewire
5305:Archived
5301:Lifewire
5274:Archived
5244:Archived
5240:Lifewire
5213:Archived
5171:. Usenix
5146:Archived
5120:Archived
5094:Archived
5068:Archived
5042:Archived
5016:Archived
4990:Archived
4963:Archived
4937:Archived
4723:Archived
4697:Archived
4665:Archived
4626:Archived
4600:Archived
4562:Archived
4415:Archived
4389:Archived
4360:Archived
4331:Archived
4305:Archived
4303:. 2017.
4242:Archived
4216:Archived
4164:Archived
4138:Archived
4086:Archived
4061:cite web
3985:Archived
3958:Archived
3928:Archived
3898:Archived
3866:Archived
3836:Archived
3795:Archived
3756:Archived
3533:See also
3278:Netcraft
3128:static.*
3116:separate
3010:database
3006:back-end
2985:back-end
2972:Internet
2906:and the
2854:software
2850:hardware
2705:(e.g.):
2520:run-time
2430:userland
2177:password
2090:a video;
2084:, etc.);
2051:, e.g.:
1912:standard
1707:is sent.
1686:is sent;
1679:is sent;
1426:URL path
1395:content;
1109:executes
1075:receives
1066:manages
964:features
960:advanced
897:Internet
890:software
759:disks).
744:Lighttpd
736:Hiawatha
584:Netscape
432:HTTP 0.9
355:Internet
353:and the
253:Internet
230:resource
226:web page
198:hardware
194:software
191:computer
177:serving
6137:Wix.com
6132:Web.com
6047:GoDaddy
6022:Dynadot
6012:Domainz
5970:Nominet
5935:GoDaddy
5930:Freenom
5862:Usermin
5827:Froxlor
5807:AlternC
5702:Virtual
5546:8 April
5516:8 April
5486:8 April
5456:8 April
3714:ASP.NET
3633:FastCGI
3341:Others
3173:, fast
2727:or not;
2716:single
2711:process
2709:single
2384:devices
2097:) of a
1944:FastCGI
1756:OPTIONS
1670:OPTIONS
1342:updated
1186:replies
948:Logging
641:and on
605:OS, by
580:Netsite
568:patches
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