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42:
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244:
862:
91:
66:
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596:
The female is almost entirely chocolate-brown. The top of the head, the throat and the shoulders have of a conspicuously lighter yellowish colour; this can be clearly delimited and very contrasting, or (particularly in worn plumage) be more washed-out, resembling the male's head colours. But the eye
584:
are pure grey, the latter contrasting with the brown forewing and the black primary remiges at the wingtips. The upperside and underside of the wing look similar, though the brown is lighter on the underwing. Whether from the side or below, flying males appear characteristically three-colored
597:
area of the female is always darker, making the light eye stand out, while the male's head is altogether not very contrastingly coloured and the female lacks the grey wing-patch and tail. Juveniles are similar to females, but usually have less yellow, particularly on the shoulders.
559:
The western marsh harrier is 48 to 56 cm (19 to 22 in) in length, has a wingspan of 115 to 130 cm (45 to 51 in) and a weight of 400 to 650 g (14 to 23 oz) in males and 550 to 800 g (19 to 28 oz) in females. It is a large, bulky
1090:
Fauna svecica : sistens animalia sveciae regni: mammalia, aves, amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes, distributa per classes & ordines, genera & species, cum differentiis specierum, synonymis auctorum, nominibus incolarum, locis natalium, descriptionibus
1762:
623:
This species has a wide breeding range from Europe and northwestern Africa to
Central Asia and the northern parts of the Middle East. It breeds in almost every country of Europe but is absent from mountainous regions and
1929:
911:
fashion, gliding low over flat open ground on its search for prey, with its wings held in a shallow V-shape and often with dangling legs. It feeds on small mammals, small birds, insects, reptiles, and frogs.
848:) instead – the choice of such roost sites may be to give early warning of predators, which will conspicuously rustle through the plants if they try to sneak upon the resting birds
504:
C. a. aeruginosus (Linnaeus, 1758) – breeding in Europe and the Middle East to central Asia south Europe, Africa, south Asia; wintering in south Europe, Africa and south Asia
666:
Most populations of the western marsh harrier are migratory or dispersive. Some birds winter in milder regions of southern and western Europe, while others migrate to the
2072:
511:
232:
794:
bird in the breeding season, and even in winter it seems less social than other harriers, which often gather in large flocks. But this is probably simply due to
2124:
895:. The eggs are oval in shape and white in colour, with a bluish or greenish tinge when recently laid. The eggs are incubated for 31–38 days and the young birds
523:
1718:
2297:
576:
reddish-brown with lighter yellowish streaks, which are particularly prominent on the breast. The head and shoulders are mostly pale greyish-yellowish. The
748:
872:
The start of the breeding season varies from mid-March to early May. Western marsh harrier males often pair with two and occasionally three females.
2256:
2033:
2085:
607:
with largely dark plumage. It is most often found in the east of the species' range. Juveniles of this morph may look entirely black in flight.
1574:
1200:
736:
2322:
1699:
826:) around 100 Eurasian marsh harriers are observed to roost together each November/December; they assemble in tall grassland dominated by
2046:
1981:
1650:
1070:
Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
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1429:
1415:
1192:
920:
1455:
1125:
466:
2317:
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1994:
436:
206:
2090:
735:. The first documented (but unconfirmed) record for the Americas was one bird reportedly photographed on 4 December 1994 at
1186:
947:
2111:
1903:
1880:
2194:
619:
The male is characterised by the very clear chestnut brown mantle and the grey secondaries and black outer primaries
2051:
2012:
1533:
1151:
1609:
955:
The western marsh harrier declined in many areas between the 19th and the late 20th centuries due to persecution,
936:
2302:
2129:
2025:
1732:
972:
866:
740:
1516:
1481:
2312:
1754:
390:
90:
990:
poisoning. Still, the threats to this bird have been largely averted and it is today classified as
Species of
41:
2274:
453:
1822:
1749:
1378:
1867:
1784:
828:
815:
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1885:
841:
446:
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185:
1042:
766:
The female usually is identifiable by the rather dark plumage except the creamy crown, nape, and throat
2207:
1955:
1849:
1831:
1567:
Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the
Western Palearctic
762:
1705:
Western Marsh
Harrier or European Marsh Harrier species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
956:
791:
687:
675:
428:
55:
1460:"Forty-second supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds"
1094:(in Latin) (2nd ed.). Stockholmiae: Sumtu & Literis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. p. 23.
243:
1621:
1545:
1520:
1496:"Forty-sixth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds"
783:
536:
283:
85:
2168:
1495:
1459:
1314:
456:
as Europe but restricted this to Sweden in 1761. The western marsh harrier is now placed in the
2077:
861:
2150:
2103:
1916:
1694:
1674:
1646:
1570:
1425:
1196:
716:
565:
1129:
876:
usually last for a single breeding season, but some pairs remain together for several years.
2155:
1512:
1491:
1476:
1155:
1037:
635:
where it has spread as far as eastern
Scotland. In the Middle East there are populations in
2189:
1872:
1836:
1073:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 91.
2137:
1723:
1709:
1396:
982:
It still faces a number of threats, including the shooting of birds migrating through the
968:
604:
441:
142:
1019:
986:
region. They are vulnerable to disturbance during the breeding season and also liable to
1256:
2020:
2007:
1768:
1742:
1585:
1421:
908:
840:), but where this is too disturbed by human activity they will use floating carpets of
586:
561:
461:
409:
366:
314:
162:
1569:. Vol. II: Hawks to Bustards. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 105–115.
2291:
2098:
1558:
1503:
1467:
1114:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 319.
1084:
1064:
1028:
991:
983:
967:, the population was likely extinct by the end of the 19th century. A single pair in
964:
892:
632:
555:
Adult male (front), juvenile (behind) and adult female (back), illustration from 1899
474:
432:
378:
348:
202:
75:
70:
17:
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1934:
1908:
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1109:
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1921:
880:
601:
398:
318:
152:
1895:
1068:
615:
1999:
1719:
Ageing and sexing (PDF; 5.7 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
1130:"Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux"
2181:
2116:
2059:
1816:
929:
888:
775:
752:
656:
628:
485:
386:
326:
1704:
2215:
1772:
1159:
1105:
799:
744:
695:
405:
330:
1662:
The
Raptors of Europe and The Middle East: a Handbook of Field Identification
1968:
987:
960:
873:
819:
787:
625:
577:
322:
102:
1807:
975:
had recorded at least 265 females rearing 453 young. It made a comeback in
1986:
810:
relatives winter in the same regions and assemble at food sources such as
2241:
1801:
728:
652:
647:, while in Central Asia the range extends eastwards as far as north-west
374:
122:
1859:
782:). It can also be met with in a variety of other open habitats, such as
2269:
2261:
2038:
1844:
976:
941:
925:
884:
833:
795:
771:
756:
732:
720:
710:
706:
702:
691:
660:
581:
573:
569:
564:, larger than other European harriers, with fairly broad wings, and is
540:
528:
2142:
551:
896:
811:
807:
724:
683:
679:
636:
334:
112:
2064:
1947:
1778:
1532:
Clarke, R.; Prakash, V.; Clark, W.S.; Ramesh, N.; Scott, D. (1998).
1490:
Banks, Richard C.; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, Jon L.; Kratter, Andrew W.;
1973:
2176:
1942:
1280:
946:
935:
919:
860:
823:
761:
667:
648:
614:
550:
544:
532:
522:
493:
457:
1960:
1538:
in
Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar, Gujarat, north-west India"
1584:
Merkord, Christopher L.; RodrĂguez, Rafy; Faaborg, John (2006).
1494:; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Rising, James D.; Stotz, Douglas F. (2005).
1134:
Discours d'ouverture et de clĂ´ture du cours d'histoire naturelle
995:
671:
644:
640:
590:
354:
132:
1782:
770:
Like the other marsh harriers, it is strongly associated with
480:, referring to a bird of prey named for its circling flight (
1138:
Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections.
1673:. Vol. 1 (Concise ed.). Oxford University Press.
1517:
10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[1026:FSTTAO]2.0.CO;2
1482:
10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0847:FSSTTA]2.0.CO;2
891:
fields. There are between three and eight eggs in a normal
1713:
963:
use. It is now a protected species in many countries. In
357:
are now generally considered to be separate species: the
1354:
1331:
1302:
1669:
Snow, David W.; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998).
1291:
1226:
1224:
1160:"Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors"
790:, particularly where these border marshland. It is a
1586:"Second and third records of Western Marsh-Harrier (
404:
The western marsh harrier is often divided into two
2231:
1791:
1257:"Rare breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 2008"
341:. Formerly, a number of relatives were included in
1043:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22695344A155490248.en
798:preferences, as the marsh harriers are completely
743:. Subsequently, there were confirmed records from
419:which is resident all-year in north-west Africa.
979:as well, where it had become extinct in 1918.
755:(early 2004 and January/February 2006) and in
465:that was introduced by the French naturalist
415:which is found across most of its range, and
8:
1710:Western Marsh-Harrier text, map & photos
1614:at Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, India"
1590:) for the Western Hemisphere in Puerto Rico"
1385:. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds.
1188:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1779:
1741:
1610:"A large roost of Eurasian Marsh Harriers
1417:The Status of Birds in Britain and Ireland
1315:"Birders Spot New Species at Annual Count"
1111:Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 1
242:
64:
40:
31:
1769:Audio recordings of Western Marsh Harrier
1534:"World record count of roosting harriers
1480:
1041:
749:Laguna Cartagena National Wildlife Refuge
2052:western-marsh-harrier-circus-aeruginosus
1136:(in French). Paris: Plassan. p. 4.
1007:
527:A fairly pale adult female (note brown
1013:
1011:
883:and grasses. It is usually built in a
1695:Marsh harrier at RSPB's Birds by Name
1342:
1303:Merkord, RodrĂguez & Faaborg 2006
1270:. Rare Birds Breeding Panel: 482–538.
1242:
1230:
1215:
1191:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
1166:. International Ornithologists' Union
1146:
1144:
1108:; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979).
737:Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge
514:, 1914 – resident in northwest Africa
277: Vagrant (seasonality uncertain)
7:
2275:DDEF8543-29BA-4671-8C3E-4B0420B34200
2026:0b429883-5d88-4a15-b73e-983dc2a8462f
887:, but the species will also nest in
2298:IUCN Red List least concern species
1763:Western marsh harrier photo gallery
1671:The Birds of the Western Palearctic
1281:American Ornithologists' Union 2000
1029:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
879:The ground nest is made of sticks,
1414:Parkin, David; Knox, Alan (2008).
585:brown-grey-black. The legs, feet,
25:
1700:Birds of Britain - Marsh Harrier
1597:Journal of Caribbean Ornithology
1255:Holling, Mark (September 2010).
1164:IOC World Bird List Version 11.1
1018:BirdLife International (2019) .
951:Circus aeruginosus by Jos Zwarts
774:areas, especially those rich in
89:
1724:BirdLife species factsheet for
1664:. London: T. & A.D. Poyser.
971:bred in 1911, and by 2006, the
631:. It is rare but increasing in
580:and the secondary and tertiary
499:Two subspecies are recognised:
1456:American Ornithologists' Union
924:Wintering female hunting near
593:of the black bill are yellow.
427:The western marsh harrier was
1:
1750:"Western Marsh-harrier media"
531:and yellow eye) winters near
1765:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1126:Lacépède, Bernard Germain de
747:(winter of 2002/2003), from
2323:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
467:Bernard Germain de Lacépède
2339:
1185:Jobling, James A. (2010).
484:, "circle"), probably the
431:by the Swedish naturalist
373:) of eastern Asia and the
345:, which was then known as
337:. It is also known as the
1036:: e.T22695344A155490248.
973:Rare Breeding Birds Panel
940:Western marsh harrier in
867:Museum Wiesbaden, Germany
741:Accomack County, Virginia
452:. Linnaeus specified the
289:
282:
250:
241:
219:
214:
191:
184:
86:Scientific classification
84:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
1755:Internet Bird Collection
694:. The all-year resident
611:Distribution and habitat
469:in 1799. The genus name
391:Madagascar marsh harrier
2318:Birds described in 1758
2308:Birds of prey of Europe
1158:, eds. (January 2021).
916:Status and conservation
838:Chrysopogon zizanioides
1660:Forsman, Dick (1999).
1641:Clarke, Roger (1995).
952:
944:
933:
869:
829:Desmostachya bipinnata
816:Keoladeo National Park
767:
620:
556:
548:
339:Eurasian marsh harrier
35:Western marsh harrier
2164:Paleobiology Database
1608:Verma, Ashok (2002).
950:
939:
923:
864:
852:Behaviour and ecology
842:common water hyacinth
814:outbreaks. Still, in
765:
618:
554:
526:
359:eastern marsh harrier
305:western marsh harrier
18:Western Marsh Harrier
2021:Fauna Europaea (new)
1733:"Circus aeruginosus"
1492:Rasmussen, Pamela C.
1383:RSPB's Birds by Name
1218:, pp. 105, 115.
907:It hunts in typical
846:Eichhornia crassipes
780:Phragmites australis
473:is derived from the
1321:. 29 December 2015.
957:habitat destruction
688:Indian subcontinent
295:Linnaeus, 1758
177:C. aeruginosus
56:Conservation status
2221:Circus-aeruginosus
1935:circus-aeruginosus
1837:Circus_aeruginosus
1823:Circus aeruginosus
1793:Circus aeruginosus
1726:Circus aeruginosus
1645:. London: Hamlyn.
1612:Circus aeruginosus
1588:Circus aeruginosus
1563:Circus aeruginosus
1332:Clarke et al. 1998
1154:; Donsker, David;
1022:Circus aeruginosus
953:
945:
934:
899:after 30–40 days.
870:
768:
621:
566:sexually dimorphic
557:
549:
537:Faridabad district
429:formally described
310:Circus aeruginosus
271: Non-breeding
225:- (Linnaeus, 1758)
195:Circus aeruginosus
2285:
2284:
2233:Falco aeruginosus
2151:Open Tree of Life
1785:Taxon identifiers
1643:The Marsh Harrier
1576:978-0-19-857505-4
1319:The Royal Gazette
1292:Banks et al. 2005
1202:978-1-4081-2501-4
1156:Rasmussen, Pamela
802:while several of
759:(December 2015).
450:Falco aeruginosus
413:C. a. aeruginosus
397:) of the western
301:
300:
292:Falco aeruginosus
223:C. a. aeruginosus
79:
16:(Redirected from
2330:
2303:Harriers (birds)
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2117:NHMSYS0000530293
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1565:Marsh Harrier".
1554:
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1511:(3): 1026–1031.
1500:
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903:Food and feeding
865:Egg, Collection
600:There is a rare
296:
276:
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246:
197:
94:
93:
73:
68:
67:
44:
32:
21:
2338:
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2329:
2328:
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2313:Birds of Africa
2288:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2273:
2268:
2260:
2255:
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2240:
2227:
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2138:Observation.org
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1635:Further reading
1616:
1607:
1592:
1583:
1577:
1561:, ed. (1980). "
1557:
1540:
1531:
1498:
1489:
1462:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1424:. p. 112.
1422:A & C Black
1413:
1412:
1408:
1397:"Marsh Harrier"
1395:
1394:
1390:
1379:"Marsh harrier"
1377:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1341:
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1313:
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1203:
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1183:
1179:
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1142:
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1123:
1119:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1004:
969:Horsey, Norfolk
918:
905:
859:
854:
613:
521:
488:. The specific
442:Systema Naturae
435:in 1758 in the
425:
294:
278:
274:
272:
268:
266:
262:
260:
256:
210:
199:
193:
180:
143:Accipitriformes
88:
80:
69:
65:
58:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2336:
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2325:
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2315:
2310:
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2160:
2147:
2134:
2121:
2108:
2095:
2082:
2069:
2056:
2043:
2030:
2017:
2008:Fauna Europaea
2004:
1991:
1978:
1965:
1952:
1939:
1926:
1913:
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1890:
1877:
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1854:
1841:
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1777:
1776:
1766:
1760:
1746:
1729:
1721:
1716:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1689:External links
1687:
1686:
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1652:978-0600583011
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1559:Cramp, Stanley
1555:
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1487:
1475:(3): 847–858.
1450:
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1355:"Avibirds.com"
1346:
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1245:, p. 115.
1235:
1233:, p. 105.
1220:
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1085:Linnaeus, Carl
1076:
1065:Linnaeus, Carl
1056:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1000:
959:and excessive
917:
914:
904:
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858:
855:
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850:
806:grassland and
804:C. aeruginosus
612:
609:
520:
517:
516:
515:
509:C. a. harterti
506:
424:
421:
417:C. a. harterti
383:C. approximans
371:C. spilothorax
367:Papuan harrier
353:. The related
343:C. aeruginosus
299:
298:
287:
286:
280:
279:
273:
267:
265: Resident
261:
259: Breeding
255:
253:C. aeruginosus
248:
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237:
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229:C. a. harterti
226:
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1264:British Birds
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992:Least Concern
989:
985:
984:Mediterranean
980:
978:
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965:Great Britain
962:
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719:have reached
718:
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633:Great Britain
630:
627:
617:
610:
608:
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603:
598:
594:
592:
588:
583:
579:
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571:
568:. The male's
567:
563:
553:
546:
542:
538:
534:
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510:
507:
505:
502:
501:
500:
497:
496:for "rusty".
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
476:
475:Ancient Greek
472:
468:
464:
463:
459:
455:
451:
448:
447:binomial name
444:
443:
438:
437:tenth edition
434:
433:Carl Linnaeus
430:
422:
420:
418:
414:
411:
408:, the widely
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:swamp harrier
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:C. spilonotus
360:
356:
352:
350:
349:marsh harrier
344:
340:
336:
333:and adjacent
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
313:) is a large
312:
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186:Binomial name
183:
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148:
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118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
92:
87:
83:
77:
72:
71:Least Concern
61:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2232:
1792:
1753:
1736:
1725:
1670:
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1626:
1620:
1611:
1600:
1596:
1587:
1566:
1562:
1550:
1544:
1535:
1508:
1502:
1472:
1466:
1435:. Retrieved
1416:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1362:. Retrieved
1359:Avibirds.com
1358:
1349:
1338:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1298:
1287:
1276:
1267:
1263:
1250:
1238:
1211:
1187:
1180:
1168:. Retrieved
1163:
1133:
1120:
1110:
1100:
1089:
1079:
1069:
1059:
1047:. Retrieved
1033:
1027:
1021:
981:
954:
906:
878:
871:
845:
837:
827:
803:
779:
769:
715:
698:
665:
622:
602:hypermelanic
599:
595:
572:is mostly a
558:
508:
503:
498:
489:
481:
477:
470:
460:
449:
440:
426:
416:
412:
403:
399:Indian Ocean
395:C. maillardi
394:
382:
370:
362:
346:
342:
338:
319:bird of prey
309:
308:
304:
302:
291:
290:
252:
228:
222:
194:
192:
176:
175:
163:
153:Accipitridae
29:
2060:iNaturalist
1817:Wikispecies
1714:Oiseaux.net
1603:(1): 42–44.
1152:Gill, Frank
1106:Mayr, Ernst
930:West Bengal
792:territorial
776:common reed
753:Puerto Rico
676:Great Lakes
657:Lake Baikal
629:Scandinavia
519:Description
490:aeruginosus
486:hen harrier
387:Australasia
327:subtropical
215:Subspecies
2292:Categories
2248:Q122583407
2216:Xeno-canto
1773:Xeno-canto
1629:: 150–151.
1437:2018-06-07
1401:BBC Nature
1364:2021-08-31
1343:Verma 2002
1243:Cramp 1980
1231:Cramp 1980
1216:Cramp 1980
1091:insectorum
1002:References
874:Pair bonds
800:allopatric
745:Guadeloupe
696:subspecies
678:region in
674:basin and
659:region of
655:, and the
445:under the
406:subspecies
988:lead shot
961:pesticide
820:Rajasthan
788:grassland
701:inhabits
626:subarctic
578:rectrices
410:migratory
401:islands.
323:temperate
251:Range of
171:Species:
109:Kingdom:
103:Eukaryota
2242:Wikidata
2177:Species+
2104:22695344
2078:10215811
1961:45511397
1873:22695344
1868:BirdLife
1857:BioLib:
1802:Wikidata
1622:Forktail
1553:: 70–71.
1546:Forktail
1525:85626943
1458:(2000).
1128:(1799).
1087:(1761).
1067:(1758).
932:, India)
857:Breeding
784:farmland
729:Malaysia
717:Vagrants
699:harterti
682:, or to
653:Mongolia
589:and the
454:locality
423:Taxonomy
389:and the
375:Wallacea
329:western
284:Synonyms
203:Linnaeus
149:Family:
123:Chordata
119:Phylum:
113:Animalia
99:Domain:
76:IUCN 3.1
2270:ZooBank
2262:7871104
2039:2480482
1948:wemhar1
1909:bob2600
1896:wemhar1
1845:Avibase
1737:Avibase
1449:Sources
1195:, 109.
1170:10 June
1049:30 July
994:by the
977:Ireland
942:Estonia
926:Kolkata
909:harrier
885:reedbed
834:vetiver
796:habitat
772:wetland
757:Bermuda
733:Sumatra
721:Iceland
711:Tunisia
707:Algeria
703:Morocco
692:Myanmar
661:Siberia
582:remiges
574:cryptic
570:plumage
562:harrier
541:Haryana
529:remiges
512:Zedlitz
439:of his
365:), the
331:Eurasia
315:harrier
233:Zedlitz
159:Genus:
139:Order:
129:Class:
74: (
2208:558541
2169:373315
2156:263139
2091:559297
1995:EURING
1974:CIRKAE
1808:Q26431
1677:
1649:
1573:
1536:Circus
1523:
1428:
1199:
897:fledge
893:clutch
889:arable
812:locust
808:steppe
731:, and
725:Azores
723:, the
709:, and
690:, and
686:, the
684:Arabia
680:Africa
643:, and
637:Turkey
587:irides
482:kirkos
478:kirkos
471:Circus
462:Circus
377:, the
335:Africa
275:
269:
263:
257:
235:, 1914
164:Circus
2203:WoRMS
2073:IRMNG
2013:96710
1982:EUNIS
1943:eBird
1922:5Z6WQ
1893:BOW:
1886:32034
1617:(PDF)
1593:(PDF)
1541:(PDF)
1521:S2CID
1499:(PDF)
1463:(PDF)
1260:(PDF)
881:reeds
824:India
668:Sahel
649:China
605:morph
545:India
533:Hodal
494:Latin
458:genus
385:) of
321:from
49:Male
2257:GBIF
2195:4412
2182:7513
2130:8964
2125:NCBI
2099:IUCN
2086:ITIS
2065:5173
2034:GBIF
2000:2600
1969:EPPO
1881:BOLD
1860:8517
1675:ISBN
1647:ISBN
1571:ISBN
1426:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1172:2021
1051:2023
1034:2019
996:IUCN
832:and
786:and
672:Nile
645:Iran
641:Iraq
591:cere
355:taxa
325:and
317:, a
303:The
207:1758
133:Aves
2190:TSA
2112:NBN
2047:IBC
1987:973
1956:EoL
1930:CMS
1917:CoL
1904:BTO
1832:ADW
1771:on
1712:at
1513:doi
1509:122
1504:Auk
1477:doi
1473:117
1468:Auk
1268:103
1038:doi
818:of
751:in
739:in
492:is
2294::
2272::
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2244::
2218::
2205::
2192::
2179::
2166::
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2140::
2127::
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2101::
2088::
2075::
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2036::
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2010::
1997::
1984::
1971::
1958::
1945::
1932::
1919::
1906::
1883::
1870::
1847::
1834::
1819::
1804::
1752:.
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1627:18
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1619:.
1601:19
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1551:14
1549:.
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1501:.
1471:.
1465:.
1420:.
1399:.
1381:.
1357:.
1317:.
1266:.
1262:.
1223:^
1193:34
1162:.
1143:^
1132:.
1032:.
1026:.
1010:^
998:.
727:,
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705:,
670:,
663:.
651:,
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1024:"
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778:(
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307:(
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201:(
78:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
