Antarctic Peninsula - Knowledge (XXG)

1399: 231: 733: 96: 1086:, which has a maritime Antarctic climate, is the mildest part of the Antarctic Peninsula. Within this part of the Antarctic Peninsula, temperatures exceed 0 °C (32 °F) for 3 or 4 months during the summer, and rarely fall below −10 °C (14 °F) during the winter. Farther south along the west coast and the northeast coast of the peninsula, mean monthly temperatures exceed 0 °C (32 °F) for only one or two months of summer and average around −15 °C (5 °F) in winter. The east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula south of 3457: 1052: 725: 1730: 717: 1383: 1325: 428: 212: 3697: 1302: 1060: 1095:

seasonal variation in amounts. Between about 68° S and 63° S on the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula and along its northeast coast, precipitation is 35 cm (14 in) or less with occasional rain. Along the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula south of 63° S, precipitation ranges from 10 to 15 cm (3.9 to 5.9 in). In comparison, the

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occurred about 10,000 years ago. The deglaciation of some locations within the Antarctic Peninsula continued until 4,000 to 3,000 years ago. Within the Antarctic Peninsula, an interglacial climatic optimum occurred about 3,000 to 5,000 years ago. After the climate optimum, a distinct climate cooling, which lasted until historic times, occurred.

88: 1750:, with mosses and ferns in the undergrowth. The paleosols, in which trees are rooted, have physical characteristics indicative of modern soils that form under seasonally dry climates with periodic high rainfall. Younger Cretaceous strata, which outcrop within James Ross, Seymour, and adjacent islands, contain fossil plants of Late Cretaceous 1857: 1772:

Paleogene and Early Eocene marine sediments that outcrop on Seymour Island contain plant-rich horizons. The fossil plants are dominated by permineralized branches of conifers and compressions of angiosperm leaves, and are found within carbonate concretions. These Seymour Island region fossils date to

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The Antarctic Peninsula is a part of the world that is experiencing extraordinary warming. Each decade for the last five, average temperatures in the Antarctic Peninsula have risen by 0.5 °C (0.90 °F). Ice mass loss on the peninsula occurred at a rate of 60 billion tons / year in 2006,

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with leaf morphotypes that are similar to those of living families such as Sterculiaceae, Lauraceae, Winteraceae, Cunoniaceae, and Myrtaceae. They indicate that the emergent parts of the volcanic island arc, the eroded roots of which now form the central part of the Antarctic Peninsula, were covered

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and other marine sediments. As reflected in the plant fossils, paleosols, and climate models, the climate was warm, humid, and seasonally dry. According to climate models, the summers were dry and winters were wet. The rivers were perennial and subject to intermittent flooding as the result of heavy

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These fossil plants are indicative of tropical and subtropical forest at high paleolatitudes during the Middle and Late Cretaceous, which grew in climates without extended periods of below freezing winter temperatures and with adequate moisture for growth. The Cretaceous strata of James Ross Island

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A rich record of fossil leaves, wood, pollen, and flowers demonstrates that flowering plants thrived in subtropical climates within the volcanic island arcs that occupied the Antarctic Peninsula region during the Cretaceous and very early Paleogene periods. The analysis of fossil leaves and flowers

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is generally much colder, with mean temperatures exceeding 0 °C (32 °F) for at most one month of summer, and winter mean temperatures ranging from −5 to −25 °C (23 to −13 °F). The colder temperatures of the southeast, Weddell Sea side, of the Antarctic Peninsula are reflected in

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Francis, J. E.; Ashworth, A.; Cantrill, D. J.; Crame, J. A.; Howe, J.; Stephens, R.; Tosolini, A.-M.; Thorn, V. (2008). "100 Million Years of Antarctic Climate Evolution: Evidence from Fossil Plants". In Cooper, A. K.; Barrett, P. J.; Stagg, H.; Storey, B.; Stump, E.; Wise, W.; et al. (eds.).

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Analysis of paleontologic, stratigraphic, and sedimentologic data acquired from the study of drill core and seismic acquired during the Shallow Drilling on the Antarctic Continental Shelf (SHALDRIL) and other projects and from fossil collections from and rock outcrops within Alexander, James Ross,

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Precipitation varies greatly within the Antarctic Peninsula. From the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula to 68° S, precipitation averages 35–50 cm (14–20 in) per year. A good portion of this precipitation falls as rain during the summer, on two-thirds of the days of the year, and with little

144:. Over the past 50 years, the warm, moist maritime climate of the northern WAP has shifted south. This climatic change increasingly displaces the once dominant cold, dry continental Antarctic climate. This regional warming has caused multi-level responses in the marine ecosystem such as increased 1349:

climate was established in the region. It initially started about 18,000 to 14,000 years ago with retreat of the ice sheet from the Pacific outer continental shelf and the continental margin within the Weddell Sea. Within the Weddell Sea, the transition from grounded ice to a floating ice shelf

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During the Cenozoic climatic cooling, the Antarctic Peninsula was the last region of Antarctica to have been fully glaciated according to current research. As a result, this region was probably the last refugium for plants and animals that had inhabited Antarctica after it separated from the

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Detailed studies of the paleontology, sedimentology, and stratigraphy of glacial and nonglacial deposits within the Antarctic Peninsula and adjacent parts of the Weddell Sea and its Pacific continental shelf have found that it has become progressively glaciated as the climate of Antarctica

1321:, the Antarctic Peninsula and its associated islands were completely buried by the ice sheet. In addition, the ice sheet extended past the present shoreline onto the Pacific outer continental shelf and completely filled the Weddell Sea up to the continental margin with grounded ice. 1589:. The penguins return each year and may reach populations of more than ten thousand. Of these the most common on the Antarctic Peninsula are the chinstrap and gentoo, with the only breeding colony of emperor penguins in West Antarctica an isolated population on the 1161:

and prehistoric ice sheet fluctuation of it for over the last 100 million years. This research shows the dramatic changes in climate, which have occurred within this region after it reached its approximate position within the Antarctic Circle during the

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After the peak warmth of the Cretaceous thermal maximum the climate, both regionally and globally, appears to have cooled as seen in the Antarctic fossil wood record. Later, warm high-latitude climates returned to the Antarctic Peninsula region during the

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period, the size of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has fluctuated in response to glacial–interglacial cycles. During glacial epochs, this ice sheet was significantly thicker than it is currently and extended to the edge of the continental shelves. During

122:. Beneath the ice sheet that covers it, the Antarctic Peninsula consists of a string of bedrock islands; these are separated by deep channels whose bottoms lie at depths considerably below current sea level. They are joined by a grounded ice sheet. 2552:

Anderson, J. B.; Warny, S.; Askin, R. A.; Wellner, J. S.; Bohaty, S. M.; Kirshner, A. E.; Livsey, D. N.; Simms, A. R.; Smith, Tyler R.; Ehrmann, W.; Lawverh, L. A.; Barbeaui, D.; Wise, S. W.; Kulhanek, D. K.; Weaver, F. M.; Majewski, W. (2012).

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when the transition from a temperate, alpine glaciation to a dynamic ice sheet occurred. Eventually, the Antarctic Peninsula was overridden by an ice sheet, which has persisted without any interruption to this day, in the early Pliocene, about

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indicates that semitropical woodlands, which were composed of ancestors of plants that live in the tropics today, thrived within this region during a global thermal maximum with summer temperatures that averaged 20 °C (68 °F).

1836:, a tundra landscape completely replaced any remaining woodlands. At this time, woodlands became completely extirpated from the Antarctic Peninsula and all of Antarctica. A tundra landscape probably persisted until about 12.8 1082:. Its temperatures are warmest in January, averaging 1 to 2 °C (34 to 36 °F), and coldest in June, averages from −15 to −20 °C (5 to −4 °F). Its west coast from the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula south to 1257:

as reflected in fossil plants. Abundant plant and marine fossils from Paleogene marine sediments that outcrop on Seymour Island indicate the presence of cool and moist, high-latitudes environment during the early Eocene.

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concentrations. Initially, during the Eocene, this climate cooling resulted in a decrease in diversity of the angiosperm-dominated vegetation that inhabited the northern Antarctic Peninsula. During the Oligocene, about

1783:(monkey puzzle) from Chile. They suggest that the adjacent parts of the prehistoric Antarctic Peninsula were covered by forests that grew in a cool and moist, high-latitude environment during the early Eocene. 1745:

The oldest fossil plants come from the middle Cretaceous (Albian) Fossil Bluff Group, which outcrop along the edge of Alexander Island. These fossils reveal that at this time the forests consisted of large

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This research found that vegetation within the Antarctic Peninsula changed in response to a progressive climatic cooling that started with the initiation of mountain glaciation in the latest Eocene, about

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Johnson, J. S.; Bentley, M. J.; Roberts, S. J.; Binnie, S. A.; Freeman, S. P. H. T. (2011). "Holocene deglacial history of the northeast Antarctic Peninsula — A review and new chronological constraints".

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The 1950s saw a marked increase in the number of research bases as Britain, Chile and Argentina competed to make claims over the same area. Meteorology and geology were the primary research subjects.

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Hayes, P. A.; Francis, J. E.; Cantrill, D. J. (2006). "Palaeoclimate of Late Cretaceous Angiosperm leaf floras, James Ross Island, Antarctic". In Francis, J. E.; Pirrie, D.; Crame, J. A. (eds.).

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with the greatest change occurring in the northern tip of the peninsula. Seven ice shelves along the Antarctic Peninsula have retreated or disintegrated in the last two decades. Research by the

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have been the subject of intensive geologic, paleontologic, and paleoclimatic research by interdisciplinary and multinational groups over the last several decades. The combined study of the

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islands have precipitation of 100–200 cm (39–79 in) per year and the dry interior of Antarctica is a virtual desert with only 10 cm (3.9 in) precipitation per year.

3167: 1709:, which bans industrial development, waste disposal and nuclear testing, there is still a threat to these fragile ecosystems from increasing tourism, primarily on cruises across the 2740:

Falcon-Lang, H. J.; Cantrill, D. J.; Nichols, G. J. (2001). "Biodiversity and terrestrial ecology of a mid-Cretaceous, high-latitude floodplain, Alexander Island, Antarctica".

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in the lower parts of the glaciers. Professor David Vaughan has described the disintegration of the Wilkins Ice Shelf as the latest evidence of rapid warming in the area. The

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or the British name "Graham Land" for this geographic feature. This dispute was resolved by making Graham Land the part of the Antarctic Peninsula northward of a line between

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Ducklow, Hugh W; Baker, Karen; Martinson, Douglas G; Quetin, Langdon B; Ross, Robin M; Smith, Raymond C; Stammerjohn, Sharon E; Vernet, Maria; Fraser, William (2007-01-29).

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on the continent can be found there, or on the many nearby islands, and it is the part of Antarctica most often visited by tour vessels and yachts. Occupied bases include

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Heroy, D. C.; Anderson, J. B. (2005). "Ice-sheet extent of the Antarctic Peninsula region during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) — insights from glacial geomorphology".

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is the world's southernmost colony of gentoo penguins. The exposed rocks on the island is one of many locations on the peninsula that provides a good habitat for

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has yielded a record of the changes in terrestrial vegetation that occurred within the Antarctic Peninsula over the course of the past 37 million years.

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The most likely first sighting of the Antarctic Peninsula, and therefore also of the whole Antarctic mainland, was on 27 January 1820 by an expedition of the

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epochs, the West Antarctica Ice Sheet was thinner than during glacial epochs and its margins lay significantly inland of the continental margins.

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Ferrigno, J. G.; Cook, A. J.; Mathie, A. M.; Williams, R. S. Jr.; Swithinbank, C.; Foley, K. M.; Fox, A. J.; Thomson, J. W.; Sievers, J. (2009).

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has revealed that every ice front on the southern half of the peninsula experienced a retreat between 1947 and 2009. According to a study by the

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dramatically and progressively cooled during the last 37 million years. This progressive cooling was contemporaneous with a reduction in

2529: 2465: 2429: 2301: 2170: 1940: 341: 3033: 2913: 1449:) are found on the northern and western parts of the Antarctic Peninsula, including offshore islands, where the climate is relatively mild. 1281:. At this time, the Antarctic Peninsula formed as the bedrock islands underlying it were overridden and joined by an ice sheet in the early 4102: 4097: 3715: 3139:

Salgado, L.; Gasparini, Z. (2006). "Reappraisal of an ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of James Ross Island (Antarctica)".

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The peninsula is very mountainous, its highest peaks rising to about 2,800 m (9,200 ft). Notable peaks on the peninsula include

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Sweet, Stephen T.; Kennicutt, Mahlon C.; Klein, Andrew G. (2015-02-20). "The Grounding of theBahía Paraíso, Arthur Harbor, Antarctica".

1074:, is the most northerly part of Antarctica, it has the mildest climates within this continent. Its climate is therefore classified as a 476: 322:, one of the first expeditions to explore parts of Antarctica. They landed on the Antarctic Peninsula in February 1902, aboard the ship 2702:

Ingolfsson, O.; Hjort, C.; Humlum, O. (2003). "Glacial and Climate History of the Antarctic Peninsula since the Last Glacial Maximum".

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concentrations. During this climatic cooling, the Antarctic Peninsula was probably the last region of Antarctica to have been fully

32: 3172: 3615: 3529: 2093:"Recent Changes in Phytoplankton Communities Associated with Rapid Regional Climate Change Along the Western Antarctic Peninsula" 1890: 1421:

adapted to this harsh environment, with lichens preferring the wetter areas of the rocky landscape. The most common lichens are

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and are dominated by leaves, cone scales, and leafy branches of Araucarian conifers, very similar in all respects to living

885:. The Lemaire Channel is a popular destination for tourist cruise ships that visit Antarctica. Further to the west lies the 668:

as Antarctica separated from South America. The South Shetland Island separated from Graham Land about 4 Ma as a volcanic

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connecting the two. This is the basis for the position advanced by Chile and Argentina for their territorial claims. The

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Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences

910: 732: 284:, with a British expedition, were the first to chart part of the Antarctic Peninsula. This area was later to be called 140:

The marine ecosystem around the western continental shelf of the Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) has been subjected to rapid

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The Antarctic Peninsula is currently dotted with numerous research stations, and nations have made multiple claims of

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are both just off the east coast. A number of smaller peninsulas extend from the main Antarctic Peninsula, including

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Other portions of the peninsula are named by and after the various expeditions that discovered them, including the

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the part southward of that line, which is roughly 69° S. Palmer Land is named for the United States seal hunter

187:, the respective countries do not attempt to enforce their claims. The British claim, however, is recognised by 4117: 3916: 3734: 3600: 3590: 3374: 3346: 3302: 2344: 1359: 1273:. Within the Antarctic Peninsula, mountain glaciation was initiated during the latest Eocene, about 37–34 1245:

climates with adequate moisture for growth and without extended periods of below freezing winter temperatures.

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Livingstone, S. J.; Cofaigh, C. O.; Stokes, C. R.; Hillenbrand, C.-D.; Vieli, A.; Jamieson, S. S. R. (2011).

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Schofield, O.; Ducklow, H. W.; Martinson, D. G.; Meredith, M. P.; Moline, M. A.; Fraser, W. R. (2010-06-18).

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The Antarctic Peninsula is 522,000 square kilometres (202,000 sq mi) in area and 80% ice-covered.

1807:. The cooling was contemporaneous with glaciation elsewhere in Antarctica and a reduction in atmospheric CO 3605: 3425: 2362: 1796: 1648: 1636: 1544: 870: 657: 468: 3710: 3625: 3575: 3570: 3465: 3307: 3251: 3229: 3058: 2162: 1612: 1606: 1501: 1170: 1046: 812: 811:

There are various volcanoes in the islands around the Antarctic Peninsula. This volcanism is related to

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Because of issues concerning global climate change, the Antarctic Peninsula and adjacent parts of the

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which is native to many sub-Antarctic islands, the Antarctic Peninsula and southern South America.

1630: 1450: 1442: 1277:. The transition from temperate, alpine glaciation to a dynamic ice sheet occurred about 12.8 1087: 1083: 839: 716: 496: 304: 2976: 1241:, and adjacent islands, indicate that this emergent volcanic island arc enjoyed warm temperate or 820: 288:

and is the extreme northeast portion of the peninsula. The next confirmed sighting was in 1832 by

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after being hunted towards extinction, has returned to the waters around the Antarctic Peninsula.

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Thomson, Michael; Swithinbank, Charles (1 August 1985). "The prospects for Antarctic Minerals".

838:, which experienced significant breakup in 2002. Other ice shelves on the peninsula include the 676:. Three dormant submarine volcanoes along this rift include The Axe, Three Sisters, and Orca. 652:

associated with this subduction is evident in the Scotia Metamorphic Complex, which outcrops on

488: 149: 3011:. Geologic Investigations Series Map no. I-2600-C. Reston, VA: United States Geological Survey. 1382: 242:. See the image description page for a detailed description of the other geographical features. 4059: 4042: 4017: 3953: 3682: 3555: 3224: 3119: 3091: 2799: 2795: 2637: 2633: 2588: 2525: 2461: 2425: 2322: 2297: 2263: 2166: 2128: 2120: 2061: 2053: 2006: 1988: 1936: 1885: 1660: 1578: 1566: 1505: 1461: 1402: 1234: 1122: 1010: 1006: 843: 697: 673: 618: 450: 307:, was almost certainly the first. But, sealers were secretive about their movements and their 285: 277: 2091:; Ducklow, H. W.; Fraser, W.; Martinson, D.; Stammerjohn, S. E.; Schofield, O. (2009-03-13). 1705:

Although this very remote part of the world has never been inhabited and is protected by the

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species found on the peninsula, especially near the tip and surrounding islands, include the

372:, the Chilean patriot and Antarctic visionary. Most other Spanish-speaking countries call it 4032: 3943: 3885: 3672: 2882: 2838: 2787: 2757: 2711: 2679: 2625: 2578: 2568: 2400: 2289: 2112: 2045: 1996: 1980: 1895: 1862: 1690: 1678: 1582: 1324: 1174: 1158: 1071: 1022: 979: 963: 847: 835: 816: 805: 693: 689: 677: 575: 460: 380:; as of 2018 Argentina has more bases and personnel in the peninsula than any other nation. 365: 349: 324: 123: 17: 4112: 4027: 3973: 3938: 3870: 3822: 3757: 3656: 3440: 3415: 3341: 3297: 3287: 2357: 1624: 1618: 1570: 1493:

fish that lives in sub-zero water temperatures around the peninsula. Vocalizations of the

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and nonglacial deposits of the Antarctic Peninsula has allowed the reconstruction of the

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is the island arc system that links the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula to those of

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Since the peninsula has the mildest climate in Antarctica, the highest concentration of

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which sank not far from the peninsula. All crew were rescued by an Argentine ship. The

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of the Antarctic Peninsula largely occurred between 18,000 and 6,000 years ago as an

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on the west coast of the peninsula. Most emperor penguins breed in East Antarctica.

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The animals of Antarctica live on food they find in the sea—not on land—and include

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and subsequent 170,000 US gal (640,000 L; 140,000 imp gal)

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in 1964 resolved a long-standing difference over the use of the United States' name

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Coastal-Change and Glaciological Map of the Palmer Land Area, Antarctica: 1947–2009

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are found in the seas surrounding the peninsula and the rest of the continent. The

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Nearly cloud-free view of the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula during spring

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were deliberately unreliable, to protect any new sealing grounds from competition.

215: 2387:"Geochemical signatures of tephras from Quaternary Antarctic Peninsula volcanoes" 337:

aircraft, and concluded that Graham Land was not an archipelago but a peninsula.

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Islands along the peninsula are mostly ice-covered and connected to the land by

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create a funneling effect, which channels the winds into the relatively narrow

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Biodiversity at Ardley Island, South Shetland archipelago, Antarctic Peninsula

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is found in the middle of the peninsula. Other geographical features include

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The first European to land on the continent is also disputed. A 19th-century

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can be heard emanating from the waters surrounding the Antarctic Peninsula.

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Warm high-latitude climates reached a peak during the mid-Late Cretaceous

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The coasts of the peninsula have the mildest climate in Antarctica and

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Account of a tourist visit to the Antarctic Peninsula by Roderick Eime

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Cretaceous-Tertiary High Latitude Palaeoenvironments, James Ross Basin

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New satellite imagery reveals new highest Antarctic Peninsula Mountain

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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and West Antarctica found on the peninsula include: southern fulmar (

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is an active volcano at the southern end of this rift zone. Notable

555: 345: 200: 192: 183:. None of these claims have international recognition and, under the 3098:. Washington, DC: National Council for Science and the Environment. 2502:. Washington, DC: National Council for Science and the Environment. 368:. The Chilean name for the feature, O'Higgins Land, is in honor of 3726: 3118:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 50–51, 160–231. 2794:. Special Publication 258. Geological Society of London. pp. 1832:

as the climate continued to cool. By middle Miocene, 16–11.6

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at the base of the Antarctic Peninsula. Also located here are the

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Geology of Graham Land, in Antarctic Peninsula: A Visitor's Guide

2026:"How Do Polar Marine Ecosystems Respond to Rapid Climate Change?" 1769:, which was the first dinosaur fossil to be found on Antarctica. 2984: 1410: 959: 669: 629: 3730: 3181: 1091:

the persistence of ice shelves that cling to the eastern side.

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has been unable to determine the greatest potential effect on

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deposits. Volcanism along western Graham Land dates from the

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The first Antarctic research stations were established during

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spends most of its life in the same waters feeding on krill.

788:. These mountains are considered to be a continuation of the 234:

Off the coast of the Peninsula are numerous islands. Here is

2904:"Even The Antarctic Winter Cannot Protect Wilkins Ice Shelf" 1070:

Because the Antarctic Peninsula, which reaches north of the

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10.1657/1523-0430(2003)035[0175:gachot]2.0.co;2

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The Antarctic Peninsula is part of the larger peninsula of

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in the United States, is the northernmost part of mainland

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between 1934 and 1937 carried out aerial surveys using a

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Kraus, Stefan; Kurbatov, Andrei; Yates, Martin (2013).

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Leat, Philip; Francis, Jane (2019). Fox, Adrian (ed.).

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species. Antarctica's two flowering plant species, the

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that form the Fossil Bluff Group accumulated within a

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recruitment, abundance and availability to predators.

830:. The peninsula has a sharp elevation gradient, with 636:, and indicate Graham Land was a continuation of the 376:, though Argentina also officially refers to this as 130:, is about 1,000 km (620 miles) away across the 1201:

backbone of the Antarctic Peninsula, in prehistoric

3904: 3863: 3764: 3644: 3543: 3507: 3464: 3408: 3357: 3280: 3215: 2781: 2779: 2657: 2655: 2653: 938:, is near the northern extremity of the peninsula, 696:, Early Cretaceous sediments in Byers Peninsula on 609:to present times, and outcrops are found along the 340:Agreement on the name "Antarctic Peninsula" by the 3515:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs 2321:. London: Natural History Museum. pp. 18–31. 1221:. Plant fossils found within the Late Cretaceous ( 2187:"British Research Stations and Refuges - History" 1755:by either warm temperate or subtropical forests. 1334:at the margin of an ice-covered continent during 226:on the west side of the Antarctic Peninsula, 2001 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2560:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 656:, along with Clarence and Smith Islands of the 518:occurred near the Antarctic Peninsula in 1989. 3055:"Wilkins Ice Shelf hanging by its last thread" 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1871:Argentina–Chile relations § Border issues 640:. This line of volcanoes are associated with 625:. These rocks in western Graham Land include 3742: 3193: 1177:, provides a detailed record, which includes 499:, the first person to be born in Antarctica. 8: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2286:Handbook of Oil Spill Science and Technology 2159:The Australian Geographic book of Antarctica 160:community composition as well as changes in 3081: 3079: 3020: 3018: 2742:Journal of the Geological Society of London 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2460:. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. 2358:"Operation IceBridge Returns to Antarctica" 118:) and a point on the mainland south of the 99:Location of the Antarctic Peninsula within 3749: 3735: 3727: 3277: 3200: 3186: 3178: 2458:Natural History of The Antarctic Peninsula 942:, at 63°13′S. Near the tip at Hope Bay is 826:The landscape of the peninsula is typical 2935:"Satellites Shed Light On Global Warming" 2582: 2572: 2524:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2404: 2000: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1813: 1804: 1774: 1610:), the scavenging southern giant petrel ( 1368:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 1286: 1278: 1274: 3109: 3107: 3105: 1390:, once reduced to a small population on 507:The grounding of the Argentine ship the 465:Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme 27:Peninsula located in northern Antarctica 2898: 2896: 1912: 1374:that glaciers in the region may cause. 986:along the west coast of the peninsula. 2977:"Antarctic Heating and Cooling Trends" 2837:(1–2) (published 2011-10-25): 90–128. 2704:Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 2664:Geological Society of America Bulletin 2152: 2150: 1828:) and conifer-dominated woodlands and 728:Satellite image of Antarctic Peninsula 276:Three days later, on 30 January 1820, 3116:Antarctic Wildlife: A Visitor's Guide 342:Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names 7: 3706: 3173:89 photos of the Antarctic Peninsula 1935:. New York, NY: McFarland & Co. 1628:), the small Wilson's storm-petrel ( 998:are all on the west coast as well. 858:lies to the east of the peninsula. 477:Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station 1881:Geology of the Antarctic Peninsula 528:Geology of the Antarctic Peninsula 346:UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee 267:Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen 25: 2958:. TerraDaily.com. 14 January 2008 2424:. Sydney: ABC Books. p. 40. 2259:"Struggling to Protect 'The Ice'" 2242:"The world's frozen clean room". 954:is called the Trinity Peninsula. 449:by a British military operation, 3705: 3696: 3695: 3455: 3090:(2011). Cleveland, C. J. (ed.). 2494:(2009). Cleveland, C. J. (ed.). 2257:Smith, James F. (5 April 1990). 1855: 532:Antarctica was once part of the 72:in Argentina, and originally as 3065:from the original on 2008-08-08 3036:from the original on 2008-07-05 2937:. TerraDaily.com. 29 April 2007 2916:from the original on 2008-06-17 2887:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.10.011 2843:10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.10.003 2223:Simon Romero (6 January 2016). 1646:), the large south polar skua ( 1457:is an example of this habitat. 1356:United States Geological Survey 3092:"Marielandia Antarctic tundra" 2824:"Antarctic palaeo-ice streams" 2422:Antarctica: Heart of the World 1185:plants, of Middle Cretaceous ( 1113:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 1109:Antarctica cooling controversy 893:. The Antarctic Peninsula and 331:British Graham Land expedition 76:in the United Kingdom and the 1: 1956:Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet 1891:Instituto Antártico Argentino 1820:were replaced by a mosaic of 1189:) terrestrial climates. The 796:, with a submarine spine or 720:Geographic map of Antarctica 574:Trinity Peninsula Group are 438:at the wharf of the British 320:Swedish Antarctic Expedition 4103:Chilean Antarctic Territory 4098:British Antarctic Territory 3086:Hogan, C. M.; Draggan, S.; 2981:Goddard Space Flight Center 273:covered by small hillocks. 18:Western Antarctic Peninsula 4134: 2867:Quaternary Science Reviews 2294:10.1002/9781118989982.ch23 2189:. British Antarctic Survey 1933:Antarctic: An Encyclopedia 1795:King George, Seymour, and 1670:). The imperial shag is a 1219:Cretaceous Thermal Maximum 1106: 1044: 525: 250: 126:, the southernmost tip of 3691: 3453: 1725:Paleoflora and paleofauna 1001:On the east coast is the 257:Voyage of the James Caird 3876:Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf 3365:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 2522:Antarctic Marine Geology 2520:Anderson, J. B. (1999). 2366:. NASA. October 15, 2011 2345:British Antarctic Survey 1701:Threats and preservation 1360:British Antarctic Survey 1173:, which outcrops within 1015:Hollick-Kenyon Peninsula 966:is found here also. The 889:and in the north is the 856:Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf 485:Rothera Research Station 440:Rothera Research Station 2574:10.1073/pnas.1014885108 2420:Tulloch, Coral (2003). 2406:10.5027/andgeoV40n1-a01 2117:10.1126/science.1164533 2050:10.1126/science.1185779 1707:Antarctic Treaty System 1664:), and Antarctic tern ( 1541:Leptonychotes weddellii 1475:seen on coastal rocks. 700:, and the sediments on 543:from this time include 431:German research vessel 314:Between 1901 and 1904, 185:Antarctic Treaty System 91:Antarctic Peninsula map 3905:Seas and major islands 2363:NASA Earth Observatory 1985:10.1098/rstb.2006.1955 1797:South Shetland Islands 1738: 1733:Antarctic Peninsula's 1649:Catharacta maccormicki 1637:Phalacrocorax atriceps 1545:southern elephant seal 1439:Deschampsia antarctica 1406: 1395: 1338: 1310: 1197:, which now forms the 1067: 1056: 871:Erebus and Terror Gulf 737: 729: 721: 692:Fossil Bluff Group of 684:locations include the 658:South Shetland Islands 495:was the birthplace of 469:Bellingshausen Station 442: 374:la Península Antártica 243: 227: 103: 92: 3114:Lowen, James (2011). 3096:Encyclopedia of Earth 3059:European Space Agency 2831:Earth-Science Reviews 2762:10.1144/jgs.158.4.709 2500:Encyclopedia of Earth 2496:"Antarctic Peninsula" 2163:Australian Geographic 2161:. Terrey Hills, NSW: 2157:Scott, Keith (1993). 1773:about 51.5–49.5 1732: 1677:Also present are the 1640:), snowy sheathbill ( 1613:Macronectes giganteus 1607:Fulmarus glacialoides 1557:Lobodon carcinophagus 1527:. The seals include: 1502:Antarctic minke whale 1447:Colobanthus quitensis 1401: 1385: 1327: 1309:in thousands of years 1304: 1062: 1054: 1047:Climate of Antarctica 1045:Further information: 1033:, the twin towers of 813:extensional tectonics 735: 727: 719: 706:Cretaceous extinction 632:and granite from the 584:Prince Gustav Channel 430: 335:de Havilland Fox Moth 263:Imperial Russian Navy 253:History of Antarctica 233: 214: 98: 90: 4108:Antarctic ecoregions 4093:Argentine Antarctica 3896:Sulzberger Ice Shelf 3855:Queen Elizabeth Land 3811:King Edward VII Land 2956:"Antarctic Ice Loss" 2873:(27–28): 3791–3802. 2165:. pp. 114–118. 1931:Stewart, J. (2011). 1655:Catharacta lönnbergi 1435:Antarctic hair grass 1315:Last Glacial Maximum 984:Forster Ice Piedmont 704:, which include the 378:Tierra de San Martín 247:Discovery and naming 70:Tierra de San Martín 4088:Antarctic Peninsula 3772:Antarctic Peninsula 3678:Robert Falcon Scott 3335:South magnetic pole 3293:Antarctic Peninsula 3288:Biogeographic realm 3088:World Wildlife Fund 2879:2011QSRv...30.3791J 2754:2001JGSoc.158..709F 2676:2005GSAB..117.1497H 2567:(28): 11356–11360. 2492:World Wildlife Fund 2109:2009Sci...323.1470M 2103:(5920): 1470–1473. 2042:2010Sci...328.1520S 2036:(5985): 1520–1523. 1631:Oceanites oceanicus 1500:Whales include the 1451:Lagotellerie Island 1443:Antarctic pearlwort 1285:about 5.3–3.6 1195:volcanic island arc 922: / 497:Emilio Marcos Palma 62:Antarctic Peninsula 44: / 4038:King George Island 3934:Bellingshausen Sea 3616:Telecommunications 3530:Territorial claims 2490:Draggan, S. & 2347:, 11 December 2017 2246:. 22 January 1990. 1780:Araucaria araucana 1739: 1634:), imperial shag ( 1407: 1396: 1388:Antarctic fur seal 1339: 1311: 1171:Fossil Bluff Group 1147:structural geology 1068: 1057: 1011:Åkerlundh Nunataks 887:Bellingshausen Sea 738: 730: 722: 672:formed within the 443: 370:Bernardo O'Higgins 350:"Palmer Peninsula" 244: 228: 104: 93: 4075: 4074: 4060:James Ross Island 4043:Livingston Island 4018:Coronation Island 3954:Rothschild Island 3864:Major ice shelves 3724: 3723: 3683:Ernest Shackleton 3611:Research stations 3556:Antarctic English 3525:National programs 3520:Military activity 3494:COVID-19 pandemic 3451: 3450: 3320:Floristic Kingdom 3225:Antarctic sea ice 2670:(11): 1497–1512. 2531:978-0-521-59317-5 2467:978-0-231-06269-5 2456:Moss, S. (1988). 2431:978-0-7333-0912-0 2303:978-1-118-98998-2 2264:Los Angeles Times 2172:978-1-86276-010-3 2087:Montes-Hugo, M.; 1942:978-0-7864-3590-6 1886:Hope Bay incident 1759:also yielded the 1713:from the port of 1661:Larus dominicanus 1567:chinstrap penguin 1533:Hydrurga leptonyx 1506:dwarf minke whale 1462:Xanthoria elegans 1123:continental shelf 1078:, rather than an 980:Prospect Glaciers 926:63.383°S 57.000°W 834:flowing into the 698:Livingston Island 674:Bransfield Strait 619:Argentine Islands 576:sedimentary rocks 461:research stations 451:Operation Tabarin 423:Research stations 316:Otto Nordenskjöld 286:Trinity Peninsula 278:Edward Bransfield 222:flank the narrow 48:69.500°S 65.000°W 16:(Redirected from 4125: 4033:Joinville Island 4023:D'Urville Island 3944:Alexander Island 3886:Larsen Ice Shelf 3751: 3744: 3737: 3728: 3709: 3708: 3699: 3698: 3673:James Clark Ross 3645:Famous explorers 3459: 3278: 3202: 3195: 3188: 3179: 3162:"Of Ice and Men" 3149: 3148: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3111: 3100: 3099: 3083: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3070: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3041: 3022: 3013: 3012: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2963: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2921: 2900: 2891: 2890: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2828: 2819: 2810: 2809: 2793: 2783: 2774: 2773: 2737: 2728: 2727: 2699: 2688: 2687: 2684:10.1130/b25694.1 2659: 2648: 2647: 2631: 2620: 2597: 2596: 2586: 2576: 2549: 2536: 2535: 2517: 2504: 2503: 2487: 2472: 2471: 2453: 2436: 2435: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2354: 2348: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2271: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2154: 2145: 2144: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2004: 1964: 1958: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1928: 1896:Rendezvous Rocks 1865: 1863:Geography portal 1860: 1859: 1858: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1815: 1806: 1791:supercontinent. 1776: 1691:macaroni penguin 1679:Antarctic petrel 1622:), snow petrel ( 1616:), Cape petrel ( 1600:Seabirds of the 1583:Petermann Island 1549:Mirounga leonina 1473:crustose lichens 1288: 1280: 1276: 1209:and offshore as 1175:Alexander Island 1159:paleoclimatology 1121:and its Pacific 1072:Antarctic Circle 1023:Scaife Mountains 964:Sheppard Nunatak 937: 936: 934: 933: 932: 931:-63.383; -57.000 927: 923: 920: 919: 918: 915: 852:Bach Ice Shelves 836:Larsen Ice Shelf 828:Antarctic tundra 819:to the west and 806:Tierra del Fuego 694:Alexander Island 690:Early Cretaceous 678:Deception Island 664:opened about 30 578:that outcrop in 366:Nathaniel Palmer 238:and, behind it, 124:Tierra del Fuego 78:Palmer Peninsula 59: 58: 56: 55: 54: 53:-69.500; -65.000 49: 45: 42: 41: 40: 37: 21: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4118:West Antarctica 4078: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4028:Elephant Island 3974:Thurston Island 3939:Adelaide Island 3900: 3871:Abbot Ice Shelf 3859: 3823:Marie Byrd Land 3760: 3758:West Antarctica 3755: 3725: 3720: 3687: 3657:Richard E. Byrd 3640: 3601:Protected areas 3539: 3503: 3460: 3447: 3404: 3358:Bodies of Water 3353: 3342:West Antarctica 3298:East Antarctica 3276: 3211: 3206: 3158: 3153: 3152: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3113: 3112: 3103: 3085: 3084: 3077: 3068: 3066: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3039: 3037: 3024: 3023: 3016: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2990: 2988: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2961: 2959: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2940: 2938: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2919: 2917: 2902: 2901: 2894: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2826: 2821: 2820: 2813: 2806: 2785: 2784: 2777: 2739: 2738: 2731: 2701: 2700: 2691: 2661: 2660: 2651: 2644: 2622: 2621: 2600: 2551: 2550: 2539: 2532: 2519: 2518: 2507: 2489: 2488: 2475: 2468: 2455: 2454: 2439: 2432: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2384: 2383: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2340: 2336: 2329: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2304: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2269: 2267: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2192: 2190: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2173: 2156: 2155: 2148: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2023: 2022: 2018: 1979:(1477): 67–94. 1966: 1965: 1961: 1954: 1950: 1943: 1930: 1929: 1914: 1909: 1861: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1810: 1727: 1703: 1652:), brown skua ( 1625:Pagodroma nivea 1619:Daption capense 1571:emperor penguin 1479:Antarctic krill 1403:Adélie penguins 1380: 1378:Flora and fauna 1267: 1115: 1105: 1049: 1043: 1019:Prehn Peninsula 930: 928: 924: 921: 916: 913: 911: 909: 908: 883:Lemaire Channel 879:Gerlache Strait 875:George VI Sound 867:Antarctic Sound 817:Bransfield Rift 714: 654:Elephant Island 623:Adelaide Island 615:Lemaire Channel 611:Gerlache Strait 593:erupted in the 564:Joerg Peninsula 530: 524: 505: 489:San Martín Base 425: 259: 249: 240:Adelaide Island 224:Lemaire Channel 209: 150:Adélie penguins 108:West Antarctica 52: 50: 46: 43: 38: 35: 33: 31: 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4131: 4129: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4080: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4013:Charcot Island 4010: 4008:Brabant Island 4005: 3998:Southern Ocean 3995: 3990: 3989: 3988: 3978: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3959:Sherman Island 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3931: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3898: 3893: 3891:Ross Ice Shelf 3888: 3883: 3881:Getz Ice Shelf 3878: 3873: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3857: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3848:Saunders Coast 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3828:Walgreen Coast 3820: 3819: 3818: 3808: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3789:Ellsworth Land 3786: 3785: 3784: 3779: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3746: 3739: 3731: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3703: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3667:Ui-te-Rangiora 3664: 3662:Douglas Mawson 3659: 3654: 3652:Roald Amundsen 3648: 3646: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3591:Gateway cities 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3551:Antarctica Day 3547: 3545: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3470: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3423: 3421:Microorganisms 3418: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3385:List of rivers 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3351: 3350: 3349: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3315:Extreme points 3312: 3311: 3310: 3305: 3295: 3290: 3284: 3282: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3235:Climate change 3227: 3221: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3207: 3205: 3204: 3197: 3190: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3157: 3156:External links 3154: 3151: 3150: 3147:(11): 119–135. 3131: 3124: 3101: 3075: 3061:. 2008-07-10. 3046: 3032:. 2007-06-06. 3014: 2997: 2987:. 12 July 2005 2968: 2947: 2926: 2912:. 2008-06-14. 2892: 2856: 2811: 2804: 2775: 2748:(4): 709–724. 2729: 2710:(2): 175–186. 2689: 2649: 2642: 2598: 2537: 2530: 2505: 2473: 2466: 2437: 2430: 2412: 2392:Andean Geology 2377: 2349: 2334: 2327: 2309: 2302: 2276: 2249: 2234: 2229:New York Times 2215: 2212:(1467): 31–35. 2200: 2178: 2171: 2146: 2079: 2016: 1959: 1948: 1941: 1911: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1850: 1847: 1822:southern beech 1808: 1726: 1723: 1711:Southern Ocean 1702: 1699: 1683:Antarctic shag 1667:Sterna vittata 1658:), kelp gull ( 1602:Southern Ocean 1595:Marguerite Bay 1579:Adélie penguin 1575:gentoo penguin 1553:crabeater seal 1483:crabeater seal 1455:Marguerite Bay 1379: 1376: 1372:sea level rise 1265: 1264:atmospheric CO 1211:submarine fans 1104: 1103:Climate change 1101: 1042: 1039: 1027:Eternity Range 1003:Athene Glacier 996:Marguerite Bay 944:Sheppard Point 742:Deschanel Peak 713: 710: 702:Seymour Island 591:volcanic rocks 537:supercontinent 526:Main article: 523: 520: 504: 501: 493:Esperanza Base 481:Palmer Station 424: 421: 417:Wilkins Coasts 248: 245: 208: 205: 181:United Kingdom 146:heat transport 142:climate change 120:Eklund Islands 66:O'Higgins Land 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4130: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 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During the 1284: 1272: 1268: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1139:sedimentology 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1114: 1110: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1066:glacier, 2012 1065: 1061: 1053: 1048: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1031:Avery Plateau 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 999: 997: 993: 989: 988:Charlotte Bay 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 935: 906: 902: 900: 899:Drake Passage 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 824: 823:to the east. 822: 818: 814: 809: 807: 803: 799: 795: 794:South America 791: 787: 783: 779: 778:Mount William 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 746:Mounts Castro 743: 734: 726: 718: 711: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 686:Late Jurassic 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 662:Drake Passage 659: 655: 651: 647: 646:Phoenix Plate 643: 639: 635: 631: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 568:Carboniferous 565: 561: 558:found in the 557: 553: 550: 546: 542: 538: 535: 529: 521: 519: 517: 513: 512: 511:Bahía Paraíso 502: 500: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 457: 454: 452: 448: 441: 437: 436: 429: 422: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 381: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 338: 336: 332: 328: 326: 321: 317: 312: 310: 306: 302: 297: 295: 291: 287: 283: 282:William Smith 279: 274: 272: 268: 264: 258: 254: 246: 241: 237: 232: 225: 221: 217: 213: 206: 204: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 165: 163: 159: 155: 154:phytoplankton 151: 147: 143: 138: 135: 133: 132:Drake Passage 129: 128:South America 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 102: 97: 89: 85: 83: 79: 75: 71: 68:in Chile and 67: 63: 57: 19: 3927:Siple Island 3922:Grant Island 3912:Amundsen Sea 3804:Eights Coast 3771: 3581:Firefighting 3566:Demographics 3489:Colonization 3484:World War II 3292: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3115: 3095: 3067:. 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