1915:
1904:
114:
1070:"On the Structure and Classification of the Transition Rocks of Shropshire, Herefordshire and part of Wales and on the Lines of Disturbance which have affected that Series of Deposits, including the Valley of Elevation of Woolhope"
1284:
931:
Munnecke, A.; Samtleben, C.; Bickert, T. (2003). "The
Ireviken Event in the lower Silurian of Gotland, Sweden-relation to similar Palaeozoic and Proterozoic events".
1277:
1157:
559:
501:
1123:
1270:
1953:
1052:
887:
stage. The
Sheinwoodian lasted from 433.4 to 430.5 million years ago. The Homerian lasted from 430.5 to 427.4 million years ago.
1099:
1943:
848:
that underlay what he termed the "Ludlow rocks". He later modified this term to simply the "Wenlock rocks" in his book,
1293:
548:
1948:
1150:
743:
667:
1143:
1566:
1561:
1938:
825:
710:
593:
904:
Jeppsson, L.; Calner, M. (2007). "The
Silurian Mulde Event and a scenario for secundoβsecundo events".
1897:
1018:
982:
729:
718:
1095:
837:
1914:
1081:
1695:
1659:
1119:
1048:
1789:
1664:
1633:
1430:
1179:
940:
913:
797:
622:
321:
1758:
1654:
1592:
1487:
1456:
1425:
583:
118:
Map of Earth as it appeared 430 million years ago during the
Wenlock epoch, Homerian stage
804:. Radiometric dates constrain the Wenlockian between 433.4 and 427.4 million years ago.
1908:
1727:
1597:
1492:
1461:
1069:
829:
737:
661:
617:
486:
354:
944:
1932:
1618:
1587:
1550:
1482:
1451:
1194:
653:
347:
72:
1919:
1903:
1850:
1700:
1623:
1225:
1189:
880:
865:
817:
813:
801:
382:
339:
17:
1845:
1714:
1690:
1535:
1330:
468:
47:
1840:
1800:
1743:
1643:
1540:
1414:
1314:
1262:
1246:
1204:
917:
906:
Earth and
Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
821:
714:
403:
361:
313:
285:
92:
57:
758:
745:
682:
669:
1855:
1805:
1779:
1738:
1685:
1530:
1506:
1387:
1377:
1366:
1214:
841:
612:
450:
375:
275:
113:
97:
1815:
1810:
1774:
1674:
1607:
1576:
1471:
1440:
1401:
1351:
1325:
1301:
1241:
1230:
1209:
1166:
884:
873:
793:
396:
389:
368:
305:
295:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
1829:
1769:
1519:
1356:
1340:
657:
102:
77:
1865:
1748:
1382:
833:
733:
1135:
845:
958:
1889:
1885:
1881:
869:
861:
41:
1266:
1139:
130:
860:
The
Wenlock's beginning is defined by the lower boundary (or
633:
A conodont boundary (Ireviken datum 2) which is close to the
1043:
Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (2004).
1013:
1011:
832:). The name was first used in the term "Wenlock and
1864:
1828:
1788:
1757:
1726:
1713:
1673:
1642:
1606:
1575:
1549:
1518:
1505:
1470:
1439:
1413:
1400:
1365:
1339:
1313:
1300:
774:
725:
706:
698:
649:
641:
629:
607:
599:
589:
579:
574:
566:
554:
544:
539:
531:
523:
518:
123:
32:
1019:"International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2013/01"
933:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1074:Proceedings of the Geological Society of London
976:
974:
972:
1278:
1151:
500:Subdivision of the Silurian according to the
8:
965:. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
507:Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
1723:
1515:
1410:
1310:
1285:
1271:
1263:
1175:
1158:
1144:
1136:
1024:. International Commission on Stratigraphy
1118:. Elsevier Science Ltd. 14 August 2012.
642:Lower boundary GSSP candidate section(s)
896:
816:, an outcrop of rocks near the town of
879:The Wenlock is divided into the older
29:
868:. The end is defined as the base (or
7:
983:"The State of Silurian Stratigraphy"
719:Saetograptus (Colonograptus) varians
630:Lower boundary definition candidates
611:Imprecise. Currently placed between
476:
458:
440:
1884:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
1888:= megaannum (millions years ago);
27:2nd Series (Epoch) of the Silurian
25:
1892:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
615:biozone 5 and last appearance of
1913:
1902:
618:Pterospathodus amorphognathoides
112:
788:(sometimes referred to as the
1:
1331:Pleistocene (11.7 kaβ2.58 Ma)
945:10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00304-3
792:) is the second epoch of the
1116:The Geologic Time Scale 2012
1068:Murchison R.I. (1833β1834).
1294:Geological history of Earth
812:The Wenlock is named after
1970:
1567:Mississippian (323β359 Ma)
1562:Pennsylvanian (299β323 Ma)
1326:Holocene (presentβ11.7 ka)
1045:A Geologic Time Scale 2004
856:Definition and subdivision
40:433.4 Β± 0.8 β 427.4 Β± 0.5
1954:Wenlock first appearances
1879:
1851:Paleoarchean (3.2β3.6 Ga)
1701:Terreneuvian (521β539 Ma)
1173:
918:10.1017/S0263593300000377
707:Upper boundary definition
608:Lower boundary definition
497:
128:
111:
37:
1846:Mesoarchean (2.8β3.2 Ga)
1691:Miaolingian (497β509 Ma)
1536:Guadalupian (260β272 Ma)
1388:Paleocene (56.0β66.0 Ma)
1378:Oligocene (23.0β33.9 Ma)
840:in 1834 to refer to the
796:. It is preceded by the
1841:Neoarchean (2.5β2.8 Ga)
1806:Orosirian (1.8β2.05 Ga)
1801:Statherian (1.6β1.8 Ga)
1744:Cryogenian (635β720 Ma)
1634:Llandovery (433β444 Ma)
1541:Cisuralian (272β299 Ma)
1352:Pliocene (2.59β5.33 Ma)
266:−418 —
256:−420 —
246:−422 —
236:−424 —
226:−426 —
216:−428 —
206:−430 —
196:−432 —
186:−434 —
176:−436 —
166:−438 —
156:−440 —
146:−442 —
136:−444 —
1944:Silurian geochronology
1811:Rhyacian (2.05β2.3 Ga)
1780:Calymmian (1.4β1.6 Ga)
1739:Ediacaran (539β635 Ma)
1686:Furongian (485β497 Ma)
1531:Lopingian (252β260 Ma)
1357:Miocene (5.33β23.0 Ma)
1104:. Murray. p. 208.
1816:Siderian (2.3β2.5 Ga)
1775:Ectasian (1.2β1.4 Ga)
1696:Series 2 (509β521 Ma)
1383:Eocene (33.9β56.0 Ma)
1856:Eoarchean (3.6β4 Ga)
1749:Tonian (720 Maβ1 Ga)
1629:Wenlock (427β433 Ma)
1619:Pridoli (419β423 Ma)
981:Holland, C. (1982).
963:www.stratigraphy.org
800:and followed by the
1911: •
1900: •
1898:Geologic time scale
1660:Middle (458β470 Ma)
1624:Ludlow (423β427 Ma)
1593:Middle (383β393 Ma)
1488:Middle (237β247 Ma)
1457:Middle (164β174 Ma)
1101:The Silurian System
850:The Silurian System
775:Upper GSSP ratified
755: /
726:Upper boundary GSSP
699:Lower GSSP ratified
679: /
650:Lower boundary GSSP
637:graptolite biozone.
600:Time span formality
1909:Geology portal
1770:Stenian (1β1.2 Ga)
1665:Early (470β485 Ma)
1598:Early (393β419 Ma)
1493:Early (247β252 Ma)
1462:Early (174β201 Ma)
1431:Early (100β145 Ma)
1426:Late (66.0β100 Ma)
959:"Chart/Time Scale"
838:Roderick Murchison
808:Naming and history
759:52.3592Β°N 2.7772Β°W
683:52.5811Β°N 2.6389Β°W
590:Stratigraphic unit
580:Chronological unit
567:Time scale(s) used
18:Wenlock (Silurian)
1949:Geological epochs
1926:
1925:
1824:
1823:
1790:Paleoproterozoic
1709:
1708:
1655:Late (444β458 Ma)
1588:Late (359β383 Ma)
1501:
1500:
1483:Late (201β237 Ma)
1452:Late (145β164 Ma)
1396:
1395:
1317:(presentβ2.58 Ma)
1305:(presentβ66.0 Ma)
1260:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1125:978-0-444-59425-9
782:
781:
540:Usage information
513:
512:
493:
492:
475:
474:
457:
456:
16:(Redirected from
1961:
1920:World portal
1918:
1917:
1907:
1906:
1869:
1833:
1793:
1762:
1759:Mesoproterozoic
1731:
1724:
1719:
1678:
1647:
1611:
1580:
1554:
1523:
1516:
1511:
1475:
1444:
1418:
1411:
1406:
1370:
1344:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1264:
1176:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1137:
1130:
1129:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1015:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
987:
978:
967:
966:
955:
949:
948:
928:
922:
921:
901:
883:and the younger
798:Llandovery Epoch
770:
769:
767:
766:
765:
764:52.3592; -2.7772
760:
756:
753:
752:
751:
748:
694:
693:
691:
690:
689:
688:52.5811; -2.6389
684:
680:
677:
676:
675:
672:
482:
477:
464:
459:
446:
441:
342:
333:
324:
298:
278:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
131:
116:
107:
44:
30:
21:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1912:
1901:
1893:
1875:
1867:
1860:
1831:
1820:
1791:
1784:
1760:
1753:
1729:
1728:Neoproterozoic
1718:(539 Maβ2.5 Ga)
1717:
1716:
1715:Proterozoic Eon
1705:
1676:
1669:
1645:
1638:
1609:
1602:
1578:
1571:
1552:
1545:
1521:
1509:
1508:
1497:
1473:
1466:
1442:
1435:
1416:
1404:
1403:
1392:
1368:
1361:
1342:
1335:
1316:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1291:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1235:
1219:
1169:
1167:Silurian Period
1164:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1009:
999:
997:
985:
980:
979:
970:
957:
956:
952:
930:
929:
925:
912:(02): 135β154.
903:
902:
898:
893:
858:
844:and underlying
810:
763:
761:
757:
754:
749:
746:
744:
742:
741:
740:
687:
685:
681:
678:
673:
670:
668:
666:
665:
664:
514:
509:
508:
506:
489:
480:
471:
462:
453:
444:
437:
436:
432:
431:
427:
426:
422:
421:
417:
416:
412:
411:
407:
406:
400:
399:
393:
392:
386:
385:
379:
378:
372:
371:
365:
364:
358:
357:
351:
350:
344:
343:
338:
335:
334:
329:
326:
325:
320:
317:
316:
310:
309:
301:
300:
294:
290:
289:
281:
280:
274:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
119:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
39:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1967:
1965:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1721:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1551:Carboniferous
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1513:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1408:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1369:(23.0β66.0 Ma)
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1343:(2.58β23.0 Ma)
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1308:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1107:
1096:Murchison R.I.
1087:
1060:
1053:
1035:
1007:
968:
950:
923:
895:
894:
892:
889:
857:
854:
830:United Kingdom
809:
806:
780:
779:
776:
772:
771:
727:
723:
722:
708:
704:
703:
700:
696:
695:
651:
647:
646:
643:
639:
638:
631:
627:
626:
625:for more info.
623:See Llandovery
609:
605:
604:
601:
597:
596:
591:
587:
586:
581:
577:
576:
572:
571:
570:ICS Time Scale
568:
564:
563:
556:
555:Regional usage
552:
551:
546:
545:Celestial body
542:
541:
537:
536:
533:
529:
528:
525:
524:Name formality
521:
520:
516:
515:
511:
510:
498:
495:
494:
491:
490:
487:Ireviken event
485:
483:
473:
472:
467:
465:
455:
454:
449:
447:
438:
434:
433:
429:
428:
424:
423:
419:
418:
414:
413:
409:
408:
402:
401:
395:
394:
388:
387:
381:
380:
374:
373:
367:
366:
360:
359:
353:
352:
346:
345:
337:
336:
328:
327:
319:
318:
312:
311:
303:
302:
292:
291:
283:
282:
272:
271:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
126:
125:
121:
120:
117:
109:
108:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
45:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1966:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1939:Wenlock epoch
1937:
1936:
1934:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1827:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:(539 Maβ1 Ga)
1725:
1722:
1720:
1712:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1507:Paleozoic Era
1504:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:(66.0β145 Ma)
1412:
1409:
1407:
1405:(66.0β252 Ma)
1399:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1054:9780521786737
1050:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1008:
995:
991:
984:
977:
975:
973:
969:
964:
960:
954:
951:
946:
942:
939:(1): 99β124.
938:
934:
927:
924:
919:
915:
911:
907:
900:
897:
890:
888:
886:
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
855:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
826:West Midlands
823:
819:
815:
807:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
777:
773:
768:
739:
735:
731:
730:Pitch Coppice
728:
724:
721:
720:
716:
712:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
663:
659:
655:
654:Hughley Brook
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
595:
592:
588:
585:
582:
578:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
550:
547:
543:
538:
534:
532:Name ratified
530:
526:
522:
517:
505:
504:, as of 2021.
503:
496:
488:
484:
479:
478:
470:
466:
461:
460:
452:
448:
443:
442:
439:
405:
398:
391:
384:
377:
370:
363:
356:
349:
341:
332:
323:
315:
308:
307:
299:
297:
288:
287:
279:
277:
270:
133:
132:
127:
122:
115:
110:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
36:
31:
19:
1894:
1830:Archean Eon
1792:(1.6β2.5 Ga)
1677:(485β539 Ma)
1646:(444β485 Ma)
1628:
1610:(419β444 Ma)
1579:(359β419 Ma)
1553:(299β359 Ma)
1522:(252β299 Ma)
1510:(252β539 Ma)
1474:(201β252 Ma)
1443:(145β201 Ma)
1402:Mesozoic Era
1302:Cenozoic Era
1226:Sheinwoodian
1184:
1115:
1110:
1100:
1090:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1044:
1038:
1026:. Retrieved
998:. Retrieved
993:
989:
962:
953:
936:
932:
926:
909:
905:
899:
881:Sheinwoodian
878:
866:Sheinwoodian
859:
849:
818:Much Wenlock
814:Wenlock Edge
811:
802:Ludlow Epoch
789:
785:
783:
717:
634:
616:
499:
383:Sheinwoodian
330:
304:
293:
284:
273:
1866:Hadean Eon
1644:Ordovician
1415:Cretaceous
1315:Quaternary
1000:11 December
762: /
686: /
469:Mulde event
1933:Categories
1868:(4β4.6 Ga)
1832:(2.5β4 Ga)
1761:(1β1.6 Ga)
1367:Paleogene
1247:Ludfordian
1205:Rhuddanian
1180:Llandovery
891:References
842:limestones
836:rocks" by
822:Shropshire
790:Wenlockian
747:52Β°21β²33β³N
715:Graptolite
671:52Β°34β²52β³N
635:murchisoni
575:Definition
404:Ludfordian
362:Rhuddanian
322:Llandovery
124:Chronology
1895:See also:
1675:Cambrian
1608:Silurian
1577:Devonian
1472:Triassic
1441:Jurassic
1215:Telychian
872:) of the
864:) of the
852:in 1839.
750:2Β°46β²38β³W
674:2Β°38β²20β³W
613:acritarch
519:Etymology
451:Lau event
376:Telychian
276:Paleozoic
1520:Permian
1341:Neogene
1242:Gorstian
1231:Homerian
1210:Aeronian
1098:(1839).
990:Episodes
885:Homerian
874:Gorstian
794:Silurian
558:Global (
397:Gorstian
390:Homerian
369:Aeronian
296:Silurian
1195:Pridoli
1185:Wenlock
1028:10 July
996:: 21β23
786:Wenlock
713:of the
658:Apedale
481:←
463:←
445:←
355:Early D
348:PΕΓdolΓ
331:Wenlock
261:–
251:–
241:–
231:–
221:–
211:–
201:–
191:–
181:–
171:–
161:–
151:–
141:–
33:Wenlock
1874:
1190:Ludlow
1122:
1080:(33):
1051:
846:shales
834:Dudley
734:Ludlow
603:Formal
594:Series
527:Formal
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
340:Ludlow
314:Late O
1022:(PDF)
986:(PDF)
584:Epoch
549:Earth
1120:ISBN
1049:ISBN
1030:2013
1002:2020
994:1982
870:GSSP
862:GSSP
784:The
778:1980
738:U.K.
702:1980
662:U.K.
645:None
535:1980
48:Preκ
941:doi
937:195
914:doi
820:in
711:FAD
560:ICS
502:ICS
1935::
1890:Ga
1886:Ma
1882:ka
1082:14
1076:.
1072:.
1047:.
1010:^
992:.
988:.
971:^
961:.
935:.
910:93
908:.
876:.
828:,
736:,
732:,
660:,
656:,
621:.
98:Pg
42:Ma
1286:e
1279:t
1272:v
1159:e
1152:t
1145:v
1128:.
1084:.
1078:2
1057:.
1032:.
1004:.
947:.
943::
920:.
916::
824:(
562:)
306:D
286:O
103:N
93:K
88:J
83:T
78:P
73:C
68:D
63:S
58:O
53:κ
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
