370:
661:. Rumors about how the sun always shone there and wheat grew as tall as a man attracted American settlers. The journey to the west was pleasant, but there were dangers and challenges along the route. There were diseases: cholera, measles, smallpox, and dysentery. Children were crushed under the covered wagon wheels, people drowned in rivers, were lost, starved, killed by Native Americans (very few settlers), froze to death, trampled by buffalo, or shot by accident. With these accidents, many settlers died. About 20,000 to 30,000 died on the Oregon Trail along the way in 40 years.
701:
causes of death on the trail. Food, water, and wood were always scarce, and the settlers often encountered contaminated water holes. During summer, the trail was crowded with wagon trains, army units, missionaries, hunting parties, traders, and even sightseeing tours. Some settlers complained that they sometimes had to start early in the day in order to find a good campsite ahead of the crowd. Others spoke of the need to wear masks for protection against the dust kicked up by the heavy traffic.
577:
it more dependent on the
American trade, and provided the Comanche with a steady supply of horses for sale. By the 1840s, trail traffic along the Arkansas Valley was so heavy that bison herds could not reach important seasonal grazing land, contributing to their collapse which in turn hastened the decline of Comanche power in the region. The trail was used as the 1846 U.S. invasion route of New Mexico during the Mexican–American War.
299:, Iowa. (Once known as Kanesville, Iowa until 1852; after river dredging in the early 1850s, the latter town at the Missouri-Platte confluence became the most common departure point since it was close in proximity to the River Platte—along which the eastern trails ascend to South Pass above Fort Laramie. ) The trails from these cities (and several others) converged in the mostly empty flatlands of central
362:. For all pioneers, the scarcity of potable water and fuel for fires was a common brutal challenge on the trip, which was exacerbated by the wide ranging temperature changes common to the mountain highlands and high plains where a daylight reading in the eighties or nineties can drop precipitously to a frigid seeming nighttime temperature in the low 40s. In many treeless areas,
596:
River, Utah. The North Branch proceeded due north into
Colorado's San Luis Valley and crossed west over Cochetepa Pass to follow the Gunnison and Colorado rivers to meet the Southern Branch near Green River. From central Utah the trail trended southwest to an area now shared by Utah, Nevada and Arizona. It crossed southern Nevada and passed through the
576:
The route skirted the northern edge and crossed the northwestern corner of
Comancheria, the territory of the Comanche, who demanded compensation for granting passage to the trail, and represented another market for American traders. Comanche raiding farther south in Mexico isolated New Mexico, making
572:
The Santa Fe Trail was a 19th-century transportation route through central North
America that connected Independence, Missouri with Santa Fe, New Mexico. Pioneered in 1821 by William Becknell, it served as a vital commercial highway until the introduction of the railroad to Santa Fe in 1880. Santa Fe
144:
as some of the most significant influences to shape the content and character of the nation. The remains of many trail ruts can still be observed in various locations throughout the
American West. Travelers may loosely follow various routes of the emigrant trails on modern highways through the use of
691:
Families usually began their journey at
Independence, Missouri, near the Missouri River with the best time to travel is from April to September. The journey to cross the entire Oregon Trail in a covered wagon took from four to six months, following a winding trail 2,000 miles (3,200 km) through
774:
to Salt Lake City, Utah. The Mormon Trail was used for more than 20 years after the
Mormons used it and has been reserved for sightseeing. The initial movement of the Mormons from Nauvoo, Illinois to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake occurred in two segments: one in 1846 and one in 1847. The first
786:
The Mormon settlers shared similar experiences with others traveling west: the drudgery of walking hundreds of miles, suffocating dust, violent thunderstorms, mud, temperature extremes, bad water, poor forage, sickness, attacks from indians, and death. They recorded their experiences in journals,
595:
The Old
Spanish Trail witnessed a brief but furious heyday between 1830 and 1848 as a trade route linking Santa Fe, New Mexico and Los Angeles, California. The Trail left Santa Fe and split into two routes. The South or Main Branch headed northwest past Colorado's San Juan mountains to near Green
700:
traveling about 12–15 miles (19–24 km) per day. Settlers often had to cross flooded rivers. Indians attacked the wagon trains; however, of the 10,000 deaths that occurred from 1835 to 1855, only 4 percent resulted from Indian attacks. Cholera, smallpox, and firearms accidents were the chief
358:) in the dry semi-arid terrain common to the high plains in the heat of summer. This heat could cause the wagons to catch on fire. People would form groups of wagons known as wagon trains. In later years, following the advice of Brigham Young, many Mormon emigrants made the crossing to Utah with
778:
From 1846 to 1869, more than 4,600 Mormons died traveling along an integral part of the road west, the Mormon
Pioneer Trail. The trail started in Nauvoo, Illinois, traveled across Iowa, connected with the Great Platte River Road at the Missouri River, and ended near the Great Salt Lake in Utah.
580:
After the U.S. acquisition of the
Southwest ending the Mexican–American War, the trail helped open the region to U.S. economic development and settlement, playing a vital role in the expansion of the U.S. into the lands it had acquired. The road route is commemorated today by the National Park
731:
enticed over 250,000 gold-seekers and farmers to travel overland the gold fields and rich farmlands of California during the 1840s and 1850s. Today, over 1,000 miles of trail ruts and traces can still be seen in the vast undeveloped lands between Casper, Wyoming, and the West Coast.
649:. It was the only practical way for settlers in wagons without tools, livestock, or supplies to cross the mountains and usually thought critical to the settlement of the American West. Some of the first to travel the Oregon Trail were Christian missionaries, members of the
490:
by linking up with the Old Spanish Trail in southern Utah and closely following it, with alterations to the route of the mule trails only to allow wagons to traverse it for the first time. Soon afterward it was the route Mormon settlers followed to southwestern Utah, a
581:
Service as the Santa Fe National Historic Trail. A highway route that roughly follows the trail's path through the entire length of Kansas, the southeast corner of Colorado and northern New Mexico has been designated as the Santa Fe Trail National Scenic Byw.
818:. Unlike the more northern routes, pioneer wagons could travel this route year-round, as the mountain passes were not blocked by snows. But, the trail had the disadvantage of high summer heat and lack of water in the desert regions of
272:. During the twenty-five years 1841–1866, 250,000 to 650,000 people "pulled up stakes," and headed west along these trails. About one-third immigrated to Oregon, one-third to California and one-third to Utah, Colorado, and Montana.
791:
from Missouri and Illinois. As it was also motivated by a desire to maintain a religious and cultural identity it was necessary to find an isolated area where they could permanently settle and practice their religion in peace.
109:, a southern spur of the California Trail used in the winter that also made use of the western half of the Old Spanish Trail. Regardless of the trail used, the journey was often slow and arduous, fraught with risks from
553:
When it was constructed it became a popular form of transportation between the territories. These trains were more comfortable than the long walks and wagon rides. Disadvantages included robberies from outlaws like
511:
and the border of California and in southern Utah, in 1855, it became a significant seasonal trade route between California and Utah, until 1869, when the transcontinental railroad ended Utah's winter isolation.
826:
of California. It was used anyway as a route of travel and commerce between the eastern United States and California. In addition, ranchers drove many herds of cattle and sheep along this route to new markets.
486:
soldiers returning to Utah in 1847–1848. The first significant use of the route was by parties of Forty-Niners late in 1849, and by some Mormon trains, to avoid crossing the snow bound
1135:
85:, served the majority of settlers during the era of westward expansion. Three of the Missouri-based routes—the Oregon, California, and Mormon Trails—were collectively known as the
775:
segment, across Iowa to the Missouri River, covered around 265 miles. The second segment, from the Missouri River to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake, covered about 1,032 miles.
201:, developed in 1829–1830 to support the trade of New Mexican wool products for California horses and mules and carried parties of fur traders and emigrants from New Mexico to
38:
built overland trails throughout the 19th century, especially between 1840 and 1847 as an alternative to sea and railroad transport. These immigrants began to settle much of
618:
The Oregon Trail, the longest of the overland routes used in the westward expansion of the United States, was first traced by settlers and fur traders for traveling to the
1150:
1037:
161:
in the 19th century had the choice of several routes. Some of the earliest were those of the Mexicans in the southwest. American trade with Northern Mexico created the
236:. People followed this trail to take advantage of the fertile land the government gave out. Branching off from that route, some pioneers traveled southwestward on the
978:
The Prairie Traveler: A Hand-book for Overland Expeditions, with Maps, Illustrations, and Itineraries of the Principal Routes Between the Mississippi and the Pacific
747:
50:
did so with various motives, among them religious persecution and economic incentives, to move from their homes to destinations further west via routes such as the
519:, spread by poor sanitation: with thousands traveling along or near the same watercourses each summer, downstream travelers were susceptible to ingesting upstream
779:
Generally following pre-existing routes, the trail carried tens of thousands of Mormons to a new home and refuge in the Great Basin. From their labors arose the
492:
1036:
715:
The main route of the California Trail branched from the Oregon Trail west of Fort Hall, as immigrants went on forward going southwestward into present-day
681:
787:
diaries, and letters. The Mormons, however, were a unique part of this migration. Their move to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake was a response to their
369:
515:
Up to 50,000 people, or one-tenth of the emigrants who attempted the crossing continent, died during the trip, most from infectious disease such as
1115:
870:
482:
between Salt Lake City and Los Angeles was developed by a Mormon expedition from their new settlements at and around Salt Lake City, and by some
1140:
524:
507:, of the California Trail, remained a minor migration route and in the early 1850s a mail route. After some alterations of the route between
89:. Historians have estimated at least 500,000 emigrants used these three trails between 1843 and 1869, and despite growing competition from
831:
133:, Indian attacks, injury, and harsh weather, with as many as one in ten travelers dying along the way, usually as a result of disease.
986:
913:
473:. During the Gold Rush era it was these routes by which many herds of sheep and cattle were driven to California and the goldfields.
846:
673:
432:
421:. This route, not closed to travel in winter, permitted travelers coming to New Mexico Territory on the Santa Fe Trail or on the
174:
901:
469:
1125:
590:
548:
102:
440:
141:
842:
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in 1834. Even though they didn't make many converts, they were impressed by the short amount of time needed to reach the
688:
was established shortly afterward, in 1848, and over 12,000 American settlers made the journey there during the decade.
137:
1043:
889:
788:
392:
279:, pioneers following any of the three trails typically left from one of three "jumping off" points on the Missouri's
82:
650:
500:
320:
1120:
976:
935:
835:
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in Utah. The Mormon Trail followed part of the Oregon Trail and then branched off at the fur trading post called
90:
378:
63:
423:
359:
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From either of these towns, the traveler could continue north by land to the goldfields on the coast, via the
940:
801:
642:
623:
457:
194:
98:
67:
945:
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292:
288:
213:
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from Oregon. In the south, the forty-niners used the Cooke Wagon Road, until some found a short cut, the
1145:
1130:
158:
146:
136:
The history of these trails and the settlers who traveled them have since become deeply embedded in the
383:
46:
as part of the mass overland migrations of the mid-19th century. Settlers emigrating from the eastern
819:
815:
728:
724:
408:
336:
296:
265:
190:
178:
71:
1077:
List of Itineraries: XIV.—Wagon-road from San Antonio, Texas, to El Paso, N. M., and Fort Yuma, Cal.
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With the passes of the Sierras and the Rocky Mountains blocked in winter, another winter route, the
854:
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601:
444:
202:
1008:
951:
897:
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528:
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316:
114:
762:. Heading south and following river valleys southwestward to the valley of the Great Salt Lake,
573:
was near the end of the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro which carried trade from Mexico City.
531:. Most settlers traveled in large parties or "trains" of up to several hundred wagons led by a
982:
972:
874:
693:
654:
646:
634:
461:. From Los Angeles the goldfields could be reached by land over the two routes north, the old
304:
31:
435:
north to link up to the Cooke's Wagon Road/Southern Emigrant Trail at the cutoff through the
66:
in 1849, vast new American conquests again encouraged mass immigration. Legislation like the
780:
771:
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483:
439:. In 1856, as part of an improvement of the route as a military road, a cutoff was built to
332:
257:
245:
221:
182:
55:
35:
1038:"Review: Acquisition of Oregon and the long suppressed evidence about Marcus Whitman"
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1021:
905:
858:
823:
751:
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was established by such settlers in 1843, generally limited to the Willamette Valley. The
463:
400:
229:
198:
93:, some use even continued into the early 20th century. The major southern routes were the
633:
and where the California Trail split off to the south. Then the Oregon Trail crossed the
17:
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669:
619:
567:
428:
413:
396:
276:
269:
170:
94:
1109:
909:
763:
677:
664:
American settlers began following the trail in 1841, with the first recorded settler
658:
597:
487:
448:
418:
343:
47:
39:
696:. The journey was a severe test of strength and endurance so travelers often joined
275:
Although it is often stated that the Northern trails began in certain cities on the
930:
755:
741:
613:
532:
312:
308:
249:
225:
122:
59:
51:
43:
849:
the Southern Emigrant Trail route in 1849 ran westward from the El Camino Real to
878:
759:
697:
665:
555:
478:
452:
233:
118:
106:
527:, although often feared by the settlers, were comparatively rare, prior to the
1087:
Marcy (1859) List of Itineraries: XV.—From Fort Yuma to San Diego, California.
893:
862:
811:
807:
520:
508:
373:
Routes of the California, Mormon and Oregon Trails west of the Rocky Mountains
284:
130:
311:. From their confluence there the combined trails followed in succession the
882:
866:
626:
496:
404:
280:
241:
166:
110:
363:
300:
261:
217:
78:
77:
Two major wagon-based transportation networks, one typically starting in
806:
The Southern Emigrant Trail was a major land route for immigration into
668:
being the 1843 "Great Migration" of about 900 settlers, led in part by
516:
447:, (part of Mexico until 1853). From Cooke's Spring the road ran to the
407:. It crossed what was then the northernmost part of Mexico. During the
342:
The most common vehicle for Oregon and California-bound pioneers was a
324:
126:
992:
252:, in Mexican Alta California. Also branching off to the south was the
783:, later to become the Utah Territory, and finally the State of Utah.
716:
354:(which were greatly preferred for their endurance and strength over
810:
from the eastern United States that followed the Santa Fe Trail to
770:
during 1847. The Mormon Trail is 1,300 miles long and extends from
503:. This wagon route, also called by some of its early travelers the
834:, operating in 1857–1858, largely followed this route, as did the
638:
368:
355:
767:
351:
347:
1098:
List of Itineraries: XXI.—From Fort Yuma to Benicia, California
169:
and Santa Fe following an 18th-century route pioneered by the
74:
further encouraged settlers to travel overland to the west.
684:
and the United States, mostly along the 49th parallel. The
877:. From Warner's the road split to run either northwest to
629:, a major resupply route along the trail near present-day
323:
rivers westward across the full widths of Nebraska and
539:, in order to help emigrants prepare for the journey.
535:. In 1859 the government published a guidebook called
727:. The California Trail came into heavy use after the
981:. New York: Harper & Brothers, Franklin Square.
622:. The main route of the Oregon Trail stopped at the
523:
including bodily waste. Hostile confrontations with
411:
the routes to California used were increased by the
750:, called "Mormons," who settled in what is now the
208:Following the trails pioneered by fur traders, the
173:. From Santa Fe, American traders followed the old
865:to ferries on the Colorado River near what became
748:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
692:prairies, deserts, and across mountains to the
1136:National Historic Trails of the United States
8:
746:The Mormon Trail was created by members of
680:of 1846 divided the Oregon Country between
645:of northeastern Oregon before reaching the
908:. Alternatively, they could take ships to
105:, as well as its wagon road successor the
1151:Trails and roads in the American Old West
81:and the other in the Mexican province of
841:Tied in with the Santa Fe Trail and the
427:developed in 1849, across West Texas to
381:, the wagon to California road known as
964:
766:led the first Mormons into present-day
1017:
1006:
366:were the most common source of fuel.
193:, in Mexican New Mexico Territory to
27:Overland routes for American settlers
7:
869:. It crossed the Colorado Desert to
25:
149:signs across the western states.
847:El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
758:, founded by famed mountain man
674:Provisional Government of Oregon
433:El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
175:El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
157:Pioneers across what became the
70:and significant events like the
832:San Antonio–San Diego Mail Line
549:First transcontinental railroad
224:developed crossing the central
1116:History of the Rocky Mountains
1:
1141:National Forest Scenic Byways
403:from Santa Fe, New Mexico to
142:folklore of the United States
1063:"Marcus Whitman (1802–1847)"
1044:Oregon Historical Quarterly
902:Stockton – Los Angeles Road
470:Stockton – Los Angeles Road
1167:
853:. After 1855, it ran from
799:
739:
708:
651:Methodist Episcopal Church
611:
588:
565:
546:
501:San Bernardino, California
451:into California and on to
91:transcontinental railroads
1035:Scott, Leslie M. (1911).
936:Emigrant Trail in Wyoming
900:by what would become the
836:Butterfield Overland Mail
543:Transcontinental Railroad
339:in southwestern Wyoming.
18:Westward Expansion Trails
843:San Antonio–El Paso Road
637:of present-day southern
455:. This route became the
424:San Antonio-El Paso Road
83:Santa Fe de Nuevo MĂ©xico
941:Great Platte River Road
802:Southern Emigrant Trail
796:Southern Emigrant Trail
488:Sierra Nevada Mountains
458:Southern Emigrant Trail
68:Donation Land Claim Act
62:. After the end of the
1126:Independence, Missouri
946:National Trails System
926:Applegate-Lassen Trail
719:, then down along the
467:or by what became the
431:where it followed the
374:
293:Saint Joseph, Missouri
289:Independence, Missouri
30:In the history of the
881:or west southwest to
372:
307:, in the vicinity of
159:Western United States
861:, then followed the
820:New Mexico Territory
816:California Gold Rush
729:California Gold Rush
653:who established the
624:Hudson's Bay Company
537:The Prairie Traveler
499:and a settlement in
409:California Gold Rush
379:Mexican–American War
346:pulled by a team of
72:California Gold Rush
64:Mexican–American War
855:Mesilla, New Mexico
686:Territory of Oregon
602:San Gabriel Mission
391:, was built across
203:Southern California
115:infectious diseases
1016:Unknown parameter
973:Marcy, Randolph B.
952:Westward the Women
912:from San Diego or
898:San Joaquin Valley
851:San Diego Crossing
529:American Civil War
437:San Diego Crossing
384:Cooke's Wagon Road
375:
329:continental divide
327:, and crossed the
103:Old Spanish Trails
789:violent expulsion
694:Pacific Northwest
655:Methodist Mission
647:Willamette Valley
635:Snake River Plain
604:and Los Angeles.
591:Old Spanish Trail
585:Old Spanish Trail
303:near present-day
187:Old Spanish Trail
183:El Paso del Norte
99:Southern Emigrant
32:American frontier
16:(Redirected from
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1121:California Trail
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991:. Archived from
969:
838:from 1858–1861.
781:State of Deseret
772:Nauvoo, Illinois
711:California Trail
705:California Trail
666:wagon traingroup
525:Native Americans
484:Mormon Battalion
333:Wind River Range
246:Oregon Territory
238:California Trail
222:Oregon Territory
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859:Tucson, Arizona
824:Colorado Desert
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752:Great Salt Lake
744:
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713:
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610:
593:
587:
570:
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464:El Camino Viejo
401:Alta California
230:Rocky Mountains
199:Alta California
155:
87:Emigrant Trails
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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892:, or over the
890:El Camino Real
875:Warner's Ranch
857:, westward to
800:Main article:
797:
794:
740:Main article:
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721:Humboldt River
709:Main article:
706:
703:
670:Marcus Whitman
643:Blue Mountains
620:Oregon Country
612:Main article:
609:
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589:Main article:
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568:Santa Fe Trail
566:Main article:
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562:Santa Fe Trail
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547:Main article:
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505:Southern Route
441:Cooke's Spring
414:Siskiyou Trail
297:Council Bluffs
277:Missouri River
270:Utah Territory
266:Salt Lake City
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278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
232:and northern
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
197:, in Mexican
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:southward to
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
153:Trail choices
152:
150:
148:
143:
139:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
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88:
84:
80:
75:
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69:
65:
61:
60:Mormon Trails
57:
53:
49:
48:United States
45:
41:
40:North America
37:
33:
19:
1146:Oregon Trail
1131:Mormon Trail
1097:
1092:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1057:
1048:
1042:
1030:
997:. Retrieved
993:the original
977:
967:
950:
931:Donner Party
887:
840:
829:
805:
785:
777:
756:Fort Bridger
745:
742:Mormon Trail
736:Mormon Trail
714:
698:wagon trains
690:
663:
617:
614:Oregon Trail
608:Oregon Trail
594:
579:
575:
571:
552:
536:
533:wagon master
514:
504:
477:
475:
468:
462:
456:
422:
412:
393:Nuevo Mexico
388:
382:
376:
341:
317:North Platte
309:Fort Kearney
274:
254:Mormon Trail
253:
250:Sutters Fort
237:
226:Great Plains
214:Independence
210:Oregon Trail
209:
207:
186:
162:
156:
135:
123:malnutrition
86:
76:
44:Great Plains
42:west of the
29:
879:Los Angeles
814:during the
760:Jim Bridger
556:Jesse James
479:Mormon Road
453:Los Angeles
389:Sonora Road
377:During the
285:river ports
234:Great Basin
195:Los Angeles
119:dehydration
107:Mormon Road
1110:Categories
959:References
894:Tejon Pass
863:Gila River
812:New Mexico
808:California
521:wastewater
509:Cajon Pass
337:South Pass
321:Sweetwater
181:by way of
131:highwaymen
56:California
1020:ignored (
1009:cite book
999:2 October
914:San Pedro
896:into the
883:San Diego
871:Vallecito
867:Fort Yuma
845:, by the
631:Pocatello
627:Fort Hall
497:Las Vegas
405:San Diego
360:handcarts
283:serviced
281:steamboat
242:Fort Hall
179:Chihuahua
167:St. Louis
975:(1859).
920:See also
822:and the
641:and the
335:through
301:Nebraska
262:Illinois
218:Missouri
191:Santa Fe
165:between
111:dysentry
95:Santa Fe
79:Missouri
36:pioneers
723:to the
517:cholera
493:mission
445:Mesilla
429:El Paso
325:Wyoming
305:Kearney
220:to the
138:culture
127:cholera
985:
717:Nevada
672:. The
397:Sonora
356:horses
319:, and
313:Platte
258:Nauvoo
185:. The
101:, and
58:, and
52:Oregon
639:Idaho
443:from
387:, or
352:mules
295:, or
256:from
240:from
212:from
189:from
147:byway
1022:help
1001:2017
983:ISBN
830:The
768:Utah
399:and
348:oxen
140:and
904:or
885:.
600:to
495:in
350:or
264:to
248:to
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1024:)
1003:.
20:)
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