3102:"... the German Democratic Republic is in the international-law sense a State and as such a subject of international law. This finding is independent of recognition in international law of the German Democratic Republic by the Federal Republic of Germany. Such recognition has not only never been formally pronounced by the Federal Republic of Germany but on the contrary repeatedly explicitly rejected. If the conduct of the Federal Republic of Germany towards the German Democratic Republic is assessed in the light of its détente policy, in particular the conclusion of the Treaty as de facto recognition, then it can only be understood as de facto recognition of a special kind. The special feature of this Treaty is that while it is a bilateral Treaty between two States, to which the rules of international law apply and which like any other international treaty possesses validity, it is between two States that are parts of a still existing, albeit incapable of action as not being reorganized, comprehensive State of the Whole of Germany with a single body politic."
1901:
2518:, a leading FDP official, became Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister. Schmidt, a strong supporter of the European Community (EC) and the Atlantic alliance, emphasized his commitment to "the political unification of Europe in partnership with the USA". Mounting external problems forced Schmidt to concentrate on foreign policy and limited the domestic reforms that he could carry out. The USSR upgraded its intermediate-range missiles, which Schmidt complained was an unacceptable threat to the balance of nuclear power, because it increased the likelihood of political coercion and required a western response. NATO respond in the form of its twin-track policy. The domestic reverberations were serious inside the SPD, and undermined its coalition with the FDP. One of his major successes, in collaboration with French President
2684:
2991:
3208:
1161:. They formally joined the federal republic on 3 October 1990, raising the total number of states from ten to sixteen, and ending the division of Germany. The reunited Germany is the direct continuation of the state previously informally called West Germany and not a new state, as the process was essentially a voluntary act of accession: the Federal Republic of Germany was enlarged to include the additional six states of the German Democratic Republic. The expanded Federal Republic retained West Germany's political culture and continued its existing memberships in international organisations, as well as its Western foreign policy alignment and affiliation to Western alliances such as the United Nations, NATO,
2773:
2103:
215:
868:
255:
5007:
informally called "West German" before 1991. The only differences were a larger membership and a different name used by some foreigners. These organisations and teams in turn mostly continued the traditions of those that represented
Germany before the Second World War, and even the First World War, thus providing a century-old continuity despite political changes. On the other hand, the separate East German teams and organisations were founded in the 1950s; they were an episode lasting less than four decades, yet quite successful in that time.
1921:
Treaty. Following wartime commitments by the Allies to the governments-in-exile of
Czechoslovakia and Poland, the Potsdam Protocols also agreed to the 'orderly and humane' transfer to Germany as a whole of the ethnic German populations in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. Eight million German expellees and refugees eventually settled in West Germany. Between 1946 and 1949, three of the occupation zones began to merge. First, the British and American zones were combined into the quasi-state of
3124:
the act of reunification itself (with its many specific terms and conditions; including fundamental amendments to the West German Basic Law) was achieved constitutionally by the subsequent
Unification Treaty of 31 August 1990; that is through a binding agreement between the former GDR and the Federal Republic now recognising each another as separate sovereign states in international law. This treaty was then voted into effect on 20 September 1990 by both the Volkskammer and the
94:
2029:
1324:
1245:, had issued the "Directives for the Appellation of Germany", recommending avoiding the initialism BRD. On 31 May 1974, the heads of West German federal and state governments recommended always using the full name in official publications. From then on, West German sources avoided the abbreviated form, with the exception of left-leaning organizations which embraced it. In November 1979, the federal government informed the
235:
80:
2602:. They formally joined the Federal Republic on 3 October 1990, raising the number of states from 10 to 16, ending the division of Germany. The expanded Federal Republic retained West Germany's political culture and continued its existing memberships in international organisations, as well as its Western foreign policy alignment and affiliation to Western alliances like NATO and the European Union.
1850:
5022:
1785:
5903:
2418:
1990s attacks were still being committed under the name "RAF". The last action took place in 1993 and the group announced it was giving up its activities in 1998. Evidence that the groups had been infiltrated by German
Intelligence undercover agents has since emerged, partly through the insistence of the son of one of their prominent victims, the State Counsel Buback.
2590:. Following democratic elections, East Germany declared its accession to the Federal Republic subject to the terms of the Unification Treaty between the two states; and then both West Germany and East Germany radically amended their respective constitutions in accordance with that Treaty's provisions. East Germany then dissolved itself, and its five post-war states (
7068:
1799:
2388:
2006:
applied to Berlin as a whole despite the
Soviets declaring the end of occupation of East Berlin unilaterally many decades before). The Two-plus-Four Agreement also saw the two parts of Germany confirm their post-war external boundaries as final and irreversible (including the 1945 transfer of former German lands east of the
2399:
two department stores in
Frankfurt; they were brought to trial and made very clear to the court that they regarded their action as a legitimate act in what they described as the "struggle against imperialism". The student movement began to split into different factions, ranging from the unattached liberals to the
4992:, the Olympic teams of West Germany, East Germany, and Saarland were merged to represent Germany together. Four years earlier Saarland had attended as separate teams while East Germany had not attended. After 1956, 1962, and 1964; East Germany competed in the Summer Olympics as a separate member of the IOC.
1920:
and outside of 'Germany as a whole' were officially separated from German sovereignty in August 1945 and transferred from Soviet military occupation to Polish and Soviet (in the case of the territory of
Kaliningrad) civil administration, their Polish and Soviet status to be confirmed at a final Peace
1216:(West German Federal Republic) were preferred during the 1950s and 1960s. This changed under its constitutional amendment in 1974, when the idea of a single German nation was abandoned by East Germany. As a result, it officially considered West Germans and West Berliners as foreigners. The initialism
2825:
In
January 1987 the Kohl–Genscher government was returned to office, but the FDP and the Greens gained at the expense of the larger parties. The Social Democrats concluded that not only were the Greens unlikely to form a coalition, but also that such a coalition would be far from a majority. Neither
2398:
Anger over the treatment of demonstrators following the death of Benno
Ohnesorg and the attack on Rudi Dutschke, coupled with growing frustration over the lack of success in achieving their aims led to growing militance among students and their supporters. In May 1968, three young people set fire to
2374:
The calling in question of the actions and policies of government led to a new climate of debate. The issues of emancipation, colonialism, environmentalism and grass roots democracy were discussed at all levels of society. In 1979 the environmental party, the Greens, reached the 5% limit required to
2310:
was shot in the head and killed by a plainclothes policeman. (It has now been established that the policeman, Kurras, was a paid spy of the East German security forces.) Protest demonstrations continued, and calls for more active opposition by some groups of students were made, which was declared by
5147:
that it was partly fiction and, if interpreted as wishful thinking, it was a promise that went unfulfilled until 1990. The Allies maintained their rights and responsibilities regarding Berlin and
Germany as a whole, particularly the responsibility for future reunification and a future peace treaty".
1962:
in his illegal seizure of dictatorial powers. Consequently, following the death of Hitler in 1945 and the subsequent capitulation of the German Armed Forces, the national political, judicial, administrative, and constitutional instruments of both Nazi Germany and the Weimar Republic were understood
3266:
remained in East Germany. Four days after obtaining the "authority of a sovereign state" in 1955, West Germany joined NATO. The UK and the USA retained an especially strong presence in West Germany, acting as a deterrent in case of a Soviet invasion. In 1976 West Germany became one of the founding
3220:
Eastern Europe, which affected up to 16.5 million Germans. This helped Germany to more than double the value of its exports during the war. Apart from these factors, hard work and long hours at full capacity among the population and in the late 1950s and 1960s extra labour supplied by thousands of
3123:
After the peaceful revolution of 1989 in East Germany, the Volkskammer of the GDR on 23 August 1990 declared the accession of East Germany to the Federal Republic under Article 23 of the Basic Law and thus initiated the process of reunification, to come into effect on 3 October 1990. Nevertheless,
2331:
who also criticised the forms of capitalism that were to be seen in West Berlin. Just before Easter 1968, a young man tried to kill Dutschke as he bicycled to the student union, seriously injuring him. All over West Germany, thousands demonstrated against the Springer newspapers which were seen as
5146:
states "In the October 23, 1954, Paris Agreements, Adenauer pushed through the following laconic wording: 'The Federal Republic shall accordingly have the full authority of a sovereign state over its internal and external affairs.' If this was intended as a statement of fact, it must be conceded
2417:
which began by making bank raids to finance their activities and eventually went underground having killed a number of policemen, several bystanders and eventually two prominent West Germans, whom they had taken captive in order to force the release of prisoners sympathetic to their ideas. In the
2186:
retained occupation powers in Berlin and certain responsibilities for Germany as a whole. Under the new arrangements, the Allies stationed troops within West Germany for NATO defense, pursuant to stationing and status-of-forces agreements. With the exception of 55,000 French troops, Allied forces
2005:
was definitively ended and the Four Allied powers relinquished their joint residual sovereign authority for Germany as a whole including the area of West Berlin which had officially remained under Allied occupation for the purposes of international and GDR law (a status that the Western countries
5006:
As in 1957, when the Saarland acceded, East German sport organisations ceased to exist in late 1990 as their subdivisions and their members joined their Western counterparts. Thus, the present German organisations and teams in football, Olympics and elsewhere are identical to those that had been
2872:. The program was hugely unpopular in West Germany and was opposed by the new government of Konrad Adenauer. In 1951, several laws were passed granting amnesties and ending denazification. As a result, many people with a former Nazi past ended up again in the political apparatus of West Germany.
3219:
As demand for consumer goods increased after World War II, the resulting shortage helped overcome lingering resistance to the purchase of German products. At the time Germany had a large pool of skilled and cheap labour, partly as a result of the flight and expulsion of Germans from Central and
2237:, Defence Minister, who had decidedly overstepped his competence during the crisis. Adenauer was still wounded by his brief run for president, and this episode damaged his reputation even further. He announced that he would step down in the fall of 1963. His successor was to be Ludwig Erhard.
1888:
were negotiated. They agreed that the boundaries of Germany as at 31 December 1937 would be chosen as demarcating German national territory from German-occupied territory; all German annexations after 1937 were automatically null. Subsequently, and into the 1970s, the West German state was to
2383:
in which women demonstrated for equal rights. Until 1977, a married woman had to have the permission of her husband if she wanted to take on a job or open a bank account. Further reforms in 1979 to parental rights law gave equal legal rights to the mother and the father, abolishing the legal
2549:
In January 1987 the Kohl–Genscher government was returned to office, but the FDP and the Greens gained at the expense of the larger parties. Kohl's CDU and its Bavarian sister party, the CSU, slipped from 48.8% of the vote in 1983 to 44.3%. The SPD fell to 37%; long-time SPD Chairman Brandt
2698:(SPD). This was important for the introduction of new emergency acts—the Grand Coalition gave the ruling parties the two-thirds majority of votes required to see them in. These controversial acts allowed basic constitutional rights such as freedom of movement to be limited in case of a
2879:, to infiltrate the Free Democratic Party (FDP) in order to lay the groundwork for an eventual return to power. Although this effort was exposed and disrupted, many former Nazis still attained positions of power and influence in the political system. West German President (1974–1979)
2806:
Finance Minister Helmut Schmidt (SPD) then formed a government, continuing the SPD–FDP coalition. He served as Chancellor from 1974 to 1982. Hans-Dietrich Genscher, a leading FDP official, was Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister in the same years. Schmidt, a strong supporter of the
1963:
as entirely defunct, such that a new West Germany could be established in a condition of constitutional nullity. Nevertheless, the new West Germany asserted its fundamental continuity with the 'overall' German state that was held to have embodied the unified German people since the
1268:, Germany), which has remained the country code of Germany after reunification. ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are the most widely used country codes, and the DE code is notably used as a country identifier, extending the postal code and as the Internet's country code top-level domain
192:
3136:
on the territory of East Germany; and on the other, the agreed amendments to the Basic Law of the Federal Republic. Amongst these amendments was the repeal of the very Article 23 in respect of which the GDR had nominally declared its postdated accession to the Federal Republic.
3082:
legitimate representative of a dormant "Germany as whole". The two Germanies relinquished any claim to represent the other internationally, which they acknowledged as necessarily implying a mutual recognition of each other as both capable of representing their own populations
195:
3069:
as a sovereign state under international law; while at the same time acknowledging that, within the structures of international law, the GDR was an independent sovereign state. By distinction, West Germany then viewed itself as being within its own boundaries, not only the
1897:: a French Zone in the far west; a British Zone in the northwest; an American Zone in the south; and a Soviet Zone in the East. Berlin was separately divided into four zones. These divisions were not intended to dismember Germany, only to designate zones of administration.
199:
5523:
However, the 1977 reform of marriage and family law by Social Democrats and Liberals formally gave women the right to take up employment without their spouses' permission. This marked the legal end of the 'housewife marriage' and a transition to the ideal of 'marriage in
191:
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189:
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2–1 in the final. With the process of unification in full swing in the summer of 1990, the Germans won a third World Cup, with players that had been capped for East Germany not yet permitted to contribute. European championships have been won too, in 1972 and 1980.
4657:
Religious affiliation in West Germany decreased from the 1960s onward. Religious affiliation declined faster among Protestants than among Catholics, causing the Roman Catholic Church to overtake the EKD as the largest denomination in the country during the 1970s.
2340:
had been widely publicised in Germany but until a new generation of teachers, educated with the findings of historical studies, could begin to reveal the truth about the war and the crimes committed in the name of the German people, one courageous attorney,
2198:
was 73 years old when he became chancellor in 1949, and for this reason he was initially reckoned as a caretaker. However, he ruled for 14 years. The grand statesman of German postwar politics had to be dragged—almost literally—out of office in 1963.
2822:. Following national elections in March 1983, Kohl emerged in firm control of both the government and the CDU. The CDU/CSU fell just short of an absolute majority, because of the entry into the Bundestag of the Greens, who received 5.6% of the vote.
2335:
In the wakes of these demonstrations, in which the question of America's role in Vietnam began to play a bigger role, came a desire among the students to find out more about the role of the parent-generation in the Nazi era. The proceedings of the
163:
162:
3009:
The official position of West Germany concerning East Germany at the outset was that the West German government was the only democratically elected, and therefore the only legitimate, representative of the German people. According to the
2173:. The WEU, however, would regulate the size of the armed forces permitted to each of its member states. Also, the German constitution prohibited any military action, except in the case of an external attack against Germany or its allies (
5115:
2799:. However, the affair is widely considered to have been merely a trigger for Brandt's resignation, not a fundamental cause. Instead, Brandt, dogged by scandal relating to alcohol and depression as well as the economic fallout of the
2327:, mingled with anger over the vigour with which demonstrations were repressed led to mounting militance among the students at the universities in Berlin. One of the most prominent campaigners was a young man from East Germany called
2240:
In the early 1960s, the rate of economic growth slowed down significantly. In 1962 growth rate was 4.7% and the following year, 2.0%. After a brief recovery, the growth rate slowed again into a recession, with no growth in 1967.
2232:
spent some time in jail before the public outcry over the breaking of laws on freedom of the press became too loud to be ignored. The FDP members of Adenauer's cabinet resigned from the government, demanding the resignation of
2152:
refused to ratify it (August 1954), the treaty died. The French Gaullists and communists had killed the French government's proposal. Then other means had to be found to allow West German rearmament. In response, at the
186:
1276:
country code of West Germany was DEU, which has remained the country code of reunified Germany. The now deleted codes for East Germany, on the other hand, were DD in ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 and DDR in ISO 3166-1 alpha-3.
2268:
5960:
5090:
3050:(December 1972) helped to normalise relations between East and West Germany and led to both German states joining the United Nations. The Hallstein Doctrine was relinquished, and West Germany ceased to claim an
2384:
authority of the father. Parallel to this, a gay movement began to grow in the larger cities, especially in West Berlin, where homosexuality had been widely accepted during the twenties in the Weimar Republic.
2542:. Following national elections in March 1983, Kohl emerged in firm control of both the government and the CDU. The CDU/CSU fell just short of an absolute majority, due to the entry into the Bundestag of the
2129:(EDC), with an integrated army, navy and air force, composed of the armed forces of its member states. The West German military would be subject to complete EDC control, but the other EDC member states (
1978:
of 1948–49), the two German states that had originated in the Western Allied and the Soviet Zones respectively became known internationally as West Germany and East Germany. Commonly known in English as
2403:
and supporters of direct action in every form—the anarchists. Several groups set as their objective the aim of radicalising the industrial workers and taking an example from activities in Italy of the
7201:
1900:
4866:
In many aspects, German culture continued in spite of the dictatorship and wartime. Old and new forms coexisted next to each other, and the American influence, already strong in the 1920s, grew.
6015:
3228:("guest workers") provided a vital base for the economic upturn. This would have implications later on for successive German governments as they tried to assimilate this group of workers.
1912:, the four Allied Powers asserted joint sovereignty over "Germany as a whole", defined as the totality of the territory within the occupation zones. Former German areas east of the rivers
5806:
2765:(RAF). The RAF was active from 1968, carrying out a succession of terrorist attacks in West Germany during the 1970s. Even in the 1990s, attacks were still being committed under the name
6270:
Abraham, Katharine G.; Houseman, Susan N. (1994). "Does employment protection inhibit labor market flexibility? Lessons from Germany, France, and Belgium". In Rebecca M. Blank (ed.).
4890:
is considered an observer of the young Federal Republic from the 1950s to the 1970s, and caused some political controversies because of his increasingly critical view on society. The
6662:"Agency work – from marginalisation towards acceptance? Agency work in EU social and employment policy and the 'implementation' of the draft directive on agency work into German law"
2358:
in 1963. Daily newspaper reports and visits by school classes to the proceedings revealed to the German public the nature of the concentration camp system and it became evident that
2587:
2260:: the grand coalition gave the ruling parties the two-thirds majority of votes required for their ratification. These controversial acts allowed basic constitutional rights such as
2061:
1998:
631:
5990:
2632:
However, at that time, the role of Berlin had not yet been decided upon. Only after a fierce debate, considered by many as one of the most memorable sessions of parliament, the
2306:), armed with staves and bricks attacked the protesters while the police stood by and watched. A demonstration in the centre was being forcibly dispersed when a bystander named
2367:
was of vastly greater dimensions than the German population had believed. (The term "Holocaust" for the systematic mass-murder of Jews first came into use in 1979, when a 1978
1830:
8133:
6412:
Cooke, Lynn Prince; Gash, Vanessa (2007), "Panacea or Pitfall? Women's Part-time Employment and Marital Stability in West Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States",
3065:
state organisation of parts of Germany outside the Federal Republic. The Federal Republic continued to maintain that it could not within its own structures recognise the GDR
2899:
1889:
maintain that these 1937 boundaries continued to be 'valid in international law', although the Allies had already agreed amongst themselves that the territories east of the
2300:, visited West Berlin. Several thousand demonstrators gathered outside the Opera House where he was to attend a special performance. Supporters of the Shah (later known as
187:
5595:
Frank Fischer, "Von Der 'Regierung Der Inneren Reformen' zum 'Krisenmanagement': Das Verhältnis Zwischen Innen- und Aussenpolitik in der Sozial-Liberalen Ära 1969–1982".
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2216:
published an analysis of the West German military defence. The conclusion was that there were several weaknesses in the system. Ten days after publication, the offices of
2126:
5952:
5208:
2990:
7368:
7211:
2803:, almost seems simply to have had enough. As Brandt himself later said, "I was exhausted, for reasons which had nothing to do with the process going on at the time".
1709:
1893:
must be transferred to Poland and the Soviet Union in any peace agreement. The conference agreed that post-war Germany, minus these transfers, would be divided into
4933:
5865:
2292:("Democracy in Crisis") and members of the Campaign against Nuclear Armament. A key event in the development of open democratic debate occurred in 1967, when the
614:
6927:
Maxwell, John Allen. "Social Democracy in a Divided Germany: Kurt Schumacher and the German Question, 1945–52." PhD dissertation, West Virginia University, 1969.
2814:
The goals of SPD and FDP however drifted apart in the late 1970s and early 1980s. On 1 October 1982 the FDP joined forces with the CDU/CSU to elect CDU Chairman
7573:
161:
6162:
7033:
8143:
5045:
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state election, and with the foundation of the national party in 1980 developed into one of the most politically successful green movements in the world.
1110:
rather than neutrality, and secured membership in the military alliance. Adenauer was also a proponent of agreements that developed into the present-day
3116:
Article 23 provided the possibility for other parts of Germany to join the Federal Republic (under the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany).
962:
At first, Bonn was referred to only as the provisional seat of government institutions, but from the early 1970s it was called the "federal capital" (
7859:
7099:
5181:
4988:
had been represented by a united team led by the pre-war German NOC officials as the IOC had denied East German demands for a separate team. At the
1823:
6012:
1102:), when West Germany rose from the enormous destruction wrought by World War II to become the world's second-largest economy. The first chancellor
8138:
8040:
1382:
6945:
5449:
5262:
2715:
2432:
In October 1969 Willy Brandt became chancellor. He maintained West Germany's close alignment with the United States and focused on strengthening
5798:
4960:
was held in West German cities and West Berlin. After having been beaten by their East German counterparts in the first round, the team of the
4874:
Besides the interest in the older generation of writers, new authors emerged on the background of the experiences of war and after war period.
2121:
in June 1950 led to U.S. calls to rearm West Germany to help defend Western Europe from the perceived Soviet threat. Germany's partners in the
160:
2165:(WEU). West Germany was to be permitted to rearm (an idea many Germans rejected), and have full sovereign control of its military, called the
1763:
886:
8128:
7333:
6863:
6851:
6824:
6803:
6708:
6249:
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5740:
5504:
1694:
1627:
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4984:. These were also the first summer games in which the East Germans showed up with the separate flag and anthem of the GDR. Since the 1950s,
8113:
7640:
6180:
5375:
4895:
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2095:. West Berlin was completely surrounded by East German territory and had suffered a Soviet blockade in 1948–49, which was overcome by the
1590:
5982:
3128:
by the constitutionally required two-thirds majorities; effecting on the one hand, the extinction of the GDR and the re-establishment of
2868:
members from positions of power and influence, by disbanding the organizations associated with Nazism, and by trying prominent Nazis for
7487:
7470:
6815:
1816:
1358:
1091:(ACC), West Berlin politically aligned itself with West Germany and was directly or indirectly represented in its federal institutions.
7378:
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5035:
1844:
1729:
528:
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3215: – for many years the most successful car in the world – on the assembly line in Wolfsburg factory, 1973
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and many others. One day later, the parliament of the united Germany would assemble in an act of symbolism in the Reichstag building.
2539:
2332:
the prime cause of the violence against students. Trucks carrying newspapers were set on fire and windows in office buildings broken.
2253:
2060:, whereby it obtained "the full authority of a sovereign state" on 5 May 1955 (although "full sovereignty" was not obtained until the
1523:
1378:
1238:
7568:
6086:"The Impact of the First World War and Its Implications for Europe Today | Heinrich Böll Stiftung | Brussels office – European Union"
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6784:
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6727:
6641:
6622:
6603:
6584:
6565:
6546:
6527:
6508:
6489:
6470:
6451:
6432:
6427:. International Research Group on the Comparative Charting of Social Change in Advanced Industrial Societies. McGill-Queen's Press.
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2673:
2413:), many students went to work in the factories, but with little or no success. The most notorious of the underground groups was the
2122:
1984:
1904:
Dutch tanks, pictured in West Germany in 1956 as part of the large British and American-led foreign military presence in the country
6216:
3235:
stimulus, West Germany developed one of the strongest economies in the world, almost as strong as before the Second World War. The
2554:. The FDP's share rose from 7% to 9.1%, its best showing since 1980. The Greens' share rose to 8.3% from their 1983 share of 5.6%.
6198:
2010:), and the Allied Powers confirmed their consent to German Reunification. From 3 October 1990, after the reformation of the GDR's
1424:
1373:
2811:(EC) and the Atlantic alliance, emphasized his commitment to "the political unification of Europe in partnership with the USA".
2102:
7693:
7293:
7020:
6973:
5304:
2677:
2279:
1958:
was characterised as having been a 'failed' state, whose inherent institutional and constitutional flaws had been exploited by
1535:
1400:
6085:
2772:
893:
7676:
7492:
7176:
5666:
4945:
3039:
1404:
1363:
757:
93:
5488:
Reconciliation Policy in Germany 1998–2008, Construing the 'Problem' of the Incompatibility of Paid Employment and Care Work
5205:
2519:
2228:
that the article was tantamount to high treason and that the authors would be prosecuted. The editor/owner of the magazine,
5901:
2187:
were under NATO's joint defense command. (France withdrew from the collective military command structure of NATO in 1966.)
7970:
7746:
7608:
7512:
7411:
3259:
2459:
834:
7055:
5559:
2783:
In the 1969 election, the SPD gained enough votes to form a coalition government with the FDP. SPD leader and Chancellor
2323:
newspaper, as a massive disruption to life in Berlin, in a massive campaign against the protesters. Protests against the
7990:
7718:
7588:
7092:
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99:
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and halted rampant inflation. The Allied dismantling of the West German coal and steel industry finally ended in 1950.
8123:
7785:
7698:
7150:
5428:
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1416:
1368:
1353:
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1303:
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582:
214:
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was shown on West German television.) The processes set in motion by the Auschwitz trial reverberated decades later.
2057:
1094:
The foundation for the influential position held by Germany today was laid during the economic miracle of the 1950s (
542:
282:
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in Hamburg were raided by the police and quantities of documents were seized. Chancellor Adenauer proclaimed in the
7708:
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7598:
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7502:
7318:
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3149:
3015:
2751:
2729:
2534:
In October 1982 the SPD–FDP coalition fell apart when the FDP joined forces with the CDU/CSU to elect CDU Chairman
2355:
2293:
2149:
2053:
1595:
1565:
1338:
812:
788:
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showed a certain growth, but not as much as in West Germany, partly because of continued reparations to the USSR.
2875:
Between 1951 and 1953, there was even an effort by a clandestine group of former Nazi functionaries, known as the
7960:
7145:
6920:
Main, Steven J. "The Soviet Occupation of Germany. Hunger, Mass Violence and the Struggle for Peace, 1945–1947."
5338:
4953:
2622:
2462:
in world economics and politics between an affluent North and a poor South. Brandt was also known for his fierce
2307:
1412:
1408:
1343:
418:
1954:
regime was characterised as having been a 'criminal' state, illegal and illegitimate from the outset; while the
7937:
7899:
7736:
7507:
5108:
5083:
4640:
3161:(as well as a unified Berlin) joined the Federal Republic of Germany, bringing an end to the East–West divide.
3043:
2523:
2179:). Also, Germans could reject military service on grounds of conscience, and serve for civil purposes instead.
1420:
370:
254:
6661:
5236:
1290:
was also a widespread colloquial form used in German-speaking countries, usually without political overtones.
7072:
2791:, in which a senior member of his staff was uncovered as a spy for the East German intelligence service, the
2710:
2705:
Leading up to the passing of the laws, there was fierce opposition to them, above all by the FDP, the rising
2596:) were reconstituted, along with the reunited Berlin which ended its special status and formed an additional
2278:
During the time leading up to the passing of the laws, there was fierce opposition to them, above all by the
2032:
West Germany (blue) and West Berlin (yellow) after the accession of the Saarland in 1957 and before the five
1050:
for all of Germany, representing itself as the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871–1945
30:
This article is about the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949–1990. For the western region of Germany, see
8073:
7947:
7927:
7904:
7884:
7844:
7807:
7756:
7630:
7593:
7363:
7085:
4985:
3291:
3236:
3035:
3031:
2706:
2451:
1894:
1853:
1687:
1388:
1189:(DDR; German Democratic Republic; commonly known as East Germany). Reunification was achieved by accession (
1126:
1070:
873:
735:
294:
4898:) soon developed into a regarded institution. Exemplary for West Germany's literature are – among others –
3231:
With the dropping of Allied reparations, the freeing of German intellectual property and the impact of the
2442:
aimed at improving relations with Eastern Europe. Brandt was controversial on both the right wing, for his
1035:
formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France.
79:
7874:
7849:
7812:
7671:
7603:
7432:
7323:
7313:
5536:
Comparative Law: Historical Development of the Civil Law Tradition in Europe, Latin America, and East Asia
5040:
2849:
2694:
Kiesinger's 1966–69 "Grand Coalition" was between West Germany's two largest parties, the CDU/CSU and the
2640:
concluded on 20 June 1991, with quite a slim majority, that both government and parliament should move to
2543:
2515:
2473:
2368:
2183:
2162:
1553:
1447:
1088:
729:
5189:
8108:
8035:
7854:
7839:
7802:
5141:
3153:
3131:
2615:
2569:
2477:
2297:
2257:
2110:
1940:
1750:
1392:
1142:
794:
430:
31:
5799:"Germany's post-war justice ministry was infested with Nazis protecting former comrades, study reveals"
5003:
programme. West Germany encouraged and covered up a culture of doping across many sports for decades.
3275:
of 944 billion (5.9% of the world total). In 1987 the FRG held a 7.4% share of total world production.
2476:
crushed by the Germans, Brandt unexpectedly knelt and meditated in silence, a moment remembered as the
2244:
A new coalition was formed to deal with this problem. Erhard stepped down in 1966 and was succeeded by
2007:
1890:
1857:
1452:
1118:
was established in 1975, there was no serious debate as to whether West Germany would become a member.
17:
6942:
5446:
3119:
Article 146 provided the possibility for unification of all parts of Germany under a new constitution.
2957:), which were merely local branches of the national government, West Germany was divided into states (
1222:(FRG in English) began to prevail in East German usage in the early 1970s, beginning in the newspaper
7817:
7761:
7645:
7583:
7578:
7548:
7480:
7458:
7406:
7308:
6241:
6235:
5050:
4989:
4981:
4973:
4948:, established in 1900, continued its tradition based in the Federal Republic of Germany, winning the
3251:
2985:
2966:
2884:
2665:
2583:
2563:
2433:
2245:
2017:
1964:
1745:
1573:
1560:
1134:
1058:
992:
972:
804:
644:
386:
146:
85:
6963:
Konrad Adenauer: A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War, Revolution and Reconstruction
8000:
7894:
7869:
7864:
7741:
7686:
7625:
7531:
7262:
7196:
5861:
4957:
4949:
4937:
4891:
4881:
2688:
2575:
2484:
2380:
2261:
2234:
1869:
1122:
3188:) began in 1950. This improvement was sustained by the currency reform of 1948 which replaced the
2028:
8066:
8059:
7914:
7879:
7766:
7751:
7681:
7659:
7635:
7563:
7497:
7427:
7338:
7257:
7226:
7135:
7112:
6683:
6666:
5392:
5010:
West Germany played 43 matches at the European Championships, more than any other national team.
4861:
3271:(G6). In 1973, West Germany—home to roughly 1.26% of the world's population—featured the world's
3255:
3047:
3011:
2808:
2769:. The last action took place in 1993, and in 1998 the group announced it was ceasing activities.
2699:
2606:
2312:
2158:
2001:(also known as the "Two-plus-Four Agreement"); by which transitional status of Germany following
1939:) were formed in the Allied zones; replacing the geography of pre-Nazi German states such as the
1540:
1500:
1472:
1312:
1273:
1261:
596:
273:
5698:
8020:
7995:
7942:
7889:
7703:
7475:
7267:
6998:
6883:
6859:
6847:
6820:
6799:
6780:
6761:
6742:
6723:
6704:
6637:
6618:
6599:
6580:
6561:
6542:
6523:
6504:
6485:
6466:
6447:
6428:
6389:
6370:
6351:
6332:
6313:
6294:
6275:
6245:
6058:
5934:
5924:
5767:
5736:
5732:
5726:
5702:
5645:
5608:
Jonathan Story, "The launching of the EMS: An analysis of change in foreign economic policy."
5500:
5356:
4904:
4875:
4701:
3212:
3177:
3051:
2910:
In West Germany, most of the political agencies and buildings were located in Bonn, while the
2551:
2141:) would cooperate in the EDC while maintaining independent control of their own armed forces.
1944:
1909:
1861:
1505:
1428:
1250:
1225:
1097:
1066:
1047:
1032:
6739:
Welfare in East and West: Hungarian Social Security in an International Comparison, 1918–1990
6052:
5510:
8082:
8030:
8025:
8015:
8010:
8005:
7832:
7797:
7771:
7443:
7247:
7216:
7171:
7166:
6675:
5722:
5492:
5384:
4887:
3250:. On 5 May 1955 West Germany was declared to have the "authority of a sovereign state". The
3088:
3087:
in participating in international bodies and agreements, such as the United Nations and the
2936:
2857:
2788:
2762:
2747:
2488:
2414:
2392:
2337:
2087:, had been divided into four sectors, with the Western Allies joining their sectors to form
1881:
1860:, under Polish and Soviet administration/annexation, are shown in cream, as is the detached
1467:
1462:
1457:
490:
4878:, a former soldier who died young in 1947, is one of the best known representatives of the
1947:, which had derived ultimately from former independent German kingdoms and principalities.
7985:
7980:
7975:
7922:
7348:
7037:
6988:
6977:
6949:
6596:
Christian Democracy in Western Germany: the CDU/CSU in Government and Opposition 1945–1976
6019:
5907:
5670:
5628:
5453:
5345:
5269:, Deutscher Bundestag – Wissenschaftliche Dienste (ed.), No. 71/09 (4 September 2009)
5212:
5074:
5000:
2940:
2888:
2800:
2657:
2249:
2229:
2195:
2106:
2096:
1975:
1955:
1917:
1637:
1103:
449:
172:
126:
60:
4909:
2687:
The Brandt cabinet of 1969 on the steps of President Heinemanns's residence in Bonn, the
2668:(1966–69). All governments between 1949 and 1966 were formed by the united caucus of the
2064:
in 1990). The former occupying Western troops remained on the ground, now as part of the
5414:
1971:; albeit that this overall state had become effectively dormant long before 8 May 1945.
1323:
8087:
7965:
7952:
7615:
7373:
5953:"Zusammenfassende Übersichten – Eheschließungen, Geborene und Gestorbene 1946 bis 2015"
5897:
5691:
5027:
4899:
3247:
3141:
2895:
2876:
2839:
2835:
2755:
2725:
2511:
2499:
2463:
2376:
2203:
1865:
1803:
1789:
1530:
1111:
6703:. American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, Johns Hopkins University Press.
6137:
6111:
3112:, "Basic Law") provided two articles for the unification with other parts of Germany:
3014:, any country (with the exception of the USSR) that recognised the authorities of the
8102:
7328:
6687:
5396:
3232:
3199:
3145:
2948:
2944:
2880:
2865:
2852:
initiative to rid German politics, judiciary, society, culture, press and economy of
2661:
2455:
2359:
2328:
2271:
1617:
1218:
1077:). In addition to the resulting ten states, West Berlin was considered an unofficial
770:
405:
6970:
5313:
2056:, the Federal Republic of Germany was founded on 23 May 1949 under the terms of the
7713:
7383:
7358:
7353:
7252:
7206:
6444:
Development and Crisis of the Welfare State. Parties and Policies in Global Markets
4944:
In the 20th century, association football became the largest sport in Germany. The
4920:
4914:
3268:
3223:
2994:
2784:
2734:
2626:
2496:
2468:
2427:
2404:
2144:
Though the EDC treaty was signed (May 1952), it never entered into force. France's
2076:
2046:
2002:
1989:
1980:
1968:
1959:
1951:
1930:
1877:
1726:
1657:
1647:
1608:
1495:
1231:
1138:
1074:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1028:
1020:
996:
952:
600:
569:
475:
290:
286:
269:
234:
114:
6655:. Translated by Frank Kenny. Bonn: Federal Minister for Labour and Social Affairs.
5661:
1876:
On 4–11 February 1945 leaders from the United States, the United Kingdom, and the
6966:
6422:
4956:. Earlier, the German team was not considered part of the international top. The
2148:
rejected it on the grounds that it threatened national sovereignty, and when the
2068:(NATO), which West Germany joined on 9 May 1955, promising to rearm itself soon.
1046:. Germany was divided into the two countries. Initially, West Germany claimed an
185:
159:
7723:
7437:
7272:
7221:
6032:
4965:
2998:
2891:
2815:
2776:
2754:
were able to reach the 5% minimum required to obtain parliamentary seats in the
2721:
2618:
2579:
2535:
2447:
2342:
2324:
2211:
2138:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2043:
1974:
In 1949 with the continuation and aggravation of the Cold War (for example, the
1885:
1510:
1242:
1130:
1016:
499:
484:
461:
6695:
Silvia, Stephen J.; Stolpe, Michael (2007). "Health Care and Pension Reforms".
5373:
Kaplan, Lawrence S. (1961). "NATO and Adenauer's Germany: Uneasy Partnership".
1849:
7932:
7553:
6679:
5549:
5496:
5388:
5017:
3191:
3025:
2861:
2438:
2168:
2134:
2118:
1580:
956:
375:
5773:
2605:
The official German reunification ceremony on 3 October 1990 was held at the
1872:
within the British zone. Berlin was a four-power area within the Soviet zone.
1141:
voted to dissolve and accede to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990. The
927:
in its entirety, but only the third stanza was to be sung at official events.
7543:
7191:
5938:
3184:
3125:
2929:
2915:
2869:
2635:
2446:, and on the left wing, for his support of American policies, including the
1246:
505:
6777:
Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: a Biographical Dictionary
6348:
Banking on Death: or, Investing in Life: the History and Future of Pensions
3057:
Following the Ostpolitik, the West German view was that East Germany was a
2379:
provincial election. Also of great significance was the steady growth of a
2042:
With territories and frontiers that coincided largely with the ones of old
1195:) of the German Democratic Republic to the Federal Republic of Germany, so
1073:
by France (the separation had been not legal as it had been opposed by the
34:. For the Federal Republic of Germany after the reunification in 1990, see
7067:
6405:
Democracy's Guardian: A History of the German Federal Constitutional Court
5900:
and Jeffrey Johnson, West Germany: Politics And Society, Croom Helm, 1982
5583:
A rising middle power?: German foreign policy in transformation, 1989–1999
1106:, who remained in office until 1963, worked for a full alignment with the
1065:
joined West Germany as a state in 1957 after it had been separated as the
5675:
5554:
3263:
3030:" led to a form of mutual recognition between East and West Germany. The
2918:
which became the economic center. The judicial branch of both the German
2472:(Anti-Radical Decree) in 1972. In 1970, while visiting a memorial to the
2145:
2072:
2050:
1062:
1012:
948:
776:
753:
515:
379:
6981:
5621:
3288:
Total population of West Germany from 1950 to 1990, as collected by the
2750:
became fundamental values among left-wing Germans. As a result, in 1979
2514:(SPD) formed a coalition and he served as Chancellor from 1974 to 1982.
7822:
7242:
7186:
7108:
6873:
6870:
Modern Germany: society, economy, and politics in the twentieth century
6367:
The German Social Democrats since 1969: a Party in Power and Opposition
3094:
This assessment of the Basic Treaty was confirmed in a decision of the
2787:
remained head of government until May 1974, when he resigned after the
2130:
1675:
1477:
988:
911:
360:
349:
321:
35:
4999:
study details how the West German government helped fund a wide-scale
2724:. Demonstrations and protests grew in number, and in 1967 the student
2656:
Political life in West Germany was remarkably stable and orderly. The
1183:(Federal Republic of Germany; commonly known as West Germany) and the
5830:
The Imperfect Union; Constitutional Structures for German Unification
4977:
3002:
2853:
2743:
2641:
2400:
2084:
1926:
1922:
1152:
242:
222:
6844:
A History of West Germany Vol 1: From Shadow to Substance, 1945–1963
6272:
Social Protection versus Economic Flexibility: Is There a Trade-Off?
5538:, by John Henry Merryman, David Scott Clark, John Owen Haley, p. 542
5426:
William Glenn Gray, "Adenauer, Erhard, and the Uses of Prosperity."
5263:
Stefan Schmidt, "Die Diskussion um den Gebrauch der Abkürzung «BRD»"
2951:. Whilst East Germany was divided into 15 administrative districts (
2387:
7077:
6501:
The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany
6482:
The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany
5921:
The fading miracle : four decades of market economy in Germany
7181:
4931:
3206:
2989:
2963:) with independently elected state parliaments and control of the
2794:
2771:
2761:
Another result of the unrest in the 1960s was the founding of the
2682:
2492:
2386:
2266:
2101:
2027:
1899:
1848:
1087:
not part of West Germany, for Berlin was under the control of the
1015:, the western portion of Germany and the associated territory of
5306:
How a constitution can safeguard democracy:The German Experience
2645:
2317:
2252:
between West Germany's two largest parties, the CDU/CSU and the
2065:
1913:
1162:
1107:
1008:
556:
311:
7081:
6217:"West Germany cultivated doping culture among athletes: report"
5693:
Exorcising Hitler: The Occupation and Denazification of Germany
2728:
was shot in the head by a policeman. The press, especially the
2267:
975:
but continued as the Federal Republic in an enlarged territory.
921:
From 1952 to 1991, the official national anthem of Germany was
6880:
Germany, America, Europe: Forty Years of German Foreign Policy
6634:
Burned Bridge: How East and West Germans Made the Iron Curtain
2911:
2887:
were both former members of the Nazi Party. Konrad Adenauer's
1269:
1254:
839:
7202:
Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples
6956:
Kohl: Genius of the Present : A Biography of Helmut Kohl
6910:(2 vol 2004), 150 short essays by scholars covering 1945–1990
1967:
of 1848, and which from 1871 had been represented within the
1038:
At the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided between the
6653:
Survey of Social Security in the Federal Republic of Germany
3005:, 1970; the first time a Chancellor met a GDR prime minister
2971:, the second legislative chamber of the Federal Government.
2746:
past had come into being. In the 1970s environmentalism and
2588:
a final settlement of the post-war special status of Germany
933:
Continued as Chancellor of the reunified Germany until 1998.
183:
157:
6651:
Schewe, Dieter; Nordhorn, Karlhugo; Schenke, Klaus (1972).
1997:. In 1990 West Germany and East Germany jointly signed the
1115:
1023:. West Germany was formed as a political entity during the
930:
Continued as President of the reunified Germany until 1994.
618:
6560:. Translated by Martin Kane. Dietz Verlag J. H. W. Nachf.
5336:
Detlef Junker (editor), Translated by Sally E. Robertson,
5224:
The Bonn Republic — West German democracy, 1945–1990,
1155:, which ended its special status and formed an additional
6813:
Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997) .
6794:
Winkler, Heinrich August (2007). Sager, Alexander (ed.).
2550:
subsequently resigned in April 1987 and was succeeded by
1057:
Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form
6908:
The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War
5339:
The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War
1950:
In the dominant post-war narrative of West Germany, the
1884:
where future arrangements regarding post-war Europe and
6577:
Hovels to High Rise: State Housing in Europe Since 1850
3018:
would not have diplomatic relations with West Germany.
2739:
newspaper, launched a campaign against the protesters.
2458:
became a recognised measure for describing the general
2256:(SPD). This was important for the introduction of new
2161:
was modified to include West Germany, and to form the
1999:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
1177:
Before reunification, Germany was divided between the
6011:
FOWID, Religionszugehörigkeit Bevölkerung 1970–2011 (
5363:. See Section "The Presence of the Past" paragraph 9.
2935:
The West German government was known to be much more
2676:(CSU), either alone or in coalition with the smaller
2436:
in western Europe, while launching the new policy of
1925:. Soon afterwards, the French zone was included into
281: Lands of pre-1937 Germany that were annexed by
6163:"Report: West Germany systematically doped athletes"
5475:, Rogner und Bernhard, 1998 Dokument Nr. 193, p. 356
2928:) and the highest Court of Appeals, were located in
2902:'s senior officials were former Nazi Party members.
2894:
had played a major role in drafting the antisemitic
2860:. It was carried out by removing those who had been
1856:
in Germany, early 1946. The territories east of the
7913:
7784:
7658:
7530:
7457:
7420:
7399:
7281:
7235:
7159:
7128:
7119:
6054:
Religion and Modernity: An International Comparison
5728:
Tales from Spandau: Nazi Criminals and the Cold War
5201:
5199:
2660:era (1949–63) was followed by a brief period under
2466:policies at the domestic level, culminating in the
907:
833:
825:
801:
783:
764:
746:
728:
718:
704:
694:
684:
673:
663:
658:
641:
628:
611:
592:
579:
566:
553:
538:
525:
511:
496:
481:
471:
455:
443:
429:
411:
399:
385:
369:
348:
335:
327:
317:
307:
45:
6181:"Study Says West Germany Engaged in Sports Doping"
5731:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
5690:
6796:Germany: The Long Road West, Volume II: 1933–1990
6720:Union of Parts: Labor Politics in Postwar Germany
2345:patiently gathered evidence on the guards of the
7052:Documents on Germany under Occupation, 1945–1954
6558:The Social Democratic Party of Germany 1848–2005
6240:. 2013 Guinness World Records Limited. pp.
5755:
999:on 3 October 1990. It is sometimes known as the
6892:Henderson, David R. "German Economic Miracle."
6424:Recent Social Trends in West Germany, 1960–1990
5491:. Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. p. 92.
3061:government within a single German nation and a
2264:to be limited in case of a state of emergency.
2109:was a German statesman who served as the first
1201:became the official name of reunified Germany.
239:Location of West Germany (dark green)
219:Location of West Germany (dark green)
6199:"Report exposes decades of West German doping"
5134:
5132:
3021:In the early 1970s, Willy Brandt's policy of "
2720:("Democracy in a State of Emergency") and the
1284:or its equivalent was used in many languages.
1151:) were reconstituted, along with the reunited
272:(East Germany), claimed by West Germany until
7093:
6917:, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1989.
6901:After Hitler: Recivilizing Germans, 1945–1995
6756:Williamson, John B.; Pampel, Fred C. (2002).
6329:Management, Quality and Economics in Building
2483:Brandt resigned as chancellor in 1974, after
2111:chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany
1824:
27:Federal Republic of Germany from 1949 to 1990
8:
7010:The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History
6556:Potthoff, Heinrich; Miller, Susanne (2006).
6036:
5463:
5461:
5445:(Univ of North Carolina Press, 2005) p 179.
5171:. University of Chicago Press. 2002. p. 263.
5139:
5121:
5046:Economic history of the German reunification
4879:
4682:
3289:
3221:
3197:
3189:
3175:
3155:
3129:
3107:
3022:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2943:East German counterpart, the former being a
2923:
2792:
2732:
2633:
2607:
2597:
2591:
2408:
2361:
2347:
2315:
2301:
2287:
2223:
2217:
2209:
2174:
2166:
2033:
2011:
1934:
1886:Allied strategy against Japan in the Pacific
1692:
1578:
1285:
1257:had agreed to refuse to use the initialism.
1223:
1211:
1205:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1156:
1146:
1095:
991:from its formation on 23 May 1949 until its
963:
937:
922:
768:
170:
144:
124:
112:
52:
7212:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)
6758:Old-Age Security in Comparative Perspective
5788:, New York: Random House, 1961 pages 37–40.
2844:List of companies involved in the Holocaust
2742:By 1968, a stronger desire to confront the
2356:about twenty were put on trial in Frankfurt
2038:from the GDR and East Berlin joined in 1990
1078:
8134:States and territories established in 1949
7790:
7664:
7536:
7463:
7125:
7100:
7086:
7078:
7019:(Central European University Press, 2004)
6442:Huber, Evelyne; Stephens, John D. (2001).
6327:Bezelga, Artur; Brandon, Peter S. (1991).
5923:. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
2578:in 1989, symbolised by the opening of the
1831:
1817:
1297:
951:, between January 1957 and July 1959, the
253:
233:
213:
42:
6051:Pollack, D.; Rosta, G.; West, D. (2017).
5349:, A Handbook Volume 1, 1945–1968 Series:
3242:In 1952, West Germany became part of the
3148:in July 1990, and on 3 October 1990, the
2208:In October 1962 the weekly news magazine
2016:, the East German states and East Berlin
1264:country code of West Germany was DE (for
1249:that the West German public broadcasters
6932:The Federal Republic of Germany at Fifty
6915:The Soviet-East German Military Alliance
5857:Texas Law: Foreign Law Translations 1973
5832:, Princeton University Press, p. 14
5469:Frankfurter Schule und Studentenbewegung
5290:
5278:
4731:
3300:
2664:(1963–66) who, in turn, was replaced by
1933:. At the same time, new federal states (
669:248,717 km (96,030 sq mi)
7027:Adenauer: The Father of the New Germany
6856:Democracy and Its Discontents 1963–1988
6503:(3rd ed.). Duke University Press.
6057:. Oxford University Press. p. 76.
5885:
5842:
5160:
5067:
2906:Geographical distribution of government
2079:, a member of the subsequently founded
1311:
1300:
971:The state did not cease to exist after
919:
800:
782:
727:
717:
672:
662:
657:
495:
326:
316:
18:West German Federal Republic of Germany
6463:Contemporary Western European Feminism
1239:Federal Minister of All-German Affairs
887:Federal Republic of Germany since 1990
6894:The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
6842:Bark, Dennis L., and David R. Gress.
5868:from the original on 20 December 2016
5599:(January 2004), Vol. 44, pp. 395–414.
5226:Anthony James Nicholls, Longman, 1997
5109:[ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːkˈdɔʏtʃlant]
5107:
5082:
3262:remained in the country, just as the
3140:The two German states entered into a
2898:in Nazi Germany. In 1957, 77% of the
2856:ideology and personnel following the
1929:. Conversely, the Soviet zone became
1133:, both states took action to achieve
940:Federal Statistical Office of Germany
745:
703:
693:
683:
679:
640:
627:
610:
591:
578:
565:
552:
537:
524:
520:
480:
454:
442:
438:
428:
410:
398:
394:
384:
7:
6539:Cold War Politics in Postwar Germany
6421:Glatzer, Wolfgang (21 August 1992).
5809:from the original on 23 January 2019
5413:(National Defense University, 1987)
4997:Doping in Germany from 1950 to today
4896:Peace Prize of the German Book Trade
3246:, which would later evolve into the
8144:1949 establishments in West Germany
6816:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich
5993:from the original on 11 August 2018
5963:from the original on 11 August 2018
5548:Denso, Christian (13 August 2011).
2680:(FDP) or other right-wing parties.
2369:American mini-series with that name
2071:West Germany became a focus of the
987:is the common English name for the
936:Population statistics according to
7005:, broad survey of reunified nation
6520:Europe Since 1945: an Introduction
6407:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5987:DESTATIS – Statistisches Bundesamt
5957:DESTATIS – Statistisches Bundesamt
5697:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp.
5169:Music and German National Identity
4653:Central Council of Jews in Germany
2820:constructive vote of no confidence
2540:constructive vote of no confidence
2375:obtain parliamentary seats in the
2066:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
25:
5786:The New Germany and the Old Nazis
5550:"RAF: Gefangen in der Geschichte"
5312:, Goethe-Institut, archived from
4964:won the cup again, defeating the
4936:Postage stamps commemorating the
3244:European Coal and Steel Community
3152:dissolved and the re-established
2582:, there was a rapid move towards
2546:, who received 5.6% of the vote.
2123:European Coal and Steel Community
1985:Soviet occupation zone in Germany
7066:
7054:(Oxford University Press, 1955)
6541:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
5679:2003, Vol. 40, 25 September 2003
5020:
2338:War Crimes Tribunal at Nuremberg
1797:
1783:
1322:
891:
866:
293:, claimed by West Germany until
127:Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit
92:
78:
7304:German revolutions of 1848–1849
7273:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)
6995:Developments in German Politics
6924:(2014) 66#8 pp. 1380–1382.
6446:. University of Chicago Press.
6388:. Manchester University Press.
6386:The Retreat of Social Democracy
6274:. University of Chicago Press.
5581:Max Otte; Jürgen Greve (2000).
5562:from the original on 8 May 2013
4952:in a stunning upset dubbed the
3284:Population and vital statistics
3182:("economic miracle", coined by
2900:West German Ministry of Justice
1591:German revolutions of 1848–1849
1186:Deutsche Demokratische Republik
262: Territory of West Germany
132:"Unity and Justice and Freedom"
8139:1949 establishments in Germany
7289:Early modern period, 1500–1800
7177:List of early Germanic peoples
6138:"Season 1980 | UEFA EURO 1980"
6112:"Season 1972 | UEFA EURO 1972"
5036:History of Germany (1945–1990)
4946:Germany national football team
4666:Religion in West Germany, 1970
3106:The West German Constitution (
3078:government, but also the sole
3040:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
2826:condition changed until 1998.
1845:History of Germany (1945–1990)
1:
7412:History of Germany since 1990
6967:excerpt and text search vol 2
6775:Wilsford, David, ed. (1995).
6718:Thelen, Kathleen Ann (1991).
5983:"Population by area in 1,000"
5660:quoted in: Gregor Schöllgen.
2980:Position towards East Germany
2756:Free Hanseatic City of Bremen
2377:Free Hanseatic City of Bremen
341:
8129:Political history of Germany
6722:. Cornell University Press.
5756:Zentner & Bedürftig 1997
5642:Willy Brandt. Die Biographie
5353:German Historical Institutes
4649:Roman Catholicism in Germany
4645:Protestant Church in Germany
3321:Crude death rate (per 1000)
3318:Crude birth rate (per 1000)
3306:Average population (x 1000)
3096:Federal Constitutional Court
2920:Federal Constitutional Court
2487:, one of his closest aides,
2284:West German student movement
2155:London and Paris Conferences
1234:nations soon followed suit.
1123:collapse of the Eastern Bloc
1025:Allied occupation of Germany
1007:) after its capital city of
8114:Contemporary German history
6819:. New York: Da Capo Press.
6798:. Oxford University Press.
6760:. Oxford University Press.
6613:Schäfers, Bernhard (1998).
6499:Kommers, Donald P. (2012).
6480:Kommers, Donald P. (1997).
6384:Callaghan, John T. (2000).
6237:Guinness World Records 2014
5663:Der Kanzler und sein Spion.
5597:Archiv für Sozialgeschichte
5429:German Politics and Society
5097:Federal Republic of Germany
5084:[ˈvɛstˌdɔɪ̯t͡ʃlant]
4962:German Football Association
2883:and Chancellor (1966–1969)
2522:, was the launching of the
2362:
2018:joined the Federal Republic
1213:westdeutsche Bundesrepublik
1204:In East Germany, the terms
1167:European Economic Community
989:Federal Republic of Germany
152:"I have surrendered myself"
48:Federal Republic of Germany
8160:
7319:North German Confederation
7299:Confederation of the Rhine
7050:Beate Ruhm Von Oppen, ed.
7008:Smith, Helmut Walser, ed.
6939:Ludwig Erhard: A Biography
6615:The State of Germany Atlas
6594:Pridham, Geoffrey (1977).
6365:Braunthal, Gerard (1994).
5774:Zukunft braucht Erinnerung
5689:Taylor, Frederick (2011).
5644:. Propyläen, Berlin 2001.
5443:Ludwig Erhard: A Biography
5376:International Organization
5105:Bundesrepublik Deutschland
4976:had been held in Germany,
4859:
4638:
3326:
3324:Natural change (per 1000)
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3150:German Democratic Republic
3016:German Democratic Republic
2983:
2833:
2670:Christian-Democratic Union
2567:
2561:
2425:
2325:US intervention in Vietnam
2311:the press, especially the
2201:
2127:European Defence Community
2075:with its juxtaposition to
2054:Confederation of the Rhine
1990:German Democratic Republic
1842:
1596:North German Confederation
1566:Confederation of the Rhine
1198:Bundesrepublik Deutschland
1180:Bundesrepublik Deutschland
270:German Democratic Republic
54:Bundesrepublik Deutschland
29:
8119:Anti-communism in Germany
8053:
7793:
7667:
7539:
7466:
6680:10.1017/S2071832200013195
6537:Patton, David F. (1999).
6484:. Duke University Press.
6437:– via Google Books.
6416:, Gender Equality Network
6403:Collings, Justin (2015).
6346:Blackburn, Robin (2003).
6022:; PDF-Datei; 173 kB)
5919:Giersch, Herbert (1992).
5622:Talk by Hans-Jochen Vogel
5497:10.1007/978-3-531-91924-9
5389:10.1017/S0020818300010663
5344:23 September 2015 at the
4980:was selected to host the
4723:
4715:
4710:
4700:
4695:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
2709:, a group calling itself
2286:, a group calling itself
2091:, while the Soviets held
1237:In 1965, the West German
917:
845:
724:254/km (657.9/sq mi)
714:
680:
654:
521:
467:
445:• 1949–1963 (first)
439:
425:
401:• 1949–1959 (first)
395:
210:
138:
108:
74:
69:
7471:Administrative divisions
7012:(2011) pp. 593–753.
6937:Mierzejewski, Alfred C.
6579:. Taylor & Francis.
6308:Banister, David (2002).
5627:1 September 2009 at the
5485:Cornelius Grebe (2010).
5441:Alfred C. Mierzejewski,
5211:13 November 2013 at the
5167:Applegate, Celia (ed.).
4716:Other & Unaffiliated
4641:Protestantism in Germany
3054:for Germany as a whole.
2925:Bundesverfassungsgericht
2576:collapse of eastern bloc
2524:European Monetary System
2520:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
2452:right-wing authoritarian
2191:Reforms during the 1960s
2150:French National Assembly
2125:proposed to establish a
1987:, eventually became the
457:• 1982–1990 (last)
413:• 1984–1990 (last)
342:Religion in West Germany
6868:Berghahn, Volker Rolf.
6660:Schiek, Dagmar (2006).
6461:Kaplan, Gisela (2012).
6291:Germany and the Germans
6234:Glenday, Craig (2013).
6018:15 October 2015 at the
5828:Quint, Peter E (1991),
5669:13 January 2009 at the
5241:Encyclopædia Britannica
4986:Germany at the Olympics
3292:Statistisches Bundesamt
2711:Notstand der Demokratie
2707:German student movement
2696:Social Democratic Party
2652:Government and politics
2289:Notstand der Demokratie
2254:Social Democratic Party
2062:Two Plus Four Agreement
1854:Occupation zone borders
1272:. The less widely used
1071:Allied-occupied Germany
970:
961:
946:
935:
932:
929:
920:
328:Official languages
300:Show territorial claims
154:(unofficial, 1949–1952)
7732:Science and technology
7433:History of Brandenburg
7324:Unification of Germany
7314:Frankfurt Constitution
6913:MacGregor, Douglas A.
6878:Hanrieder, Wolfram F.
6522:. Barnes & Noble.
6090:Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung
6037:
5140:
5122:
5104:
5078:
5041:Inner German relations
4941:
4880:
4683:
3290:
3222:
3216:
3198:
3190:
3176:
3156:
3130:
3108:
3042:(September 1971), the
3023:
3006:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2924:
2848:Denazification was an
2793:
2780:
2733:
2691:
2674:Christian Social Union
2634:
2623:Richard von Weizsäcker
2608:
2598:
2592:
2516:Hans-Dietrich Genscher
2474:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
2409:
2395:
2348:
2316:
2302:
2288:
2275:
2224:
2218:
2210:
2175:
2167:
2163:Western European Union
2114:
2083:. The former capital,
2058:Bonn–Paris conventions
2039:
2034:
2012:
1935:
1905:
1873:
1693:
1579:
1448:Linear Pottery culture
1286:
1224:
1212:
1206:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1157:
1147:
1096:
1089:Allied Control Council
1083:eleventh state. While
1079:
1031:, established from 12
1004:
964:
938:
923:
769:
543:Bonn–Paris conventions
419:Richard von Weizsäcker
203:
171:
167:
145:
125:
113:
53:
7369:Flight and expulsions
7075:at Wikimedia Commons
7036:12 April 2020 at the
6961:Schwarz, Hans-Peter.
6948:12 April 2020 at the
6289:Ardagh, John (1996).
5612:36.3 (1988): 397–412.
5452:12 April 2020 at the
5142:Heidelberg University
5138:Detlef Junker of the
4974:Olympic Games of 1936
4935:
3210:
3038:(December 1970), the
2993:
2775:
2686:
2678:Free Democratic Party
2570:Old states of Germany
2526:(EMS) in April 1978.
2478:Kniefall von Warschau
2390:
2298:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
2280:Free Democratic Party
2270:
2105:
2049:and the 19th-century
2031:
1941:Free State of Prussia
1903:
1895:four occupation zones
1852:
1843:Further information:
1374:Territorial evolution
202:
166:
32:Old states of Germany
8041:World Heritage Sites
7719:German states by GDP
7309:German Confederation
6987:28 June 2011 at the
6976:28 June 2011 at the
6930:Merkl, Peter H. ed.
6906:Junker, Detlef, ed.
6899:Jarausch, Konrad H.
6737:Tomka, Béla (2004).
6575:Power, Anne (2002).
6518:Lane, Peter (1985).
5467:Wolfgang Kraushaar,
5432:25.2 (2007): 86–103.
5351:Publications of the
5051:Petersberg Agreement
4990:1956 Summer Olympics
4982:1972 Summer Olympics
4940:held in West Germany
3046:(May 1972), and the
2986:German reunification
2885:Kurt Georg Kiesinger
2666:Kurt Georg Kiesinger
2625:, former Chancellor
2584:German reunification
2564:German reunification
2434:European integration
2246:Kurt Georg Kiesinger
2117:The outbreak of the
1965:Frankfurt Parliament
1710:Expulsion of Germans
1676:Contemporary Germany
1574:German Confederation
1280:The colloquial term
1143:five post-war states
1135:German reunification
1125:, symbolised by the
803:• Summer (
147:Ich hab mich ergeben
7677:Automobile industry
7263:Carolingian dynasty
7197:History of the Huns
7025:Williams, Charles.
6993:Smith, Gordon, ed,
6954:Pruys, Karl Hugo .
6922:Europe-Asia Studies
6779:. Greenwood Press.
6741:. Akademie-Verlag.
6697:AICGS Policy Report
6414:GeNet Working Paper
5906:19 May 2016 at the
5862:University of Texas
5805:. 10 October 2016.
5803:The Daily Telegraph
5758:, pp. 189–190.
5319:on 20 December 2016
5192:on 5 December 2011.
4958:1974 FIFA World Cup
4950:1954 FIFA World Cup
4892:Frankfurt Book Fair
3237:East German economy
3034:(August 1970), the
2912:German Stock Market
2896:Nuremberg Race Laws
2818:as Chancellor in a
2689:Villa Hammerschmidt
2538:as Chancellor in a
2491:as an agent of the
2262:freedom of movement
2235:Franz Josef Strauss
1524:Early Modern period
1511:Eastward settlement
581:• Creation of
268: Lands of the
8124:Borders of Germany
7747:Telecommunications
7428:History of Prussia
7344:Revolution of 1918
7339:War guilt question
7258:Carolingian Empire
7227:Sack of Rome (410)
7136:History of Germany
7017:Germany, 1945–1990
6874:ACLS E-book online
6667:German Law Journal
6369:. Westview Press.
6310:Transport Planning
6185:The New York Times
5723:Goda, Norman J. W.
5640:Gregor Schöllgen:
5631:on 21 October 2002
5186:bundesregierung.de
4942:
4862:Culture of Germany
3273:fourth largest GDP
3217:
3089:Helsinki Final Act
3012:Hallstein Doctrine
3007:
2809:European Community
2781:
2700:state of emergency
2692:
2460:North-South divide
2396:
2352:concentration camp
2276:
2182:The three Western
2115:
2040:
1908:By the subsequent
1906:
1874:
1804:History portal
1790:Germany portal
1541:Kingdom of Prussia
1501:Kingdom of Germany
1473:Barbarian kingdoms
1274:ISO 3166-1 alpha-3
1262:ISO 3166-1 alpha-2
1210:(West Germany) or
1173:Naming conventions
1019:were parts of the
742:1990 estimate
249:Show map of Europe
204:
168:
8096:
8095:
8049:
8048:
7780:
7779:
7694:Chemical Triangle
7654:
7653:
7641:Political parties
7589:Foreign relations
7526:
7525:
7453:
7452:
7364:Allied occupation
7268:Holy Roman Empire
7071:Media related to
6864:978-0-631-16788-4
6852:978-0-631-16787-7
6826:978-0-306-80793-0
6805:978-0-19-926598-5
6710:978-1-933942-08-7
6674:(10): 1233–1257.
6632:Scheffer (2008).
6293:. Penguin Books.
6251:978-1-908843-15-9
6064:978-0-19-880166-5
5769:Der Naumann-Kreis
5742:978-0-521-86720-7
5610:Political Studies
5506:978-3-531-91924-9
5409:John A. Reed Jr,
5267:Aktueller Begriff
5243:(Online ed.)
5206:Bevölkerungsstand
5095:; officially the
4905:The German Lesson
4876:Wolfgang Borchert
4853:
4852:
4728:
4727:
4702:Roman Catholicism
4632:
4631:
3213:Volkswagen Beetle
3178:Wirtschaftswunder
3154:five East German
3052:exclusive mandate
3044:Transit Agreement
2975:Foreign relations
2947:and the latter a
2552:Hans-Jochen Vogel
2510:Finance Minister
2381:feminist movement
2133:, France, Italy,
1945:Republic of Baden
1910:Potsdam Agreement
1862:Saar Protectorate
1841:
1840:
1772:
1771:
1666:
1665:
1506:Holy Roman Empire
1383:Holy Roman Empire
1226:Neues Deutschland
1098:Wirtschaftswunder
1067:Saar Protectorate
1061:in 1952, and the
1059:Baden-Württemberg
1048:exclusive mandate
982:
981:
903:
902:
899:
898:
879:
878:
637:12 September 1990
624:18 September 1973
555:• Member of
245: (dark grey)
225: (dark grey)
200:
178:"Song of Germany"
164:
16:(Redirected from
8151:
8076:
8069:
8062:
8026:Prussian virtues
7791:
7699:Economic history
7665:
7559:
7537:
7488:Cities and towns
7464:
7444:Baden Revolution
7248:Treaty of Verdun
7217:Marcomannic Wars
7172:Migration Period
7167:Germanic peoples
7151:Military history
7126:
7102:
7095:
7088:
7079:
7070:
6830:
6809:
6790:
6771:
6752:
6733:
6714:
6691:
6656:
6647:
6628:
6609:
6590:
6571:
6552:
6533:
6514:
6495:
6476:
6457:
6438:
6417:
6408:
6399:
6380:
6361:
6342:
6323:
6304:
6285:
6256:
6255:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6223:. 5 August 2013.
6213:
6207:
6206:
6205:. 5 August 2013.
6195:
6189:
6188:
6187:. 8 August 2013.
6177:
6171:
6170:
6169:. 3 August 2013.
6159:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6133:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6107:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6082:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6071:
6048:
6042:
6040:
6029:
6023:
6009:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5949:
5943:
5942:
5916:
5910:
5895:
5889:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5852:
5846:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5795:
5789:
5782:
5776:
5765:
5759:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5696:
5686:
5680:
5658:
5652:
5638:
5632:
5619:
5613:
5606:
5600:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5567:
5545:
5539:
5533:
5527:
5526:
5520:
5518:
5513:on 16 April 2017
5509:. Archived from
5482:
5476:
5465:
5456:
5439:
5433:
5424:
5418:
5411:Germany and NATO
5407:
5401:
5400:
5370:
5364:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5318:
5311:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5270:
5261:See in general:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5233:
5227:
5221:
5215:
5203:
5194:
5193:
5188:. Archived from
5178:
5172:
5165:
5148:
5145:
5136:
5127:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5111:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5086:
5072:
5030:
5025:
5024:
5023:
4885:
4882:Trümmerliteratur
4741:Roman Catholic
4738:EKD Protestant
4732:
4686:
4663:
4662:
3301:
3295:
3227:
3203:
3195:
3181:
3174:The West German
3170:Economic miracle
3159:
3135:
3111:
3036:Treaty of Warsaw
3032:Treaty of Moscow
3029:
2970:
2962:
2956:
2927:
2858:Second World War
2798:
2789:Guillaume affair
2763:Red Army Faction
2748:anti-nationalism
2738:
2719:
2639:
2611:
2601:
2595:
2485:Günter Guillaume
2415:Red Army Faction
2412:
2393:Red Army Faction
2365:
2351:
2322:
2305:
2291:
2274:, student leader
2227:
2221:
2215:
2178:
2172:
2037:
2015:
2008:Oder–Neisse line
1938:
1891:Oder-Neisse line
1882:Yalta Conference
1868:was an American
1858:Oder–Neisse line
1833:
1826:
1819:
1806:
1802:
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1800:
1792:
1788:
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1786:
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1613:
1584:
1468:Migration Period
1463:Germanic peoples
1458:Urnfield culture
1326:
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965:Bundeshauptstadt
947:In the state of
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883:
882:
874:Occupied Germany
870:
869:
863:
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632:Final Settlement
607:21 December 1972
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7860:Life expectancy
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7379:Divided Germany
7349:Weimar Republic
7277:
7243:Frankish Empire
7231:
7155:
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7106:
7064:
7047:
7045:Primary sources
7042:
7038:Wayback Machine
7015:Weber, Jurgen.
6989:Wayback Machine
6982:full text vol 2
6978:Wayback Machine
6971:full text vol 1
6965:(2 vol., 1995)
6950:Wayback Machine
6838:
6836:Further reading
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5291:Collings (2015)
5289:
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5279:Collings (2015)
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4954:miracle of Bern
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3315:Natural change
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2941:state socialist
2914:was located in
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2801:1973 oil crisis
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2469:Radikalenerlass
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2250:grand coalition
2230:Rudolf Augstein
2206:
2196:Konrad Adenauer
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2159:Brussels Treaty
2107:Konrad Adenauer
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2024:NATO membership
1956:Weimar Republic
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1453:Únětice culture
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1379:Historic states
1334:
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1287:Westdeutschland
1207:Westdeutschland
1175:
1104:Konrad Adenauer
1005:Bonner Republik
978:
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7023:
7021:online edition
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6598:. Croom Helm.
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5898:David H Childs
5890:
5888:, p. 309.
5886:Kommers (2012)
5878:
5847:
5845:, p. 308.
5843:Kommers (2012)
5835:
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5790:
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5708:978-1408822128
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5383:(4): 618–629.
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2877:Naumann Circle
2840:Naumann Circle
2836:Denazification
2831:
2830:Denazification
2828:
2726:Benno Ohnesorg
2653:
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2562:Main article:
2559:
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2528:
2512:Helmut Schmidt
2507:
2506:Helmut Schmidt
2504:
2500:secret service
2464:anti-communist
2426:Main article:
2423:
2420:
2308:Benno Ohnesorg
2258:emergency acts
2204:Spiegel affair
2202:Main article:
2192:
2189:
2097:Berlin airlift
2025:
2022:
1976:Berlin Airlift
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1793:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1764:Modern history
1760:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1704:1945–1949/1952
1702:
1700:
1699:
1690:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1386:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1344:Historiography
1341:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1174:
1171:
1121:Following the
1112:European Union
980:
979:
977:
976:
969:
960:
945:
934:
931:
928:
918:
915:
914:
909:
905:
904:
901:
900:
897:
896:
889:
880:
877:
876:
871:
859:
858:
853:
843:
842:
837:
831:
830:
827:
823:
822:
809:
802:
799:
798:
785:
781:
780:
766:
762:
761:
750:
747:
744:
743:
740:
726:
725:
722:
720:• Density
719:
716:
715:
712:
711:
708:
705:
702:
701:
698:
695:
692:
691:
688:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
671:
670:
667:
664:
661:
660:
656:
655:
652:
651:
650:3 October 1990
648:
642:
639:
638:
635:
629:
626:
625:
622:
612:
609:
608:
605:
593:
590:
589:
586:
580:
577:
576:
575:1 January 1957
573:
567:
564:
563:
560:
554:
551:
550:
547:
539:
536:
535:
532:
526:
523:
522:
519:
518:
513:
512:Historical era
509:
508:
503:
497:
494:
493:
488:
482:
479:
478:
473:
469:
468:
465:
464:
459:
456:
453:
452:
447:
444:
441:
440:
437:
436:
433:
427:
426:
423:
422:
415:
412:
409:
408:
403:
400:
397:
396:
393:
392:
389:
383:
382:
378:parliamentary
373:
367:
366:
364:
363:
358:
354:
352:
346:
345:
337:
333:
332:
329:
325:
324:
319:
315:
314:
309:
305:
304:
277:
264:
258:
252:
238:
232:
218:
212:
211:
208:
207:
182:
156:
136:
135:
106:
105:
98:
91:
90:
84:
77:
76:
75:
72:
71:
67:
66:
51:
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8156:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8106:
8104:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8080:
8075:
8071:
8068:
8064:
8061:
8057:
8056:
8052:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7920:
7918:
7916:
7912:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7900:Social issues
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7828:Ethnic groups
7826:
7825:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7795:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7783:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7726:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
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7692:
7688:
7685:
7684:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7669:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7657:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7596:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7541:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7529:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7473:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7456:
7445:
7442:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7419:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7407:Reunification
7405:
7404:
7402:
7398:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7381:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7329:German Empire
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7280:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7234:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7158:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7127:
7124:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7103:
7098:
7096:
7091:
7089:
7084:
7083:
7080:
7076:
7074:
7069:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7048:
7044:
7039:
7035:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7011:
7007:
7004:
7003:0-8223-1266-2
7000:
6996:
6992:
6990:
6986:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6957:
6953:
6951:
6947:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6933:
6929:
6926:
6923:
6919:
6916:
6912:
6909:
6905:
6902:
6898:
6895:
6891:
6889:
6888:0-300-04022-9
6885:
6881:
6877:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6840:
6835:
6828:
6822:
6818:
6817:
6811:
6807:
6801:
6797:
6792:
6788:
6786:9780313286230
6782:
6778:
6773:
6769:
6767:9780195068597
6763:
6759:
6754:
6750:
6748:9783050038711
6744:
6740:
6735:
6731:
6729:9780801425868
6725:
6721:
6716:
6712:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6654:
6649:
6645:
6643:9781109097603
6639:
6635:
6630:
6626:
6624:9780415188265
6620:
6617:. Routledge.
6616:
6611:
6607:
6605:9780856645082
6601:
6597:
6592:
6588:
6586:9780415089357
6582:
6578:
6573:
6569:
6567:9783801203658
6563:
6559:
6554:
6550:
6548:9780312213619
6544:
6540:
6535:
6531:
6529:9780389205753
6525:
6521:
6516:
6512:
6510:9780822352662
6506:
6502:
6497:
6493:
6491:9780822318385
6487:
6483:
6478:
6474:
6472:9780415636810
6468:
6465:. Routledge.
6464:
6459:
6455:
6453:9780226356471
6449:
6445:
6440:
6436:
6434:9780773509092
6430:
6426:
6425:
6419:
6415:
6410:
6406:
6401:
6397:
6395:9780719050312
6391:
6387:
6382:
6378:
6376:9780813315355
6372:
6368:
6363:
6359:
6357:9781859844090
6353:
6349:
6344:
6340:
6338:9780419174707
6334:
6330:
6325:
6321:
6319:9780415261715
6315:
6311:
6306:
6302:
6300:9780140252668
6296:
6292:
6287:
6283:
6281:0-226-05678-3
6277:
6273:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6253:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6238:
6230:
6227:
6222:
6218:
6212:
6209:
6204:
6200:
6194:
6191:
6186:
6182:
6176:
6173:
6168:
6164:
6158:
6155:
6143:
6139:
6132:
6129:
6117:
6113:
6106:
6103:
6091:
6087:
6081:
6078:
6066:
6060:
6056:
6055:
6047:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6028:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6014:
6008:
6005:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5978:
5975:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5948:
5945:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5930:0-521-35351-3
5926:
5922:
5915:
5912:
5909:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5894:
5891:
5887:
5882:
5879:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5858:
5851:
5848:
5844:
5839:
5836:
5831:
5824:
5821:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5791:
5787:
5784:Tetens, T.H.
5781:
5778:
5775:
5771:
5770:
5764:
5761:
5757:
5752:
5749:
5744:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5718:
5715:
5710:
5704:
5700:
5695:
5694:
5685:
5682:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5657:
5654:
5651:
5650:3-549-07142-6
5647:
5643:
5637:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5623:
5618:
5615:
5611:
5605:
5602:
5598:
5592:
5589:
5584:
5577:
5574:
5561:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5532:
5529:
5525:
5524:partnership'.
5512:
5508:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5489:
5481:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5455:
5451:
5448:
5444:
5438:
5435:
5431:
5430:
5423:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5406:
5403:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5377:
5369:
5366:
5362:
5361:0-511-19218-5
5358:
5355:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5333:
5330:
5315:
5308:
5307:
5299:
5296:
5293:, p. xv.
5292:
5287:
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5280:
5275:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5258:
5255:
5242:
5238:
5232:
5229:
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5220:
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5214:
5210:
5207:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5191:
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5154:
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5143:
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5129:
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5116:
5110:
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5102:
5098:
5091:
5085:
5080:
5076:
5071:
5068:
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5049:
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5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5018:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4995:The 800-page
4993:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4970:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
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4925:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4888:Heinrich Böll
4884:
4883:
4877:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4855:
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4845:
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4839:
4836:
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4791:
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4771:
4768:
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4763:
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4757:
4754:
4751:
4750:
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4743:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4718:
4714:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4690:
4688:
4687:Protestantism
4685:
4679:
4673:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4634:
4627:
4624:
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4609:
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4399:
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3233:Marshall Plan
3229:
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3214:
3209:
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3200:Deutsche Mark
3194:
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3187:
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3169:
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3146:customs union
3143:
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2945:federal state
2942:
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2937:decentralised
2933:
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2897:
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2881:Walter Scheel
2878:
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2727:
2723:
2722:labour unions
2717:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2662:Ludwig Erhard
2659:
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2649:
2647:
2643:
2638:
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2630:
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2613:
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2594:
2589:
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2558:Reunification
2557:
2555:
2553:
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2537:
2529:
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2494:
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2486:
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2461:
2457:
2456:Brandt Report
2454:regimes. The
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2410:Brigate Rosse
2406:
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2372:
2370:
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2353:
2350:
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2329:Rudi Dutschke
2326:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2282:, the rising
2281:
2273:
2272:Rudi Dutschke
2269:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2220:
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2200:
2197:
2190:
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2177:
2171:
2170:
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2160:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2142:
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2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
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2108:
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2100:
2098:
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2078:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2036:
2030:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1983:, the former
1982:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1902:
1898:
1896:
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1887:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1867:
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1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1815:
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1805:
1794:
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1780:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1746:Reunification
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1713:
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1645:
1641:
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1635:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1618:German Empire
1616:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1561:Mediatisation
1559:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
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1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:Early history
1439:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
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1221:
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1214:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
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1140:
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1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:Eastern blocs
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1011:. During the
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:Bonn Republic
998:
994:
993:reunification
990:
986:
974:
973:reunification
966:
958:
954:
950:
942:
941:
925:
916:
913:
910:
908:Today part of
906:
890:
888:
885:
884:
881:
875:
872:
865:
864:
861:
860:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
844:
841:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
814:
810:
806:
796:
790:
786:
778:
773:
772:
771:Deutsche Mark
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
741:
737:
731:
723:
713:
709:
699:
689:
676:
668:
653:
649:
646:
645:Reunification
636:
633:
623:
620:
616:
606:
602:
598:
588:25 March 1957
587:
584:
574:
571:
561:
558:
548:
544:
533:
530:
517:
514:
510:
507:
504:
501:
492:
489:
486:
477:
474:
470:
466:
463:
460:
451:
448:
434:
432:
424:
420:
416:
407:
406:Theodor Heuss
404:
390:
388:
381:
377:
374:
372:
368:
362:
359:
356:
355:
353:
351:
347:
344:
343:
338:
334:
330:
323:
320:
313:
310:
306:
296:
292:
288:
284:
275:
271:
256:
246:
244:
236:
226:
224:
216:
209:
175:
174:
149:
148:
141:
137:
129:
128:
120:"God with us"
117:
116:
111:
107:
101:
95:
87:
81:
73:
68:
62:
55:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
8109:West Germany
8074:Bibliography
7948:Coat of arms
7928:Architecture
7905:Trade unions
7885:Prostitution
7845:Homelessness
7808:Demographics
7757:Trade unions
7724:
7714:German model
7687:Central bank
7631:Conservatism
7594:Human rights
7579:Court system
7574:Constitution
7554:
7400:Contemporary
7389:West Germany
7388:
7384:East Germany
7359:World War II
7354:Nazi Germany
7294:18th-century
7253:East Francia
7207:Cimbrian War
7073:West Germany
7065:
7051:
7026:
7016:
7009:
6994:
6962:
6955:
6938:
6931:
6921:
6914:
6907:
6900:
6893:
6879:
6869:
6855:
6843:
6814:
6795:
6776:
6757:
6738:
6719:
6700:
6696:
6671:
6665:
6652:
6633:
6614:
6595:
6576:
6557:
6538:
6519:
6500:
6481:
6462:
6443:
6423:
6413:
6404:
6385:
6366:
6347:
6328:
6309:
6290:
6271:
6236:
6229:
6220:
6211:
6202:
6193:
6184:
6175:
6166:
6157:
6145:. Retrieved
6141:
6131:
6119:. Retrieved
6115:
6105:
6093:. Retrieved
6089:
6080:
6068:. Retrieved
6053:
6046:
6035:outside the
6027:
6007:
5995:. Retrieved
5986:
5977:
5965:. Retrieved
5956:
5947:
5920:
5914:
5893:
5881:
5870:, retrieved
5856:
5850:
5838:
5829:
5823:
5811:. Retrieved
5802:
5793:
5785:
5780:
5768:
5763:
5751:
5727:
5717:
5692:
5684:
5674:
5662:
5656:
5641:
5636:
5617:
5609:
5604:
5596:
5591:
5582:
5576:
5564:. Retrieved
5553:
5543:
5535:
5531:
5522:
5517:18 September
5515:. Retrieved
5511:the original
5487:
5480:
5472:
5468:
5442:
5437:
5427:
5422:
5410:
5405:
5380:
5374:
5368:
5350:
5337:
5332:
5321:, retrieved
5314:the original
5305:
5298:
5286:
5274:
5266:
5257:
5245:. Retrieved
5240:
5231:
5223:
5219:
5190:the original
5185:
5176:
5168:
5163:
5100:
5096:
5070:
5009:
5005:
4996:
4994:
4971:
4943:
4921:The Flounder
4919:
4915:The Tin Drum
4913:
4910:Günter Grass
4903:
4873:
4865:
4747:None/other
4656:
3309:Live births
3298:
3287:
3279:Demographics
3269:Group of Six
3241:
3230:
3224:Gastarbeiter
3218:
3183:
3173:
3139:
3122:
3105:
3093:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3048:Basic Treaty
3020:
3008:
2995:Willy Brandt
2934:
2909:
2874:
2847:
2824:
2813:
2805:
2785:Willy Brandt
2782:
2766:
2760:
2741:
2735:Bild-Zeitung
2704:
2693:
2655:
2631:
2627:Willy Brandt
2621:, President
2614:, including
2604:
2573:
2548:
2533:
2509:
2482:
2467:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2428:Willy Brandt
2422:Willy Brandt
2405:Red Brigades
2397:
2391:Logo of the
2373:
2334:
2294:Shah of Iran
2277:
2243:
2239:
2207:
2194:
2181:
2143:
2116:
2077:East Germany
2070:
2047:East Francia
2041:
2003:World War II
1994:
1988:
1981:East Germany
1973:
1969:German Reich
1949:
1931:East Germany
1907:
1878:Soviet Union
1875:
1722:
1658:World War II
1648:Nazi Germany
1609:German Reich
1536:18th century
1531:Sectionalism
1496:East Francia
1282:West Germany
1281:
1279:
1265:
1259:
1236:
1232:Eastern Bloc
1217:
1203:
1176:
1139:East Germany
1120:
1093:
1084:
1075:Soviet Union
1056:
1052:German Reich
1037:
1029:World War II
1021:Western Bloc
1000:
997:East Germany
985:West Germany
984:
983:
953:French franc
856:Succeeded by
855:
850:
835:Internet TLD
826:Calling code
775: (DM) (
748:• Total
706:• 1990
696:• 1970
686:• 1950
665:• Total
597:Basic Treaty
570:Saar statute
476:Bicameralism
339:
318:Largest city
291:World War II
287:Soviet Union
240:
220:
139:
134:(since 1962)
115:Gott mit uns
110:Motto:
109:
100:Coat of arms
40:
7875:Pornography
7850:Immigration
7813:Drug policy
7725:Mittelstand
7672:Agriculture
7636:Nationalism
7609:Transgender
7493:Earthquakes
7440:, 1583-1588
7438:Cologne War
7334:World War I
7236:Middle Ages
7222:Gothic Wars
6033:Protestants
4972:After both
4966:Netherlands
3264:Soviet Army
3109:Grundgesetz
2999:Willi Stoph
2949:unitary one
2892:Hans Globke
2816:Helmut Kohl
2777:Helmut Kohl
2714: [
2619:Helmut Kohl
2580:Berlin Wall
2536:Helmut Kohl
2530:Helmut Kohl
2497:East German
2489:was exposed
2448:Vietnam War
2343:Fritz Bauer
2303:Jubelperser
2248:. He led a
2219:Der Spiegel
2212:Der Spiegel
2176:Bündnisfall
2139:Netherlands
2093:East Berlin
2089:West Berlin
2081:Warsaw Pact
2044:Middle Ages
1628:World War I
1554:Unification
1490:Middle Ages
1425:Württemberg
1405:Family tree
1313:History of
1266:Deutschland
1243:Erich Mende
1131:Berlin Wall
1114:. When the
1017:West Berlin
851:Preceded by
534:23 May 1949
500:Lower house
485:Upper house
472:Legislature
462:Helmut Kohl
357:West German
180:(1952–1990)
122:(1949–1962)
8103:Categories
8036:Television
8021:Philosophy
7996:Literature
7855:Irreligion
7840:Healthcare
7803:Corruption
7569:Chancellor
7558:(military)
7555:Bundeswehr
6136:UEFA.com.
6110:UEFA.com.
5872:7 December
5813:23 January
5323:7 December
5155:References
5103:; German:
4860:See also:
4639:See also:
3192:Reichsmark
3026:Ostpolitik
2984:See also:
2870:war crimes
2862:Nazi Party
2834:See also:
2752:the Greens
2672:(CDU) and
2616:Chancellor
2568:See also:
2444:Ostpolitik
2439:Ostpolitik
2169:Bundeswehr
2135:Luxembourg
2119:Korean War
2051:Napoleonic
1768:since 1990
1751:New states
1695:Ostgebiete
1688:Occupation
1581:Zollverein
1429:Mediatised
1339:Chronology
1165:, and the
957:Saar franc
710:63,254,000
700:61,001,000
690:50,958,000
675:Population
562:9 May 1955
549:5 May 1955
431:Chancellor
371:Government
350:Demonym(s)
229:Show globe
7991:Libraries
7971:Festivals
7818:Education
7762:Transport
7727:companies
7646:President
7584:Elections
7549:Bundesrat
7544:Bundestag
7513:Mountains
7481:Districts
7459:Geography
7192:Visigoths
7129:Overviews
6854:; vol 2:
6688:141058426
6203:France 24
6167:USA Today
6147:20 August
6121:20 August
6031:Includes
5997:11 August
5967:11 August
5473:Dokumente
5471:, vol. 2
5397:155025137
5237:"Germany"
5062:Footnotes
4894:(and its
4500:−118 141
4471:−118 141
4442:−111 961
4413:−124 160
4297:−129 748
4268:−146 750
4239:−122 578
4210:−130 289
4181:−148 748
4152:−101 138
3943:1 019 459
3914:1 050 345
3885:1 044 328
3856:1 065 437
3827:1 054 123
3798:1 018 552
3769:1 012 687
3196:with the
3185:The Times
3126:Bundestag
3098:in 1973;
2967:Bundesrat
2939:than its
2930:Karlsruhe
2916:Frankfurt
2636:Bundestag
2609:Reichstag
2574:With the
2349:Auschwitz
2225:Bundestag
2146:Gaullists
1880:held the
1737:1949–1990
1714:1944–1950
1662:1939–1945
1652:1933–1945
1642:1918–1933
1632:1914–1918
1622:1871–1918
1397:Empresses
1247:Bundestag
1003:(German:
784:Time zone
599:with the
529:Formation
506:Bundestag
491:Bundesrat
387:President
336:Religion
70:1949–1990
8083:Category
8001:Internet
7986:Language
7976:Folklore
7895:Religion
7870:Pensions
7865:Naturism
7742:Taxation
7626:Lobbying
7599:Intersex
7532:Politics
7141:Timeline
7120:General
7113:articles
7034:Archived
6985:Archived
6974:Archived
6946:Archived
6846:(1992);
6331:. Spon.
6312:. Spon.
6221:CBC News
6142:UEFA.com
6116:UEFA.com
6016:Archived
5991:Archived
5961:Archived
5939:24065456
5904:Archived
5866:archived
5807:Archived
5725:(2007).
5676:Die Zeit
5667:Archived
5625:Archived
5560:Archived
5555:Die Zeit
5450:Archived
5342:Archived
5209:Archived
5182:"Fehler"
5014:See also
4744:Muslim
4671:religion
4635:Religion
4587:−16 193
4558:−10 257
4529:−45 409
4384:−94 684
4355:−97 635
4326:−93 460
4123:−95 395
4094:−30 050
4007:159 096
3978:235 777
3949:332 110
3920:364 024
3891:366 700
3862:421 309
3833:381 054
3804:373 733
3775:385 126
3746:325 667
3717:346 438
3688:307 160
3659:277 212
3630:256 474
3601:238 256
3572:260 569
3543:218 069
3514:253 117
3485:251 711
3456:284 088
3427:315 609
3399:290 982
3371:206 793
3343:144 667
3142:currency
3072:de facto
3059:de facto
2658:Adenauer
2612:building
2320:-Zeitung
2137:and the
2073:Cold War
1943:and the
1927:Trizonia
1730:division
1389:Monarchs
1349:Military
1304:a series
1302:Part of
1230:. Other
1192:Beitritt
1080:de facto
1063:Saarland
1013:Cold War
949:Saarland
765:Currency
754:trillion
615:Admitted
516:Cold War
380:republic
285:and the
8060:Outline
7966:Fashion
7953:Cuisine
7915:Culture
7880:Poverty
7823:Germans
7786:Society
7767:Welfare
7752:Tourism
7709:Exports
7682:Banking
7660:Economy
7564:Cabinet
7503:Islands
7498:Geology
7421:Regions
7187:Teutons
7160:Ancient
7122:History
7109:Germany
7029:(2000)
6997:(1992)
6969:; also
6941:(2004)
6896:(2008).
6882:(1989)
6872:(1987)
6858:(1992)
6699:(PDF).
6670:(PDF).
6263:Sources
6070:30 July
5733:101–149
5699:253–254
4856:Culture
4720:
4707:
4692:
4676:percent
4616:13 864
4613:713 335
4610:727 199
4607:63 726
4584:697 730
4581:681 537
4578:62 679
4555:687 516
4552:677 259
4549:61 715
4526:687 419
4523:642 010
4520:61 238
4497:701 890
4494:625 963
4491:61 140
4468:704 296
4465:586 155
4462:61 020
4439:696 118
4436:584 157
4433:61 049
4410:718 337
4407:594 177
4404:61 307
4381:715 857
4378:621 173
4375:61 546
4352:722 192
4349:624 557
4346:61 713
4323:714 117
4320:620 657
4317:61 658
4294:711 732
4291:581 984
4288:61 439
4265:723 218
4262:576 468
4259:61 322
4236:704 922
4233:582 344
4230:61 353
4207:733 140
4204:602 851
4201:61 442
4178:749 260
4175:600 512
4172:61 645
4149:727 511
4146:626 373
4143:61 991
4120:731 028
4117:635 663
4114:62 101
4091:731 264
4088:701 214
4085:61 809
4065:47 856
4062:730 670
4059:778 526
4056:61 503
4036:75 965
4033:734 843
4030:810 808
4027:61 001
4004:744 360
4001:903 456
3998:61 195
3975:734 048
3972:969 825
3969:60 463
3946:687 349
3940:59 948
3917:686 321
3911:59 793
3888:677 628
3882:59 297
3859:644 128
3853:58 587
3830:673 069
3824:57 865
3801:644 819
3795:57 247
3772:627 561
3766:56 589
3743:642 962
3740:968 629
3737:55 958
3714:605 504
3711:951 942
3708:55 257
3685:597 305
3682:904 465
3679:54 719
3656:615 016
3653:892 228
3650:54 064
3627:599 413
3624:855 887
3621:53 340
3598:581 872
3595:820 128
3592:53 518
3569:555 459
3566:816 028
3563:52 943
3540:578 027
3537:796 096
3534:52 454
3511:545 963
3508:799 080
3505:51 864
3482:543 897
3479:795 608
3476:51 435
3453:528 747
3450:812 835
3447:50 958
3424:517 194
3421:832 803
3396:515 092
3393:806 074
3368:574 628
3365:781 421
3340:588 331
3337:732 998
3312:Deaths
3252:British
3165:Economy
3085:de jure
3080:de jure
3076:de jure
3067:de jure
3063:de jure
2954:Bezirke
2779:in 1987
2730:tabloid
2401:Maoists
2313:tabloid
2131:Belgium
1923:Bizonia
1870:enclave
1417:Prussia
1413:Bavaria
1409:Austria
1364:Judaism
1354:Economy
1315:Germany
1294:History
1129:of the
1127:opening
1085:de jure
1040:Western
912:Germany
752:~$ 1.0
643:•
630:•
617:to the
613:•
594:•
568:•
540:•
527:•
498:•
483:•
376:Federal
322:Hamburg
308:Capital
140:Anthem:
36:Germany
8088:Portal
7943:Cinema
7923:Anthem
7890:Racism
7704:Energy
7518:Rivers
7476:States
7446:, 1848
7282:Modern
7111:
7056:online
7031:Online
7001:
6980:; and
6958:(1996)
6943:online
6934:(1999)
6903:(2008)
6886:
6862:
6850:
6823:
6802:
6783:
6764:
6745:
6726:
6707:
6686:
6640:
6621:
6602:
6583:
6564:
6545:
6526:
6507:
6488:
6469:
6450:
6431:
6392:
6373:
6354:
6335:
6316:
6297:
6278:
6248:
6095:8 July
6061:
6013:online
5937:
5927:
5739:
5705:
5648:
5566:25 May
5503:
5447:Online
5415:Online
5395:
5359:
5265:, in:
5075:German
5001:doping
4978:Munich
4912:(with
4908:) and
4902:(with
4651:, and
3256:French
3157:Länder
3132:Länder
3003:Erfurt
2960:Länder
2850:Allied
2842:, and
2642:Berlin
2593:Länder
2586:; and
2544:Greens
2495:, the
2450:, and
2184:Allies
2157:, the
2085:Berlin
2035:Länder
2013:Länder
1960:Hitler
1936:Länder
1918:Neisse
1866:Bremen
1421:Saxony
1393:Queens
1333:Topics
1306:on the
1153:Berlin
1148:Länder
1033:states
1027:after
756: (
732:
435:
391:
361:German
331:German
289:after
283:Poland
279:
266:
260:
243:Europe
223:Europe
142:
61:German
57:
8067:Index
8031:Sport
8016:Names
8011:Music
8006:Media
7961:Dance
7833:Women
7798:Crime
7772:Women
7508:Lakes
7182:Goths
6684:S2CID
5393:S2CID
5317:(PDF)
5310:(PDF)
5247:9 May
5057:Notes
4928:Sport
4849:11.4
4843:42.9
4840:41.6
4837:1987
4826:43.3
4823:42.3
4820:1980
4809:43.8
4806:44.1
4803:1975
4792:44.6
4789:49.0
4786:1970
4775:45.5
4772:51.1
4769:1961
4758:45.8
4755:50.6
4752:1950
4735:Year
4711:44.6%
4628:1.45
4604:1990
4599:1.39
4575:1989
4570:1.41
4546:1988
4541:1.37
4517:1987
4512:1.34
4488:1986
4483:1.28
4459:1985
4454:1.29
4430:1984
4425:1.33
4401:1983
4396:1.41
4372:1982
4367:1.43
4343:1981
4338:1.44
4314:1980
4309:1.39
4285:1979
4280:1.38
4256:1978
4251:1.40
4227:1977
4222:1.46
4198:1976
4193:1.45
4169:1975
4164:1.51
4140:1974
4135:1.54
4111:1973
4106:1.72
4082:1972
4077:1.92
4053:1971
4048:1.99
4024:1970
4019:2.20
3995:1969
3990:2.39
3966:1968
3961:2.54
3937:1967
3932:2.54
3908:1966
3903:2.51
3879:1965
3874:2.55
3850:1964
3845:2.52
3821:1963
3816:2.45
3792:1962
3787:2.47
3763:1961
3758:2.37
3734:1960
3729:2.34
3705:1959
3700:2.29
3676:1958
3671:2.28
3647:1957
3642:2.19
3618:1956
3613:2.11
3589:1955
3584:2.12
3560:1954
3555:2.07
3531:1953
3526:2.08
3502:1952
3497:2.06
3473:1951
3468:2.10
3444:1950
3439:2.14
3416:1949
3411:2.07
3388:1948
3383:2.01
3360:1947
3355:1.89
3332:1946
3024:Neue
2795:Stasi
2718:]
2644:from
2493:Stasi
2363:Shoah
1369:Women
1069:from
995:with
7981:Flag
7938:Arts
7604:LGBT
6999:ISBN
6884:ISBN
6860:ISBN
6848:ISBN
6821:ISBN
6800:ISBN
6781:ISBN
6762:ISBN
6743:ISBN
6724:ISBN
6705:ISBN
6638:ISBN
6619:ISBN
6600:ISBN
6581:ISBN
6562:ISBN
6543:ISBN
6524:ISBN
6505:ISBN
6486:ISBN
6467:ISBN
6448:ISBN
6429:ISBN
6390:ISBN
6371:ISBN
6352:ISBN
6333:ISBN
6314:ISBN
6295:ISBN
6276:ISBN
6246:ISBN
6149:2023
6123:2023
6097:2021
6072:2023
6059:ISBN
5999:2018
5969:2018
5935:OCLC
5925:ISBN
5874:2016
5815:2019
5737:ISBN
5703:ISBN
5673:In:
5646:ISBN
5568:2013
5519:2017
5501:ISBN
5357:ISBN
5325:2016
5249:2022
4918:and
4846:2.7
4798:3.9
4795:1.3
4781:3.5
4764:3.6
4724:6.4%
4622:11.3
4619:11.5
4596:−0.2
4593:11.2
4590:11.0
4567:−0.2
4564:11.2
4561:11.0
4538:−0.8
4535:11.3
4532:10.5
4509:−1.2
4506:11.5
4503:10.3
4480:−2.0
4477:11.6
4451:−1.9
4448:11.4
4422:−2.0
4419:11.7
4393:−1.5
4390:11.6
4387:10.1
4364:−1.6
4361:11.7
4358:10.1
4335:−1.5
4332:11.6
4329:10.1
4306:−2.1
4303:11.6
4277:−2.4
4274:11.8
4248:−2.0
4245:11.5
4219:−2.1
4216:11.9
4190:−2.4
4187:12.1
4161:−1.6
4158:11.7
4155:10.1
4132:−1.5
4129:11.8
4126:10.3
4103:−0.5
4100:11.8
4097:11.3
4071:11.9
4068:12.7
4042:12.1
4039:13.4
4013:12.4
4010:15.0
3984:12.3
3981:16.3
3955:11.6
3952:17.2
3926:11.6
3923:17.8
3897:11.6
3894:17.8
3868:11.1
3865:18.3
3839:11.7
3836:18.4
3810:11.3
3807:17.9
3781:11.2
3778:18.0
3752:11.6
3749:17.4
3723:11.0
3720:17.3
3694:11.0
3691:16.7
3665:11.5
3662:16.6
3636:11.3
3633:16.1
3607:11.1
3604:15.7
3578:10.7
3575:15.7
3549:11.3
3546:15.5
3520:10.7
3517:15.7
3491:10.8
3488:15.7
3462:10.6
3459:16.3
3433:10.5
3430:16.9
3405:10.6
3402:16.7
3377:12.2
3374:16.6
3349:12.7
3346:15.9
3327:TFR
3258:and
3211:The
3144:and
3074:and
2997:and
2854:Nazi
2744:Nazi
2646:Bonn
2599:Land
2360:the
2354:and
2318:Bild
1952:Nazi
1916:and
1914:Oder
1758:1990
1727:East
1723:West
1401:1918
1359:LGBT
1260:The
1253:and
1163:OECD
1158:Land
1108:NATO
1042:and
1009:Bonn
955:and
819:CEST
659:Area
557:NATO
340:See
312:Bonn
295:1972
274:1973
86:Flag
7933:Art
7616:Law
6676:doi
6242:257
6038:EKD
5772:in
5493:doi
5385:doi
5123:BRD
5101:FRG
4924:).
4696:49%
4684:EKD
4625:0.2
4474:9.6
4445:9.5
4416:9.7
4300:9.5
4271:9.4
4242:9.5
4213:9.8
4184:9.7
4074:0.8
4045:1.3
4016:2.6
3987:4.0
3958:5.6
3929:6.2
3900:6.3
3871:7.2
3842:6.7
3813:6.6
3784:6.9
3755:5.9
3726:6.3
3697:5.7
3668:5.2
3639:4.8
3610:4.6
3581:5.0
3552:4.2
3523:5.0
3494:4.9
3465:5.7
3436:6.4
3408:6.0
3380:4.4
3352:3.2
3001:in
2864:or
2767:RAF
1995:GDR
1993:or
1270:.de
1255:ZDF
1251:ARD
1219:BRD
840:.de
829:+49
813:UTC
805:DST
795:CET
789:UTC
777:DEM
758:4th
736:PPP
730:GDP
601:GDR
583:EEC
241:in
221:in
8105::
6701:30
6682:.
6664:.
6636:.
6244:.
6219:.
6201:.
6183:.
6165:.
6140:.
6114:.
6088:.
5989:.
5985:.
5959:.
5955:.
5933:.
5864:,
5860:,
5801:.
5735:.
5701:.
5558:.
5552:.
5521:.
5499:.
5460:^
5391:.
5381:15
5379:.
5239:.
5198:^
5184:.
5131:^
5120:,
5081:,
5077::
4886:.
4832:–
4829:–
4815:–
4812:–
4778:–
4761:–
4647:,
4643:,
3296:.
3254:,
3091:.
2932:.
2866:SS
2838:,
2716:de
2702:.
2648:.
2502:.
2480:.
2296:,
2099:.
2020:.
1864:.
1427:,
1423:,
1419:,
1415:,
1411:,
1407:,
1403:,
1399:,
1395:,
1241:,
1169:.
1137:.
1116:G6
1054:.
968:).
815:+2
791:+1
619:UN
7101:e
7094:t
7087:v
6829:.
6808:.
6789:.
6770:.
6751:.
6732:.
6713:.
6690:.
6678::
6672:5
6646:.
6627:.
6608:.
6589:.
6570:.
6551:.
6532:.
6513:.
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6475:.
6456:.
6398:.
6379:.
6360:.
6341:.
6322:.
6303:.
6284:.
6254:.
6151:.
6125:.
6099:.
6074:.
6041:.
6001:.
5971:.
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5817:.
5745:.
5711:.
5585:.
5570:.
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5417:.
5399:.
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5251:.
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5099:(
2922:(
2407:(
2113:.
1832:e
1825:t
1818:v
1725:–
1431:)
1391:(
1385:)
1381:(
1145:(
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944:.
821:)
817:(
807:)
797:)
793:(
779:)
760:)
738:)
734:(
63:)
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20:)
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