161:(DBPSK) digital modulation scheme to transmit within narrow frequency bands using a frequency hopping algorithm for interference mitigation and enhanced security. It provides encryption and implicit authentication using a shared secret key regime to encode transmitted information via a 128-bit AES algorithm. The technology supports mobility with the network automatically routing terminal messages to the correct destination. Multiple networks, typically operated by different companies, are enabled and can be co-located. Each base station queries a central database to determine which network the terminal is registered to decode and route data accordingly.
295:
using
Weightless). A range of modulation and encoding techniques are used to permit each base station to communicate at a variety of speeds with terminals, some of which may be nearby and others several km away. Data rates may vary depending on the distance and the presence of radio interference – the typical range is alleged to be between about 0.1 Mbit/s and 16 Mbit/s. The design of the air interface and protocol minimises the costs of the equipment and its power consumption. A broadband downlink from a base station to a terminal uses single carrier in an unused 6 MHz (for US) or 8 MHz (for UK) TV channel.
2210:
2220:
22:
2199:
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196:
A base station transmits a
Weightless frame received by a few thousand devices. The devices are allocated a specific time and frequency to transfer their data back to the base station. The base station is connected to the Internet or a private network. The base station accesses a database to identify
121:
The name
Weightless was chosen to reflect the intention at a low overhead per transmission for devices that need to communicate just a low amounts of data. The Weightless logo appears in uppercase letters with the 'W' appearing in the top-right corner of a light blue box with a solid blue line above
294:
operates in the TV channels band. The
Weightless-W protocol divides the band into channels. A database is queried by a base station to determine which channels are in use by terrestrial television broadcast stations in the area, and which ones are free for use by white space devices (such as those
183:
Initially, there were three published
Weightless connectivity standards Weightless-P, Weightless-N, and Weightless-W. Weightless-N was an uplink-only LPWAN technology. Weightless W was designed to operate in the TV whitespace. Weightless-P, with bi-directional, narrowband technology intended to be
168:
operation with frequency hopping and variable spreading factors to increase range and accommodate low-power devices in frequency bands, or channels, within the terrestrial television broadcast band. Channels used by a nearby television transmitter are identified and left unaffected, while channels
117:
provided presentations. The
Weightless Special Interest Group promoted the technology (SIG), announced on December 7, 2012. The group was led by William Webb, a professor at Cambridge and a founder of the company Neul. A subsequent event was held in September 2013, when version 1.0 was published.
277:
The formal
Weightless-W Standard was published in February 2013. The Weightless-N Standard was published in May 2015. For networks using Weightless-W technology, a base station queries a database which identifies the channels that are being used for terrestrial television broadcast in its local
236:
and international standards for broadcasting in this spectrum. It also defines a general protocol model for negotiating and selecting a shared spectrum band for device operation. A Weightless Radio implementation would comply with this standard to cooperatively share the available spectrum.
282:– can be used by the base station to communicate with terminals using the Weightless-W protocol. Terminal endpoints were designed to be low-cost devices using minimal power so that they could work autonomously for up to several years.
268:
frequency hopping in an attempt to minimise the impact of interference and with variable spreading factors in an attempt to increase range (at the expense of lower data rate) and to accommodate low power devices with low data rates.
507:
172:
A network of base stations communicates with the
Internet, or a private network, to pass information from devices to a computer system; and data back to the devices. The
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Other technologies which use the channels not used for terrestrial television broadcast in a particular area are also said to be in development. One is
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2161:
2141:
1943:
32:
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2012:
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51:
2032:
974:
922:
407:"Cambridge startup launches world's first white space radio: 16Mb/s, 10km range, battery-powered and licence-free... just not legal"
252:
The original
Weightless specification was developed for machine-to-machine, low-cost, low-power communication system for use in the
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69:
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the frequencies or channels that it can use without interfering with terrestrial television broadcasts in its local area.
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to the base station is divided into sub-channels so that several devices can communicate with the base station.
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456:"How to build a national cellular wireless network for £50m: It's easy when all your customers are machines"
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technology specifications for exchanging data between a base station and many of machines around it.
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for an estimated $ 25 million. By 2015, the company Nwave
Technologies announced deployments in
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not being used for broadcasting television can be allocated for use by Weightless devices.
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872:
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600:
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1288:
430:"IoT Connectivity - Comparing NB-IoT, LTE-M, LoRa, SigFox, and other LPWAN Technologies"
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778:
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361:"Meet the LPWAN clan: The Internet of Things' low power contenders"
2110:
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1355:
813:
808:
753:
737:
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482:"Weightless, the Internet of things chip, becomes less vaporware"
208:(IoT) – over distances ranging from a few meters to about 10 km.
2052:
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830:
573:
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15:
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between TV channels in 2011 by engineers working at Neul in
554:
White Space Networks and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Services
541:
101:
Cambridge Wireless held an event at the Moller Centre in
39:
137:. However, observers noted no products on the market.
200:
Weightless is a wireless communications protocol for
508:"Weightless Wireless M2M White Space Communications"
50:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
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1993:
1957:
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240:Another technology is developed by the company
278:area. The channels not in use – the so-called
1168:
842:
585:
335:"White Space: The Next Big Thing in networks"
260:. The Weightless-W specification is based on
8:
2183:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
176:to devices uses time slots (TDMA), and the
2219:
1175:
1161:
1153:
849:
835:
827:
592:
578:
570:
232:for TV white spaces that comply with the
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
125:In September 2014, Neul was acquired by
325:
359:Marc Ambasna-Jones (August 15, 2018).
159:differential binary phase shift keying
31:contains content that is written like
384:"Cambridge gets a white (space) wash"
188:, was then just called "Weightless."
7:
2229:
878:Code-division multiple access (CDMA)
184:operated in licensed and unlicensed
480:Brian Benchoff (October 25, 2013).
428:Calum McClelland (June 30, 2020).
204:(M2M) communications known as the
14:
923:Frequency-hopping spread spectrum
2228:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2197:
1818:Free-space optical communication
20:
917:Direct-sequence spread spectrum
1:
105:on September 30, 2011. Neul,
2204:Telecommunication portal
1985:Telecommunications equipment
1111:Low probability of intercept
1080:PN (pseudorandom noise) code
935:Time-hopping spread spectrum
333:Bill Ray (August 18, 2011).
192:Communication and Connection
1721:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
454:Bill Ray (April 22, 2011).
248:Specifications and features
87:low-power wide-area network
2281:
1425:Telecommunications history
405:Bill Ray (June 14, 2011).
382:Bill Ray (June 27, 2011).
2192:
2033:Public Switched Telephone
1845:telecommunication circuit
1806:Fiber-optic communication
1551:Francis Blake (telephone)
1346:Optical telecommunication
1119:
860:in digital communications
103:Cambridge, United Kingdom
1944:Orbital angular-momentum
1381:Satellite communications
1220:Communications satellite
1137:Statistical multiplexing
1823:Molecular communication
1646:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
1475:Undersea telegraph line
1210:Cable protection system
1965:Communication protocol
1751:Charles Sumner Tainter
1566:Walter Houser Brattain
1511:Edwin Howard Armstrong
1319:Information revolution
1095:Power spectral density
1939:Polarization-division
1671:Narinder Singh Kapany
1636:Erna Schneider Hoover
1556:Jagadish Chandra Bose
1536:Alexander Graham Bell
1267:online video platform
1127:Digital communication
989:Major implementations
929:Chirp spread spectrum
141:, a company based in
52:neutral point of view
2260:Networking standards
1781:Vladimir K. Zworykin
1741:Almon Brown Strowger
1711:Charles Grafton Page
1366:Prepaid mobile phone
1294:Electrical telegraph
262:time-division duplex
212:Related technologies
166:time-division duplex
157:Weightless-N uses a
111:Cable & Wireless
1731:Johann Philipp Reis
1490:Wireless revolution
1452:The Telephone Cases
1309:Hydraulic telegraph
747:Long range wireless
549:Weightless Alliance
228:standard defines a
220:under the standard
131:Copenhagen, Denmark
44:promotional content
1929:Frequency-division
1906:Telephone exchange
1776:Charles Wheatstone
1706:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
1681:Innocenzo Manzetti
1616:Reginald Fessenden
1351:Optical telegraphy
1184:Telecommunications
559:2012-04-22 at the
506:Ian Poole (2012).
206:Internet of things
202:machine-to-machine
164:Weightless-W uses
46:and inappropriate
2242:
2241:
1980:Store and forward
1975:Data transmission
1889:Network switching
1840:Transmission line
1686:Guglielmo Marconi
1651:Internet pioneers
1516:Mohamed M. Atalla
1485:Whistled language
1150:
1149:
824:
823:
565:Oxford University
512:Radio-Electronics
290:The Weightless-W
230:MAC and PHY layer
80:
79:
72:
2272:
2255:Mobile computers
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2222:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2073:Notable networks
2063:Wireless network
2003:Cellular network
1995:Types of network
1970:Computer network
1857:Network topology
1771:Thomas A. Watson
1626:Oliver Heaviside
1611:Philo Farnsworth
1586:Daniel Davis Jr.
1561:Charles Bourseul
1521:John Logie Baird
1230:Data compression
1225:Computer network
1177:
1170:
1163:
1154:
1090:Near–far problem
907:Spread spectrum
851:
844:
837:
828:
594:
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571:
545:
544:
542:Official website
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527:
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514:. Archived from
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264:technology with
135:Esbjerg, Denmark
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33:an advertisement
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1989:
1953:
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1859:
1851:
1792:
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1691:Robert Metcalfe
1546:Tim Berners-Lee
1494:
1314:Information Age
1186:
1181:
1151:
1146:
1115:
1068:
1022:Cordless phones
984:
940:
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873:Spread spectrum
861:
858:Spread spectrum
855:
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820:
742:
724:
696:
603:
601:Internet access
598:
561:Wayback Machine
540:
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518:on May 11, 2012
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273:Weightless v1.0
266:spread spectrum
250:
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186:ISM frequencies
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37:
25:
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1924:Space-division
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1761:Camille Tissot
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1736:Claude Shannon
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1726:Tivadar Puskás
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1696:Antonio Meucci
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1666:Charles K. Kao
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1641:Harold Hopkins
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1541:Emile Berliner
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1480:Videotelephony
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1376:Radiotelephone
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1073:Major concepts
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534:External links
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409:. The Register
397:
386:. The Register
374:
363:. The Register
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153:Implementation
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48:external links
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1986:
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1949:Code-division
1947:
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1934:Time-division
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1870:
1868:
1865:
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1862:
1860:and switching
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1838:
1834:
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1824:
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1812:
1811:optical fiber
1809:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1801:Coaxial cable
1799:
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1782:
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1717:
1716:Radia Perlman
1714:
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1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:Lee de Forest
1604:
1602:
1601:Thomas Edison
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1591:Donald Davies
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1576:Claude Chappe
1574:
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1569:
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1564:
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1421:
1420:Smoke signals
1418:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
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1401:
1400:
1399:
1398:Semiconductor
1396:
1392:
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1257:Digital media
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1128:
1125:
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1118:
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1109:
1107:
1106:Rake receiver
1104:
1102:
1099:
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1078:
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1054:
1052:(aka IS-2000)
1051:
1048:
1046:(aka cdmaOne)
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1023:
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996:Space Network
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866:Main articles
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543:
538:
537:
533:
522:September 24,
517:
513:
509:
502:
499:
491:September 24,
487:
486:Hackaday Blog
483:
476:
473:
465:September 24,
461:
457:
450:
447:
439:September 23,
435:
431:
424:
421:
413:September 24,
408:
401:
398:
390:September 24,
385:
378:
375:
367:September 23,
362:
355:
352:
344:September 24,
340:
336:
329:
326:
320:
316:
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308:
306:
303:
302:
298:
296:
293:
286:Air interface
285:
283:
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272:
270:
267:
263:
259:
258:Cambridge, UK
255:
247:
245:
243:
238:
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231:
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223:
222:IEEE 802.11af
219:
211:
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108:
104:
96:
94:
92:
88:
85:was a set of
84:
74:
71:
63:
53:
49:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
18:
17:
1916:Multiplexing
1791:Transmission
1756:Nikola Tesla
1746:Henry Sutton
1701:Samuel Morse
1631:Robert Hooke
1596:Amos Dolbear
1531:John Bardeen
1450:
1430:Telautograph
1334:Mobile phone
1289:Edholm's law
1272:social media
1205:Broadcasting
1101:Process gain
946:
908:
730:Wireless LAN
720:Wireless USB
702:Wireless PAN
520:. Retrieved
516:the original
511:
501:
489:. Retrieved
485:
475:
463:. Retrieved
460:The Register
459:
449:
437:. Retrieved
433:
423:
411:. Retrieved
400:
388:. Retrieved
377:
365:. Retrieved
354:
342:. Retrieved
339:The Register
338:
328:
289:
276:
251:
239:
215:
199:
195:
182:
171:
163:
156:
145:, announced
124:
120:
115:ARM Holdings
100:
82:
81:
66:
57:
42:by removing
38:Please help
30:
2116:NPL network
1828:Radio waves
1766:Alfred Vail
1676:Hedy Lamarr
1661:Dawon Kahng
1621:Elisha Gray
1581:Yogen Dalal
1506:Nasir Ahmed
1440:Teleprinter
1304:Heliographs
888:Hedy Lamarr
434:IoT for All
280:white space
254:white space
226:IEEE 802.22
2249:Categories
2162:Antarctica
2121:Toasternet
2043:Television
1526:Paul Baran
1458:Television
1442:(teletype)
1435:Telegraphy
1413:transistor
1391:Phryctoria
1361:Photophone
1339:Smartphone
1329:Mass media
1132:Modulation
794:Muni Wi-Fi
685:Power-line
321:References
147:pre-orders
107:Landis+Gyr
83:Weightless
60:March 2013
40:improve it
2146:Americas
2135:Locations
2106:Internet2
1867:Bandwidth
1571:Vint Cerf
1468:streaming
1446:Telephone
1386:Semaphore
1277:streaming
1017:Bluetooth
799:Satellite
710:Bluetooth
690:Broadband
665:IEEE 1901
310:Telemetry
149:in 2017.
2265:Wireless
2214:Category
2101:Internet
2091:CYCLADES
2008:Ethernet
1958:Concepts
1882:terminal
1833:wireless
1656:Bob Kahn
1499:Pioneers
1324:Internet
1215:Cable TV
1142:Waveform
1123:See also
1059:Qualcomm
1050:CDMA2000
1033:Cellular
965:TD-SCDMA
804:UMTS-TDD
655:HomePlug
635:Ethernet
557:Archived
299:See also
292:protocol
174:downlink
91:wireless
89:(LPWAN)
2234:Commons
2224:Outline
2177:Oceania
2096:FidoNet
2081:ARPANET
1894:circuit
1463:digital
1192:History
1064:Verizon
1012:GLONASS
1007:Galileo
980:MC-CDMA
975:FH-CDMA
970:DS-CDMA
960:TD-CDMA
947:schemes
909:methods
898:More...
884:History
660:HomePNA
620:Dial-up
97:History
2172:Europe
2142:Africa
2126:Usenet
2086:BITNET
2023:Mobile
1899:packet
1408:MOSFET
1403:device
1200:Beacon
1040:Mobile
998:(NASA)
955:W-CDMA
937:(THSS)
925:(FHSS)
919:(DSSS)
779:iBurst
650:Nessum
625:DOCSIS
242:Sigfox
224:. The
178:uplink
143:Taiwan
133:, and
127:Huawei
113:, and
2155:South
2150:North
2111:JANET
2048:Telex
2038:Radio
1877:Nodes
1872:Links
1793:media
1371:Radio
1356:Pager
1284:Drums
1250:video
1245:image
1235:audio
1097:(PSD)
1044:IS-95
1038:EV-DO
945:CDMA
931:(CSS)
814:WiBro
809:WiMAX
754:5G NR
738:Wi-Fi
715:Li-Fi
615:Cable
608:Wired
315:DASH7
305:Wimax
218:Wi-Fi
139:Ubiik
2167:Asia
2053:UUCP
2013:ISDN
1085:Chip
1055:Also
1026:DECT
789:MMDS
774:HSPA
769:GPRS
764:EVDO
759:DECT
675:MoCA
670:ISDN
645:G.hn
640:FTTx
524:2021
493:2021
467:2021
441:2021
415:2021
392:2021
369:2021
346:2021
122:it.
2058:WAN
2028:NGN
2018:LAN
1299:Fax
1240:DCT
1002:GPS
784:LTE
680:PON
630:DSL
563:at
234:FCC
2251::
1024::
510:.
484:.
458:.
432:.
337:.
244:.
109:,
2185:)
2181:(
1176:e
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579:v
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443:.
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394:.
371:.
348:.
73:)
67:(
62:)
58:(
54:.
36:.
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