163:
96:
harmonise and to complete: "More peculiar to the
Western text is the readiness to adopt alterations or additions from sources extraneous to the books which ultimately became canonical." This text type often presents longer variants of text, but in a few places, including the end of the Gospel of Luke, it has shorter variants, named
444:
distinctive
Western readings in the Gospels are more likely to display glosses, additional details, and instances where the original passages appear to be replaced with longer paraphrases. In distinction from both Alexandrian and Byzantine texts, the Western text-type consistently omits a series of
95:
The main characteristic of the
Western text is a love of paraphrase: "Words and even clauses are changed, omitted, and inserted with surprising freedom, wherever it seemed that the meaning could be brought out with greater force and definiteness." One possible source of glossing is the desire to
465:
and expansion; and accordingly tend to prefer the
Alexandrian readings. In the letters of St Paul, the counterpart Western text is more restrained, and some text critics regard it as the most reliable witness to the original. Nonetheless, the 'Western' Pauline materials do exhibit distinctive
460:
Although the
Western text-type survives in relatively few witnesses, some of these are as early as the earliest witnesses to the Alexandrian text type. Nevertheless, the majority of text critics consider the Western text in the Gospels to be characterised by
86:
However, the existence of a singular
Western text-type has been criticized by some recent textual critics such as J. Read-Heimerdinger, instead preferring to call the Western text a group of text-types and not as a singular text-type.
135:
translations of the
Gospels, the Sinaitic and the Curetonian, though opinions vary as to whether these versions can be considered witnesses to the Western text-type. A number of fragmentary early
457:
and uncials F and G - does not share the periphrastic tendencies of the
Western text in the Gospels and Acts, and it is not clear whether they should be considered to share a single text-type.
162:
466:
redactional biases, with a number of distinctive variants which collectively tend to diminish the status of the women in the congregations addressed by Paul.
1042:"Recasting Paul as a Chauvinist within the Western Text-Type Manuscript Tradition: Implications for the Authorship Debate on 1 Corinthians 14.34-35"
909:
20:
1008:
945:
151:. The term "Western" is a bit of a misnomer because members of the Western text-type have been found in the Christian East, including Syria.
711:
1134:
1177:
1157:
565:
787:
80:
731:
577:
998:
1182:
1124:
A Textual
Commentary On The Greek New Testament: A Companion Volume To The United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament
453:
appear in a variant order: Matthew, John, Luke, Mark. The
Western text of the Epistles of Paul - as witnessed in the
543:('in him is life') — Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Bezae and majority of Vetus Latina manuscripts and Sahidic manuscripts.
440:
distinctive Western readings in the Gospels are more likely to be abrupt in their Greek expression. Compared to the
914:
97:
79:
probably did not have a Western form of text. It was named "Western" by Semmler (1725–1791), having originated in
967:
743:
858:('fasting and prayer') – א, K, L, 88, 326, 436, 614, 1241, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect, syr, goth
682:
937:
The Text of the New Testament in Contemporary Research: Essays on the Status Quaestionis. Second Edition
747:
739:
551:('in him was life') — this variant is supported by mss of the Alexandrian, Byzantine and Caesarean texts
441:
315:
1000:
INTRODUCTION TO THE TEXT OF THE NEW TESTAMENT: From The Authors and Scribe to the Modern Critical Text
154:
Manuscripts classified as "Western" generally have longer readings when compared to other text-types.
963:
899:
1046:
904:
878:
811:
454:
437:
331:
120:
1147:
886:
819:
363:
76:
433:(Acts), 913, 915, 917, 1108, 1245, 1518, 1611, 1836, 1874, 1898, 1912, 2138, 2298, 2412 (Acts).
1004:
941:
72:
28:
1108:
1101:
1087:
1055:
1023:
867:
282:
144:
68:
1152:
882:
815:
735:
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347:
132:
40:
1112:
446:
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124:
47:, and also in quotations from certain 2nd and 3rd-century Christian writers, including
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32:
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59:. The Western text had many characteristic features, which appeared in text of the
36:
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both verses are displaced to the conclusion of Chapter 14, following verse 40 –
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593:
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394:
299:
264:
259:
116:
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449:; the so-called Western non-interpolations. In at least two Western texts, the
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573:
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390:
386:
382:
378:
246:
230:
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52:
1117:
The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration
769:
603:
1105:(1949-1959), Novum Testamentum, Volume 3, Numbers 1–2, 1959, pp. 1–53.
850:, 33, 81, 104, 181, 629, 630, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, it vg, cop, arm, eth
763:
597:
56:
1102:
A Survey of the Researches Into the Western Text of the Gospels and Acts
1060:
1041:
128:
108:
60:
48:
1126:, 1994, United Bible Societies, London & New York, pp. 5*-6*.
826:
450:
136:
104:
1119:, Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford 2005, pp. 276–277.
161:
140:
107:
manuscript is considered to transmit a Western text for the four
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131:: F and G. Many "Western" readings are also found in the Old
123:
is considered to transmit a Western text for the letters of
147:
is considered to be Western in the first eight chapters of
143:
also have Western readings, 𝔓, 𝔓, 𝔓; and in addition,
81:
early centers of Christianity in the Western Roman Empire
985:
Collected Papers in Greek And Georgian Textual Criticism
637:— mss of the Alexandrian, Byzantine and Caesarean texts
1093:
Four lectures on the western text of the New Testament
1148:
Western text at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism
1153:
The Western Text of the Acts of the Apostles (1923)
480:και μετα τριων ημερων αλλος αναστησεται ανευ χειρων
987:, University of Birmingham Press, 2001, pp. 29-43.
934:Ehrman, Bart D.; Holmes, Michael W. (2012-11-09).
790:, 1230, 1253, 1344, 1365, 1646, 2148, mss of Byz.
1131:Focus on the ‘Western’ Text in Recent Studies
8:
1163:Hort's Theory of 'Western Non-Interpolations
1059:
972:The New Testament In The Original Greek
926:
910:Categories of New Testament manuscripts
719:εγω ουπω αναβαινω εις την εορτην ταυτην
445:eight short phrases from verses in the
959:
957:
707:εγω ουκ αναβαινω εις την εορτην ταυτην
21:textual criticism of the New Testament
497:('and pray') by codices B, D, a, c, k
127:and is followed by two ninth century
7:
31:. It is the predominant form of the
1135:Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses
866:('prayer and fasting') – 330, 451,
846:, 𝔓, א*, A, B, C, D, F, G, P, Ψ,
14:
1137:, 1997, vol.73, pp. 401–410.
997:Andrews, Edward D. (2019-02-02).
522:('forsaken me') — Alexandrian mss
900:Acts of the Apostles#Manuscripts
1028:New Testament Textual Criticism
750:, Koridethi, Athous Lavrensis,
1158:The Western Non-Interpolations
1003:. Christian Publishing House.
714:, 1071, 1079, 1241, 1242, 1546
710:— Sinaiticus, Bezae, Cyprius,
530:(see Mt 27:46) — Byzantine mss
1:
588:— Sinaiticus, A, C, L, Θ, Ψ,
578:Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209
370:
367:
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1030:, Baker Books, 2006, p. 65.
940:. BRILL. pp. 190–191.
1201:
1040:Wilson, Joseph AP (2022).
915:Western non-interpolations
862:
855:τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη
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501:Mark 15:34 (see Ps 22:2)
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98:Western non-interpolations
1178:New Testament text-types
968:Fenton John Anthony Hort
273:fragments Matt and Luke
873:1 Corinthians 14:34-35
863:τη προσευχη και νηστεια
621:— p, Sinaiticus, i, syr
16:New Testament text type
167:
43:translations from the
35:text witnessed in the
442:Alexandrian text-type
316:Codex Washingtonianus
165:
964:Brooke Foss Westcott
677:— p, Sinaiticus, A,
409:(Pauline epistles),
254:fragment of Luke 22
238:fragment of Acts 23
206:fragment of Matt 26
119:; the sixth century
115:, the fifth century
1061:10.3390/rel13050432
905:Caesarean text-type
879:Codex Claromontanus
812:Codex Claromontanus
455:Codex Claromontanus
438:Byzantine text-type
377:Other manuscripts:
332:Codex Claromontanus
121:Codex Claromontanus
27:is one of the main
1183:Biblical criticism
1122:Bruce M. Metzger,
887:Codex Boernerianus
833:1 Corinthians 7:5
820:Codex Boernerianus
364:Codex Boernerianus
168:
77:Book of Revelation
1010:978-1-949586-78-7
947:978-90-04-23604-2
540:ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ἐστίν
375:
374:
371:Pauline Epistles
355:Pauline Epistles
339:Pauline Epistles
307:Gospels and Acts
222:fragment of Acts
73:Catholic epistles
25:Western text-type
1190:
1109:Bruce M. Metzger
1099:A. F. J. Klijn,
1088:J. Rendel Harris
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510:('insult me') —
509:
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496:
495:
482:
481:
470:Textual variants
436:Compared to the
283:Codex Sinaiticus
247:Oxyrhynchus XXIV
215:Papyrus Michigan
170:
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145:Codex Sinaiticus
69:Pauline epistles
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883:Codex Augiensis
816:Codex Augiensis
740:Washingtonianus
626:ὁ ἐκλεκτός ὑιος
576:, Sinaiticus*,
494:και προσευχεσθε
491:omitted phrase
472:
348:Codex Augiensis
160:
103:Only one Greek
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548:ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ᾓν
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527:με ἐγκατέλιπες
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519:ἐγκατέλιπές με
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507:ὠνείδισάς με
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487:Mark 13:33
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113:Book of Acts
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65:Book of Acts
24:
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839:τη προσευχη
752:Uncial 0105
650:— p, B, W,
463:periphrasis
300:Codex Bezae
265:Uncial 0171
166:Codex Bezae
117:Codex Bezae
91:Description
1172:Categories
1054:(5): 432.
744:Monacensis
728:Papyrus 75
724:Papyrus 66
641:John 3:15
618:ὁ ἐκλεκτός
612:John 1:34
474:Mark 13:2
231:Papyrus 48
199:Papyrus 37
125:Saint Paul
53:Tertullian
29:text types
1047:Religions
798:it reads
736:Borgianus
701:John 7:8
679:Koridethi
674:εἰς αὐτον
534:John 1:4
158:Witnesses
67:, and in
37:Old Latin
894:See also
662:ἐπ' αὐτῷ
483:— D W it
429:(Acts),
425:(Acts),
360:G (012)
344:F (010)
312:W (032)
203:ca. 300
111:and the
75:and the
57:Irenaeus
685:, 063,
647:ἐν αὐτῷ
580:, C*, W
451:Gospels
328:D (06)
304:c. 400
296:D (05)
278:(01) ﬡ
267:, ε 07
219:c. 300
189:Content
129:Uncials
109:Gospels
61:Gospels
49:Cyprian
1007:
944:
827:Origen
732:Regius
634:ὁ ὑιος
137:papyri
133:Syriac
105:Uncial
71:. The
41:Syriac
23:, the
921:Notes
825:it ,
807:κυριω
801:καιρω
697:, Byz
608:, Byz
514:, syr
512:D, it
385:(?),
141:Egypt
139:from
45:Greek
1005:ISBN
942:ISBN
810:, –
804:for
788:1216
760:0250
756:0180
656:0113
594:0101
585:περι
561:ὑπὲρ
395:0177
368:9th
352:9th
336:6th
320:5th
288:4th
270:4th
260:0171
251:3rd
235:3rd
184:Date
179:Name
174:Sign
149:John
55:and
39:and
1056:doi
784:892
780:700
687:086
669:, A
652:083
590:063
431:614
427:440
423:383
419:338
415:257
411:255
407:181
391:066
243:𝔓
227:𝔓
211:𝔓
195:𝔓
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1115:,
1111:,
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