711:
322:, memory, executive function and cognitive estimation. They found that subjects with WKS showed impairments in all aspects of this test battery but most noticeably, on the cognitive estimation tasks. This task required subjects to estimate a physical quality such as size, weight, quantity or time (e.g. What is the average length of a shower?) of a particular item. Patients with WKS performed worse than normal control participants on all of the tasks in this category. The patients found estimations involving time to be the most difficult, whereas quantity was the easiest estimation to make. Additionally, the study included a category for classifying "bizarre" answers, which included any answer that was far outside of the normal range of expected responses. WKS patients did give answers that could fall into such a category, such as 15 seconds or 1 hour for the estimated length of a shower, or 4 kg or 15 tonnes as the weight of a car.
371:, spontaneous confabulation being seen more frequently than provoked confabulation. Spontaneous confabulations refer to incorrect memories that the patient holds to be true, and may act on, arising spontaneously without any provocation. Provoked confabulations can occur when a patient is cued to give a response, this may occur in test settings. The spontaneous confabulations viewed in WKS are thought to be produced by an impairment in source memory, where they are unable to remember the spatial and contextual information for an event, and thus may use irrelevant or old memory traces to fill in for the information that they cannot access. It has also been suggested that this behaviour may be due to executive dysfunction where they are unable to inhibit incorrect memories or because they are unable to shift their attention away from an incorrect response.
699:
686:
675:) is an essential coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism and is also a regulator of osmotic gradient. Its deficiency may cause swelling of the intracellular space and local disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Brain tissue is very sensitive to changes in electrolytes and pressure and edema can be cytotoxic. In Wernicke this occurs specifically in the mammillary bodies, medial thalami, tectal plate, and periaqueductal areas. People with the condition may also exhibit a dislike for sunlight and so may wish to stay indoors with the lights off. The mechanism of this degeneration is unknown, but it supports the current neurological theory that the mammillary bodies play a role in various "memory circuits" within the brain. An example of a memory circuit is the
532:
confirmed through studies in which rats were subjected to alcohol exposure and lower levels of thiamine through a low-thiamine diet. In particular, studies have demonstrated that clinical signs of the neurological problems that result from thiamine deficiency develop faster in rats that have received alcohol and were also deficient in thiamine than rats who did not receive alcohol. In another study, it was found that rats that were chronically fed alcohol had significantly lower liver thiamine stores than control rats. This provides an explanation for why alcoholics with
523:. These patients had developed WKS but were not alcoholics and had never suffered from dietary deprivation. WKS developed between 2 and 20 years after the surgery. There were small dietary changes that contributed to the development of WKS but overall the lack of absorption of thiamine from the gastrointestinal tract was the cause. Therefore, it must be ensured that patients who have undergone gastrectomy have a proper education on dietary habits, and carefully monitor their thiamine intake. Additionally, an early diagnosis of WKS, should it develop, is very important.
53:
560:(alpha-KGDH) are impaired. The impaired functioning of the Krebs cycle results in inadequate production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or energy for the cells functioning. Energy is required by the brain for proper functioning and use of its neurotransmitters. Injury to the brain occurs when neurons that require high amounts of energy from thiamine dependent enzymes are not supplied with enough energy and die.
343:. The retrograde amnesia that accompanies WKS can extend as far back as twenty to thirty years, and there is generally a temporal gradient seen, where earlier memories are recalled better than more recent memories. It has been widely accepted that the critical structures that lead to the memory impairment in WKS are the mammillary bodies, and the thalamic regions. Despite the aforementioned memory deficits,
359:
the non-rewarded stimuli. WKS patients displayed significant deficits in this task. The researchers were also successful in displaying a deficit in recognition memory by having patients make a yes/no decision as to whether a stimulus was familiar (previously seen) or novel (not previously seen). The patients in this study also showed a significant deficit in their ability to perform this task.
548:, is required by three different enzymes to allow for conversion of ingested nutrients into energy. Thiamine can not be produced in the body and must be obtained through diet and supplementation. The duodenum is responsible for absorbing thiamine. The liver can store thiamine for 18 days. Prolonged and frequent consumption of alcohol causes a decreased ability to absorb thiamine in the
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3559:
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710:
839:. Brain atrophy was only found upon post-mortem autopsy. Wernicke believed these hemorrhages were due to inflammation and thus the disease was named polioencephalitis haemorrhagica superior. Later, it was found that Wernicke encephalopathy and alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome are products of the same cause.
1698:
Mann, Karl; Agartz, Ingrid; Harper, Clive; Shoaf, Susan; Rawlings, Robert R.; Momenan, Reza; Hommer, Daniel W.; Pfefferbaum, Adolf; Sullivan, Edith V.; Anton, Raymond F.; Drobes, David J.; George, Mark S.; Bares, Roland; Machulla, Hans-Juergen; Mundle, Goetz; Reimold, Matthias; Heinz, Andreas (2001).
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The onset of
Wernicke encephalopathy is considered a medical emergency. Prompt administration of thiamine can prevent the disorder from developing into Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, or reduce its severity. Treatment can also reduce the progression of the deficits caused by WKS, but will not completely
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Strong evidence suggests that ethanol interferes directly with thiamine uptake in the gastrointestinal tract. Ethanol also disrupts thiamine storage in the liver and the transformation of thiamine into its active form. The role of alcohol consumption in the development of WKS has been experimentally
358:
and stimulus-reward associative functions in patients with WKS. The deficit in stimulus-reward functions was demonstrated by Oscar-Berman and
Pulaski who presented patients with reinforcements for certain stimuli but not others, and then required the patients to distinguish the rewarded stimuli from
261:
The DSM-5 classifies
Korsakoff syndrome under Substance/Medication-Induced Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorders, specifically alcohol-induced amnestic confabulatory. The diagnostic criteria defined as necessary for diagnosis includes prominent amnesia, forgetting quickly, and difficulty learning.
286:
Several cases have been documented where
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome has been seen on a large scale. In 1947, 52 cases of WKS were documented in a prisoner of war hospital in Singapore where the prisoners' diets included less than 1 mg of thiamine per day. Such cases provide an opportunity to
726:
As described, Korsakoff syndrome usually follows or accompanies
Wernicke encephalopathy. If treated quickly, it may be possible to prevent the development of WKS with thiamine treatments. This treatment is not guaranteed to be effective and the thiamine needs to be administered adequately in both
794:
Internationally, the prevalence rates of WKS are relatively standard, being anywhere between zero and two percent. Despite this, specific sub-populations seem to have higher prevalence rates including people who are homeless, older individuals (especially those living alone or in isolation), and
330:
The amnesic symptoms of WKS include both retrograde and anterograde amnesia. The retrograde deficit has been demonstrated through an inability of WKS patients to recall or recognize information for recent public events. The anterograde memory loss is demonstrated through deficits in tasks that
727:
dose and duration. A study on
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome showed that with consistent thiamine treatment there were noticeable improvements in mental status after only 2–3 weeks of therapy. Thus, there is hope that with treatment Wernicke encephalopathy will not necessarily progress to WKS.
698:
269:
Despite the assertion that alcoholic
Korsakoff syndrome must be caused by the use of alcohol, there have been several cases where it has developed from other instances of thiamine deficiency resulting from gross malnutrition due to conditions such as stomach cancer,
859:
Although WE and AKS were discovered separately, these two syndromes are usually referred to under one name, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, due to the fact that they are part of the same cause and because the onset of AKS usually follows WE if left untreated.
691:
Axial MRI FLAIR image showing hyperintense signal in the mesial dorsal thalami, a common finding in
Wernicke encephalopathy. This patient was nearly in coma when IV thiamine was started, he responded moderately well but was left with some Korsakoff type
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2465:
889:, is well known to be living with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome due to his past alcoholism. He has written multiple songs about addiction and his experiences with alcohol, with many of such songs being found on the band's 2009 album
734:
is imperative for proper nutrition which, in combination with thiamine supplements, may reduce the chance of developing WKS. This prevention method may specifically help heavy drinkers who refuse to or are unable to quit.
850:
was a
Russian physician after whom the disease "Korsakoff's syndrome" was named. In the late 1800s Korsakoff was studying long-term alcoholic patients and began to notice a decline in their memory function. At the 13th
855:
in Moscow in 1897, Korsakoff presented a report called: "On a special form of mental illness combined with degenerative polyneuritis". After the presentation of this report the term "Korsakoff's syndrome" was coined.
1293:"Review: Wernicke encephalopathy revisited: Translation of the case history section of the original manuscript by Carl Wernicke 'Lehrbuch der Gehirnkrankheiten fur Aerzte and Studirende' (1881) with a commentary"
1611:
Navarro, Darren; Zwingmann, Claudia; Chatauret, Nicolas; Butterworth, Roger F. (2008). "Glucose loading precipitates focal lactic acidosis in the vulnerable medial thalamus of thiamine-deficient rats".
206:, inability to concentrate, and a decrease in awareness of the immediate situation they are in. If left untreated, WE can lead to coma or death. In about 29% of patients, ocular disturbances consist of
617:, although it was noted that this may be due to the direct toxic effects of alcohol as opposed to thiamine deficiency that has been attributed as the underlying cause of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome.
1332:
Brand, Matthias; Fujiwara, Esther; Kalbe, Elke; Steingass, Hans-Peter; Kessler, Josef; Markowitsch, Hans J. (2003). "Cognitive
Estimation and Affective Judgments in Alcoholic Korsakoff Patients".
754:
2361:
Harper, Clive; Fornes, Paul; Duyckaerts, Charles; Lecomte, Dominique; Hauw, Jean-Jacques (1995). "An international perspective on the prevalence of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome".
253:
About 19% of patients have none of the symptoms in the classic triad at first diagnosis of WE; however, usually one or more of the symptoms develops later as the disease progresses.
1779:
Nixon, Peter F.; Kaczmarek, M. Jan; Tate, Jill; Kerr, Ray A.; Price, John (1984). "An erythrocyte transketolase isoenzyme pattern associated with the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome".
1759:
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799:. For example, in France, a country that is well known for its consumption and production of wine, prevalence was only 0.4% in 1994, while Australia had a prevalence of 2.8%.
473:. In individuals with sub-clinical thiamine deficiency, a large dose of glucose (either as sweet food or glucose infusion) can precipitate the onset of overt encephalopathy.
99:(AKS ). Due to the close relationship between these two disorders, people with either are usually diagnosed with WKS as a single syndrome. It mainly causes vision changes,
311:
have been documented. In addition to this, it has been noted that some patients displayed an inability to focus, and the inability of others to catch patients' attention.
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4490:
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552:. Thiamine deficiency is also related to malnutrition from poor diet, impaired use of thiamine by the cells and impaired storage in the liver. Without thiamine the
519:
The fact that gastrointestinal surgery can lead to the development of WKS was demonstrated in a study that was completed on three patients who recently undergone a
1517:
Osiezagha, Kenneth; Ali, Shahid; Freeman, C.; Barker, Narviar C.; Jabeen, Shagufta; Maitra, Sarbani; Olagbemiro, Yetunde; Richie, William; Bailey, Rahn K. (2013).
2262:
Victor, M; Adams, RD; Collins, GH (1971). "The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. A clinical and pathological study of 245 patients, 82 with post-mortem examinations".
1212:. American Psychiatric Association., American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Task Force. (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2013.
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1867:
Todd, Kathryn G.; Hazell, Alan S.; Butterworth, Roger F. (1999). "Alcohol-thiamine interactions: an update on the pathogenesis of Wernicke encephalopathy".
4146:
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1655:
Watson, A. J. S.; Walker, J. F.; Tomkin, G. H.; Finn, M. M. R.; Keogh, J. A. B. (1981). "Acute Wernickes Encephalopathy precipitated by glucose loading".
3011:
214:
or other muscles in the eye. A smaller percentage of patients experience a decrease in reaction time of the pupils to light stimuli and swelling of the
730:
In order to reduce the risk of developing WKS it is important to limit the intake of alcohol in order to ensure that proper nutrition needs are met. A
4917:
667:
Frequently, secondary to thiamine deficiency and subsequent cytotoxic edema in Wernicke encephalopathy, patients will have marked degeneration of the
648:
Diagnosis of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is by clinical impression and can sometimes be confirmed by a formal neuropsychological assessment. Wernicke
3589:
742:
alcoholic beverages with thiamine to reduce the incidence of WKS among those heavily abusing alcohol. To date, no such proposals have been enacted.
1163:
Sechi, GianPietro; Serra, Alessandro (2007). "Wernicke's encephalopathy: new clinical settings and recent advances in diagnosis and management".
4419:
1027:
Thomson, Allan D.; Marshall, E. Jane (2006). "The natural history and pathophysiology of Wernicke's Encephalopathy and Korsakoff's Psychosis".
874:
133:. Failure in diagnosis of WE and thus treatment of the disease leads to death in approximately 20% of cases, while 75% are left with permanent
3943:
2323:
2298:
1385:
Kopelman, M. D.; Thomson, A. D.; Guerrini, I.; Marshall, E. J. (2009). "The Korsakoff Syndrome: Clinical Aspects, Psychology and Treatment".
1217:
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1006:
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299:, difficulties in concentration, loss of memory for the immediate past, and gradual degeneration of mental state; consisting of confusion,
2436:
Lello, Michael "Breaking the Silence" Archived 2010-02-19 at the Wayback Machine The Weekender (September 15, 2009). Retrieved on 2-09-10.
1260:"Abstracts Presented at the Thirty-First Annual International Neuropsychological Society Conference, February 5–8, 2003 Honolulu, Hawaii"
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learning tasks. WKS patients have also demonstrated difficulties in perseveration as evidenced by a deficit in performance on the
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2606:
2069:
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WKS occurs more frequently in men than women and has the highest prevalence in the ages 55–65. Approximately 71% are unmarried.
4507:
4793:
4761:
4009:
3901:
1425:
Oscar-Berman, Marlene; Pulaski, Joan L. (1997). "Associative learning and recognition memory in alcoholic Korsakoff patients".
2314:
Merle A. Carter; Edward Bernstein (2005). "Acute and Chronic Alcohol Intoxication". In Elizabeth Mitchell; Ron Medzon (eds.).
4476:
4403:
4058:
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3094:
852:
202:. The aforementioned changes in mental state occur in approximately 82% of patients' symptoms of which range from confusion,
4927:
4230:
640:, which explains how WKS can develop in patients with damage exclusively to either the thalamus or the mammillary bodies.
1765:
461:, or people with eating disorders. In some regions, physicians have observed thiamine deficiency brought about by severe
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4079:
3912:
3877:
3142:
3043:
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150:
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associated with WKS. Of those affected, 25% require long-term institutionalization in order to receive effective care.
1566:
Zimitat, Craig; Nixon, Peter F. (1999). "Glucose loading precipitates acute encephalopathy in thiamin-deficient rats".
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4443:
4307:
4236:
4224:
3882:
3636:
704:
Axial MRI B=1000 DWI image showing hyperintense signal indicative of restricted diffusion in the mesial dorsal thalami
340:
2186:
1291:
Thomson, Allan D.; Cook, Christopher C. H.; Guerrini, Irene; Sheedy, Donna; Harper, Clive; Marshall, E. Jane (2008).
1255:
Ingram, V.; Kelly, M.; Grammer, G. "Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome Following Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for Sleep Apnea".
716:
Axial MRI FLAIR image showing hyperintense signal in the periaqueductal gray matter and tectum of the dorsal midbrain
1465:"Confabulation behavior and false memories in Korsakoff's syndrome: Role of source memory and executive functioning"
410:
or coenzyme in glucose metabolism. The enzymes that are dependent on thiamine pyrophosphate are associated with the
222:. Finally, the symptoms involving stance and gait occur in about 23% of patients and result from dysfunction in the
4004:
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3622:
3608:
3268:
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1241:
427:
1915:"Interaction of Thiamine Deficiency and Voluntary Alcohol Consumption Disrupts Rat Corpus Callosum Ultrastructure"
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4313:
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153:. It involves an acute Wernicke-encephalopathy phase, followed by the development of a Korsakoff syndrome phase.
2065:"The repeating history of objections to the fortification of bread and alcohol: from iron filings to folic acid"
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3056:
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2150:; Carruthers, Susan J.; Howat, Peter A. (September 1989). "Thiamin in beer: a health promotion perspective".
762:
Daily recommendations of thiamine requirements are 0.66 mg per 8,400 kilojoules (2,000 kilocalories) of
637:
503:
One as-yet-unreplicated study has associated susceptibility to this syndrome with a hereditary deficiency of
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2759:
1568:
816:
407:
380:
146:
126:. These disorders may manifest together or separately. WKS is usually secondary to prolonged alcohol abuse.
92:
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psychiatric inpatients. Additionally, studies show that prevalence is not connected to alcohol consumption
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Butterworth, RF (1993). "Pathophysiology of cerebellar dysfunction in the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome".
211:
1826:
636:. It has been argued that the memory impairments can occur as a result of damage along any part of the
347:
functions appear to be intact in WKS patients. This has been demonstrated through measures that assess
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The amnesia that is associated with this syndrome is a result of the atrophy in the structures of the
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In a study conducted in 2003 by Brand et al. on the cognitive effects of WKS, the researchers used a
130:
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reverse existing deficits. WKS will continue to be present, at least partially, in 80% of patients.
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454:
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As stated above, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in the United States is usually found in malnourished
107:
4881:
4738:
4537:
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4118:
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3527:
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3288:
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1892:
1804:
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936:"[Cerebral beriberi with ophthalmoplegia as the leading symptom in an alcoholic patient]"
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355:
348:
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247:
219:
96:
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1913:
He, Xiaohua; Sullivan, Edith V; Stankovic, Roger K; Harper, Clive G; Pfefferbaum, Adolf (2007).
423:
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Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in people with chronic alcohol use particularly is associated with
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1990:
1972:
1936:
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227:
67:
1825:
Shimomura, Tatsuo; Mori, Etsuro; Hirono, Nobutsugu; Imamura, Toru; Yamashita, Hikari (1998).
307:. In other cases of WKS, cognitive effects such as severely disrupted speech, giddiness, and
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4681:
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2159:
2078:
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1980:
1926:
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1838:
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1708:
1664:
1621:
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1394:
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1036:
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847:
430:. Thus, anything that encourages glucose metabolism will exacerbate an existing clinical or
308:
271:
166:
3574:
1067:"Health problems and care needs in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome: A systematic review"
17:
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533:
493:
115:
2344:
2289:
Jeffrey E Kelsey; D Jeffrey Newport; Charles B Nemeroff (2006). "Alcohol Use Disorders".
52:
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1985:
1960:
1827:"Development of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome after long intervals following gastrectomy"
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458:
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304:
263:
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2012:
Kyoko Konishi. (2009) The Cognitive Profile of Elderly Korsakoff's Syndrome Patients.
1481:
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Dam, Mirjam Johanna; Meijel, Berno; Postma, Albert; Oudman, Erik (January 15, 2020).
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3003:
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1808:
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625:
621:
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In addition to the damage seen in these areas there have been reports of damage to
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497:
462:
431:
134:
119:
1463:
Kessels, Roy P. C.; Kortrijk, Hans E.; Wester, Arie J.; Nys, Gudrun M. S. (2008).
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766:
intake—approximately equivalent to 1.2 mg for men and 1.1 mg for women.
2515:
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4771:
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4517:
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4321:
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3246:
3200:
2545:
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978:
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275:
243:
239:
235:
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1438:
895:
as it was the first album Burnley had written and recorded completely sober.
872:
describes case histories of some of his patients with the syndrome in the book
819:
in 1881. His first diagnosis noted symptoms including paralyzed eye movements,
46:
Korsakoff's psychosis, cerebral beriberi, alcoholic encephalopathy, "wet brain"
4588:
4546:
4457:
4014:
3968:
3410:
3273:
2840:
2567:
2478:
2474:
2231:
2214:
1747:
1625:
1581:
1276:
1259:
891:
796:
776:
481:
469:, which is thiamine-deficient. The resulting nervous system ailment is called
466:
223:
215:
72:
2024:"Functional MRI study of diencephalic amnesia in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome"
1976:
1534:
1227:
1140:
1092:
951:
4351:
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2556:
2349:
1959:
Martin, Peter R.; Singleton, Charles K.; Hiller-Sturmhöfel, Susanne (2003).
1398:
1309:
1292:
1040:
388:
288:
207:
173:
76:
27:
Combined presence of Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) and Korsakoff's syndrome
2090:
2049:
2040:
2023:
1994:
1940:
1931:
1914:
1888:
1880:
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1633:
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935:
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4424:
4265:
4260:
4159:
4141:
3988:
3847:
3135:
909:
579:
549:
489:
470:
384:
336:
332:
292:
199:
192:
129:
Wernicke encephalopathy and WKS are most commonly seen in people with an
60:
2457:
398:
of Wernicke encephalopathy and is usually found in people who have used
4700:
4390:
4091:
2848:
2374:
1668:
1204:
1202:
661:
629:
564:
477:
296:
1083:
1066:
4689:
4203:
2469:
820:
783:
fluids containing vitamins and minerals, may be used as a treatment.
653:
508:
231:
203:
184:
100:
145:
The syndrome is a combined manifestation of two namesake disorders,
492:(accounting for amnesic symptoms), the medial dorsal thalamus, the
1210:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5
998:
Neurological Syndromes: A Clinical Guide to Symptoms and Diagnosis
567:
associated with WKS occurs in the following regions of the brain:
2504:
2291:
Principles of Psychopharmacology for Mental Health Professionals
180:
4472:
4468:
3578:
2588:
2584:
2406:
The man who mistook his wife for a hat and other clinical tales
1123:
Thiamine deficiency-induced neurodegeneration and neurogenesis
632:
that is presented as a result of other cases of damage to the
2187:"A pint of best and be generous with the B1, please landlord"
536:
have a higher incidence of both thiamine deficiency and WKS.
1961:"The role of thiamine deficiency in alcoholic brain disease"
660:, and Korsakoff's psychosis with anterograde and retrograde
441:, though it is also found in patients who undergo prolonged
318:
test battery which included tests of intelligence, speed of
161:
WE is characterized by the presence of a triad of symptoms:
287:
gain an understanding of what effects this syndrome has on
230:. Other symptoms that have been present in cases of WE are
402:
chronically. The metabolically active form of thiamine is
1699:"Neuroimaging in Alcoholism: Ethanol and Brain Damage".
335:
and then recalling lists of words and faces, as well as
1264:
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
394:) whilst Korsakoff's psychosis is a chronic neurologic
291:. In this particular case, cognitive symptoms included
664:
and confabulation upon relevant lines of questioning.
2008:
2006:
2004:
2447:
1334:
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
191:
This triad of symptoms results from a deficiency in
4874:
4839:
4737:
4668:
4545:
4536:
4506:
4435:
4389:
4350:
4259:
4202:
4158:
4129:
4090:
4035:
3987:
3961:
3934:
3856:
3825:
3806:
3769:
3745:
3738:
3729:
3695:
3615:
3495:
3464:
3323:
3316:
3209:
3181:
3113:
3070:
3042:
3002:
2944:
2839:
2745:
2720:
2672:
2665:
2622:
2536:
2451:
1862:
1860:
544:
The vitamin thiamine, also referred to as vitamin B
488:. Other regions include the anterior region of the
66:
42:
37:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2318:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 272.
881:Frontman and lead vocalist of the hard rock band
556:enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) and
484:of specific regions of the brain, especially the
114:. This can occur due to Wernicke encephalopathy,
4142:Acute intoxication from hallucinogens (bad trip)
2219:Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
1458:
1456:
1071:Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing
1954:
1952:
1950:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1820:
1818:
1701:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
1060:
1058:
266:can occur in conjunction with these symptoms.
4484:
3590:
2600:
1736:The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences
738:A number of proposals have been put forth to
465:, particularly in diets consisting mainly of
8:
973:
971:
969:
4147:Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
2731:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
4542:
4491:
4477:
4469:
3742:
3735:
3597:
3583:
3575:
3320:
2669:
2607:
2593:
2585:
2448:
2422:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1781:European Journal of Clinical Investigation
823:, and mental confusion. Also noticed were
628:and mammillary bodies), and is similar to
51:
34:
2230:
2119:Centerwall, Brandon (February 12, 1979).
2039:
1984:
1930:
1542:
1480:
1345:
1308:
1275:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1082:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1001:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2293:. Wiley-Interscience. pp. 196–197.
1420:
1418:
1416:
383:results from severe acute deficiency of
4277:Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)
1908:
1906:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
995:Millichap, J. Gordon (August 4, 2013).
926:
681:
4933:Syndromes affecting the nervous system
4420:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
2411:
1233:
875:The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat
511:that requires thiamine as a coenzyme.
3944:Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions
1469:Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
1125:(PhD Thesis). Binghamton University.
354:Other studies have shown deficits in
7:
1523:Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience
2215:"Should Thiamine Be Added to Beer?"
2185:Meikle, James (November 18, 2002).
250:and a progressive loss of hearing.
4451:Anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse
4080:Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder
2316:Introduction to Emergency Medicine
2164:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1989.tb00210.x
2083:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00422.x
1793:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1984.tb01181.x
1713:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02383.x
1519:"Thiamine Deficiency and Delirium"
25:
4000:Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder
3012:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm
558:alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
4918:Central nervous system disorders
4053:Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
3557:
3545:
2404:Sacks, Oliver 1933-2015 (1985).
2070:The Medical Journal of Australia
1657:Irish Journal of Medical Science
1482:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2008.01758.x
934:Arányi, J. (November 24, 1991).
709:
697:
684:
406:, which plays a major role as a
4010:Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
3902:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
599:the floor of the 4th ventricle,
262:Presence of thiamine deficient
4404:Sudden sniffing death syndrome
4059:Intravenous marijuana syndrome
3653:Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome
3222:Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model
3095:Memory and social interactions
853:International Medical Congress
445:(IV) therapy without vitamin B
91:) is the combined presence of
1:
4231:Opioid-induced endocrinopathy
2418:: CS1 maint: date and year (
2264:Contemporary Neurology Series
2213:Finlay-Jones, Robert (1986).
2063:Kamien, Max (June 19, 2006).
1965:Alcohol Research & Health
1177:10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70104-7
527:Alcohol-thiamine interactions
106:The cause of the disorder is
4444:Anabolic-androgenic steroids
3971:(alcohol use disorder (AUD))
3913:Positional alcohol nystagmus
3878:Alcohol-related brain damage
2931:Retrieval-induced forgetting
1707:(5 Suppl ISBRA): 104S–109S.
1121:Vetreno, Ryan Peter (2011).
831:around the third and fourth
379:It is generally agreed that
218:which may be accompanied by
4958:Substance-related disorders
4566:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
4308:Benzodiazepine use disorder
4237:Opioid-induced constipation
4225:Opioid-induced hyperalgesia
3919:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
3883:Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
3672:Substance-related disorders
3637:Substance-induced psychosis
3609:substance-related disorders
2573:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
2345:Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
1356:10.1076/jcen.25.3.324.13802
984:Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
381:Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
367:People with WKS often show
341:Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
85:Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
38:Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
18:Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
4974:
4005:Caffeine-induced psychosis
3936:Respiratory tract diseases
3921:(WKS, Korsakoff psychosis)
3718:Combined drug intoxication
3269:Levels of Processing model
3194:World Memory Championships
3027:Lost in the mall technique
2874:dissociative (psychogenic)
1843:10.1001/archneur.55.9.1242
1439:10.1037/0894-4105.11.2.282
750:Excessive citations inline
428:branched chain amino acids
4938:Health effects of alcohol
4571:Wernicke's encephalopathy
4314:Benzodiazepine dependence
4298:Benzodiazepine withdrawal
4108:Prenatal cocaine exposure
3771:Gastrointestinal diseases
3540:
2408:. New York: Summit Books.
2232:10.3109/00048678609158858
1748:10.1017/S0317167100048630
1626:10.1007/s11011-007-9076-z
1277:10.1017/S1355617703920017
172:Changes in mental state (
59:
50:
3873:Alcoholic polyneuropathy
3837:Alcohol-related dementia
3755:Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
3708:Polysubstance dependence
3681:Psychological dependence
3307:The Seven Sins of Memory
3252:Intermediate-term memory
3057:Indirect tests of memory
3034:Recovered-memory therapy
2984:Misattribution of memory
2152:Community Health Studies
2121:"Put Thiamine in Liquor"
979:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
868:The British neurologist
652:typically presents with
496:, the median and dorsal
238:), elevated heart rate (
4293:Benzodiazepine overdose
3925:Wernicke encephalopathy
3779:Alcoholic liver disease
3747:Cardiovascular diseases
2994:Source-monitoring error
2363:Metabolic Brain Disease
1919:Neuropsychopharmacology
1614:Metabolic Brain Disease
1582:10.1023/A:1020653312697
1569:Metabolic Brain Disease
817:Wernicke encephalopathy
808:Wernicke encephalopathy
755:considered for deletion
638:mammillo-thalamic tract
157:Wernicke encephalopathy
147:Wernicke encephalopathy
93:Wernicke encephalopathy
4379:Amphetamine dependence
4340:Barbiturate dependence
4171:Green Tobacco Sickness
4069:Amotivational syndrome
3949:Alcoholic lung disease
3889:Alcoholic hallucinosis
3868:Alcoholic hallucinosis
3816:Alcoholic ketoacidosis
3760:Alcohol flush reaction
3628:Substance intoxication
3401:George Armitage Miller
3361:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
1932:10.1038/sj.npp.1301332
1881:10.1080/13556219971470
1387:Alcohol and Alcoholism
1297:Alcohol and Alcoholism
1240:: CS1 maint: others (
1029:Alcohol and Alcoholism
500:, and the cerebellum.
404:thiamine pyrophosphate
345:non-declarative memory
320:information processing
234:, low blood pressure (
212:lateral rectus muscles
198:which is an essential
4747:Electrolyte imbalance
4615:Pyridoxine deficiency
4589:Riboflavin deficiency
4074:Cannabis use disorder
3797:Auto-brewery syndrome
3564:Philosophy portal
3552:Psychology portal
3416:Henry L. Roediger III
3017:False memory syndrome
2989:Misinformation effect
2969:Imagination inflation
1831:Archives of Neurology
1399:10.1093/alcalc/agn118
1310:10.1093/alcalc/agm144
1041:10.1093/alcalc/agh249
671:. Thiamine (vitamin B
434:thiamine deficiency.
420:oxidation of pyruvate
210:and paralysis of the
165:Ocular disturbances (
103:and impaired memory.
4928:Addiction psychiatry
4725:Vitamin K deficiency
4719:Vitamin E deficiency
4696:Vitamin D deficiency
4677:Vitamin A deficiency
4576:Korsakoff's syndrome
4330:Barbiturate overdose
4103:Cocaine intoxication
3843:Alcohol intoxication
3685:Substance dependence
2921:Motivated forgetting
2041:10.1093/brain/awh496
1270:(2): 135–330. 2003.
1165:The Lancet Neurology
634:medial temporal lobe
418:), and catalyze the
179:Unsteady stance and
131:alcohol use disorder
4363:Stimulant psychosis
4248:Opioid use disorder
4192:Nicotine dependence
4182:Nicotine withdrawal
4025:Caffeine dependence
3785:Alcoholic hepatitis
3677:Physical dependence
3648:Neonatal withdrawal
3431:Arthur P. Shimamura
3331:Richard C. Atkinson
3148:Effects of exercise
3022:Memory implantation
2906:Interference theory
2822:Selective retention
2802:Meaningful learning
1742:(Suppl 3): S123–6.
864:Society and culture
602:the cerebellum, and
587:periaqueductal grey
455:intensive care unit
414:(also known as the
108:thiamine (vitamin B
95:(WE) and alcoholic
4739:Mineral deficiency
4538:Vitamin deficiency
4177:Nicotine poisoning
4119:Cocaine dependence
4048:Cannabis arteritis
3908:Korsakoff syndrome
3808:Endocrine diseases
3528:Andriy Slyusarchuk
3351:Hermann Ebbinghaus
3257:Involuntary memory
3158:Memory improvement
3143:Effects of alcohol
3105:Transactive memory
3083:Politics of memory
3052:Exceptional memory
2537:External resources
2375:10.1007/BF01991779
2126:The New York Times
2022:Caulo, M. (2005).
1669:10.1007/BF02938260
905:Alcoholic dementia
843:Korsakoff syndrome
439:chronic alcoholics
356:recognition memory
349:perceptual priming
316:neuropsychological
257:Korsakoff syndrome
248:epileptic seizures
220:retinal hemorrhage
151:Korsakoff syndrome
141:Signs and symptoms
97:Korsakoff syndrome
4905:
4904:
4854:Failure to thrive
4849:Delayed milestone
4733:
4732:
4711:Harrison's groove
4641:Folate deficiency
4628:Biotin deficiency
4466:
4465:
4220:Opioid withdrawal
3983:
3982:
3957:
3956:
3572:
3571:
3536:
3535:
3523:Cosmos Rossellius
3371:Marcia K. Johnson
3242:Exosomatic memory
3227:Context-dependent
3217:Absent-mindedness
3100:Memory conformity
3078:Collective memory
2979:Memory conformity
2916:Memory inhibition
2835:
2834:
2827:Tip of the tongue
2582:
2581:
2325:978-0-7817-3200-0
2300:978-0-471-79462-2
1869:Addiction Biology
1219:978-0-89042-554-1
1132:978-1-124-75696-7
1084:10.1111/jpm.12587
1008:978-1-4614-7786-0
946:(47): 2627–2628.
883:Breaking Benjamin
837:cerebral aqueduct
669:mammillary bodies
592:the walls of the
573:mammillary bodies
486:mammillary bodies
449:supplementation,
412:citric acid cycle
282:Cognitive effects
228:vestibular system
82:
81:
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4965:
4923:Memory disorders
4543:
4493:
4486:
4479:
4470:
4410:Toluene toxicity
3894:Delirium tremens
3790:Zieve's syndrome
3743:
3736:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3576:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3503:Jonathan Hancock
3456:Robert Stickgold
3426:Richard Shiffrin
3381:Elizabeth Loftus
3321:
3237:Childhood memory
3044:Research methods
2926:Repressed memory
2901:Forgetting curve
2889:transient global
2760:Autobiographical
2670:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2586:
2449:
2437:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2409:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2358:
2352:
2341:
2330:
2329:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2234:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2019:
2013:
2010:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1956:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1514:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1422:
1411:
1410:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1349:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1231:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1160:
1145:
1144:
1118:
1105:
1104:
1086:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1024:
1013:
1012:
992:
986:
975:
964:
963:
931:
887:Benjamin Burnley
848:Sergei Korsakoff
758:
713:
701:
688:
515:Post-gastrectomy
451:gastric stapling
309:heavy-headedness
272:anorexia nervosa
116:eating disorders
55:
35:
21:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4870:
4835:
4729:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4637:
4624:
4611:
4598:
4585:
4557:
4532:
4509:
4502:
4497:
4467:
4462:
4431:
4392:
4385:
4346:
4264:
4255:
4215:Opioid overdose
4198:
4154:
4125:
4086:
4031:
3979:
3953:
3930:
3859:
3852:
3829:system diseases
3828:
3821:
3802:
3765:
3725:
3697:
3691:
3668:Substance abuse
3611:
3603:
3573:
3568:
3558:
3556:
3546:
3544:
3532:
3513:Dominic O'Brien
3491:
3460:
3441:Susumu Tonegawa
3421:Daniel Schacter
3396:Eleanor Maguire
3386:Geoffrey Loftus
3341:Stephen J. Ceci
3336:Robert A. Bjork
3312:
3231:state-dependent
3205:
3177:
3109:
3090:Cultural memory
3066:
3062:Memory disorder
3038:
2998:
2940:
2831:
2741:
2716:
2661:
2618:
2613:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2532:
2531:
2460:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2410:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2342:
2333:
2326:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2148:Binns, Colin W.
2146:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2077:(12): 638–640.
2062:
2061:
2057:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2002:
1958:
1957:
1948:
1925:(10): 2207–16.
1912:
1911:
1904:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1762:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1516:
1515:
1498:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1427:Neuropsychology
1424:
1423:
1414:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1347:10.1.1.327.3291
1331:
1330:
1326:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1162:
1161:
1148:
1133:
1120:
1119:
1108:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1026:
1025:
1016:
1009:
994:
993:
989:
976:
967:
933:
932:
928:
923:
901:
866:
845:
810:
805:
789:
772:
743:
724:
717:
714:
705:
702:
693:
689:
674:
646:
624:(the thalamus,
547:
542:
540:Pathophysiology
534:liver cirrhosis
529:
517:
494:basal forebrain
448:
424:α-ketoglutarate
393:
377:
365:
328:
326:Memory deficits
284:
259:
196:
167:ophthalmoplegia
159:
143:
111:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4971:
4969:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4953:Rare syndromes
4950:
4945:
4943:Abducens nerve
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4910:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4856:
4851:
4845:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4824:Keshan disease
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4743:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4555:
4551:
4549:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4514:
4512:
4508:Protein-energy
4504:
4503:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4473:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4425:Inhalant abuse
4422:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4397:
4395:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4356:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4285:benzodiazepine
4281:
4280:
4279:
4270:
4268:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4234:
4228:
4222:
4217:
4208:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4164:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4144:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4105:
4096:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4050:
4041:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3993:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3975:Binge drinking
3972:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3891:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3833:
3831:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3812:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3775:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3749:
3740:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3701:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3674:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3650:
3639:
3634:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3554:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3508:Paul R. McHugh
3505:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3366:Ivan Izquierdo
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3303:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3019:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2964:Hindsight bias
2961:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2911:Memory erasure
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2869:post-traumatic
2866:
2861:
2856:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2807:Personal-event
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2737:Working memory
2734:
2726:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2707:Motor learning
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2623:Basic concepts
2620:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2564:
2553:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2518:
2507:
2496:
2481:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:Classification
2445:
2444:External links
2442:
2439:
2438:
2429:
2396:
2353:
2331:
2324:
2306:
2299:
2281:
2254:
2205:
2177:
2139:
2111:
2055:
2034:(7): 1584–94.
2014:
2000:
1971:(2): 134–142.
1946:
1902:
1856:
1814:
1771:
1726:
1690:
1647:
1603:
1558:
1496:
1452:
1412:
1377:
1324:
1283:
1247:
1218:
1198:
1146:
1131:
1106:
1077:(4): 460–481.
1054:
1014:
1007:
987:
965:
940:Orvosi Hetilap
925:
924:
922:
919:
918:
917:
912:
907:
900:
897:
865:
862:
844:
841:
809:
806:
804:
801:
788:
785:
771:
768:
723:
720:
719:
718:
715:
708:
706:
703:
696:
694:
690:
683:
672:
650:encephalopathy
645:
642:
611:
610:
603:
600:
597:
590:
583:
576:
545:
541:
538:
528:
525:
516:
513:
459:hunger strikes
446:
391:
376:
373:
364:
361:
327:
324:
305:hallucinations
283:
280:
264:encephalopathy
258:
255:
242:), as well as
194:
189:
188:
177:
170:
158:
155:
142:
139:
109:
80:
79:
70:
64:
63:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4970:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4859:Short stature
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4726:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4682:Bitot's spots
4680:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4659:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4489:
4487:
4482:
4480:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4388:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3824:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:substance use
3694:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3632:Drug overdose
3629:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3600:
3595:
3593:
3588:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3565:
3555:
3553:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3487:Clive Wearing
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3451:Endel Tulving
3449:
3447:
3446:Anne Treisman
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3406:Brenda Milner
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3391:James McGaugh
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:Sigmund Freud
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3300:retrospective
3297:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3279:Muscle memory
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3126:Art of memory
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2974:Memory biases
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2954:Confabulation
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2946:Memory errors
2943:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:post-hypnotic
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2817:Rote learning
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:Hyperthymesia
2790:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:Active recall
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2652:Consolidation
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2407:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1875:(3): 261–72.
1874:
1870:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1837:(9): 1242–5.
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1787:(4): 278–81.
1786:
1782:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1663:(10): 301–3.
1662:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1620:(1): 115–22.
1619:
1615:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1393:(2): 148–54.
1392:
1388:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1340:(3): 324–34.
1339:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:(5): 442–55.
1170:
1166:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1004:
1000:
999:
991:
988:
985:
981:
980:
974:
972:
970:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
930:
927:
920:
916:
915:Malabsorption
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
898:
896:
894:
893:
888:
884:
879:
877:
876:
871:
863:
861:
857:
854:
849:
842:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:Carl Wernicke
807:
802:
800:
798:
792:
786:
784:
782:
778:
769:
767:
765:
760:
756:
752:
751:
747:
741:
736:
733:
728:
721:
712:
707:
700:
695:
687:
682:
680:
678:
677:Papez circuit
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
643:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
608:
604:
601:
598:
595:
594:3rd ventricle
591:
588:
584:
581:
577:
574:
570:
569:
568:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
539:
537:
535:
526:
524:
522:
514:
512:
510:
506:
505:transketolase
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
467:polished rice
464:
460:
457:(ICU) stays,
456:
452:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
390:
386:
382:
374:
372:
370:
369:confabulation
363:Confabulation
362:
360:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
325:
323:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
301:confabulation
298:
294:
290:
281:
279:
277:
273:
267:
265:
256:
254:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
186:
182:
178:
175:
171:
168:
164:
163:
162:
156:
154:
152:
148:
140:
138:
136:
132:
127:
125:
124:alcohol abuse
121:
117:
113:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
78:
74:
71:
69:
65:
62:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
4706:Osteomalacia
4565:
4510:malnutrition
4500:Malnutrition
4442:
4369:
4320:
4283:
4131:Hallucinogen
3918:
3858:Neurological
3606:Psychoactive
3518:Ben Pridmore
3436:Larry Squire
3346:Susan Clancy
3305:
3189:Memory sport
3114:Other topics
3004:False memory
2959:Cryptomnesia
2936:Weapon focus
2896:Decay theory
2657:Neuroanatomy
2616:Human memory
2566:
2555:
2544:
2520:
2509:
2498:
2483:
2464:
2432:
2405:
2399:
2369:(1): 17–24.
2366:
2362:
2356:
2343:
2315:
2309:
2290:
2284:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2198:December 30,
2196:. Retrieved
2192:The Guardian
2190:
2180:
2158:(3): 301–5.
2155:
2151:
2142:
2132:December 30,
2130:. Retrieved
2124:
2114:
2104:December 30,
2102:. Retrieved
2074:
2068:
2058:
2031:
2027:
2017:
1968:
1964:
1922:
1918:
1872:
1868:
1834:
1830:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1529:(4): 26–32.
1526:
1522:
1475:(2): 220–5.
1472:
1468:
1433:(2): 282–9.
1430:
1426:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1303:(2): 174–9.
1300:
1296:
1286:
1267:
1263:
1250:
1209:
1168:
1164:
1122:
1074:
1070:
1035:(2): 151–8.
1032:
1028:
997:
990:
977:
943:
939:
929:
890:
880:
873:
870:Oliver Sacks
867:
858:
846:
811:
793:
790:
787:Epidemiology
773:
761:
748:
737:
732:healthy diet
729:
725:
666:
647:
626:hypothalamus
622:diencephalon
619:
612:
607:frontal lobe
562:
543:
530:
518:
502:
498:raphe nuclei
475:
463:malnutrition
436:
432:sub-clinical
378:
366:
353:
329:
313:
285:
268:
260:
252:
190:
160:
144:
135:brain damage
128:
120:malnutrition
112:) deficiency
105:
88:
84:
83:
29:
4897:Underweight
4887:Weight loss
4528:Catabolysis
4518:Kwashiorkor
4371:amphetamine
4322:barbiturate
3376:Eric Kandel
3324:Researchers
3296:Prospective
3247:Free recall
3201:Shas Pollak
2854:anterograde
2770:Declarative
2546:MedlinePlus
1576:(1): 1–20.
829:gray matter
825:hemorrhages
815:discovered
781:intravenous
779:, a bag of
777:Banana bags
764:food energy
554:Krebs cycle
521:gastrectomy
443:intravenous
416:Krebs cycle
276:gastrectomy
244:hypothermia
240:tachycardia
236:hypotension
43:Other names
4912:Categories
4864:Idiopathic
4814:Molybdenum
4658:deficiency
4547:B vitamins
4352:Stimulants
4015:Caffeinism
3969:Alcoholism
3642:Withdrawal
3411:Lynn Nadel
3289:intertrial
3274:Metamemory
3262:flashbacks
3182:In society
2879:retrograde
2841:Forgetting
2812:Procedural
2722:Short-term
2692:Eyewitness
2568:Patient UK
2522:DiseasesDB
2225:(1): 3–6.
921:References
892:Dear Agony
833:ventricles
797:per capita
722:Prevention
482:infarction
224:cerebellum
216:optic disc
73:Psychiatry
4794:Manganese
4772:Potassium
4767:Phosphate
4762:Magnesium
4654:Vitamin B
4458:Chocolate
3860:disorders
3163:Nutrition
3071:In groups
2884:selective
2859:childhood
2787:Flashbulb
2747:Long-term
2647:Attention
2557:eMedicine
2414:cite book
2350:eMedicine
2270:: 1–206.
1977:1535-7414
1535:2158-8333
1342:CiteSeerX
1236:cite book
1228:830807378
1141:781626781
1093:1351-0126
952:0030-6002
878:(1985).
770:Treatment
753:is being
692:deficits.
658:nystagmus
644:Diagnosis
389:vitamin B
289:cognition
208:nystagmus
193:vitamin B
174:confusion
77:neurology
68:Specialty
4948:Thiamine
4892:Cachexia
4882:Anorexia
4831:Fluorine
4819:Selenium
4809:Chromium
4757:Chloride
4602:Pellagra
4561:Beriberi
4523:Marasmus
4391:Volatile
4266:hypnotic
4261:Sedative
4160:Nicotine
4037:Cannabis
3989:Caffeine
3848:Hangover
3696:Combined
3465:Patients
3136:mnemonic
3131:chunking
2797:Implicit
2780:Semantic
2775:Episodic
2765:Explicit
2630:Encoding
2562:med/2405
2249:39649221
2091:16803445
2050:15817513
1995:15303623
1941:17299515
1897:38390083
1889:20575793
1721:11391058
1685:23063090
1634:18034292
1598:19954743
1590:10348310
1553:23696956
1491:18412846
1407:19151162
1372:17769551
1364:12916646
1319:18056751
1193:15523083
1185:17434099
1101:31876326
1049:16384871
910:Dementia
899:See also
835:and the
746:template
580:thalamus
550:duodenum
490:thalamus
471:beriberi
408:cofactor
385:thiamine
337:semantic
333:encoding
331:involve
293:insomnia
200:coenzyme
61:Thiamine
4875:General
4752:Calcium
4701:Rickets
4436:Related
4393:solvent
4204:Opioids
4092:Cocaine
3885:(AWS):
3827:Nervous
3781:(ALD):
3731:Alcohol
3616:General
3284:Priming
3210:Related
3153:Emotion
2849:Amnesia
2687:Eidetic
2674:Sensory
2635:Storage
2516:D020915
2391:9751459
2383:7596325
2276:5162155
2241:3460583
2172:2605903
2099:6725983
1986:6668887
1851:9740119
1809:6006951
1801:6434322
1766:4778798
1756:8334588
1677:7319764
1642:9020059
1544:3659035
1447:9110334
960:1956687
827:in the
803:History
759:
740:fortify
662:amnesia
630:amnesia
565:atrophy
478:atrophy
400:alcohol
396:sequela
297:anxiety
4841:Growth
4804:Iodine
4799:Copper
4777:Sodium
4690:Scurvy
4447:: SUD
4406:(SSDS)
4149:(HPPD)
3904:(FASD)
3655:(PAWS)
3317:People
3302:memory
3233:memory
3173:Trauma
2712:Visual
2702:Iconic
2697:Haptic
2682:Echoic
2640:Recall
2551:000771
2505:277730
2389:
2381:
2322:
2297:
2274:
2247:
2239:
2170:
2097:
2089:
2048:
1993:
1983:
1975:
1939:
1895:
1887:
1849:
1807:
1799:
1763:
1754:
1719:
1683:
1675:
1640:
1632:
1596:
1588:
1551:
1541:
1533:
1489:
1445:
1405:
1370:
1362:
1344:
1317:
1226:
1216:
1191:
1183:
1139:
1129:
1099:
1091:
1047:
1005:
958:
950:
821:ataxia
654:ataxia
615:cortex
563:Brain
509:enzyme
375:Causes
303:, and
274:, and
232:stupor
204:apathy
185:ataxia
122:, and
101:ataxia
4669:Other
4310:(BUD)
4250:(OUD)
4239:(OIC)
4233:(OIE)
4227:(OIH)
4173:(GTS)
4110:(PCE)
4076:(CUD)
4055:(CHS)
3915:(PAN)
3896:(DTs)
3839:(ARD)
3818:(AKA)
3799:(ABS)
3762:(AFR)
3720:(CDI)
3496:Other
3168:Sleep
3121:Aging
2666:Types
2527:14107
2494:294.0
2479:F10.6
2475:E51.2
2387:S2CID
2245:S2CID
2095:S2CID
2028:Brain
1893:S2CID
1805:S2CID
1760:INIST
1681:S2CID
1638:S2CID
1594:S2CID
1368:S2CID
1189:S2CID
744:‹The
507:, an
4789:Zinc
4784:Iron
4416:SUD
4400:SID
4375:SUD
4359:SID
4336:SUD
4326:SID
4304:SUD
4289:SID
4273:SID
4244:SUD
4211:SID
4188:SUD
4167:SID
4138:SID
4115:SUD
4099:SID
4065:SUD
4044:SID
4021:SUD
3996:SID
3927:(WE)
3714:SID
3704:SUD
3298:and
3229:and
2511:MeSH
2500:OMIM
2489:9-CM
2424:link
2420:link
2379:PMID
2320:ISBN
2295:ISBN
2272:PMID
2237:PMID
2200:2018
2168:PMID
2156:XIII
2134:2018
2106:2018
2087:PMID
2046:PMID
1991:PMID
1973:ISSN
1937:PMID
1885:PMID
1847:PMID
1797:PMID
1752:PMID
1717:PMID
1673:PMID
1630:PMID
1586:PMID
1549:PMID
1531:ISSN
1487:PMID
1443:PMID
1403:PMID
1360:PMID
1315:PMID
1242:link
1224:OCLC
1214:ISBN
1181:PMID
1137:OCLC
1127:ISBN
1097:PMID
1089:ISSN
1045:PMID
1003:ISBN
956:PMID
948:ISSN
656:and
605:the
585:the
578:the
571:the
426:and
226:and
181:gait
149:and
4723:K:
4717:E:
4694:D:
4688:C:
4675:A:
3962:SUD
3739:SID
3663:SUD
3623:SID
2485:ICD
2466:ICD
2371:doi
2348:at
2227:doi
2160:doi
2079:doi
2075:184
2036:doi
2032:128
1981:PMC
1927:doi
1877:doi
1839:doi
1789:doi
1744:doi
1709:doi
1665:doi
1661:150
1622:doi
1578:doi
1539:PMC
1477:doi
1435:doi
1395:doi
1352:doi
1305:doi
1272:doi
1257:in
1173:doi
1079:doi
1037:doi
944:132
89:WKS
4914::
4656:12
4649:12
3683:/
3679:/
3670:/
3644::
3630:/
3482:NA
3477:KC
3472:HM
2571::
2560::
2549::
2525::
2514::
2503::
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2473::
2470:10
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2166:.
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2123:.
2093:.
2085:.
2073:.
2067:.
2044:.
2030:.
2026:.
2003:^
1989:.
1979:.
1969:27
1967:.
1963:.
1949:^
1935:.
1923:32
1921:.
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1891:.
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1845:.
1835:55
1833:.
1829:.
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246:,
118:,
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4647:B
4636:9
4634:B
4623:7
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4610:6
4608:B
4597:3
4595:B
4584:2
4582:B
4556:1
4554:B
4492:e
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4478:v
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