31:
174:
241:
is white and upper parts silvery; the top of the head is black with a shaggy crest at the rear. The primary feathers are tipped with black. The adult's legs are black. The non-breeding adult plumage is similar except that the black on the head is confined to the crest. Juveniles have variable plumage. The underside is white and the upper parts streaked and blotched. The bill is smaller and pale yellow; the legs are seldom black but can be green, yellow, or pink.
52:
240:
The West
African crested tern is among the largest of the crested terns. Its tail is shallowly forked and the adult's bill is long and orange. Its mean mass is 367 g (0.809 lb) with a wingspan between 125 cm (49 in) and 135 cm (53 in). In breeding plumage its underside
366:
R. Terry
Chesser, Shawn M. Billerman, Kevin J. Burns, Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Irby J. Lovette, Nicholas A. Mason, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., Douglas F. Stotz, and Kevin Winker. "Sixty-first supplement to the American Ornithological Society’s
281:
terns, the West
African crested tern feeds by plunge-diving for fish and shrimp, usually in shallow coastal and tidal waters. It usually dives directly, and not from the "stepped-hover" used by
471:
Buckley, P. A. and F. G. Buckley (2020). Royal Tern (Thalasseus maximus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of
Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
388:
216:
The West
African crested tern was long thought to be a subspecies of royal tern. A study published in 2005 showed that it is more closely related to the
601:
534:
225:
30:
652:
614:
386:
A phylogenetic framework for the terns (Sternini) inferred from mtDNA sequences: implications for taxonomy and plumage evolution
229:
647:
547:
525:
338:
51:
385:
487:
146:
412:
Collinson, J.M.; Dufour, P.; Hamza, A.A.; Lawrie, Y.; Elliott, M.; Barlow, C.; Crochet, P.-A. (2017).
249:
The West
African crested tern is known to breed only on a few islands off the coast of Africa between
619:
642:
217:
414:"When morphology is not reflected by molecular phylogeny: the case of three 'orange-billed terns'
46:
173:
447:
437:
560:
392:
228:
accepted it as a full species on the publication of version 10.1 in
January 2020, and the
103:
636:
290:
163:
592:
510:
552:
519:
442:
413:
282:
302:
298:
294:
254:
250:
201:
123:
342:
286:
63:
565:
586:
504:
472:
83:
606:
539:
266:
262:
258:
197:
113:
452:
73:
481:
261:. In the non-breeding season it can be found along the coast from
314:
193:
93:
485:
200:. Until 2020 it was considered a subspecies of the New World
317:
has not evaluated the West
African crested tern's status.
384:
Bridge, E. S.; Jones, A. W. & Baker, A. J. (2005).
257:, though it is suspected to also breed as far east as
337:
Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (January 2020).
224:). A 2017 publication expanded on those results. The
576:
494:
8:
482:
467:
465:
463:
375:2020, vol. 137:1-24 retrieved July 1, 2020
172:
29:
20:
451:
441:
430:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
332:
330:
285:. Its known foods include members of the
362:
360:
326:
473:https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.royter1.01
397:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
226:International Ornithologists' Union
369:Check-list of North American Birds
14:
50:
232:followed suit on 30 June 2020.
230:American Ornithological Society
339:"IOC World Bird List (v 10.1)"
1:
578:Sterna maxima albididorsalis
426:(Charadriiformes: Laridae)"
669:
24:West African crested tern
526:Thalasseus albididorsalis
496:Thalasseus albididorsalis
443:10.1093/biolinnean/blw049
189:Thalasseus albididorsalis
184:West African crested tern
171:
156:Thalasseus albididorsalis
152:
145:
47:Scientific classification
45:
39:Thalasseus albididorsalis
37:
28:
23:
475:Retrieved April 17, 2021
212:Taxonomy and systematics
653:Birds described in 1921
424:Thalasseus bengalensis
222:Thalasseus bengalensis
196:species in the family
138:T. albididorsalis
648:Birds of West Africa
218:lesser crested tern
416:Thalasseus maximus
391:2006-07-20 at the
206:Thalasseus maximus
630:
629:
488:Taxon identifiers
420:Thalasseus bergii
180:
179:
660:
623:
622:
610:
609:
597:
596:
595:
569:
568:
556:
555:
553:NHMSYS0021274171
543:
542:
530:
529:
528:
515:
514:
513:
483:
476:
469:
458:
457:
455:
445:
409:
403:
382:
376:
364:
355:
354:
352:
350:
341:. Archived from
334:
176:
158:
55:
54:
41:pair in Senegal
33:
21:
668:
667:
663:
662:
661:
659:
658:
657:
633:
632:
631:
626:
618:
613:
605:
600:
591:
590:
585:
572:
564:
561:Observation.org
559:
551:
546:
538:
533:
524:
523:
518:
509:
508:
503:
490:
480:
479:
470:
461:
411:
410:
406:
393:Wayback Machine
383:
379:
365:
358:
348:
346:
336:
335:
328:
323:
311:
275:
247:
238:
214:
167:
160:
154:
141:
104:Charadriiformes
49:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
666:
664:
656:
655:
650:
645:
635:
634:
628:
627:
625:
624:
611:
598:
582:
580:
574:
573:
571:
570:
557:
544:
531:
516:
500:
498:
492:
491:
486:
478:
477:
459:
436:(2): 439–445.
404:
377:
356:
325:
324:
322:
319:
310:
307:
287:herring family
274:
271:
246:
243:
237:
234:
213:
210:
178:
177:
169:
168:
161:
150:
149:
143:
142:
135:
133:
129:
128:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
665:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
638:
621:
616:
612:
608:
603:
599:
594:
588:
584:
583:
581:
579:
575:
567:
562:
558:
554:
549:
545:
541:
536:
532:
527:
521:
517:
512:
506:
502:
501:
499:
497:
493:
489:
484:
474:
468:
466:
464:
460:
454:
449:
444:
439:
435:
431:
427:
425:
421:
417:
408:
405:
401:
398:
394:
390:
387:
381:
378:
374:
370:
363:
361:
357:
345:on 2020-04-27
344:
340:
333:
331:
327:
320:
318:
316:
308:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
272:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
244:
242:
235:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
211:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:
185:
175:
170:
165:
159:
157:
151:
148:
147:Binomial name
144:
140:
139:
134:
131:
130:
127:
126:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
65:
62:
59:
58:
53:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
577:
495:
433:
429:
423:
419:
415:
407:
399:
396:
380:
372:
368:
347:. Retrieved
343:the original
312:
283:Arctic terns
278:
276:
248:
245:Distribution
239:
221:
215:
205:
188:
187:
183:
181:
155:
153:
137:
136:
124:
38:
18:
520:Wikispecies
236:Description
643:Thalasseus
637:Categories
453:2164/10159
402:: 459–469.
321:References
279:Thalasseus
255:Senegambia
251:Mauritania
202:royal tern
125:Thalasseus
593:Q61887562
511:Q85814978
303:spadefish
277:Like all
132:Species:
70:Kingdom:
64:Eukaryota
587:Wikidata
505:Wikidata
389:Archived
349:27 April
110:Family:
84:Chordata
80:Phylum:
74:Animalia
60:Domain:
607:6486600
540:7589018
373:The Auk
267:Namibia
263:Morocco
259:Nigeria
198:Laridae
192:) is a
166:, 1921)
164:Hartert
120:Genus:
114:Laridae
100:Order:
90:Class:
620:567831
566:245345
309:Status
301:, and
295:grunts
291:mullet
615:WoRMS
299:jacks
602:GBIF
535:GBIF
422:and
351:2020
315:IUCN
313:The
273:Diet
253:and
194:bird
182:The
94:Aves
548:NBN
448:hdl
438:doi
434:121
371:".
265:to
639::
617::
604::
589::
563::
550::
537::
522::
507::
462:^
446:.
432:.
428:.
418:,
400:35
395:.
359:^
329:^
305:.
297:,
293:,
289:,
269:.
208:.
204:,
456:.
450::
440::
353:.
220:(
186:(
162:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
