456:
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470:, producing only one brood of offspring per year. Females lay eggs at the base of shrubs or large rocks, depositing the approximately 50 eggs in a single pod 4-8 centimeters deep into the soil. The females also eject a liquid with the eggs, which dries and forms a hard case protecting the egg pod. In the United States, eggs are deposited in subterranean egg pods in October. The number of egg pods laid is dependent upon the rate of development in the adults and the time available before the frost sets in. The grasshoppers reach maturity in October and die in November during the winter freeze.
44:
62:
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439:, and also consumes a variety of other material, including spider silk and feces. It is an opportunistic carnivore and can occasionally be found scavenging for insect and vertebrate cadavers. It can detect odors to find mammal and insect carcasses, which may provide a source of protein and nitrogen in the diet. The female is more likely engage in
369:
green veins and red hindwings with black borders. The antennae and head of the adult include orange markings. In some parts of Mexico, adults that are mostly yellowish, orangish or greenish (instead of largely black) are regularly encountered, but in the United States they are rare and most frequently seen in
Arizona. The
562:
has also developed behavioral thermoregulatory mechanisms for sunlight exposure. Flanking occurs when the grasshopper orients its body perpendicular to sunlight, maximizing thoracic heat gain. The sun-side hindleg is lowered, the shade-side hindleg is raised, and the abdomen is lowered to reduce wing
368:
more commonly than females by expanding the hindwings against the closed forewings, thus flashing the bright red hindwings. It is unique among desert grasshoppers in its range because of its conspicuous size and coloring. The body is mostly black, with finely patterned black and yellow forewings with
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Males cautiously stalk females before suddenly mounting without any communicatory leg or wing signaling. Females react violently when mounted by jumping, kicking, running, and rotating from side to side. However, immediately following copulation, females become docile and carry males on their backs.
505:
Mating begins about 12 days after maturity, and about 30 days after the adults molt, females begin laying egg pods each containing about 50 eggs. Egg pods are deposited 6 to 9 centimeters underground. Females continue to lay subsequent egg pods at 18-day intervals until they are killed by the freeze
481:
Along with the onset of the summer rainy season, the young hatch in synchrony from subterranean egg pods in July. The larvae are especially vulnerable to predatory ants for about the first three minutes after hatching. After shedding the provisional cuticle, the larvae climb up the nearest vertical
205:
found in arid and semi-arid parts of southwestern United States to central and southwestern Mexico. Most populations are identifiable by their shiny black bodies with contrasting yellow markings, but some adults (frequent in parts of Mexico, rare in the United States) are mostly yellowish, orangish
621:
while producing a hissing noise. The secretion surrounds the insect in a noxious deterrent cloud. Adults also turn sideways to predators and display their bright red hindwings while waving their bright antennae and spiny hindlegs in a threatening manner. Together these signals warn naïve predators
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to reach the adult stage in about 40 days. Recently molted individuals are brown but darken within two hours at warm temperatures. Temperature influences whether they can complete the molting process. At temperatures less than 25 °C, molting is usually not initiated. At temperatures above
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is often unpredictable and allows the grasshopper only about four months, the time between the onset of the summer rains and the arrival of the winter freeze, to complete its entire life cycle. Growth and development are further slowed by cold desert nights, and in
October, cold days.
697:. However, the large adult size requires long development and growth, which is difficult in its short season. It speeds growth by thermoregulation mechanisms including dark color and solar exposure positions, both allowed only because of chemical defense. These features cause
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only forages during daylight hours; at night it roosts near the tops of desert shrubs to hide from nocturnal ground predators. At dawn, it descends to the desert floor to feed on the annual plant species which are abundant following summer rains.
447:. This difference may be explained by the female's greater need for protein and other nutrients to facilitate more rapid maturation and egg production. Cannibalism has been observed upon molting or incapacitated individuals of its own species.
360:
typically are 4–7.1 cm (1.6–2.8 in) long and males typically are 3.3–5.8 cm (1.3–2.3 in) long. Adult females can weigh up to around 9 g (0.32 oz) and adult males up to around 3 g (0.11 oz).
292:. Although occasionally reported as also occurring in Central American countries further south, this involves other species in the genus. It can occur at elevations of up to more than 2,150 m (7,050 ft) above sea level.
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to be conspicuous; however, chemical deterrents protect it against predators. The species can allocate resources to reproduction instead of wings and flight muscles. As with many other chemically defended insects,
455:
617:, and visual and auditory elements for defense against vertebrate predators. For example, when attacked by mice, the grasshoppers spray the odorous secretion from their metathoracic
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engage in promiscuous behavior. Males are sexually aggressive, actively mounting females and males of the species as well as individuals from other grasshopper and lizard species.
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are attracted to the largest bush at dusk which provides the appearance of clumping. This behavior may provide benefits of increasing opportunities for mating and enhancing
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543:, the grasshopper can maintain an optimal body temperature between 30 and 40 degrees Celsius for most of the day. Elevating body temperature for extended periods allows
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shrubs. The
Chihuahuan Desert receives a high amount of summer precipitation compared to other deserts, which is necessary for the grasshopper's development.
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possesses a multi-sensory defense system. The chemical secretion has a strong coffee-vanilla odor and composed of a complex mixture of synthesized
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In the first stage of life, pod mates aggregate and move and feed together, but disperse after a few days. Aggregation is tightest in this first-
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has evolved a large body size, to increase fecundity, deter small invertebrate predators, increase water retention, and allow for deep
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is thermally beneficial, contributing to the species' shorter larval development compared to the light- colored desert grasshoppers.
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36 °C, they can become stuck in old exoskeletons. Individuals are exposed to predation and sibling cannibalism during molting.
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period and may be a method of defense for the vulnerable developing grasshoppers. Thereafter they are solitary, although mature
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cannot fly; all females are flightless and only approximately 10 percent of adult males possess wings long enough for flight.
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to metabolize faster, thus permitting maximum growth and reproduction before the onset of winter. Without thermoregulation,
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coloration warns vertebrate predators of its unpalatability and allows the grasshopper to roost conspicuously upon shrubs.
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essentially lacks wings and has a black-and-yellow coloration that resembles that of the adult. Dark adults and nymphs of
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Adults of both sexes have wings and in the male the forewings normally extend past the tip of the abdomen. However, most
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and most other behaviors, including food consumption and digestion, predator escape, reproduction, walking, flying, and
760:"Taxonomic revision of the transitional Nearctic-Neotropical lubber grasshopper genus Romalea (Orthoptera: Romaleidae)"
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shading. Moving into the centers of bushes allows for shading to limit sun exposure at midday to prevent overheating.
1009:. Dirección General de Sanidad Vegetal Dirección del Cento National de Referencia Fitosanitaria, Government of Mexico
61:
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in captivity (their natural ranges do not overlap), are the largest grasshoppers in the United States. Females of
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Hamilton, W.J. (1975). Hadley, N.F. (ed.). "Coloration and its thermal consequences for diurnal desert insects".
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Most individuals have wings that are too small for flight, but they sometimes flash the red colors as a warning
1421:
1458:
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Whitman, D.W. & Loher, W. (1984). "Morphology of male sex organs and insemination in the grasshopper
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rarely disturb horse lubbers and prefer other lubber grasshopper species instead. Only invertebrates and
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does not feed on the same plants it roosts on. In an experiment, it was found to be unable to survive on
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since chemical defense from vertebrates releases the species from the need to be small and hidden. Thus
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384:. Their ranges are not known to overlap but they could potentially come into contact in southern Texas;
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166:
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shrubs alone. It feeds mainly on foliage, flowers, and seed pods of low-growing summer desert annuals.
1492:
1066:
Hebard, M. (1924). "A Revision of the Genus
Taeniopoda (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Cyrtacanthacrinae)".
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Whitman, D.W. (1982). "Grasshopper sexual pheromone: a component of the defensive secretion in
892:. The Orthopterists' Society and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. p. 518.
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Whitman, D.W. (1988). "Function and evolution of thermoregulation in the desert grasshopper
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in 1838. The vernacular lubber refers to the flightless terrestrial status of the subfamily
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and plant toxins produced from the grasshopper's diet. When consumed, the toxic tissues of
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317:
277:
920:
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Hebard, M. (1925). "The group
Taeniopodae as found in the United States (Orthoptera)".
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Its main habitats are arid and semi-arid brush and grassland, but it may also occur in
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Ants regularly attack hatching and molting nymphs. Vertebrates sharing the habitat of
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1327:(Burmeister) Grasshopper sexual pheromone: a component of the defensive secretion in
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speed development by solar basking, aided by its black heat-absorbing coloration. By
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toxicity. However, most predatory invertebrates are unable to catch and kill adult
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object. They are born reddish in color, but transform to black within two hours.
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to increase its reproductive chances before the favorable growing season ends.
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Mating pair in New Mexico. Note male's smaller size but relatively longer wings
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that elicits male attraction and sexual behavior over a short distance. Male
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cause vomiting or death in predators. The species relies on a comprehensive
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has a relatively speedy rate of larval development, undergoing five nymphal
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Jesús-Bonilla, V.S.D.; Barrientos-Lozano, L.; Zaldívar-Riverón, A (2023).
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to the United States and Mexico. In the United States, it ranges from the
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1197:
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979:. Vol. 1. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. p. 255.
380:(eastern lubber grasshopper) are similar to and frequently confused with
352:(eastern lubber grasshopper), which are so closely related that they can
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Field Guide to
Grasshoppers, Crickets, and Katydids of the United States
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or greenish. The species is unique in using its black coloration to
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can remain in copulation for up to 24 hours, continuously passing
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and remind experienced predators of the grasshopper's toxicity.
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Monograph of the
Orthoptera of North America (North of Mexico)
201:, is a relatively large grasshopper species of the family
1224:. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross: 67–89.
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and along the country's
Pacific coastal region south to
276:. In Mexico, it ranges from the US border through the
1242:"Large size as an antipredator defense in an insect"
1035:"Large size as an antipredator defense in an insect"
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1279:
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1068:Transactions of the American Entomological Society
818:(Orthoptera: Acrididae) in southeastern Arizona".
814:Whitman, D.W. & Orsak, L. (1985). "Biology of
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732:Transactions of the American Entomological Society
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522:is necessary for all essential life functions of
1004:"Chapulines de Importancia Económica en México"
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820:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
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1175:Whitman, D.W. & Richardson, M.L. (2010).
874:Latin American Insects and Entomology hogue.
474:is necessary for speeding the development of
388:has an eastern distribution in the state and
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1222:Environmental Physiology of Desert Organisms
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502:grasshoppers in its asynchronous molting.
431:drink free-standing water from raindrops.
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951:"Species Taeniopoda eques - Horse Lubber"
551:could not survive in its northern range.
1240:Whitman, D.W. & Vincent, S. (2008).
658:Males do not guard ovipositing females.
595:because of their relatively large size.
998:
996:
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975:Rehn, J.A.G. & Grant, H.J. (1961).
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685:Multiple phenotypic traits interact in
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925:World Wide Web electronic publication
853:Latin American Insects and Entomology
392:a western distribution in the state.
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706:is mostly flightless and sluggish.
1302:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1982.tb00672.x
856:. University of California Press.
241:is the Latin term for "horseman".
25:
1033:Whitman, D.; Vincent, S. (2008).
1642:Taxa named by Hermann Burmeister
1387:
1373:
927:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
919:Encyclopædia Britannica (2011).
199:western horse lubber grasshopper
60:
18:Western horse lubber grasshopper
1596:Orthoptera Species File (old):
554:The unique black coloration of
1647:Fauna of the Chihuahuan Desert
1246:Journal of Orthoptera Research
1185:Journal of Orthoptera Research
1039:Journal of Orthoptera Research
646:Sexual behavior and pheromones
1:
1177:"Necrophagy in grasshoppers:
1098:. Cornell University Press.
642:displays against predators.
530:. The desert environment of
1632:Orthoptera of North America
459:A nymph in southern Arizona
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1259:10.1665/1082-6467-17.2.353
1052:10.1665/1082-6467-17.2.353
1627:Insects described in 1838
1142:Journal of Animal Ecology
889:Orthoptera Species File 4
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57:Scientific classification
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1290:Physiological Entomology
1181:feeds on mammal carrion"
498:is different from other
485:Despite its large size,
303:. It can be found among
245:Distribution and habitat
1345:10.1002/jmor.1051790102
1090:Capinera, John (2004).
850:Hogue, Charles (1993).
443:behavior than the male
272:region of southwestern
229:was first described by
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27:Species of grasshopper
1408:Encyclopedia of Life
1333:Journal of Morphology
886:Otte, Daniel (1995).
832:10.1093/aesa/78.6.811
650:Both sexes of mature
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282:Sierra Madre Oriental
1198:10.1665/034.019.0228
615:chemical deterrents
613:display containing
264:, through southern
212:chemically defended
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378:Romalea microptera
349:Romalea microptera
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286:Transvolcanic Belt
231:Hermann Burmeister
1637:Insects of Mexico
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1584:Open Tree of Life
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1395:Arthropods portal
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51:Adult female
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1558:NatureServe
1519:iNaturalist
1339:(1): 1–12.
695:ovipositing
665:releases a
661:The female
528:ovipositing
437:polyphagous
331:Description
297:oak savanna
1622:Romaleidae
1616:Categories
1111:2011-04-28
931:2011-04-28
905:2011-04-28
869:2011-04-27
738:(1): 1–12.
710:References
640:aposematic
611:aposematic
500:aposematic
468:univoltine
451:Life cycle
366:stridulate
354:interbreed
266:New Mexico
235:Romaleinae
216:aposematic
203:Romaleidae
183:Burmeister
145:Taeniopoda
134:Romaleidae
120:Suborder:
114:Orthoptera
94:Arthropoda
1013:11 August
985:16341758M
957:11 August
667:pheromone
619:spiracles
603:phenolics
441:scavenger
268:, to the
222:Etymology
152:Species:
124:Caelifera
80:Kingdom:
74:Eukaryota
1563:2.120657
1537:10644311
1467:BugGuide
1445:Q7674885
1439:Wikidata
1361:51703308
1353:30025432
1310:85324838
1268:85159286
1207:85309532
704:T. eques
699:T. eques
691:T. eques
687:T. eques
671:T. eques
663:T. eques
652:T. eques
636:T. eques
607:T. eques
599:T. eques
593:T. eques
589:T. eques
581:T. eques
560:T. eques
556:T. eques
549:T. eques
545:T. eques
537:T. eques
532:T. eques
524:T. eques
510:Behavior
496:T. eques
487:T. eques
476:T. eques
445:T. eques
433:T. eques
429:T. eques
424:T. eques
397:T. eques
390:T. eques
382:T. eques
371:T. eques
358:T. eques
344:T. eques
301:woodland
290:Guerrero
270:Big Bend
250:T. eques
227:T. eques
130:Family:
90:Phylum:
84:Animalia
70:Domain:
1599:1115949
1511:1715031
921:"Eques"
567:Defense
318:Ephedra
262:Arizona
254:endemic
140:Genus:
110:Order:
104:Insecta
100:Class:
1589:839783
1550:658840
1498:965325
1459:592850
1359:
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632:instar
419:Mimosa
413:Acacia
364:Males
312:Mimosa
306:Acacia
284:, the
214:. The
197:, the
185:, 1838
1576:92619
1532:IRMNG
1524:82018
1485:54HN9
1472:76895
1357:S2CID
1306:S2CID
1264:S2CID
1203:S2CID
1158:JSTOR
1007:(PDF)
491:molts
374:nymph
324:Yucca
274:Texas
239:Eques
1571:NCBI
1545:ITIS
1506:GBIF
1454:BOLD
1349:PMID
1162:4911
1100:ISBN
1015:2023
959:2023
894:ISBN
858:ISBN
416:and
403:Diet
346:and
321:and
299:and
1493:EoL
1480:CoL
1341:doi
1337:179
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1298:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
