118:
36:
107:
478:. These disruptions to supply lines led to frequent transportation delays to the camps. In addition to affecting the morale of the troops, guerrilla actions aimed at sabotaging the economy also occurred. In the summer of 1977, WSLF fighters destroyed several important installations, and on June 1, they detonated the railway connecting the Ethiopian capital to the port of Djibouti. This crucial economic lifeline, normally handling 70 percent of Ethiopia's exports and 50 percent of her imports, remained out of commission until August.
129:
598:, the Ethiopian army only remained in full control of the Ogaden for a very brief period of time. Six months later, the WSLF was back in control of most of the countryside, and the army was confined to the towns and the roads. Sweeps and patrols in 1979 managed to reduce rebel activity, but failed to clear out the insurgents. By the end of the 70s, the WSLF was estimated to have an army of 18,000 men, thus becoming the second largest rebel group in Ethiopia, the first being the
406:
Sidamo. The terrain, comprising partly arid scrubland and mountainous and wooded areas, was familiar to the fighters, and the local inhabitants were considered friendly. Infiltrating from various points in the Somali republic, the guerrillas moved rapidly across the rugged hills. Wherever they went, they dismantled the state presence by destroying government offices and systematically targeting police and civilian administration. In total there were fourth
Brigades or in
353:
1974 and 1975 drew on, pressure from Ogaden
Somalis rapidly built on the government of Siad Barre. By 1975, the Somali government had been convinced to aid the movement. Significant reorganizations were made in this period, including the decision to choose a new name. There was a sharp debate over whether to name the organization the 'Ogaden' or 'Western Somali' liberation front, with the latter eventually prevailing as the choice. The Ethiopian government claimed the
545:(SNA) invaded Ethiopia to assist the WSLF. The Somali government refused to declare war, instead insisting that in the media that all the military actions were taken by the WSLF. The WSLF engaged in sabotage actions, impairing the mobility of the Ethiopian army. By September 1977, the SNA/WSLF had overrun 90% of the Ogaden. Bolstered by the arrival of the SNA, which was primarily composed of armored and motorized units, the WSLF went on to capture
666:. After stationing troops around the border of Somalia to block suspected entry and exit points, the Ethiopian forces moved in, dispersing, encircling and liquidating the rebels. The SALF disintegrated, whereas the WSLF managed to escape to northern Somalia. Ethiopian historian Gebru Tareke claims that by December 1980, the Ogaden was reportedly cleared from insurgents. During these operations the Ethiopians used the
466:
Ethiopian army found itself confined to garrison towns, many of which were besieged. While any attempt to storm these garrison towns invited devastating firepower from the
Ethiopian defenders, travel between towns became perilous. Military and civilian vehicles required armed escorts, often falling into ambushes or encountering land mines. On February 11, 1977, a notable ambush occurred near Horakelifo (between
90:
587:, "Under the leadership of Hassan Mahmoud, the WSLF had waged a spectacular campaign, but unlike the Eritreans, they failed to grasp the importance of publicizing their struggle abroad." Urban observes that had the WSLF pursued this more seriously, it may have been able to acquire some of the vital weaponry required to defend themselves from
630:, many supporters of the WSLF became disillusioned with the organizations increasing reliance on Mogadishu and were frustrated by international portrayals of the struggle in the Ogaden as merely a border matter between Ethiopia and Somalia. A few of WSLF's recruits for its youth faction would go on to form the
352:
military junta, the situation in the Ogaden deteriorated. In the same period, a severe drought gripped the Ogaden resulting in mass suffering. The Derg opted to suppress news of the situation in the region rather than provide relief, and under the junta military oppression in the region increased. As
618:
and armored vehicles operating in open terrain. The
Ethiopian government initiated a policy of depopulating and resettling Somalis to weaken the WSLF's social base. Simultaneously, they introduced thousands of Amhara, Tigrayan, and Oromo settlers to strengthen Ethiopian control over the region. The
364:
became its first leader when the organization was formerly founded at the conference. That same year, training camps were soon formed across the Ogaden and
Somalia. WSLF launched the Western Somali Youth Organization which became the adolescent faction of the WSLF. The youth divisions president was
1264:
However, what was now in the making was an all-Islamic movement, complete with the participation of Harari
Islamic activists of Adari origin, already associated with the WSLF and trained in the Arab Middle East, with Somali and Saudi help. They now joined forces with the WSLF and the SALF and all
506:
decided to intensify the war by involving the Somali army as he believed it would allow the WSLF to press home their growing victories and enable the complete secession of the Ogaden. On June 13, 1977, approximately 5,000 SNA soldiers crossed the border, launching a coordinated attack on specific
501:
the Derg deployed thousands of paratroopers on the vital rail lines connecting
Ethiopia to the sea. Despite this effort the WSLF successfully cut the rail line. That month, the WSLF had been successful in forcing the Ethiopian army out of much of the Ogaden and into the strongholds of Harar, Dire
465:
lowlands. The rebels employed hit-and-run tactics, targeting the
Ethiopian army at its vulnerable points and then blending into a predominantly supportive or sympathetic local population. These tactics eroded the morale of the Ethiopian troops, compelling them to retreat to bunkers and camps. The
405:
overthrew Haile
Selassie in 1974, and switched from American support to the Soviet Union. The initiation of full scale guerrilla warfare occurred almost simultaneously in the northern and southern regions in the early months of 1976. By the year's end, it had expanded across southeastern Bale and
277:
During the late 1940s and 1950's, covert Somali organizations in the Ogaden formed with the aim of freeing the region from
Ethiopian rule. In 1963, the first major rebellion in the region broke out. Known as 'Nasrallah' or the Ogaden Liberation Front, the organization began with 300 men and soon
654:
In the early 1980s, the Ethiopian government transformed the Ogaden into a vast military zone, carrying out indiscriminate aerial bombardments and forced resettlement programs. Foreign correspondents visiting the region during this time observed a stark 'dual society,' with Somali inhabitants
380:
populations. Many Hararis joined the organization, with several such as Colonel Ezedin Yusuf in leading positions during the armed struggle. According to WSLF accounts, a large number of the fronts younger guerrillas were Harari "boys and girls", which was named the Imam Ahmed squad after the
1265:
coordinated their anti-Ethiopian guerrilla activities from late 1976. The Harari-Adari fighters called themselves the "Ahmad Gragn Forces," and indeed, nothing could have been more similar to Ahmad Gragn's movement to unite Muslims in all of southeastern Ethiopia through an Islamic holy war.
299:. In the years following, insurgent activity continued but declined over the late 1960's due to pressures from both the Ethiopian and Somali governments. The Nasrallah insurgents formed the foundation of the future Western Somali Liberation Front. Emperor Selassie enlisted the help of the
335:
In 1969 a new liberation organization began forming. The early 1970's saw the Ogaden liberation movement continue to gain momentum off the foundations of Nasrallah, though the original organization had gradually started to disintegrate. In light of this, veteran insurgents and young
693:(SNM) with support from the Ethiopian army, engaged in intense clashes with the WSLF in north western Somalia. In December 1984 the SNM launched an offensive that forced the WSLF out of its rear bases in northern Somalia. By January 1985, the WSLF had effectively ceased to exist.
286:
campaign during the summer and fall of 1963. The imperial governments reprisals during the counterinsurgency campaign, which consisted large scale artillery bombardments of Somali cities in the Ogaden, resulted in rapidly deteriorating relations between the
507:
targets in the Ogaden. The soldiers had taken off their uniform insignia and disguised themselves as guerrillas for the operation. Under the command of SNA officers, the WSLF engaged in attacks on Ethiopian military positions, pounding
1645:
The SSDF, which drew its support almost exclusively from the Mijerteen, the major clan in the northeast of Somalia, began hitting at strategic installations and military posts, as it aided the Ethiopian army in hunting down the
481:
Initially composed of an active force of roughly 5,000 guerrillas, the WSLF was not able to seize control of any major towns or important outposts controlled by the Ethiopian military during early stages of the insurgency.
689:(SNM). The resulting war between the SNM and the WSLF was an important element in Ethiopian strategy, to exploit the clan divisions within Somali society and give the WSLF the final blow. From 1982 to 1984, the
959:
Meanwhile, the Ogaden people also began to organize armed opposition to the then Ethiopian emperor, Haile Selassie who responded, with American and Israeli help, by violently suppressing Somali nationalism.
1203:
662:
regime launched a massive anti-insurgency campaign known as "Operation Lash" to clear the Ogaden of insurgents. The Ethiopian army deployed six divisions consisting of 60,000 men under the command of
474:), resulting in the death of 25 soldiers and officers, with another 24 wounded, and the destruction of armored cars and trucks. Around the same time, a police contingent was annihilated not far from
445:, where it advocated union with Somalia or the creation of an independent state. Wako Gutu and Shekih Hussein were some of the prominent Oromo nationalists who joined SALF, which soon surpassed the
1230:
410:"Afar Gaas" within the WSLF movement. At the start of 1977, the WSLF began escalating it attacks against Ethiopian troops. First Brigade was known as "Duufaan". Second Brigade was known as "
414:" and was the largest Brigade of the WSLF. Third Brigade was known as "Horyaal" and the Fourth Brigade was known as "Ciil Tire". Each brigade was assigned to enter different front in the
1861:
1686:
580:. However, in early 1978 the Ethiopian government acquired a new arsenal of Soviet equipment and, spearheaded by Cuban combat troops, managed to push back the SNA/WSLF forces.
360:
In January 1976, a general conference of Western Somali society was held 100 km north-west of Mogadishu. A twenty-five member committee was elected to lead the WSLF, and
310:
Between 1965 and 1975, Nasrallah began emphasizing on building the political and diplomatic groundwork for another liberation struggle. The organization opened an office in
655:
identifying strongly as 'Western Somalis.' The Derg regime also engineered artificial droughts and famines to weaken Somali resistance to Ethiopian rule in the Ogaden.
1846:
497:
all came under repeated insurgent attack. Transportation routes between the towns were constantly harassed and vital bridges were destroyed. In order to protect the
322:. Somali insurgents remained active in the Ogaden hinterlands until the rebels under the banner of the Western Somali Liberation Front began operations in 1974.
1841:
1165:
461:
During early 1977, with the exception of towns strategically positioned on vital routes and intersections, the WSLF effectively controlled most of the
1105:
His Excellency Ambassador Mahmoud Dirir, Minister of Culture & Tourism, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia A Life in Politics and Diplomacy
1804:
1773:
1669:
1485:
1447:
1420:
1389:
1240:
1148:
1069:
912:
731:
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forces of the WSLF following an incident where a WSLF fighter had committed rape which had then escalated into murder and further violence.
599:
296:
1866:
1567:
1213:
1042:
885:
803:
753:. New York : Published for the Council on Foreign Relations by Harper & Row. pp. 284â286 – via Internet Archive.
701:
667:
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354:
160:
122:
498:
1322:
631:
554:
164:
1871:
1257:
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and WSLF claimed that it had severed the major roads linking towns. That same year, the Mengistu regime began to support the
226:
1324:
Insurgency in Ethnically Divided Authoritarian-led Societies: A Comparative Study of Rebel Movements in Ethiopia, 1974â2014
610:
As the WSLF faced large scale Ethiopian and Cuban army assaults following the war, they were left with only small arms and
389:
noted that Muslim Oromo support was significant to the WSLF, and extended into the command structure of the organization.
279:
1876:
523:
alone, 300 WSLF guerrillas and 14 high ranking SNA officers were killed. Dissent among the army, especially among the
1856:
1851:
550:
382:
94:
35:
1836:
1831:
1182:
553:
was the main strength of the WSLF during the war, they captured Jigjiga after 4 weeks of heavy fighting with the
430:
690:
686:
527:, became vocal. After this disastrous offensive, the decision was made to invade Ethiopia to support the WSLF.
434:
133:
1277:
361:
1557:
1302:
344:
government lobbied for Somalia to support the resumption of the armed struggle. Following the toppling of
256:
561:
446:
366:
272:
564:
said "the WSLF brigades were very strong and united against all odds" during his interview with former
569:
1717:
Hagmann, T.; Khalif, Mohamud H. (2008). "State and Politics in Ethiopia's Somali Region since 1991".
1167:
Centres in the Periphery: Negotiating Territoriality and Identification in Harar and Jijiga from 1942
1086:
769:
558:
542:
449:(OLF). Somalia equipped both groups with Soviet arms, and in early 1977 sent 3,000 soldiers from the
796:
Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Somali Studies. Vol. II: Archaeology and History
1881:
973:
877:
143:
1722:
1537:
1174:
240:
576:. By the November and the onset of the rainy season, the WSLF was poised to capture the city of
1509:
1810:
1800:
1769:
1665:
1636:
1563:
1529:
1481:
1453:
1443:
1416:
1385:
1236:
1209:
1144:
1065:
1038:
908:
881:
852:
799:
773:
727:
615:
565:
283:
1796:
A History of the Ogaden (Western Somali) Struggle for Self-Determination: Part I (1300â2007)
1521:
844:
681:
the WSLF engaged in fierce battles with the Ethiopian army. Fighting also took place around
401:
rule the WSLF started becoming active in the south. The WSLF found its opportunity when the
288:
252:
1412:
748:
611:
438:
292:
179:
372:
Despite the organizations clear emphasis on Somalis, the WSLF found support among Muslim
519:
with mortars and rockets. However, the offensive was repulsed with heavy casualties. At
663:
398:
345:
337:
248:
244:
1825:
1178:
442:
415:
373:
300:
198:
1726:
1661:
Secessionism in African Politics: Aspiration, Grievance, Performance, Disenchantment
485:
June 1977 saw the WSLF step up it's campaign. The three major towns of the Ogaden:
573:
426:
377:
232:
187:
1740:
1406:
1341:
1232:
The Horn Engaging the Gulf Economic Diplomacy and Statecraft in Regional Relations
1475:
1379:
1059:
902:
848:
1763:
1659:
1625:"From Lash to Red Star: The Pitfalls of Counter-Insurgency in Ethiopia, 1980-82"
721:
682:
643:
524:
516:
450:
411:
210:
833:"Punishing the periphery: legacies of state repression in the Ethiopian Ogaden"
832:
1794:
1525:
627:
595:
584:
536:
503:
386:
369:. WSLF's youth organization would build academies for minors in the region.
341:
206:
147:
1814:
1640:
1533:
1457:
1032:
856:
588:
512:
490:
467:
425:
In 1976, the Somali government set up a counterpart of WSLF to fight in the
311:
259:
in the late 1800s. Additionally, the British also handed over lands east of
1120:
904:
Rebels and Separatists in Ethiopia: Regional Resistance to a Marxist Regime
1103:
777:
874:
Politics and Violence in Eastern Africa: The Struggles of Emerging States
419:
243:, yet their pleas were consistently disregarded by both Ethiopia and the
202:
194:
1624:
407:
1658:
Vries, Lotje de; Englebert, Pierre; Schomerus, Mareike (2018-08-20).
1437:
1205:
Afocha A Link Between Community and Administration in HÄrar, Ethiopia
678:
639:
546:
486:
471:
462:
304:
260:
236:
222:
67:
307:
to suppress Somalis fighting for the Ogaden regions independence.
674:
635:
577:
494:
475:
319:
572:. This was claim backed by an interview with former Cuban leader
659:
520:
508:
402:
349:
315:
251:
government. The region had been nominally under the rule of the
247:. In the post-war period, the British handed over the Ogaden to
111:
1510:"Soviet intervention and the Ogaden counter-offensive of 1978"
997:
Connell, Dan (1981). "New Ethiopian Offensive in the Ogaden".
949:
Connell, Dan (1981). "New Ethiopian Offensive in the Ogaden".
673:
In 1981, fighting with the WSLF continued. In the environs of
433:(SALF), whose sphere of operations was in the provinces of
263:
that had never been administered by the Ethiopian Empire.
1765:
My Enemy's Enemy: Proxy Warfare in International Politics
1143:. Lawrenceville, NJ: The Red Sea Press. pp. 99â100.
1141:
Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a clan-based society
723:
My Enemy's Enemy: Proxy Warfare in International Politics
1014:
1012:
583:
According to British journalist and military historian
1592:
Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia
1408:
Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia
1719:
Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
1559:
The Ethiopian revolution: War in the Horn of Africa
1439:
The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa
139:
100:
83:
73:
63:
53:
45:
21:
16:
1973â1989 Somali armed separatist group in Ethiopia
798:. Helmut Buske Verlag. 1984. pp. 291â307.
1551:
1549:
1547:
1365:Insurgent Fragmentation in the Horn of Africa
8:
1862:Paramilitary organisations based in Ethiopia
1278:"Letter From Jeddah: An Interview With WSLF"
1259:Islam and Christianity in the Horn of Africa
1173:. The University of Edinburgh. p. 200.
670:rebels to attack WSLF camps within Somalia.
193:) was a Somali movement fighting in eastern
40:Flag of the Western Somali Liberation Front
1768:. Liverpool University Press. p. 28.
901:Henze, Paul B.; Corporation, Rand (1986).
726:. Liverpool University Press. p. 28.
357:(PLO) was training the Somali guerrillas.
18:
1262:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 152.
623:(SSDF) to help hunt down WSLF fighters.
393:Initiation of WSLF insurgency (1974â1976)
1477:Political Conflict on the Horn of Africa
1381:Political Conflict on the Horn of Africa
1061:Political Conflict on the Horn of Africa
750:The United States in world affairs, 1964
619:Ethiopians began using the newly formed
1847:National liberation movements in Africa
712:
314:and in sympathetic Arab states such as
239:of Ethiopia persistently advocated for
1799:(2nd ed.). UK: Safis Publishing.
1235:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 118.
992:
990:
988:
453:to fight as guerrillas with the WSLF.
1741:"Ogaden: The Land But Not the People"
1629:The Journal of Modern African Studies
1603:
1601:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1469:
1467:
1330:. University of Toronto. p. 155.
1197:
1195:
1134:
1132:
971:"Somali Support for Ogadenis Wanes".
789:
787:
626:In the years following the 1977-1978
397:During the last years of the Emperor
7:
1704:
1694:. RIFT VALLEY INSTITUTE. p. 37.
1088:The Ogaden War: Somali womenâs roles
1018:
936:
868:
866:
818:
794:"The 1963 Rebellion in the Ogaden".
549:in September 1977. The 2nd Brigade,
1842:Factions of the Ethiopian Civil War
1229:Ylönen, Aleksi (28 December 2023).
1208:. Syracuse University. p. 88.
642:, came into conflict with the main
355:Palestinian Liberation Organization
209:of 1977â78, assisting the invading
837:Journal of Eastern African Studies
600:Eritrean People's Liberation Front
14:
702:Issa and Gurgura Liberation Front
634:(ONLF) in 1984. During 1979, the
621:Somali Salvation Democratic Front
161:Issa and Gurgura Liberation Front
632:Ogaden National Liberation Front
381:sixteenth century Muslim leader
205:. It played a major role in the
184:Jabhadda Xoreynta Somali Galbeed
165:Ogaden National Liberation Front
127:
116:
105:
88:
34:
28:Jabhadda Xoreynta Somali Galbeed
1342:"Ethiopia: Conquest and Terror"
1091:. Ghent University. p. 23.
1037:. R. Collings. pp. 52â54.
176:Western Somali Liberation Front
22:Western Somali Liberation Front
1793:Abdi, Mohamed Mohamud (2021).
1762:Hughes, Geraint (2012-03-13).
1411:. Human Rights Watch. p.
831:Hagmann, Tobias (2014-10-02).
720:Hughes, Geraint (2012-03-13).
340:from the Ogaden region within
1:
1367:. Cambridge University Press.
1363:Woldemariam, Michael (2018).
1304:History of Harar and Hararis
849:10.1080/17531055.2014.946238
1688:Talking Peace in the Ogaden
1590:De Waal, Alexander (1991).
1405:Waal, Alexander De (1991).
1034:The Betrayal of the Somalis
606:Post Ogaden War and decline
431:Somali Abo Liberation Front
295:, eventually resulting the
1898:
1474:Gorman, Robert F. (1981).
1378:Gorman, Robert F. (1981).
1164:Matshanda, Namhla (2014).
1058:Gorman, Robert F. (1981).
1031:Fitzgibbon, Louis (1982).
880:. 2017. pp. 191â192.
534:
383:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
270:
220:
1664:. Springer. p. 105.
1526:10.1080/03071848308523524
1508:Urban, Mark (June 1983).
1108:. Africa Travel Magazine.
227:EthiopianâSomali conflict
153:
33:
27:
26:
1867:Rebel groups in Ethiopia
1291:(2): 8. AprilâJune 1978.
1202:Waldron, Sidney (1978).
1064:. Praeger. p. 135.
691:Somali National Movement
687:Somali National Movement
362:Abdullahi Hassan Mahmoud
235:, Somali leaders in the
1480:. Praeger. p. 62.
1384:. Praeger. p. 59.
1139:Lewis, Ioan M. (1998).
981:: 5â7. 17 October 1984.
764:Drysdale, John (1964).
348:imperial regime by the
282:launched a large scale
280:Ethiopian Imperial Army
1872:Separatism in Ethiopia
1623:Tareke, Gebru (2002).
1556:Tareke, Gebru (2009).
1436:Tareke, Gebru (2016).
747:Davids, Jules (1965).
541:On July 13, 1977, the
531:Ogaden War (1977â1978)
499:Djibouti-Addis railway
457:Escalation (1976â1977)
429:areas, calling it the
278:swelled to 3,000. The
183:
1594:. Human Rights Watch.
1125:. Middle East Report.
1085:Hauwermeiren, Remco.
562:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed
447:Oromo Liberation Army
367:Mohamoud Dirir Gheddi
273:1963 Ogaden Rebellion
1608:Lewis, I. M (1994).
907:. Rand. p. 33.
878:Taylor & Francis
770:Frederick A. Praeger
658:On August 1980, the
543:Somali National Army
257:Menelik's expansions
974:Africa Confidential
616:helicopter gunships
144:Ethiopian Civil War
64:Active regions
1877:Somali nationalism
1707:, p. 147-148.
1538:Taylor and Francis
772:. pp. 70â71.
766:The Somali dispute
638:wing of the WSLF,
502:Dawa and Jigjiga.
241:self-determination
55:Dates of operation
1857:1980s in Ethiopia
1852:1970s in Ethiopia
1806:978-1-906342-39-5
1775:978-1-83764-186-4
1751:(1): 42â45. 1981.
1685:HAGMANN, TOBIAS.
1671:978-3-319-90206-7
1487:978-0-03-059471-7
1449:978-99944-951-2-2
1422:978-1-56432-038-4
1391:978-0-03-059471-7
1242:978-0-7556-3519-1
1150:978-1-56902-103-3
1102:Mahifere, Seifu.
1071:978-0-03-059471-7
914:978-0-8330-0696-7
733:978-1-83764-186-4
566:BBC World Service
399:Haile Sellassie's
284:counterinsurgency
203:Ethiopian control
172:
171:
157:Succeeded by
1889:
1837:1980s in Somalia
1832:1970s in Somalia
1818:
1780:
1779:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1612:. Red Sea Press.
1605:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1574:
1573:
1553:
1542:
1541:
1514:The RUSI Journal
1505:
1492:
1491:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1352:(1): 8â19. 1981.
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1321:Teshale, Semir.
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1282:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1256:Erlich, Haggai.
1253:
1247:
1246:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1181:. Archived from
1172:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1028:
1022:
1021:, p. 93-94.
1016:
1007:
1006:
994:
983:
982:
968:
962:
961:
946:
940:
934:
919:
918:
898:
892:
891:
870:
861:
860:
828:
822:
816:
810:
809:
791:
782:
781:
761:
755:
754:
744:
738:
737:
717:
570:Abdisalan Harari
559:Somali President
346:Halie Selassie's
289:Ethiopian Empire
253:Ethiopian Empire
249:Haile Selassie's
197:to liberate the
140:Battles and wars
132:
131:
130:
121:
120:
119:
110:
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93:
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91:
56:
38:
29:
19:
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1507:
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1465:
1450:
1442:. p. 642.
1435:
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1119:Barbee, Lynne.
1118:
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734:
719:
718:
714:
709:
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608:
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459:
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297:1964 Border War
293:Somali Republic
275:
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229:
221:Main articles:
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1781:
1774:
1754:
1745:Horn of Africa
1732:
1709:
1697:
1677:
1670:
1650:
1635:(3): 465â498.
1615:
1610:Blood and Bone
1597:
1575:
1568:
1543:
1493:
1486:
1463:
1448:
1428:
1421:
1397:
1390:
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1355:
1346:Horn of Africa
1333:
1313:
1310:. p. 172.
1294:
1285:Horn of Africa
1269:
1248:
1241:
1221:
1214:
1191:
1188:on 2020-01-31.
1156:
1149:
1128:
1111:
1094:
1077:
1070:
1050:
1043:
1023:
1008:
999:Horn of Africa
984:
963:
951:Horn of Africa
941:
920:
913:
893:
886:
862:
843:(4): 725â739.
823:
811:
804:
783:
756:
739:
732:
711:
710:
708:
705:
698:
695:
664:Merid Negussie
651:
648:
607:
604:
535:Main article:
532:
529:
458:
455:
394:
391:
338:intelligentsia
332:
329:
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324:
271:Main article:
268:
267:1960s uprising
265:
245:United Nations
218:
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102:
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60:
57:
51:
50:
49:Hassan Mahmoud
47:
43:
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31:
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24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
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3:
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1569:9780300156157
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1215:9780915984534
1211:
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1168:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1122:With the WSLF
1115:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1063:
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1044:9780860361947
1040:
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952:
945:
942:
939:, p. 84.
938:
933:
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929:
927:
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921:
916:
910:
906:
905:
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887:9781317539520
883:
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869:
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863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
827:
824:
821:, p. 75.
820:
815:
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805:3-87118-692-9
801:
797:
790:
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581:
579:
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560:
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555:Ethiopia army
552:
548:
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538:
530:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
500:
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492:
488:
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469:
464:
456:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
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428:
423:
421:
417:
416:Somali Region
413:
409:
404:
400:
392:
390:
388:
384:
379:
375:
370:
368:
363:
358:
356:
351:
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301:United States
298:
294:
290:
285:
281:
274:
266:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
237:Ogaden region
234:
228:
224:
216:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:Ogaden region
196:
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
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162:
158:
152:
149:
145:
142:
138:
135:
124:
113:
103:
99:
96:
86:
82:
79:18,000 (1980)
77:30,000 (1977)
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
58:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
25:
20:
1795:
1787:Bibliography
1764:
1757:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1718:
1712:
1700:
1687:
1680:
1660:
1653:
1644:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1609:
1591:
1558:
1536:– via
1520:(2): 42â46.
1517:
1513:
1476:
1438:
1431:
1407:
1400:
1380:
1373:
1364:
1358:
1349:
1345:
1336:
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1316:
1303:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1272:
1263:
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1251:
1231:
1224:
1204:
1183:the original
1166:
1159:
1140:
1121:
1114:
1104:
1097:
1087:
1080:
1060:
1053:
1033:
1026:
1002:
998:
978:
972:
966:
958:
954:
950:
944:
903:
896:
873:
840:
836:
826:
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795:
765:
759:
749:
742:
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715:
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672:
657:
653:
625:
609:
593:
582:
574:Fidel Castro
540:
484:
480:
460:
424:
396:
371:
359:
342:Siad Barre's
334:
309:
276:
233:World War II
230:
190:
175:
173:
156:
1005:(4): 51â54.
683:Kebri Dahar
644:Ogaden clan
551:Ahmed Gurey
525:Ogaden clan
517:Kebri Dahar
451:Somali Army
412:Ahmed Gurey
211:Somali Army
188:abbreviated
1882:Ogaden War
1826:Categories
707:References
628:Ogaden War
614:to combat
596:Ogaden War
594:After the
589:airstrikes
585:Mark Urban
537:Ogaden War
504:Siad Barre
387:Ioan Lewis
217:Background
207:Ogaden War
148:Ogaden War
1815:165059930
1705:Abdi 2021
1641:0022-278X
1534:0307-1847
1458:973809792
1179:157882043
1019:Abdi 2021
937:Abdi 2021
857:1753-1055
819:Abdi 2021
557:. Former
513:Degehabur
491:Dire Dawa
468:Degehabur
331:Formation
312:Mogadishu
101:Opponents
59:1973â1985
1727:54051295
697:See also
602:(EPLF).
420:Ethiopia
291:and the
195:Ethiopia
112:Ethiopia
679:Jigjiga
612:mortars
568:report
547:Jigjiga
487:Jigjiga
326:History
261:Jigjiga
95:Somalia
46:Leaders
1813:
1803:
1772:
1725:
1668:
1639:
1566:
1532:
1484:
1456:
1446:
1419:
1388:
1239:
1212:
1177:
1147:
1068:
1041:
911:
884:
855:
802:
778:467147
776:
730:
640:Afraad
472:Jijiga
463:Ogaden
441:, and
439:Sidamo
408:Somali
374:Harari
305:Israel
255:since
231:After
223:Ogaden
180:Somali
84:Allies
68:Ogaden
1723:S2CID
1692:(PDF)
1646:WSLF.
1328:(PDF)
1308:(PDF)
1281:(PDF)
1186:(PDF)
1175:S2CID
1171:(PDF)
957:(4).
675:Harar
650:1980s
636:Isaaq
578:Harar
495:Harar
476:Filtu
427:Oromo
378:Oromo
320:Syria
201:from
1811:OCLC
1801:ISBN
1770:ISBN
1666:ISBN
1637:ISSN
1564:ISBN
1530:ISSN
1482:ISBN
1454:OCLC
1444:ISBN
1417:ISBN
1386:ISBN
1237:ISBN
1210:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1066:ISBN
1039:ISBN
909:ISBN
882:ISBN
853:ISSN
800:ISBN
774:OCLC
728:ISBN
677:and
668:SSDF
660:Derg
521:Gode
515:and
509:Gode
493:and
470:and
443:Arsi
435:Bale
403:Derg
376:and
350:Derg
318:and
316:Iraq
303:and
225:and
191:WSLF
174:The
123:SSDF
74:Size
1522:doi
1518:128
845:doi
418:of
134:SNM
1828::
1809:.
1747:.
1743:.
1721:.
1643:.
1633:40
1631:.
1627:.
1600:^
1578:^
1562:.
1546:^
1528:.
1516:.
1512:.
1496:^
1466:^
1452:.
1415:.
1413:74
1348:.
1344:.
1287:.
1283:.
1194:^
1131:^
1011:^
1001:.
987:^
979:25
977:.
953:.
923:^
876:.
865:^
851:.
839:.
835:.
786:^
768:.
591:.
511:,
489:,
437:,
422:.
385:.
213:.
186:;
182::
1817:.
1778:.
1749:4
1729:.
1674:.
1572:.
1540:.
1524::
1490:.
1460:.
1425:.
1394:.
1350:4
1289:1
1245:.
1218:.
1153:.
1074:.
1047:.
1003:3
955:3
917:.
890:.
859:.
847::
841:8
808:.
780:.
736:.
178:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
