513:
910:
937:
926:
31:
1732:
752:
233:
851:
80:
55:
605:
541:
585:
The female is almost entirely chocolate-brown. The top of the head, the throat and the shoulders have of a conspicuously lighter yellowish colour; this can be clearly delimited and very contrasting, or (particularly in worn plumage) be more washed-out, resembling the male's head colours. But the eye
573:
are pure grey, the latter contrasting with the brown forewing and the black primary remiges at the wingtips. The upperside and underside of the wing look similar, though the brown is lighter on the underwing. Whether from the side or below, flying males appear characteristically three-colored
586:
area of the female is always darker, making the light eye stand out, while the male's head is altogether not very contrastingly coloured and the female lacks the grey wing-patch and tail. Juveniles are similar to females, but usually have less yellow, particularly on the shoulders.
548:
The western marsh harrier is 48 to 56 cm (19 to 22 in) in length, has a wingspan of 115 to 130 cm (45 to 51 in) and a weight of 400 to 650 g (14 to 23 oz) in males and 550 to 800 g (19 to 28 oz) in females. It is a large, bulky
1079:
Fauna svecica : sistens animalia sveciae regni: mammalia, aves, amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes, distributa per classes & ordines, genera & species, cum differentiis specierum, synonymis auctorum, nominibus incolarum, locis natalium, descriptionibus
1751:
612:
This species has a wide breeding range from Europe and northwestern Africa to
Central Asia and the northern parts of the Middle East. It breeds in almost every country of Europe but is absent from mountainous regions and
1918:
900:
fashion, gliding low over flat open ground on its search for prey, with its wings held in a shallow V-shape and often with dangling legs. It feeds on small mammals, small birds, insects, reptiles, and frogs.
837:) instead – the choice of such roost sites may be to give early warning of predators, which will conspicuously rustle through the plants if they try to sneak upon the resting birds
493:
C. a. aeruginosus (Linnaeus, 1758) – breeding in Europe and the Middle East to central Asia south Europe, Africa, south Asia; wintering in south Europe, Africa and south Asia
655:
Most populations of the western marsh harrier are migratory or dispersive. Some birds winter in milder regions of southern and western Europe, while others migrate to the
2061:
500:
221:
783:
bird in the breeding season, and even in winter it seems less social than other harriers, which often gather in large flocks. But this is probably simply due to
2113:
884:. The eggs are oval in shape and white in colour, with a bluish or greenish tinge when recently laid. The eggs are incubated for 31–38 days and the young birds
512:
1707:
2286:
565:
reddish-brown with lighter yellowish streaks, which are particularly prominent on the breast. The head and shoulders are mostly pale greyish-yellowish. The
737:
861:
The start of the breeding season varies from mid-March to early May. Western marsh harrier males often pair with two and occasionally three females.
2245:
2022:
2074:
596:
with largely dark plumage. It is most often found in the east of the species' range. Juveniles of this morph may look entirely black in flight.
1563:
1189:
725:
2311:
1688:
815:) around 100 Eurasian marsh harriers are observed to roost together each November/December; they assemble in tall grassland dominated by
2035:
1970:
1639:
1059:
Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
1667:
1418:
1404:
1181:
909:
1444:
1114:
455:
2306:
2296:
2191:
1983:
425:
195:
2079:
724:. The first documented (but unconfirmed) record for the Americas was one bird reportedly photographed on 4 December 1994 at
1175:
936:
2100:
1892:
1869:
2183:
608:
The male is characterised by the very clear chestnut brown mantle and the grey secondaries and black outer primaries
2040:
2001:
1522:
1140:
1598:
944:
The western marsh harrier declined in many areas between the 19th and the late 20th centuries due to persecution,
925:
2291:
2118:
2014:
1721:
961:
855:
729:
1505:
1470:
2301:
1743:
379:
79:
979:
poisoning. Still, the threats to this bird have been largely averted and it is today classified as
Species of
30:
2263:
442:
1811:
1738:
1367:
1856:
1773:
817:
804:
2152:
1874:
830:
435:
347:
174:
1031:
755:
The female usually is identifiable by the rather dark plumage except the creamy crown, nape, and throat
2196:
1944:
1838:
1820:
1556:
Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the
Western Palearctic
751:
1694:
Western Marsh
Harrier or European Marsh Harrier species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
945:
780:
676:
664:
417:
44:
1449:"Forty-second supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds"
1083:(in Latin) (2nd ed.). Stockholmiae: Sumtu & Literis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. p. 23.
232:
1610:
1534:
1509:
1485:"Forty-sixth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds"
772:
525:
272:
74:
2157:
1484:
1448:
1303:
445:
as Europe but restricted this to Sweden in 1761. The western marsh harrier is now placed in the
2066:
850:
2139:
2092:
1905:
1683:
1663:
1635:
1559:
1414:
1185:
705:
554:
1118:
865:
usually last for a single breeding season, but some pairs remain together for several years.
2144:
1501:
1480:
1465:
1144:
1026:
624:
where it has spread as far as eastern
Scotland. In the Middle East there are populations in
2178:
1861:
1825:
1062:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 91.
2126:
1712:
1698:
1385:
971:
It still faces a number of threats, including the shooting of birds migrating through the
957:
593:
430:
131:
1008:
975:
region. They are vulnerable to disturbance during the breeding season and also liable to
1245:
2009:
1996:
1757:
1731:
1574:
1410:
897:
829:), but where this is too disturbed by human activity they will use floating carpets of
575:
550:
450:
398:
355:
303:
151:
1558:. Vol. II: Hawks to Bustards. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 105–115.
2280:
2087:
1547:
1492:
1456:
1103:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 319.
1073:
1053:
1017:
980:
972:
956:, the population was likely extinct by the end of the 19th century. A single pair in
953:
881:
621:
544:
Adult male (front), juvenile (behind) and adult female (back), illustration from 1899
463:
421:
367:
337:
191:
64:
59:
2209:
1923:
1897:
1513:
1098:
1077:
2236:
1910:
869:
590:
387:
307:
141:
1884:
1057:
604:
1988:
1708:
Ageing and sexing (PDF; 5.7 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
1119:"Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux"
2170:
2105:
2048:
1805:
918:
877:
764:
741:
645:
617:
474:
375:
315:
1693:
2204:
1761:
1148:
1094:
788:
733:
684:
394:
319:
1651:
The
Raptors of Europe and The Middle East: a Handbook of Field Identification
1957:
976:
949:
862:
808:
776:
614:
566:
311:
91:
1796:
964:
had recorded at least 265 females rearing 453 young. It made a comeback in
1975:
799:
relatives winter in the same regions and assemble at food sources such as
2230:
1790:
717:
641:
636:, while in Central Asia the range extends eastwards as far as north-west
363:
111:
1848:
771:). It can also be met with in a variety of other open habitats, such as
2258:
2250:
2027:
1833:
965:
930:
914:
873:
822:
784:
760:
745:
721:
709:
699:
695:
691:
680:
649:
570:
562:
558:
553:, larger than other European harriers, with fairly broad wings, and is
529:
517:
2131:
540:
885:
800:
796:
713:
672:
668:
625:
323:
101:
2053:
1936:
1767:
1521:
Clarke, R.; Prakash, V.; Clark, W.S.; Ramesh, N.; Scott, D. (1998).
1479:
Banks, Richard C.; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, Jon L.; Kratter, Andrew W.;
1962:
2165:
1931:
1269:
935:
924:
908:
849:
812:
750:
656:
637:
603:
539:
533:
521:
511:
482:
446:
1949:
1527:
in
Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar, Gujarat, north-west India"
1573:
Merkord, Christopher L.; RodrĂguez, Rafy; Faaborg, John (2006).
1483:; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Rising, James D.; Stotz, Douglas F. (2005).
1123:
Discours d'ouverture et de clĂ´ture du cours d'histoire naturelle
984:
660:
633:
629:
579:
343:
121:
1771:
759:
Like the other marsh harriers, it is strongly associated with
469:, referring to a bird of prey named for its circling flight (
1127:
Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections.
1662:. Vol. 1 (Concise ed.). Oxford University Press.
1506:
10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[1026:FSTTAO]2.0.CO;2
1471:
10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0847:FSSTTA]2.0.CO;2
880:
fields. There are between three and eight eggs in a normal
1702:
952:
use. It is now a protected species in many countries. In
346:
are now generally considered to be separate species: the
1343:
1320:
1291:
1658:
Snow, David W.; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998).
1280:
1215:
1213:
1149:"Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors"
779:, particularly where these border marshland. It is a
1575:"Second and third records of Western Marsh-Harrier (
393:
The western marsh harrier is often divided into two
2220:
1780:
1246:"Rare breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 2008"
330:. Formerly, a number of relatives were included in
1032:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22695344A155490248.en
787:preferences, as the marsh harriers are completely
732:. Subsequently, there were confirmed records from
408:which is resident all-year in north-west Africa.
968:as well, where it had become extinct in 1918.
744:(early 2004 and January/February 2006) and in
454:that was introduced by the French naturalist
404:which is found across most of its range, and
8:
1699:Western Marsh-Harrier text, map & photos
1603:at Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, India"
1579:) for the Western Hemisphere in Puerto Rico"
1374:. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds.
1177:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1768:
1730:
1599:"A large roost of Eurasian Marsh Harriers
1406:The Status of Birds in Britain and Ireland
1304:"Birders Spot New Species at Annual Count"
1100:Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 1
231:
53:
29:
20:
1758:Audio recordings of Western Marsh Harrier
1523:"World record count of roosting harriers
1469:
1030:
738:Laguna Cartagena National Wildlife Refuge
2041:western-marsh-harrier-circus-aeruginosus
1125:(in French). Paris: Plassan. p. 4.
996:
516:A fairly pale adult female (note brown
1002:
1000:
872:and grasses. It is usually built in a
1684:Marsh harrier at RSPB's Birds by Name
1331:
1292:Merkord, RodrĂguez & Faaborg 2006
1259:. Rare Birds Breeding Panel: 482–538.
1231:
1219:
1204:
1180:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
1155:. International Ornithologists' Union
1135:
1133:
1097:; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979).
726:Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge
503:, 1914 – resident in northwest Africa
266: Vagrant (seasonality uncertain)
7:
2264:DDEF8543-29BA-4671-8C3E-4B0420B34200
2015:0b429883-5d88-4a15-b73e-983dc2a8462f
876:, but the species will also nest in
2287:IUCN Red List least concern species
1752:Western marsh harrier photo gallery
1660:The Birds of the Western Palearctic
1270:American Ornithologists' Union 2000
1018:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
868:The ground nest is made of sticks,
1403:Parkin, David; Knox, Alan (2008).
574:brown-grey-black. The legs, feet,
14:
1689:Birds of Britain - Marsh Harrier
1586:Journal of Caribbean Ornithology
1244:Holling, Mark (September 2010).
1153:IOC World Bird List Version 11.1
1007:BirdLife International (2019) .
940:Circus aeruginosus by Jos Zwarts
763:areas, especially those rich in
78:
1713:BirdLife species factsheet for
1653:. London: T. & A.D. Poyser.
960:bred in 1911, and by 2006, the
620:. It is rare but increasing in
569:and the secondary and tertiary
488:Two subspecies are recognised:
1445:American Ornithologists' Union
913:Wintering female hunting near
582:of the black bill are yellow.
416:The western marsh harrier was
1:
1739:"Western Marsh-harrier media"
520:and yellow eye) winters near
1754:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1115:Lacépède, Bernard Germain de
736:(winter of 2002/2003), from
2312:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
456:Bernard Germain de Lacépède
2328:
1174:Jobling, James A. (2010).
473:, "circle"), probably the
420:by the Swedish naturalist
362:) of eastern Asia and the
334:, which was then known as
326:. It is also known as the
1025:: e.T22695344A155490248.
962:Rare Breeding Birds Panel
929:Western marsh harrier in
856:Museum Wiesbaden, Germany
730:Accomack County, Virginia
441:. Linnaeus specified the
278:
271:
239:
230:
208:
203:
180:
173:
75:Scientific classification
73:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
1744:Internet Bird Collection
683:. The all-year resident
600:Distribution and habitat
458:in 1799. The genus name
380:Madagascar marsh harrier
2307:Birds described in 1758
2297:Birds of prey of Europe
1147:, eds. (January 2021).
905:Status and conservation
827:Chrysopogon zizanioides
1649:Forsman, Dick (1999).
1630:Clarke, Roger (1995).
941:
933:
922:
858:
818:Desmostachya bipinnata
805:Keoladeo National Park
756:
609:
545:
537:
328:Eurasian marsh harrier
24:Western marsh harrier
2153:Paleobiology Database
1597:Verma, Ashok (2002).
939:
928:
912:
853:
841:Behaviour and ecology
831:common water hyacinth
803:outbreaks. Still, in
754:
607:
543:
515:
348:eastern marsh harrier
294:western marsh harrier
2010:Fauna Europaea (new)
1722:"Circus aeruginosus"
1481:Rasmussen, Pamela C.
1372:RSPB's Birds by Name
1207:, pp. 105, 115.
896:It hunts in typical
835:Eichhornia crassipes
769:Phragmites australis
462:is derived from the
1310:. 29 December 2015.
946:habitat destruction
677:Indian subcontinent
284:Linnaeus, 1758
166:C. aeruginosus
45:Conservation status
2210:Circus-aeruginosus
1924:circus-aeruginosus
1826:Circus_aeruginosus
1812:Circus aeruginosus
1782:Circus aeruginosus
1715:Circus aeruginosus
1634:. London: Hamlyn.
1601:Circus aeruginosus
1577:Circus aeruginosus
1552:Circus aeruginosus
1321:Clarke et al. 1998
1143:; Donsker, David;
1011:Circus aeruginosus
942:
934:
923:
888:after 30–40 days.
859:
757:
610:
555:sexually dimorphic
546:
538:
526:Faridabad district
418:formally described
299:Circus aeruginosus
260: Non-breeding
214:- (Linnaeus, 1758)
184:Circus aeruginosus
2274:
2273:
2222:Falco aeruginosus
2140:Open Tree of Life
1774:Taxon identifiers
1632:The Marsh Harrier
1565:978-0-19-857505-4
1308:The Royal Gazette
1281:Banks et al. 2005
1191:978-1-4081-2501-4
1145:Rasmussen, Pamela
791:while several of
748:(December 2015).
439:Falco aeruginosus
402:C. a. aeruginosus
386:) of the western
290:
289:
281:Falco aeruginosus
212:C. a. aeruginosus
68:
2319:
2292:Harriers (birds)
2267:
2266:
2254:
2253:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2213:
2212:
2200:
2199:
2187:
2186:
2174:
2173:
2161:
2160:
2148:
2147:
2135:
2134:
2122:
2121:
2109:
2108:
2106:NHMSYS0000530293
2096:
2095:
2083:
2082:
2070:
2069:
2057:
2056:
2044:
2043:
2031:
2030:
2018:
2017:
2005:
2004:
1992:
1991:
1979:
1978:
1966:
1965:
1953:
1952:
1940:
1939:
1927:
1926:
1914:
1913:
1901:
1900:
1888:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1865:
1864:
1852:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1839:E2A19474E62F83E1
1829:
1828:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1769:
1748:
1734:
1729:
1673:
1654:
1645:
1619:
1607:
1593:
1583:
1569:
1554:Marsh Harrier".
1543:
1531:
1517:
1500:(3): 1026–1031.
1489:
1475:
1473:
1453:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1340:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1300:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1250:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1137:
1128:
1126:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1004:
892:Food and feeding
854:Egg, Collection
589:There is a rare
285:
265:
259:
253:
247:
235:
186:
83:
82:
62:
57:
56:
33:
21:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2302:Birds of Africa
2277:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2262:
2257:
2249:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2216:
2208:
2203:
2195:
2190:
2182:
2177:
2169:
2164:
2156:
2151:
2143:
2138:
2130:
2127:Observation.org
2125:
2117:
2112:
2104:
2099:
2091:
2086:
2078:
2073:
2065:
2060:
2052:
2047:
2039:
2034:
2026:
2021:
2013:
2008:
2000:
1995:
1987:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1930:
1922:
1917:
1909:
1904:
1896:
1891:
1883:
1881:
1873:
1868:
1860:
1855:
1847:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1824:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1776:
1737:
1720:
1680:
1670:
1657:
1648:
1642:
1629:
1626:
1624:Further reading
1605:
1596:
1581:
1572:
1566:
1550:, ed. (1980). "
1546:
1529:
1520:
1487:
1478:
1451:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1413:. p. 112.
1411:A & C Black
1402:
1401:
1397:
1386:"Marsh Harrier"
1384:
1383:
1379:
1368:"Marsh harrier"
1366:
1365:
1361:
1352:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1315:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1264:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1006:
1005:
998:
993:
958:Horsey, Norfolk
907:
894:
848:
843:
602:
510:
477:. The specific
431:Systema Naturae
424:in 1758 in the
414:
283:
267:
263:
261:
257:
255:
251:
249:
245:
199:
188:
182:
169:
132:Accipitriformes
77:
69:
58:
54:
47:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
2325:
2323:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2255:
2242:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2201:
2188:
2175:
2162:
2149:
2136:
2123:
2110:
2097:
2084:
2071:
2058:
2045:
2032:
2019:
2006:
1997:Fauna Europaea
1993:
1980:
1967:
1954:
1941:
1928:
1915:
1902:
1889:
1879:
1866:
1853:
1843:
1830:
1817:
1802:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1749:
1735:
1718:
1710:
1705:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1679:
1678:External links
1676:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1655:
1646:
1641:978-0600583011
1640:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1594:
1570:
1564:
1548:Cramp, Stanley
1544:
1518:
1476:
1464:(3): 847–858.
1439:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1419:
1395:
1377:
1359:
1344:"Avibirds.com"
1335:
1324:
1313:
1295:
1284:
1273:
1262:
1236:
1234:, p. 115.
1224:
1222:, p. 105.
1209:
1197:
1190:
1166:
1129:
1106:
1086:
1074:Linnaeus, Carl
1065:
1054:Linnaeus, Carl
1045:
995:
994:
992:
989:
948:and excessive
906:
903:
893:
890:
847:
844:
842:
839:
795:grassland and
793:C. aeruginosus
601:
598:
509:
506:
505:
504:
498:C. a. harterti
495:
413:
410:
406:C. a. harterti
372:C. approximans
360:C. spilothorax
356:Papuan harrier
342:. The related
332:C. aeruginosus
288:
287:
276:
275:
269:
268:
262:
256:
254: Resident
250:
248: Breeding
244:
242:C. aeruginosus
237:
236:
228:
227:
226:
225:
218:C. a. harterti
215:
206:
205:
201:
200:
189:
178:
177:
171:
170:
163:
161:
157:
156:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
71:
70:
52:
49:
48:
43:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2324:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1669:0-19-854099-X
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1602:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1526:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1422:
1420:9781408125007
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1253:British Birds
1247:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1167:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1003:
1001:
997:
990:
988:
986:
982:
981:Least Concern
978:
974:
973:Mediterranean
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
954:Great Britain
951:
947:
938:
932:
927:
920:
916:
911:
904:
902:
899:
891:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
864:
857:
852:
845:
840:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
819:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
753:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
708:have reached
707:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:Great Britain
619:
616:
606:
599:
597:
595:
592:
587:
583:
581:
577:
572:
568:
564:
560:
557:. The male's
556:
552:
542:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
507:
502:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
489:
486:
485:for "rusty".
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
465:
464:Ancient Greek
461:
457:
453:
452:
448:
444:
440:
437:
436:binomial name
433:
432:
427:
426:tenth edition
423:
422:Carl Linnaeus
419:
411:
409:
407:
403:
400:
397:, the widely
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:swamp harrier
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:C. spilonotus
349:
345:
341:
339:
338:marsh harrier
333:
329:
325:
322:and adjacent
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
302:) is a large
301:
300:
295:
286:
282:
277:
274:
270:
243:
238:
234:
229:
223:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
207:
202:
197:
193:
187:
185:
179:
176:
175:Binomial name
172:
168:
167:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
81:
76:
72:
66:
61:
60:Least Concern
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2221:
1781:
1742:
1725:
1714:
1659:
1650:
1631:
1615:
1609:
1600:
1589:
1585:
1576:
1555:
1551:
1539:
1533:
1524:
1497:
1491:
1461:
1455:
1424:. Retrieved
1405:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1351:. Retrieved
1348:Avibirds.com
1347:
1338:
1327:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1287:
1276:
1265:
1256:
1252:
1239:
1227:
1200:
1176:
1169:
1157:. Retrieved
1152:
1122:
1109:
1099:
1089:
1078:
1068:
1058:
1048:
1036:. Retrieved
1022:
1016:
1010:
970:
943:
895:
867:
860:
834:
826:
816:
792:
768:
758:
704:
687:
654:
611:
591:hypermelanic
588:
584:
561:is mostly a
547:
497:
492:
487:
478:
470:
466:
459:
449:
438:
429:
415:
405:
401:
392:
388:Indian Ocean
384:C. maillardi
383:
371:
359:
351:
335:
331:
327:
308:bird of prey
298:
297:
293:
291:
280:
279:
241:
217:
211:
183:
181:
165:
164:
152:
142:Accipitridae
18:
2049:iNaturalist
1806:Wikispecies
1703:Oiseaux.net
1592:(1): 42–44.
1141:Gill, Frank
1095:Mayr, Ernst
919:West Bengal
781:territorial
765:common reed
742:Puerto Rico
665:Great Lakes
646:Lake Baikal
618:Scandinavia
508:Description
479:aeruginosus
475:hen harrier
376:Australasia
316:subtropical
204:Subspecies
2281:Categories
2237:Q122583407
2205:Xeno-canto
1762:Xeno-canto
1618:: 150–151.
1426:2018-06-07
1390:BBC Nature
1353:2021-08-31
1332:Verma 2002
1232:Cramp 1980
1220:Cramp 1980
1205:Cramp 1980
1080:insectorum
991:References
863:Pair bonds
789:allopatric
734:Guadeloupe
685:subspecies
667:region in
663:basin and
648:region of
644:, and the
434:under the
395:subspecies
977:lead shot
950:pesticide
809:Rajasthan
777:grassland
690:inhabits
615:subarctic
567:rectrices
399:migratory
390:islands.
312:temperate
240:Range of
160:Species:
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
2231:Wikidata
2166:Species+
2093:22695344
2067:10215811
1950:45511397
1862:22695344
1857:BirdLife
1846:BioLib:
1791:Wikidata
1611:Forktail
1542:: 70–71.
1535:Forktail
1514:85626943
1447:(2000).
1117:(1799).
1076:(1761).
1056:(1758).
921:, India)
846:Breeding
773:farmland
718:Malaysia
706:Vagrants
688:harterti
671:, or to
642:Mongolia
578:and the
443:locality
412:Taxonomy
378:and the
364:Wallacea
318:western
273:Synonyms
192:Linnaeus
138:Family:
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
2259:ZooBank
2251:7871104
2028:2480482
1937:wemhar1
1898:bob2600
1885:wemhar1
1834:Avibase
1726:Avibase
1438:Sources
1184:, 109.
1159:10 June
1038:30 July
983:by the
966:Ireland
931:Estonia
915:Kolkata
898:harrier
874:reedbed
823:vetiver
785:habitat
761:wetland
746:Bermuda
722:Sumatra
710:Iceland
700:Tunisia
696:Algeria
692:Morocco
681:Myanmar
650:Siberia
571:remiges
563:cryptic
559:plumage
551:harrier
530:Haryana
518:remiges
501:Zedlitz
428:of his
354:), the
320:Eurasia
304:harrier
222:Zedlitz
148:Genus:
128:Order:
118:Class:
63: (
2197:558541
2158:373315
2145:263139
2080:559297
1984:EURING
1963:CIRKAE
1797:Q26431
1666:
1638:
1562:
1525:Circus
1512:
1417:
1188:
886:fledge
882:clutch
878:arable
801:locust
797:steppe
720:, and
714:Azores
712:, the
698:, and
679:, and
675:, the
673:Arabia
669:Africa
632:, and
626:Turkey
576:irides
471:kirkos
467:kirkos
460:Circus
451:Circus
366:, the
324:Africa
264:
258:
252:
246:
224:, 1914
153:Circus
2192:WoRMS
2062:IRMNG
2002:96710
1971:EUNIS
1932:eBird
1911:5Z6WQ
1882:BOW:
1875:32034
1606:(PDF)
1582:(PDF)
1530:(PDF)
1510:S2CID
1488:(PDF)
1452:(PDF)
1249:(PDF)
870:reeds
813:India
657:Sahel
638:China
594:morph
534:India
522:Hodal
483:Latin
447:genus
374:) of
310:from
38:Male
2246:GBIF
2184:4412
2171:7513
2119:8964
2114:NCBI
2088:IUCN
2075:ITIS
2054:5173
2023:GBIF
1989:2600
1958:EPPO
1870:BOLD
1849:8517
1664:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1560:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1186:ISBN
1161:2021
1040:2023
1023:2019
985:IUCN
821:and
775:and
661:Nile
634:Iran
630:Iraq
580:cere
344:taxa
314:and
306:, a
292:The
196:1758
122:Aves
2179:TSA
2101:NBN
2036:IBC
1976:973
1945:EoL
1919:CMS
1906:CoL
1893:BTO
1821:ADW
1760:on
1701:at
1502:doi
1498:122
1493:Auk
1466:doi
1462:117
1457:Auk
1257:103
1027:doi
807:of
740:in
728:in
481:is
2283::
2261::
2248::
2233::
2207::
2194::
2181::
2168::
2155::
2142::
2132:81
2129::
2116::
2103::
2090::
2077::
2064::
2051::
2038::
2025::
2012::
1999::
1986::
1973::
1960::
1947::
1934::
1921::
1908::
1895::
1872::
1859::
1836::
1823::
1808::
1793::
1741:.
1724:.
1616:18
1614:.
1608:.
1590:19
1588:.
1584:.
1540:14
1538:.
1532:.
1508:.
1496:.
1490:.
1460:.
1454:.
1409:.
1388:.
1370:.
1346:.
1306:.
1255:.
1251:.
1212:^
1182:34
1151:.
1132:^
1121:.
1021:.
1015:.
999:^
987:.
716:,
702:.
694:,
659:,
652:.
640:,
628:,
532:,
528:,
220:-
194:,
1764:.
1747:.
1728:.
1672:.
1644:.
1568:.
1516:.
1504::
1474:.
1468::
1429:.
1392:.
1356:.
1194:.
1163:.
1042:.
1029::
1013:"
1009:"
917:(
833:(
825:(
811:(
767:(
536:)
524:(
382:(
370:(
358:(
350:(
340:"
336:"
296:(
198:)
190:(
67:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
