149:
138:
127:
97:
652:
amounted to economic warfare on the nomadic way of life. The
Ethiopian government also introduced a new policy of land registration to encourage Amhara farmers to resettle in the valuable pastureland's in and around the Ogaden that were used by Somali nomads' herds as grazing areas. Under the new laws, nomads had no recognized claim to these territory and were harassed by the military as a result. Wells frequented by Somali nomads were poisoned, and new ones were created for the incoming migration of Amhara farmers.
615:, the Ethiopian army blockaded and shelled the city to punish the inhabitants. The news of these crackdowns exacerbated the already deteriorating relations between Somalia and Ethiopia, and clashes between their forces began to break out in late 1963 and early 1964. Though the newly formed Somali government and army was weak, it had felt pressured and obliged to respond to what Somali citizens widely perceived as oppression of its brethren by an Ethiopian military occupation.
501:
161:
109:
530:, leading the Ethiopian army to restrict its operations to administrative centers. In response these centers were reinforced and deployed motor patrols, which were repeatedly ambushed by rebels seeking to obtain arms. The Ethiopian army's lackluster performance against the insurgents bolstered their confidence, encouraging them to expand their activities. However, their
310:, led the insurgency after demands for self-determination by regional leaders were consistently ignored. The rebellion, which at its peak controlled nearly 70% of the Ogaden region, originated from long-standing tensions between the Somali and Ethiopian populations, exacerbated by harsh military crackdowns and punitive expeditions by Ethiopian forces.
553:
Ogaden. Despite the
Ethiopian government's allegations, it was widely recognized that the Somali government could assert no real control over the Ogaden insurgents, as the rebels had made it clear that they were not willing to take orders from Mogadishu, despite desiring its recognition. A CIA report submitted to U.S.
479:
For several months the insurgency fought against the
Ethiopian army, swelling from just 300 to an estimated 3,000 to 12,000 insurgents (estimates greatly vary) and eventually forming a "liberation government". Many neutral Ogaden Somalis had been alienated by the loss of relatives, herds and homes in
428:
in the Ogaden reported that the
Ethiopian army had surrounded the city and then machine gunned residents. Referring to the incident as a massacre, the refugees claimed the attacked resulted in the deaths of over 150 Somalis. The reprisal had been in response to a petition created by Somali leaders in
365:
consistently disregarded their demands. The 1950s saw Somali leaders begin covertly recruiting followers for an anticipated rebellion under the umbrella of two organizations: Nasrallah, an Arabic term meaning "sacrifice for Allah's cause," and the Ogaden
Company for Trade and Industry (OCTI). Mukhtal
639:
nature of the Ogaden liberation movement, which many regarded by many as a genuine independence movement. These concerns were confirmed following signing of the peace accord between
Somalia and Ethiopia, when leader of the Ogaden insurgency Muktal Dalhir declared he would ignore the truce, stating:
565:
In August 1963 Ethiopian forces regrouped and the 3rd
Division of the Imperial Army swept back through the Ogaden with relative ease, aided an eight-week-long air campaign against Somali targets on both sides of the border and the inexperience of the guerrillas. Despite regaining control of large
651:
After the war the
Ethiopian military once again began taking punitive measures against the Somalis of the Ogaden. In May and July 1964, over 22,000 domestic animals were either killed or confiscated by Ethiopian troops, devastating Somali nomads' most precious source of income, resulting in what
638:
It was widely recognized during the
Khartoum negotiations that any peace accord with the Somali government would not halt the Ogaden insurgency and numerous international observers professed the belief that no genuine lasting progress could be made unless a degree of recognition was given to the
552:
The
Ethiopian government argued that the conflict was a result of armed bandits being sent across the border by Somalia to harass the country into ceding a large slice of Ethiopian territory, to which the Somali government repeatedly denied that the it either inspired or fomented the troubles in
313:
Despite the rebels receiving material support from the Somali government, they operated independently of Mogadishu. The Ethiopian government's attempts to regain control over the region were impeded by the challenging terrain for the army and the rebels' effective guerrilla tactics. However, the
658:
In 1965, a delegation from the "provisional revolutionary government of the Ogaden" visited Syria to protest Ethiopian aggression. By 1965, the insurgents ran out of ammunition, and were being chased out of the region by the imperial army, although insurgent elements remained active until the
496:
torched Somali villages and carried out mass killings of livestock. Watering holes were machine gunned by aircraft in order to control the Somalis by denying them access to water. Thousands of residents were driven from the Ogaden into Somalia as refugees.
601:
region. The Ethiopian government began mounting punitive expeditions on Somali nomads, which consisted of the total destruction or confiscation of livestock in the Somali nomadic pastoral communities. Most infamous of these reprisals was on the town of
569:
By September 1963 the insurgents were reported to have some 3000 members. The rebels were severely hampered by the lack of an integrated command structure and weaponry needed to combat the 3rd Division. That fall insurgents were noted to be active in
480:
Ethiopian reprisal raids on their border villages, inflaming the resistance. At its peak, the combined forces of the insurgents controlled nearly 70 percent of the Ogaden region. Primarily, their operations were conducted in the lowland
629:
During the 1964 war most insurgent activity in the Ogaden halted as rebels went to bolster the Somali border. Following the war the insurgency declined under military pressure from Ethiopia and diplomatic pressure from Somalia.
469:. Some of the guerrillas were equipped by the Somali government, though Dahir would later allege that the only substantial support that they had received from Somalia had been related to treating wounded and taking in refugees.
207:
610:
was bombarded by artillery from nearby high ground, which was followed by a killing spree when army troops later entered the settlement. In another notable incident following rebel activity in the town of
337:, the Ogaden rebels, seeing their fight as separate, vowed to continue their resistance. By 1965 the rebellion had mostly subsided, though insurgent elements remained active until the formation of the
1544:
738:
441:
On 16 June 1963, the Ethiopian government began its first attempts to collect taxes in the Ogaden region, greatly incensing the already discontent Somali population, as they had lived without
1601:
200:
647:
has nothing to do with Somalia. We are indifferent to the government position, though we still expect and hope our movement will be recognized both by Somalia and by the world."
776:
193:
314:
Ethiopian Imperial Army's 3rd Division, after an air campaign and regrouping, managed to regain significant portions of the territory, though the insurgency persisted.
231:
1636:
413:
language, dismissed the possibility of the Ogaden Somalis joining a future independent Somali state and finally invited all Somali people to join Ethiopia.
1606:
1337:
818:"Somali Guerrilla Chief Says He'll Ignore a Truce; Ogaden Rebel Says Warriors Obey His Orders Only; Emperor Pardoned Him Once After Sentence to Death"
817:
1626:
379:
1053:
429:
the region requesting independence from Ethiopia. The following year, Mukthal Dahir would be released and appointed the district commissioner of
643:"My people are under no one's jurisdiction and take orders from no one but me. We have no intention of observing any cease-fire. Our fight with
1641:
1524:
1494:
1450:
1378:
1301:
1247:
1169:
1036:
980:
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915:
872:
624:
326:
258:
248:
1094:
268:
1338:"Somalia Says Ethiopian Army Is Attacking Border Tribesmen; Charges a Reprisal Against Drive for Independence-- Deaths Put in Hundreds"
1406:
799:. New York : Published for the Council on Foreign Relations by Harper & Row. pp. 284–286 – via Internet Archive.
753:
1126:
405:
people were, "...by race, colour, blood and customs members of the great Ethiopian family". He advised Ogaden residents to accept
329:. The war resulted in a decrease in insurgent activity, but the rebellion's impact continued. Despite the armistice between the
1596:
660:
466:
338:
557:
would conclude, "Somali authorities show no ability to control the tribesmen whose depredations so infuriate the Ethiopians."
263:
1621:
218:
38:
325:
against the Somali population, leading to severe deterioration in Ethio–Somali relations and laying the groundwork for the
489:
42:
508:
655:
For nearly a year after the war, most major Somali towns in the Ogaden were under military administration and curfew.
542:
1631:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
449:, 300 men of Nasrallah picked Mukhtal Dahir to lead an insurgency against the Ethiopians under the banner of the
1423:"Somali Irredentism: An analysis of its causes and its impact on political stability in Somalia from 1960 -1991"
1611:
1616:
485:
1271:
852:
406:
322:
242:
1422:
1240:
After Independence : Making and protecting the nation in postcolonial & postcommunist states
746:
Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Somali Studies. Vol. II: Archaeology and History
1398:
1001:
531:
523:
367:
307:
303:
165:
1369:
Hess, Robert L.; Thomas Leiper Kane Collection (Library of Congress. Hebraic Section) DLC (1970).
1290:
Hess, Robert L.; Thomas Leiper Kane Collection (Library of Congress. Hebraic Section) DLC (1970).
382:
in charge of Somalia post-WWII and then turned over to the Ethiopian government. Dahir received a
996:
770:
383:
358:
597:
responded to the insurrection with brutal and repressive crackdowns against the Somalis in the
1530:
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1490:
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1402:
1374:
1345:
1297:
1253:
1243:
1175:
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1061:
1032:
976:
949:
921:
911:
868:
825:
749:
711:
554:
519:
488:
of Ethiopia. In a bid to control the largely nomadic population of the region during 1963, an
153:
1516:
A History of the Ogaden (Western Somali) Struggle for Self-Determination: Part I (1300-2007)
860:
703:
535:
446:
354:
330:
295:
148:
137:
126:
101:
96:
69:
1028:
794:
1591:
1317:
546:
334:
142:
500:
1472:. Internet Archive. ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, INC.; First Edition edition. p. 743.
1199:
594:
398:
362:
318:
299:
131:
1467:
549:
would come under fire for the poor showing of the military against the Ogaden rebels.
1555:
583:
514:
The insurgencies surprising early success is attributed to the terrain advantage the
17:
1291:
298:
against attempts at taxation and cultural assimilation by the government of Emperor
350:
1440:
1216:
1022:
1484:
970:
943:
707:
579:
566:
portions of the region the 3rd Division was unable to stamp out the insurgency.
387:
237:
692:"Punishing the periphery: legacies of state repression in the Ethiopian Ogaden"
691:
378:
revolt. After the revolt, he sought refuge in Somalia, but was arrested by the
1514:
1257:
1095:"SOMALIS TO MEET WITH ETHIOPIAS; Border-Dispute Talks Open Tuesday—Hopes Slim"
864:
253:
1534:
1349:
1179:
1138:
1106:
1065:
829:
715:
925:
607:
603:
571:
430:
425:
185:
945:
Rebels and Separatists in Ethiopia: Regional Resistance to a Marxist Regime
1395:
Politics and Violence in Eastern Africa: The Struggles of Emerging States
644:
575:
481:
421:
394:
1486:
Politics and Violence in Eastern Africa The Struggles of Emerging States
972:
Politics and Violence in Eastern Africa The Struggles of Emerging States
526:
at a large disadvantage. The insurgents honed their skills in ambushing
612:
417:
410:
402:
386:
but was subsequently pardoned and spent the next 10 years in prison in
287:
160:
108:
534:
ultimately proved insufficient to weaken the strategic control of the
1159:
598:
587:
527:
515:
504:
375:
291:
65:
1204:. London: Macdonald. pp. 107–109 – via Internet Archive.
499:
493:
371:
908:
Civil wars of the world : major conflicts since World War II
859:, University of California Press, pp. 164–180, 1994-12-31,
590:, where they overran police stations and ambushed army convoys.
361:. Despite their efforts, both the Ethiopian government and the
189:
442:
1217:"An Historical Introduction to Refugee Problems in the Horn"
465:. The organization would form the foundation of the future
321:
response to the rebellion involved repressive measures and
1325:. Central Intelligence Agency. 20 Feb 1964. pp. 5–9.
1242:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 118.
457:(the front). The group was most commonly referred to as
606:
in what became known locally as the "Kanone Massacre".
1442:
Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia
1024:
Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia
910:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 351–355.
445:
for centuries. At Hodayo, a watering place north of
1054:"Somalia, Impatient for an Army, Awaits Soviet Aid"
561:Suppression of insurgency and first border clashes
366:Dahir, one of these leaders, was a founder of the
1373:. Ithaca, Cornell University Press. p. 224.
1127:"Sharp Fighting Resumes On Somalia-Ethiopia Line"
1469:Britannica Book of the Year 1965: Events of 1964
775:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
461:, though often referred to by foreigners as the
748:. Helmut Buske Verlag. 1984. pp. 291–307.
31:
353:, Somali leaders in the Ogaden region of the
201:
8:
416:In April 1961 a group of nearly 100 Somali
942:Henze, Paul B.; Corporation, Rand (1986).
758:. Archived from the original on 2021-08-12
374:in 1946 and played a key role in the 1949
208:
194:
186:
28:
1602:Ethiopian–Somali conflict (1948–present)
1371:Ethiopia; the modernization of autocracy
1293:Ethiopia; the modernization of autocracy
796:The United States in world affairs, 1964
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
671:
397:visit to the region, Ethiopian Emperor
1519:(2nd ed.). UK: Safis Publishing.
1445:. Human Rights Watch. pp. 70–71.
1319:THE PRESIDENT'S INTELLIGENCE CHECKLIST
1193:
1191:
1189:
997:"New Somali-Ethiopian Clash Kills 166"
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
768:
286:was an uprising and insurgency by the
1016:
1014:
1012:
847:
845:
812:
810:
808:
806:
788:
786:
545:, Ethiopian Defense Minister General
401:announced on 25 August 1956 that the
7:
1637:20th-century mass murder in Ethiopia
1296:. Ithaca, Cornell University Press.
937:
935:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
269:2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia
1607:Civil wars in the Ethiopian Empire
1483:Anderson, David (2 October 2017).
1336:Times, The New York (1963-08-18).
1161:Wars and peace treaties, 1816-1991
969:Anderson, David (2 October 2017).
853:"TWELVE. Haile Sellassie, to 1973"
739:"The 1963 Rebellion in the Ogaden"
696:Journal of Eastern African Studies
25:
1466:ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA (1965).
1279:. CIA. 3 January 1964. p. 7.
1545:The 1963 Rebellion in the Ogaden
906:Karl R. DeRouen; Uk Heo (2007).
625:1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
327:1964 Ethiopian-Somali Border War
180:Unknown, likely several thousand
159:
147:
136:
125:
107:
95:
1627:Massacres committed by Ethiopia
661:Western Somali Liberation Front
518:offered, ideal for traditional
467:Western Somali Liberation Front
380:British Military Administration
339:Western Somali Liberation Front
1513:Abdi, Mohamed Mohamud (2021).
1027:. Human Rights Watch. p.
1005:. 13 April 1961. pp. B12.
690:Hagmann, Tobias (2014-10-02).
1:
1306:– via Internet Archive.
1273:CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN
1238:Lowell W. Barrington (2006).
1052:Walz, Jay Walz (1963-12-13).
520:guerrilla hit-and-run tactics
1642:Opposition to Haile Selassie
1215:Greenfield, Richard (1979).
708:10.1080/17531055.2014.946238
43:Opposition to Haile Selassie
1439:Waal, Alexander De (1991).
1021:Waal, Alexander De (1991).
619:1964 Border War and decline
555:President Lyndon B. Johnson
543:Central Intelligence Agency
357:persistently advocated for
306:, a founding member of the
1658:
1489:. Routledge. p. 192.
1401:. 2017. pp. 191–192.
975:. Routledge. p. 192.
622:
284:1963–1965 Ogaden rebellion
264:War in Somalia (2006–2009)
865:10.1525/9780520925427-015
229:
220:Ethiopian–Somali conflict
171:
118:
88:
48:
39:Ethiopian–Somali conflict
36:
1198:Lytton, Earl Of (1966).
1158:Goldstein, Erik (2016).
509:Ethiopian-Somalia border
475:The Nasrallah insurgency
490:Ethiopian Imperial Army
463:Ogaden Liberation Front
1597:Rebellions in Ethiopia
1548:by Prof. John Markakis
793:Davids, Jules (1965).
649:
511:
492:division based out of
119:Commanders and leaders
1622:Collective punishment
857:A History of Ethiopia
641:
503:
407:cultural assimilation
368:Somali Youth League's
323:collective punishment
243:1963 Ogaden Rebellion
172:Casualties and losses
18:1963 Ogaden Rebellion
1399:Taylor & Francis
1164:. pp. 155–159.
948:. Rand. p. 33.
349:In the aftermath of
254:Ogaden War (1977–78)
1002:The Washington Post
532:hit-and-run tactics
453:( الجيش in Arabic)
308:Somali Youth League
1342:The New York Times
1131:The New York Times
1099:The New York Times
1058:The New York Times
822:The New York Times
593:Ethiopian Emperor
512:
359:self-determination
290:population of the
1632:Massacres in 1963
1587:Conflicts in 1965
1582:Conflicts in 1964
1577:Conflicts in 1963
1526:978-1-906342-39-5
1496:978-1-317-53952-0
1452:978-1-56432-038-4
1380:978-0-8014-0573-0
1303:978-0-8014-0573-0
1249:978-0-472-02508-4
1201:The stolen desert
1171:978-1-138-98690-9
1038:978-1-56432-038-4
982:978-1-317-53952-0
955:978-0-8330-0696-7
917:978-1-85109-919-1
874:978-0-520-92542-7
659:formation of the
541:According to the
524:mechanized troops
424:from the city of
277:
276:
184:
183:
154:Aklilu Habte-Wold
84:
83:
80:Revolt suppressed
56:13 June 1963–1965
16:(Redirected from
1649:
1572:1965 in Ethiopia
1567:1964 in Ethiopia
1562:1963 in Ethiopia
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687:
663:(WSLF) in 1973.
536:Ethiopian Empire
528:military convoys
409:by learning the
370:(SYL) branch in
355:Ethiopian Empire
341:(WSLF) in 1973.
331:Ethiopian Empire
319:Haile Selassie's
302:. Somali leader
296:Ethiopian Empire
224:
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210:
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196:
187:
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102:Ethiopian Empire
100:
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70:Ethiopian Empire
50:
49:
32:Ogaden rebellion
29:
21:
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1612:Peasant revolts
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477:
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347:
335:Somali Republic
280:
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259:1982 border war
249:1964 border war
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12:
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5:
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1617:Tax resistance
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1221:Horn of Africa
1207:
1185:
1170:
1150:
1133:. 1964-03-27.
1118:
1101:. 1964-03-19.
1077:
1044:
1037:
1008:
988:
981:
961:
954:
931:
916:
885:
873:
841:
824:. 1964-03-28.
802:
782:
754:
721:
702:(4): 725–739.
670:
668:
665:
635:
632:
623:Main article:
620:
617:
595:Haile Selassie
562:
559:
547:Merid Mengesha
522:, placing the
486:Bale provinces
476:
473:
438:
435:
399:Halie Selassie
384:death sentence
363:United Nations
346:
343:
300:Haile Selassie
294:region in the
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143:Merid Mengesha
132:Haile Selassie
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89:Belligerents
1227:(4): 14–26.
580:Qabridahare
388:Addis Ababa
238:Bale revolt
1556:Categories
1355:2022-09-08
1258:1148896325
1144:2022-09-08
1112:2022-09-08
1071:2022-09-08
880:2023-03-21
835:2022-09-08
762:2023-04-10
667:References
455:or Jabhada
345:Background
1535:165059930
1350:0362-4331
1180:953427645
1139:0362-4331
1107:0362-4331
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771:cite book
716:1753-1055
608:Degehabur
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459:Nasrallah
431:Degehabur
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113:Nasrallah
926:76864224
645:Ethiopia
576:Wardheer
482:Hararghe
451:al-Jaysh
443:taxation
437:Outbreak
422:Hargeisa
418:refugees
395:post-war
333:and the
317:Emperor
232:Timeline
61:Location
37:Part of
634:Postwar
613:Shilabo
411:Amharic
177:Unknown
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77:Result
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