Rat - Knowledge (XXG)

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and the superior cricoarytenoid muscle, the other of the newly named muscle that ran from the arytenoid to a midline tubercle on the cricoid. The newly named muscles were not seen in the human larynx. In addition, the location and configuration of the laryngeal alar cartilage was described. The second feature was that the way the newly named muscles appear to be familiar to those in the human larynx. The third feature was that a clear understanding of how MEPs are distributed in each of the laryngeal muscles was helpful in understanding the effects of botulinum toxin injection. The MEPs in the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, lateral cricoarytenoid muscle, cricothyroid muscle, and superior cricoarytenoid muscle were focused mostly at the midbelly. In addition, the medial thyroarytenoid muscle were focused at the midbelly while the lateral thyroarytenoid muscle MEPs were focused at the anterior third of the belly. The fourth and final feature that was cleared up was how the MEPs were distributed in the thyroarytenoid muscle.

1497: 1505: 1420:, the Alberta government implemented an extremely aggressive rat control program to stop them from advancing further. A systematic detection and eradication system was used throughout a control zone about 600 kilometres (400 mi) long and 30 kilometres (20 mi) wide along the eastern border to eliminate rat infestations before the rats could spread further into the province. Shotguns, bulldozers, high explosives, poison gas, and incendiaries were used to destroy rats. Numerous farm buildings were destroyed in the process. Initially, tons of 1100: 1256: 321: 616: 185: 1485: 336: 4793: 1695: 52: 556: 1713:). While the recordings may be of actual squeaking rats, the noise is uncommon – they may do so only if distressed, hurt, or annoyed. Normal vocalizations are very high-pitched, well outside the range of human hearing. Rats are also often cast in vicious and aggressive roles when in fact, their shyness helps keep them undiscovered for so long in an infested home. 806: 750: 1526: 1354:, which is too cold for rat survival outdoors, and its lack of human habitation does not provide buildings to shelter them from the weather. However, rats have been introduced to many of the islands near Antarctica, and because of their destructive effect on native flora and fauna, efforts to eradicate them are ongoing. In particular, 1522:. People born in this year are expected to possess qualities associated with rats, including creativity, intelligence, honesty, generosity, ambition, a quick temper and wastefulness. People born in a year of the rat are said to get along well with "monkeys" and "dragons", and to get along poorly with "horses". 788:

Selective breeding has brought about different color and marking varieties in rats. Genetic mutations have also created different fur types, such as rex and hairless. Congenital malformation in selective breeding have created the dumbo rat, a popular pet choice due to their low, saucer-shaped ears. A

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on board a ship carrying three helicopters and 100 tons of rat poison with the objective of "reclaiming the island for its seabirds". Rats have wiped out more than 90% of the seabirds on South Georgia, and the sponsors hope that once the rats are gone, it will regain its former status as home to the

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Forceful government control measures, strong public support and enthusiastic citizen participation continue to keep rat infestations to a minimum. The effectiveness has been aided by a similar but newer program in Saskatchewan which prevents rats from even reaching the Alberta border. Alberta still

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The rat's larynx has been used in experimentations that involve inhalation toxicity, allograft rejection, and irradiation responses. One experiment described four features of the rat's larynx. The first being the location and attachments of the thyroarytenoid muscle, the alar cricoarytenoid muscle,

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Alberta was settled by Europeans relatively late in North American history and only became a province in 1905. Black rats cannot survive in its climate at all, and brown rats must live near people and in their structures to survive the winters. There are numerous predators in Canada's vast natural

160: 1327:. Some experts believe that rats are to blame for between forty percent and sixty percent of all seabird and reptile extinctions, with ninety percent of those occurring on islands. Thus man has indirectly caused the extinction of many species by accidentally introducing rats to new areas. 1401:

greatest concentration of seabirds in the world. The South Georgia Heritage Trust, which organized the mission describes it as "five times larger than any other rodent eradication attempted worldwide". That would be true if it were not for the rat control program in Alberta (see below).

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activists allege the treatment of rats in this context is cruel. The term "lab rat" is used, typically in a self-effacing manner, to describe a person whose job function requires them to spend a majority of their work time engaged in bench-level research (such as

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employs an armed rat patrol to control rats along Alberta's borders. About ten single rats are found and killed per year, and occasionally a large localized infestation has to be dug out with heavy machinery, but the number of permanent rat infestations is zero.

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but illustrates New Yorkers' awareness of the presence, and on occasion boldness and cleverness, of the rodents. New York has specific regulations for eradicating rats; multifamily residences and commercial businesses must use a specially trained and licensed

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response. Rodent tails—particularly in rat models—have been implicated with a thermoregulation function that follows from its anatomical construction. This particular tail morphology is evident across the family Muridae, in contrast to the bushier tails of

1182:. To help combat the problem, a Chicago animal shelter has placed more than 1000 feral cats (sterilized and vaccinated) outside of homes and businesses since 2012, where they hunt and catch rats while also providing a deterrent simply by their presence. 1028:. Experiments done in the 1920s showed that some rats performed better than others in maze tests, and if these rats were selectively bred, their offspring also performed better, suggesting that in rats an ability to learn was heritable in some way. 667:

in the tail of the rat have identified multiple factors that influence how the organism navigates its environment with this structure. A particular example is that of a study in which the morphology of these tendons is explicated in detail. Namely,

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and double or absent aortic arches. Despite existing anatomical analogy in the inthrathoracic position of the heart itself, the murine model of the heart and its structures remains a valuable tool for studies of human cardiovascular conditions.

1323:. When introduced to a new area, they quickly reproduce to take advantage of the new food supply. In particular, they prey on the eggs and young of forest birds, which on isolated islands often have no other predators and thus have 3100: 1336: 1185:

Rats have the ability to swim up sewer pipes into toilets. Rats will infest any area that provides shelter and easy access to sources of food and water, including under sinks, near garbage, and inside walls or cabinets.

472:. They may cause substantial food losses, especially in developing countries. However, the widely distributed and problematic commensal species of rats are a minority in this diverse genus. Many species of rats are 1293:

for millennia and has usually accompanied men to any new area visited or settled by human beings by sea. Rats first got to countries such as America and Australia by stowing away on ships. The similar species

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On the other hand, the tail's ability to function as a proprioceptive sensor and modulator has also been investigated. As aforementioned, the tail demonstrates a high degree of muscularization and subsequent

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Rats become sexually mature at age 6 weeks, but reach social maturity at about 5 to 6 months of age. The average lifespan of rats varies by species, but many only live about a year due to predation.

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around the late 13th century, has inspired adaptations in film, theatre, literature, and even opera. The subject of much research, some theories have intertwined the tale with events related to the

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in which the outer layer of the integument can be detached in order to facilitate the animal's escape from a predator. This evolutionary selective pressure has persisted despite a multitude of

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Remy, the earnest little rat who is its hero, is such a lovable, determined, gifted rodent that I want to know what happens to him next, now that he has conquered the summit of French cuisine.

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pitted the space-bound protagonist of a long series of novels, Commodore Grimes, against giant, intelligent rats who took over several stellar systems and enslaved their human inhabitants. "

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are also sometimes kept. Pet rats behave differently from their wild counterparts depending on how many generations they have been kept as pets. Pet rats do not pose any more of a risk of

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areas which will eat non-native rats, so it took until 1950 for invading rats to make their way over land from Eastern Canada. Immediately upon their arrival at the eastern border with

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Domestic rats differ from wild rats in many ways. They are calmer and less likely to bite; they can tolerate greater crowding; they breed earlier and produce more offspring; and their

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The actual portrayals of rats vary from negative to positive with a majority in the negative and ambiguous. The rat plays a villain in several mouse societies; from Brian Jacques's

1888:, humans unintentionally introduce rats to the ecology at the home world of an alien race which previously invaded Earth and introduced some of its own fauna into its environment. 563:

The characteristic long tail of most rodents is a feature that has been extensively studied in various rat species models, which suggest three primary functions of this structure:

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Depictions of rats in fiction are historically inaccurate and negative. The most common falsehood is the squeaking almost always heard in otherwise realistic portrayals (i.e. non

663:, orientation, etc., which ultimately assists it with achieving a state of proprioceptive balance in its environment. Further mechanobiological investigations of the constituent 1311:

The ship or wharf rat has contributed to the extinction of many species of wildlife, including birds, small mammals, reptiles, invertebrates, and plants, especially on islands.

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books tend to be highly positive and likeable characters, many of whom tell their remarkable life stories in the Mouse and Rat Club established by the animal-loving doctor.

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is notable for being the largest inhabited area on Earth which is free of true rats due to very aggressive government rat control policies. It has large numbers of native

643:, which directly relates to heat's ability to dissipate via the skin. These findings were confirmed in a separate study analyzing the relationships of heat storage and 4006: 3682: 3883: 1219: 6354: 3625: 3418: 3954: 3443: 627:

Multiple studies have explored the thermoregulatory capacity of rodent tails by subjecting test organisms to varying levels of physical activity and quantifying

6727: 6607: 600:, facilitate specific proprioceptive senses to help orient the rodent in a three-dimensional environment. Murids have evolved a unique defense mechanism termed 3984: 3787: 4058: 1970: 1397: 3703: 4821: 6349: 3652: 1496: 1339: 4868: 3549: 6344: 6324: 4769: 3156: 2856:

Research, National Research Council (US) and Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Use of Laboratory Animals in Biomedical and Behavioral (1988),

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Inagi, Katsuhide; Schultz, Edward; Ford, Charles (1998). "An Anatomic Study of the Rat Larynx: Establishing the Rat Model for Neuromuscular Function".

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leads away an infestation with enchanted music. The piper is later refused payment, so he in turn leads away the town's children. This tale, traced to

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Rats are frequently blamed for damaging food supplies and other goods, or spreading disease. Their reputation has carried into common parlance: in the

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lineages, due to unknown viral RNA fragments in sewage matching mutations previously shown to make SARS-CoV-2 more adept at rodent-based transmission.

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creatures able to take the shape of a rat, have appeared in the fantasy or horror genre since the 1970s. The term is a neologism coined in analogy to

1362:), where breeding seabirds could be badly affected if rats were introduced, is subject to special measures and regularly monitored for rat invasions. 3905: 6542: 3498: 6339: 6334: 1984:). Furthermore, a linguistic phenomenon when a wh-expression drags with it an entire encompassing phrase to the front of the clause has been named 900:

Laboratory rats have also proved valuable in psychological studies of learning and other mental processes (Barnett 2002), as well as to understand

6568: 6329: 4249: 2235:"Competition in an invaded rodent community reveals black rats as a threat to native bush rats in littoral rainforest of south-eastern Australia" 4302: 4275: 4572: 4201: 1797:, repeatedly reminds the other characters that he is only involved because it means more food for him, and the cellar-rat of John Masefield's 4744: 4475: 4448: 4365: 3000:

Casteleyn, Christophe; Trachet, Bram; Van Loo, Denis; Devos, Daniel G H; Van den Broeck, Wim; Simoens, Paul; Cornillie, Pieter (2017-04-27).

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Casteleyn, Christophe; Trachet, Bram; Van Loo, Denis; Devos, Daniel G H; Van den Broeck, Wim; Simoens, Paul; Cornillie, Pieter (2017-04-19).

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Aplin, Ken P.; Suzuki, Hitoshi; Chinen, Alejandro A.; Chesser, R. Terry; ten Have, José; Donnellan, Stephen C.; et al. (November 2011).

1024:, generally, is determining what to measure. One aspect of intelligence is the ability to learn, which can be measured using a maze like the 3579: 3220: 1385:

in New Zealand was declared rat free in 1988 after an eradication campaign based on a successful trial on the smaller Hawea Island nearby.

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Gibbs RA et al.: Genome sequence of the Brown Norway rat yields insights into mammalian evolution.: Nature. 2004 April 1; 428(6982):475–6.

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in rodents that exercise in warm environments. In this study, the tail was a focal point in measuring heat accumulation and modulation.

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descend upon rural areas and devour everything in their path. Rats have long been held up as the chief villain in the spread of the

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Selfish helpfulness —those willing to help for a price— has also been attributed to fictional rats. Templeton, from E. B. White's

6679: 5353: 3280: 2734: 2136: 1815: 1649: 1629:, "rat" is often an insult or is generally used to signify an unscrupulous character; it is also used, as a synonym for the term 3468: 2713: 761:

Specially bred rats have been kept as pets at least since the late 19th century. Pet rats are typically variants of the species

5884: 1412:, also called bushy-tailed wood rats, but they are forest-dwelling vegetarians which are much less destructive than true rats. 1070:. Rats have a keen sense of smell and are easy to train. These characteristics have been employed, for example, by the Belgian 4816: 4409: 1647:

created the humorous alias "Ratskywatsky" for a soldier who seduced, impregnated, and abandoned the heroine of his 1944 film,

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European associations with the rat are generally negative. For instance, "Rats!" is used as a substitute for various vulgar

4010: 1123:; however, recent studies show that rats alone could not account for the rapid spread of the disease through Europe in the 6594: 1737: 1071: 3879: 3765: 6737: 6712: 5199: 5030: 4614: 3812:

Watson, J. (2008). New building, old parasite: Mesostigmatid mites—an ever-present threat to barrier rodent facilities.

3414: 2943:"Cardiac and Aortic Arch Anomalies in the Offspring of Vitamin a Deficient Rats Correlated with Similar Human Anomalies" 2073: 1378: 640: 585: 3958: 3439: 1669:

or misdeed they committed. Describing a person as "rat-like" usually implies he or she is unattractive and suspicious.

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played an important role. Fictional works based on the tale that focus heavily on the rat aspect include Pratchett's

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Mackenzie, SJ (2015). "Innervation and function of rat tail muscles for modeling cauda equina injury and repair".

1676:, the word "rat" is also a term for nonunion employers or breakers of union contracts, and this is why unions use 584:, the squirrel family. The tail is hairless and thin skinned but highly vascularized, thus allowing for efficient 116: 62: 6534: 6364: 6359: 5267: 5048: 4989: 4854: 3711: 2006: 1949: 1729: 1268: 184: 38: 1813:

Some fictional works use rats as the main characters. Notable examples include the society created by O'Brien's

1585:. Rats are seen as vicious, unclean, parasitic animals that steal food and spread disease. In 1522, the rats in 1350:

Rats are found in nearly all areas of Earth which are inhabited by human beings. The only rat-free continent is

88: 6142: 1780: 1017: 830: 5983: 4082: 3545: 5021: 4939: 4336: 3732: 1904: 1893: 1868: 1135: 1067: 4497: 3906:"Predation by exotic rats on Australian offshore islands of less than 1000 km2 (100,000 ha) listing advice" 1255: 95: 6732: 6381: 5893: 5721: 5538: 5123: 5090: 4836: 4604: 3490: 1733: 1614: 1374: 1062:

Rats have been used as working animals. Tasks for working rats include the sniffing of gunpowder residue,

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studies. Over the years, rats have been used in many experimental studies, adding to our understanding of

530: 320: 2551:"Thermoregulatory responses in exercising rats: methodological aspects and relevance to human physiology" 2274:

Meerburg BG, Singleton GR, Kijlstra A (2009). "Rodent-borne diseases and their risks for public health".

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When introduced into locations where rats previously did not exist, they can wreak an enormous degree of

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that ostensibly collaborate in orienting the organism. Specifically, this is accomplished by coordinated

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rodent will include the word "rat", while a smaller muroid's name will include "mouse". The common terms

261:. Species of rats are found throughout the order Rodentia, but stereotypical rats are found in the genus 6643: 6302: 6271: 5875: 5466: 5276: 4980: 4542: 2761:"Expression of Msx1 and Dlx1 during Dumbo rat head development: correlation with morphological features" 1943: 1748: 1151: 1099: 877: 873: 869: 644: 615: 6469: 1924: 635:

from a rat's tail relative to its abdomen. This observation was attributed to the higher proportion of

6661: 4253: 2494:"Muscle proprioceptors in adult rat: mechanosensory signaling and synapse distribution in spinal cord" 1561:

holy men). The attending priests feed milk and grain to the rats, of which the pilgrims also partake.

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Vincent JA, Gabriel HM, Deardorff AS, Nardelli P, Fyffe RE, Burkholder T, Cope TC (1 November 2017).

2395: 2246: 1774: 1577:, from any biological or behavioral trait of the rat, but possibly from the association of rats (and 1359: 1231: 1043: 102: 69: 31: 1424:

were spread around thousands of farm yards to poison rats, but soon after the program commenced the

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because they are frequently infested with blood feeding rodent mites such as the tropical rat mite (

888:. Aortic arches studied in rats exhibit abnormalities similar to those of humans, including altered 6722: 6229: 6019: 5784: 5580: 5493: 5081: 4197: 3128:"Escaping the Laboratory: The Rodent Experiments of John B. Calhoun & Their Cultural Influence" 1889: 1754: 1640: 1240: 1078: 865: 709:

part of the tail and exposing more interior elements to the environment. Paramount among these are

346: 5399: 5141: 4127: 4059:"Pioneering rodent eradication in the sub-Antarctic: the Campbell Island Rat Eradication Project" 3571: 3216: 3082: 2978: 2623: 2299: 1839: 1366: 889: 818: 706: 681: 628: 521: 477: 309: 179: 6133: 5221: 4108:"Eradication of Norway Rats (rattus Norvegicus) from Hawea Island, Fiordland, Using Brodifacoum" 2219: 1847:

as "earnest... lovable, determined, gifted" who lives with a Parisian garbage-boy-turned-chef.

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was introduced, which is much safer for people and more effective at killing rats than arsenic.

84: 6648: 4846: 3250: 1541:, and a rat's statue is always found in a temple of Ganesh. In the northwestern Indian city of 6630: 6477: 6193: 5851: 5793: 5712: 5676: 5132: 5004: 4687: 4660: 4628: 4599: 4518: 4471: 4465: 4444: 4361: 4119: 3861: 3853: 3370: 3194: 3074: 3039: 3021: 2970: 2962: 2923: 2905: 2792: 2672: 2615: 2580: 2531: 2513: 2423: 2334: 2291: 2211: 1919: 1799: 1724: 1546: 1530: 1484: 1296: 881: 814: 770: 593: 499: 473: 6671: 2690:

Milcheski, Dimas (2012). "Development of an experimental model of degloving injury in rats".

1976: 1740:. They have often been used as a mechanism in horror; being the titular evil in stories like 789:

breeding standard exists for rat fanciers wishing to breed and show their rat at a rat show.

525:), which preyed on black rats living in European cities during the epidemic outbreaks of the 6717: 6635: 6151: 5974: 5685: 5502: 5484: 5377: 4909: 4665: 4619: 4387: 3843: 3360: 3352: 3184: 3176: 3066: 3029: 3013: 2954: 2913: 2897: 2782: 2772: 2662: 2654: 2607: 2570: 2562: 2521: 2505: 2413: 2403: 2326: 2283: 2254: 2203: 2001: 1879: 1860: 1742: 1626: 1421: 1389: 1158:

equals that of its human population was definitively refuted by Robert Sullivan in his book

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did not generally differentiate between rats and mice, instead referring to the former as

1324: 909: 905: 722: 718: 689: 669: 589: 515: 236: 5730: 2467: 2384:"Multiple Geographic Origins of Commensalism and Complex Dispersal History of Black Rats" 1239:), which will opportunistically bite and feed on humans, where the condition is known as 529:; these rats were used as transport hosts. Another zoonotic disease linked to the rat is 4171: 3172: 2942: 2399: 2250: 2168: 6529: 6516: 6088: 6010: 5845: 5475: 4648: 4639: 4553: 3365: 3340: 3189: 3034: 3001: 2918: 2885: 2787: 2760: 2667: 2642: 2575: 2550: 2526: 2493: 2418: 2383: 2041: 1911: 1872: 1698: 1677: 1519: 1489: 1467: 1444: 1260: 1199: 1138:(AHS) found that eighteen percent of homes in Philadelphia showed evidence of rodents. 1120: 982: 966: 958: 950: 901: 800: 660: 568: 481: 3276: 3070: 2738: 1154:

are famous for their size and prevalence. The urban legend that the rat population in

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The rat (sometimes referred to as a mouse) is the first of the twelve animals of the

1273: 1215: 1207: 1179: 1143: 962: 936: 913: 785:. Tamed rats are generally friendly and can be taught to perform selected behaviors. 505: 419: 415: 3086: 2982: 2777: 2627: 1016:

Early studies found evidence both for and against measurable intelligence using the

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The characteristic tail of murids also displays a unique defense mechanism known as

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densities of the tail, along with ample muscle attachment sites along its plentiful

6482: 6419: 5817: 5775: 5703: 5667: 4501: 3519: 1961: 1702: 1594: 1570: 1479: 1417: 1281:, is considered to be one of the world's worst invasive species. Also known as the 1086: 986: 974: 754: 469: 159: 3002:"Validation of the murine aortic arch as a model to study human vascular diseases" 2886:"Validation of the murine aortic arch as a model to study human vascular diseases" 2566: 2317:

Capel-Edwards, Maureen (October 1970). "Foot-and-mouth disease in the brown rat".

726: 335: 2643:"Preparation of Rat Tail Tendons for Biomechanical and Mechanobiological Studies" 2408: 1319:, capable of eating a wide range of plant and animal foods, and have a very high 109: 6599: 6555: 6413: 6238: 6202: 6184: 6028: 6001: 5947: 5826: 5766: 5547: 5457: 4748: 4567: 4505: 2857: 2021: 2011: 1985: 1953: 1844: 1830: 1765: 1694: 1673: 1582: 1459: 1425: 1203: 1175: 1164: 1124: 1111:

Rats have long been considered deadly pests. Once considered a modern myth, the

1055: 861: 702: 652: 636: 609: 572: 544: 526: 510: 293: 51: 6433: 1369:, some islands' rat populations have been eradicated to protect or restore the 1170:

Chicago was declared the "rattiest city" in the US by the pest control company

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of the rat are among the most commonly studied in murine models due to marked

838: 810: 730: 673: 605: 493: 4123: 3857: 3025: 2966: 2909: 2517: 2101:. Chicago, IL: Britannica Digital Learning. 2017 – via Credo Reference. 2065: 6503: 6052: 5929: 5748: 5589: 5556: 5511: 5368: 5331: 4954: 4608: 4594: 4588: 4515: 3626:"Rats! Chicago Tops Orkin's Rattiest Cities List for Sixth Consecutive Time" 2233:

Stokes, Vicki L.; Banks, Peter B.; Pech, Roger P.; Spratt, David M. (2009).

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The common species are opportunistic survivors and often live with and near

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Engel, Peter M.; Welzel, J.; Maass, M.; Schramm, U.; Wolff, H. H. (1998).

3758:"Information on other rodent-related diseases – Leptospirosis Information" 3078: 2509: 2441: 2352: 2338: 1665:– "to rat on someone" is to betray them by informing the authorities of a 805: 749: 631:

via the animals' tails. One study demonstrated a significant disparity in

6456: 6398: 6253: 6175: 6116: 6061: 5902: 5739: 5658: 5421: 5258: 5063: 4897: 4756: 4278:. Alberta Department of Agriculture and Rural Development. Archived from 4252:. Alberta Department of Agriculture and Rural Development. Archived from 3341:"Individual differences: Case studies of rodent and primate intelligence" 2958: 2016: 1915: 1769: 1542: 1429: 1409: 1316: 1286: 1195: 1082: 1063: 1037: 917: 842: 710: 677: 659:

and extension of tail muscles to produce slight shifts in the organism's

581: 488: 216: 4131: 4107: 3653:"1,000 feral cats released onto Chicago streets to tackle rat explosion" 3601:"Questions and Answers Regarding New York State Pest Management Program" 680:

for these fibers. As in humans, these tendons contain a high density of

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that allows for escape from predation through the loss of the outermost

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by using short sequences in the storyline showing lab rat experiments.

1718: 1538: 1525: 1405: 1370: 1104: 981:, rats are a popular choice due to their high intelligence, ingenuity, 872:. Both rat and human aortic arches exhibit subsequent branching of the 846: 685: 672:

of tendons of the rat's tail demonstrate a higher proportion of living

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layer on the tail. However, this mechanism is associated with multiple

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and conversely find them to be tame, clean, intelligent, and playful.

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for destroying crops. However, some people in European cultures keep

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wastewater have also cited rats as the potential source of "cryptic"

1139: 1112: 1025: 954: 932: 854: 834: 664: 465: 427: 325: 297: 263: 258: 246: 226: 206: 6375: 4711:(Tesis doctoral). Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. pp. 4, 122. 2810: 2207: 1631: 6508: 3848: 3831: 3572:"Sean Wilsey reviews 'Rats' by Robert Sullivan · LRB 17 March 2005" 3315:

Thorndike, R (1935). "Organization of behavior in the albino rat".

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tail, delineating tendon bundles, vasculature, and vertebral canal.

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is traditionally believed to have been caused by the microorganism

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Bryan Armor; Christine Gregory; Ellen Kiley; et al. (2000).

4224:"Rattus norvegicus (mammal) – Details of this species in Alberta" 4007:"Preventing the introduction of non-native species to Antarctica" 3345:

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition

2658: 2093: 2091: 1896:" is nickname of the (human) protagonist of a series of humorous 916:, a mental ability previously only documented in humans and some 729:

response, meaning that it occurs when the animal is subjected to

1658: 1654: 1308:, has also been carried worldwide by ships in recent centuries. 1290: 1004:, have been bred for use in laboratories. Much of the genome of 970: 850: 725:

or similar injury to the structure. The degloving response is a

378: 6379: 4850: 3415:"Video of Bart Weetjens talk on use of rats as odour detectors" 2862:

Use of Laboratory Animals in Biomedical and Behavioral Research

1388:

In January 2015, an international "Rat Team" set sail from the

1198:

vectors for certain pathogens and thus spread disease, such as

884:, as well as geometrically similar, nonplanar curvature in the 6495: 3788:"New York City's Rats Could Have Their Own Strain of COVID-19" 3440:"Massive plagues of rats swarm across India every fifty years" 1134:

Most urban areas battle rat infestations. A 2015 study by the

853:, and other topics that have provided a great benefit for the 782: 778: 430:

rodents related to true rats but are not members of the genus

385:, which are their relatives, but seldom weigh over 500 grams ( 45: 4626:

Johnson, Kristin (September 1998). "Ecology of the Wererat".

1150:, also demonstrated significant rodent infestations. Indeed, 969:

has become a useful genetic tool, although not as popular as

733:, such as when a predator snatches the organism by the tail. 692:

areas associated with balance, proprioception, and movement.

688:

and adjust accordingly by relaying the information to higher

480:

due to habitat loss or competition with the brown, black, or

4757:

The universal directory for taking alive and destroying rats

4358:

Don't Shoot the Albatross!: Nautical Myths and Superstitions

3135:

Department of Economic History at London School of Economics

957:

sequence, and other advances, such as the creation of a rat

410:

that are not true rats. Examples include the North American

3739:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2013-10-31 1948:

One of the oldest and most historic stories about rats is "

1131:

does list nearly a dozen diseases directly linked to rats.

312:

specific. There are 56 known species of rats in the world.

3520:"CDC – Diseases directly transmitted by rodents – Rodents" 1174:

in 2020, for the sixth consecutive time. It's followed by

953:

for scientific research. Since the publication of the rat

3679:"How to keep the rats from coming up through your toilet" 1573:

in the English language. These associations do not draw,

1529:

Indigenous rats are allowed to run freely throughout the

3155:

Foote, Allison L.; Jonathon D. Crystal (20 March 2007).

487:

Wild rodents, including rats, can carry many different

414:(aka wood rats) and a number of species loosely called 4786: 3832:"Tropical Rat Mite Dermatitis: Case Report and Review" 3390:"Rats for dinner, a delicacy to some, a taboo to many" 2710:"Wild Rats in Captivity and Domestic Rats in the Wild" 837:

brown rats to study the effects of diet and for other

4147:"Rat eradication breakthrough — Breaksea Island 1988" 1537:

In Indian tradition, rats are seen as the vehicle of

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Monstrous Figurations: Notes for a Feminist Reading

1764:. Another terrifying use of rats is as a method of 1581:) with the 14th-century medieval plague called the 1263:, engraving, published by Hurst, Robinson & Co. 543:in the forests of Asia during the beginning of the 178: 152: 76:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4776:National Bio Resource Project for the Rat in Japan 4226:. Global Invasive Species Database. Archived from 3957:. Global Invasive Species Database. Archived from 3305:, Dover Publications, New York, 1929/1963, 186 pp. 4303:"On the frontlines of Alberta's war against rats" 4172:"South Georgia rat eradication mission sets sail" 3880:"100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species" 3704:"See How Easily a Rat Can Wriggle Up Your Toilet" 2192:"The Year of the Rat ends: time to fight hunger!" 1046:in some cultures, is a dietary staple in others. 1020:in rats. Part of the difficulty of understanding 684:that help the animal assess stretching of muscle 3981:"Humans outdone by Rats for causing Extinctions" 3217:"Rats Capable Of Reflecting On Mental Processes" 1115:in India occurs every fifty years, as armies of 2941:Wilson, James G.; Warkany, Josef (1950-04-01). 973:. When it comes to conducting tests related to 4083:"Eradication—The Clearance of Campbell Island" 2735:"Merk Veterinary Manual Global Zoonoses Table" 1635:, to mean an individual who works as a police 993:seems in many ways similar to that of humans. 4862: 3334: 3332: 3330: 1500:Two mice, Vietnam Museum of Ethnology - Hanoi 612:that have been the subject of investigation. 539:The black and brown rats diverged from other 8: 3126:Ramsden, Edmund; Adams, Jon (January 2008). 2813:. American Fancy Rat & Mouse Association 1971:The Amazing Maurice and his Educated Rodents 1488:Chinese zodiac pendant with 5 rats climbing 1398:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 3522:. Centers for Disease Control. 2011-06-07. 2190:Meerburg BG, Singleton GR, Leirs H (2009). 37:"Rats" redirects here. For "The Rats", see 6376: 5450: 4869: 4855: 4847: 4470:. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 637. 4439:Clute, John; John Grant (March 15, 1999). 4009:. British Antarctic Survey. Archived from 3733:"Identify and Prevent Rodent Infestations" 3546:"The Most Vermin-Infested American Cities" 3491:"Black Death study lets rats off the hook" 2858:"Benefits Derived from the Use of Animals" 2833:"Rat - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 1803:requires bribery to be of any assistance. 1377:was declared rat free after 229 years and 158: 149: 4467:Roger Ebert's Four-Star Reviews 1967–2007 4410:"Nevada Journal: Louts and the Rat World" 4170:Gill, First= Victoria (23 January 2015). 3847: 3364: 3188: 3033: 2917: 2786: 2776: 2666: 2574: 2525: 2417: 2407: 2258: 1918:. The concept has since become common in 1511:(The mouse carries the lamp), Vietnamese 406:is also used in the names of other small 136:Learn how and when to remove this message 4434: 4432: 4430: 4301:Giovannetti, Justin (26 November 2015). 614: 4770:High-Resolution Images of the Rat Brain 4573:Dungeons & Dragons Rules Cyclopedia 4378:MacKinnon, J. B. (September 26, 2023). 4250:"The History of Rat Control In Alberta" 2033: 1988:after "Pied Piper of Hamlin" (see also 1806:By contrast, the rats appearing in the 833:, established a population of domestic 4724:"The grim truth behind the Pied Piper" 4722:Kadushin, Raphael (3 September 2020). 4597:(April 1993). "Role-playing Reviews". 4492: 4490: 2137:"ITIS - Report: Bandicota bengalensis" 1000:or "lines" of brown rats, such as the 912:). A 2007 study found rats to possess 457:. A group of rats is referred to as a 381:. Rats are bigger than most Old World 373:). This group, generally known as the 288:Rats are typically distinguished from 257:are various medium-sized, long-tailed 4745:List of books and articles about rats 4443:. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 642. 3886:from the original on 27 February 2013 3339:Matzel, LD; Sauce, B (October 2017). 2879: 2877: 2066:"Habits, Habitat & Types of Mice" 1705:United States Navy propaganda poster. 1285:, it has been carried worldwide as a 721:within the tail becomes exposed upon 7: 6728:Extant Pleistocene first appearances 6662:6502AA63-E05C-FFBC-19FD-FDDBFE284835 6623:15a069c6-ffbc-42da-a4d9-2d987bc6adf3 6535:43546787-59c2-48b9-8179-bad7e7352126 4309:from the original on 22 January 2017 4178:from the original on 24 January 2015 3987:from the original on 19 January 2015 3882:. Global Invasive Species Database. 3582:from the original on 9 February 2013 3059:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 2737:. Merckvetmanual.com. Archived from 2692:Brazilian Journal of Plastic Surgery 1225:Rats are also associated with human 809:A laboratory rat strain, known as a 519:, carried by the tropical rat flea ( 74:adding citations to reliable sources 5301:Bunn's short-tailed bandicoot rat ( 4754:Smith, Robert (Rat-catcher) (1786) 4106:Taylor, R.H.; Thomas, B.W. (1989). 904:and overcrowding (with the work of 793:As subjects for scientific research 639:in the tail, as well as its higher 5354:Palawan soft-furred mountain rat ( 3283:from the original on 26 April 2006 3255:American Psychological Association 2353:"How old is a rat in human years?" 1604:Rats are often used in scientific 1077:, which trains rats (specifically 813:, bred to be genetically prone to 717:infection, as the high density of 25: 5885:Western New Guinea mountain rat ( 4658:Poisso, Dean. "Animal Ancestry." 4204:from the original on 29 June 2017 4198:"Bushy-Tailed Woodrat (Pack Rat)" 3392:. Newvision.co.ug. Archived from 3303:Brain Mechanisms and Intelligence 2647:Journal of Visualized Experiments 2363:from the original on 12 June 2015 377:rats or true rats, originated in 5521:Molaccan prehensile-tailed rat ( 4791: 4386:. Hakai Magazine. Archived from 3786:Mench, Chris (4 February 2022). 3467:. University of North Carolina. 3388:Newvision Archive (2005-03-10). 3219:. Sciencedaily.com. 2007-03-09. 3018:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01220.x 2989:from the original on 2017-08-18. 2902:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01220.x 2319:Journal of Comparative Pathology 2260:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01735.x 2076:from the original on 24 May 2015 1816:Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH 1214:infection. Researchers studying 1178:, New York, Washington, DC, and 183: 50: 4511:Monstrous Compendium Volume One 3983:. Science Avenger. 2007-12-05. 3768:from the original on 2016-10-31 3685:from the original on 2015-09-01 3677:Klein, Stephanie (2014-10-17). 3607:from the original on 2014-12-17 3552:from the original on 2017-01-18 3526:from the original on 2013-03-17 3501:from the original on 2013-08-27 3471:from the original on 2013-03-01 3446:from the original on 2013-05-21 3421:from the original on 2012-10-07 3223:from the original on 2012-10-10 2864:, National Academies Press (US) 2778:10.1590/S1415-47572009005000041 2716:from the original on 2009-04-13 2099:Britannica Concise Encyclopedia 1042:Rat meat is a food that, while 588:with the environment. The high 468:; therefore, they are known as 61:needs additional citations for 5200:Ryukyu long-tailed giant rat ( 4807:New International Encyclopedia 4112:New Zealand Journal of Ecology 3651:Guzman, Joseph (11 May 2021). 3251:"Animal studies in psychology" 2765:Genetics and Molecular Biology 2759:Katerji, Suhair (1 May 2009). 1451:(big mouse) and the latter as 445:, pregnant or parent females, 1: 5040:Kenneth's white-toothed rat ( 4412:. Nj.npri.org. Archived from 4360:. A&C Black, London, UK. 3544:Clark, Patrick (2017-01-17). 3442:. Io9.com. 19 November 2010. 3071:10.1016/s0194-5998(98)70378-x 2811:"AFRMA OFFICIAL RAT STANDARD" 2567:10.1080/23328940.2015.1119615 1928:and fantasy fiction like the 1650:The Miracle of Morgan's Creek 1072:non-governmental organization 619:Microscopic cross section of 5310:Short-tailed bandicoot rat ( 4877:Extant species of subfamily 4145:Guthrie, Kate (2020-03-22). 4034:"Hawadax Island Is Rat-Free" 4032:Rosen, Yereth (2009-06-13). 3836:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3708:video.nationalgeographic.com 3578:. Lrb.co.uk. pp. 9–10. 2409:10.1371/journal.pone.0026357 2331:10.1016/0021-9975(70)90051-4 1974:, and Belgian graphic novel 1843:is about a rat described by 1549:are held to be destined for 1379:Campbell Island, New Zealand 943:are smaller (Barnett 2002). 857:and wellbeing of humankind. 641:surface-area-to-volume ratio 586:countercurrent heat exchange 476:, some of which have become 5268:Gray-bellied mountain rat ( 5049:Manipur white-toothed rat ( 5031:Bower's white-toothed rat ( 4684:White Wolf Publishing, Inc. 4441:The Encyclopedia of Fantasy 4329:"NATURE NOTES: Mus Maximus" 4057:Cooper, John (2022-12-13). 3790:. Thrillist. Archived from 3570:Wilsey, Sean (2005-03-17). 3489:Maev Kennedy (2011-08-17). 1728:, to the roles of Disney's 1661:) in criminal slang for an 1129:Centers for Disease Control 292:by their size. Usually the 267:. Other rat genera include 6754: 6161:Müller's giant Sunda rat ( 6143:Mountain giant Sunda rat ( 4305:. Toronto Globe and Mail. 3157:"Metacognition in the rat" 2498:Journal of Neurophysiology 2239:Journal of Applied Ecology 1990:pied-piping with inversion 1941: 1687: 1477: 1394:British Overseas Territory 1079:African giant pouched rats 1053: 1035: 798: 742: 36: 29: 6315: 6041: 5864: 5806: 5611: 5569: 5453: 5022:Small white-toothed rat ( 4940:Luzon broad-toothed rat ( 4886: 4782:Rat Behaviour and Biology 3911:. Government of Australia 3762:Leptospirosis Information 3181:10.1016/j.cub.2007.01.061 2288:10.1080/10408410902989837 2007:List of fictional rodents 1950:The Pied Piper of Hamelin 1882:'s science fiction novel 1404:The Canadian province of 1269:environmental degradation 339:Skeleton of a black rat ( 180:Scientific classification 166: 157: 39:The Rats (disambiguation) 27:Several genera of rodents 5894:Manus Island spiny rat ( 5722:Little soft-furred rat ( 5539:New Ireland forest rat ( 5124:Yellow-haired hill rat ( 5091:Lagre Luzon forest rat ( 4990:Savile's bandicoot rat ( 4778:(archived 29 April 2005) 4707:Fusco, Virginia (2015). 4356:Eyers, Jonathan (2011). 4276:"Rat Control in Alberta" 3955:"Rattus rattus (mammal)" 2641:Bruneau, Amelia (2010). 2446:Rat Behavior and Biology 1982:The Ball of the Dead Rat 1781:The Pit and the Pendulum 1690:Fancy rat § Fiction 1593:were charged and put on 1381:after almost 200 years. 1190:In the spread of disease 961:, and the production of 831:Worcester, Massachusetts 821:also found among humans. 6355:Stenocephalomys–Xeromys 6303:Luzon short-nosed rat ( 6272:Spiny long-footed rat ( 5984:Pocock's highland rat ( 5876:Vogelkop mountain rat ( 5467:Philippine forest rat ( 5422:Flores long-nosed rat ( 5277:Mindanao mountain rat ( 4981:Greater bandicoot rat ( 4822:Encyclopædia Britannica 4772:(archived 3 March 2016) 4380:"In Defense of the Rat" 4200:. Pest Control Canada. 2549:Wanner, Samuel (2015). 2161:"Creature Feature Rats" 1894:The Stainless Steel Rat 1869:evolutionary psychology 1701:depicted as a rat in a 1492:, bat at top of pendant 1358:(just off rat-infested 1259:Rat-catching, 1823, by 1136:American Housing Survey 1068:animal-assisted therapy 705:that can manifest upon 559:A closeup of a rat tail 399: oz) in the wild. 316:Species and description 6281:Kampalili moss mouse ( 6212:Sulawesi montane rat ( 6098:Rattus villosissimus ( 6071:Australian swamp rat ( 5758:Sahyadris forest rat ( 5695:Lesser ricefield rat ( 5178:Tana Toraja hill rat ( 5169:Long-headed hill rat ( 4972:Lesser bandicoot rat ( 4837:Encyclopedia Americana 4825:(11th ed.). 1911. 4605:Lake Geneva, Wisconsin 4543:Supplement I: Greyhawk 4508:; et al. (1989). 4151:Predator Free NZ Trust 4087:New Zealand Geographic 3576:London Review of Books 3317:Genet. Psychol. Monogr 2113:"Bandicota Gray, 1873" 1925:Dungeons & Dragons 1837:'s 2007 animated film 1706: 1534: 1515: 1501: 1493: 1375:Hawadax Island, Alaska 1347: 1264: 1235:) and spiny rat mite ( 1108: 822: 758: 624: 560: 531:foot-and-mouth disease 350: 332: 6644:Paleobiology Database 6230:Sulawesi forest rat ( 5785:Tawitawi forest rat ( 5581:Himalayan field rat ( 5082:Camiguin forest rat ( 4796:Texts on Wikisource: 4464:Ebert, Roger (2008). 3931:"Species – Brown Rat" 3101:"Why do we use rats?" 2837:www.sciencedirect.com 2510:10.1152/jn.00497.2017 1944:Pied Piper of Hamelin 1819:, and others include 1749:The Rats in the Walls 1732:and Kate DiCamillo's 1697: 1615:postgraduate students 1528: 1507: 1499: 1487: 1346:Rat trapped in a cage 1345: 1258: 1152:rats in New York City 1103:Rodent Bait Station, 1102: 878:common carotid artery 874:brachiocephalic trunk 870:cardiovascular system 808: 752: 645:mechanical efficiency 618: 558: 437:Male rats are called 424:Bandicota bengalensis 338: 323: 279:(bandicoot rats) and 6530:Fauna Europaea (new) 5400:Sulawesi giant rat ( 5142:Fraternal hill rat ( 5012:(White-toothed rats) 4654:Wizards of the Coast 4282:on 26 September 2014 4256:on 25 September 2014 3603:. DOEC of NY State. 3105:Cambridge University 2959:10.1542/peds.5.4.708 2712:. Ratbehaviour.org. 1852:Mon oncle d'Amérique 1775:Nineteen Eighty-Four 1746:or H.P. Lovecraft's 1360:South Georgia Island 1325:no fear of predators 1232:Ornithonyssus bacoti 1012:General intelligence 1008:has been sequenced. 670:cell viability tests 345:) on display at the 70:improve this article 32:Rat (disambiguation) 30:For other uses, see 6738:Paraphyletic groups 6713:Mammal common names 6350:Pogonomys–Pseudomys 6194:Lovely-haired rat ( 5852:Yellow-tailed rat ( 5794:Malayan field rat ( 5713:Mindoro black rat ( 5133:Heavenly hill rat ( 5115:Andrew's hill rat ( 4787:Rat Genome Database 4680:Dragons of the East 3279:. www.ensembl.org. 3173:2007CBio...17..551F 2400:2011PLoSO...626357A 2251:2009JApEc..46.1239S 1890:A. Bertram Chandler 1772:in George Orwell's 1722:and Robin Jarvis's 1249:As invasive species 1241:rat mite dermatitis 866:anatomical homology 682:golgi tendon organs 491:pathogens, such as 441:; unmated females, 418:. Rats such as the 353:The best-known rat 347:Museum of Osteology 6345:Oenomys–Pithecheir 6325:Aethomys–Chrotomys 6124:(Giant Sunda rats) 6020:Van Deusen's rat ( 5494:Hoogerwerf's rat ( 5378:Flores giant rat ( 4570:, and Dori Watry. 4540:and Robert Kuntz. 4390:on October 3, 2023 4333:www.wigantoday.net 4230:on 26 October 2014 3961:on 20 October 2015 3935:The Mammal Society 3794:on 5 February 2022 3465:"The Black Plague" 3357:10.1037/xan0000152 3006:Journal of Anatomy 2890:Journal of Anatomy 2468:"Degloving Injury" 2276:Crit Rev Microbiol 1977:Le Bal du Rat Mort 1920:role playing games 1768:, for instance in 1752:and in films like 1707: 1643:. Writer/director 1639:or who has turned 1617:in the sciences). 1545:, the rats at the 1535: 1516: 1502: 1494: 1466:against the word " 1367:island restoration 1348: 1265: 1194:Rats can serve as 1109: 949:are often used as 890:pulmonary arteries 823: 819:metabolic disorder 777:than pets such as 771:giant pouched rats 759: 625: 561: 522:Xenopsylla cheopis 351: 333: 6695: 6694: 6631:Open Tree of Life 6382:Taxon identifiers 6373: 6372: 6263:Long-footed rat ( 6221:Small-eared rat ( 6134:Annandale's rat ( 6110: 6109: 6080:Dusky field rat ( 5966:New Guinean rat ( 5957:Moss-forest rat ( 5912:Spiny Ceram rat ( 5222:Sody's tree rat ( 5160:Inland hill rat ( 5151:Karoko hill rat ( 4477:978-0-7407-7179-8 4450:978-0-312-19869-5 4384:hakaimagazine.com 4366:978-1-4081-3131-2 4063:Mouse-Free Marion 4013:on 8 January 2015 3107:. 28 October 2016 2612:10.1002/mus.24498 1857:My American Uncle 1800:The Midnight Folk 1730:Professor Ratigan 1725:The Deptford Mice 1565:European cultures 1547:Karni Mata Temple 1531:Karni Mata Temple 1428:and medical drug 1343: 1297:Rattus norvegicus 1237:Laelaps echidnina 1006:Rattus norvegicus 882:subclavian artery 849:, the effects of 775:zoonotic diseases 676:that produce the 594:connective tissue 500:Toxoplasma gondii 371:Rattus norvegicus 285:(kangaroo rats). 252: 251: 172:Rattus norvegicus 146: 145: 138: 120: 16:(Redirected from 6745: 6688: 6687: 6675: 6674: 6665: 6664: 6652: 6651: 6639: 6638: 6626: 6625: 6616: 6615: 6603: 6602: 6600:NHMSYS0000376191 6590: 6589: 6577: 6576: 6564: 6563: 6551: 6550: 6538: 6537: 6525: 6524: 6512: 6511: 6499: 6498: 6486: 6485: 6473: 6472: 6460: 6459: 6450: 6449: 6437: 6436: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6377: 6340:Melasmothrix–Mus 6335:Hadromys–Maxomys 6223:T. microbullatus 6127: 6126: 6125: 6100:R. villosissimus 6089:Pale field rat ( 5787:R. tawitawiensis 5677:Hoffmann's rat ( 5643:R. argentiventer 5476:Polynesian rat ( 5451: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5015: 5014: 5013: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4962:(Bandicoot rats) 4910:Euarchontoglires 4871: 4864: 4857: 4848: 4841: 4826: 4811: 4795: 4732: 4731: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4675: 4669: 4666:Paizo Publishing 4633: 4620:Monstrous Manual 4612: 4564:Steven E. Schend 4535: 4529: 4528: 4498:David "Zeb" Cook 4494: 4485: 4484: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4436: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4421: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4375: 4369: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4344: 4335:. Archived from 4325: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4093: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4044: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3941: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3910: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3851: 3842:(6): 1465–1469. 3827: 3821: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3773: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3744: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3719: 3710:. Archived from 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3690: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3612: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3587: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3557: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3531: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3506: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3451: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3426: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3368: 3336: 3325: 3324: 3312: 3306: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3277:"Genome project" 3273: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3247: 3241: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3228: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3201:. Archived from 3192: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3132: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3037: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2921: 2881: 2872: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2790: 2780: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2746: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2721: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2670: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2600:Muscle and Nerve 2595: 2589: 2588: 2578: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2529: 2504:(5): 2687–2701. 2489: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2472:Rat Health Guide 2463: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2421: 2411: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2245:(6): 1239–1247. 2230: 2224: 2223: 2218:. Archived from 2187: 2181: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2167:. Archived from 2157: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2147: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2095: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2072:. 26 June 2014. 2062: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2052: 2042:"Rat Fact Sheet" 2038: 2002:Chicago rat hole 1880:Harry Turtledove 1653:. It is a term ( 1641:state's evidence 1627:English language 1513:Đông Hồ painting 1455:(little mouse). 1422:arsenic trioxide 1390:Falkland Islands 1344: 1291:seagoing vessels 1148:Washington, D.C. 1022:animal cognition 977:, learning, and 827:Clark University 633:heat dissipation 598:caudal vertebrae 565:thermoregulation 398: 397: 393: 390: 188: 187: 162: 150: 141: 134: 130: 127: 121: 119: 78: 54: 46: 21: 6753: 6752: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6691: 6683: 6678: 6670: 6668: 6660: 6655: 6647: 6642: 6634: 6629: 6621: 6619: 6611: 6606: 6598: 6593: 6585: 6580: 6572: 6567: 6559: 6554: 6546: 6541: 6533: 6528: 6520: 6515: 6507: 6502: 6494: 6489: 6481: 6476: 6468: 6463: 6455: 6453: 6445: 6440: 6432: 6427: 6418: 6417: 6412: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6384: 6374: 6369: 6330:Colomys–Golunda 6311: 6289: 6247: 6196:T. callitrichus 6169: 6152:Bartels's rat ( 6123: 6122: 6121: 6120: 6106: 6037: 5975:Arianus's rat ( 5968:R. novaeguineae 5939:Cape York rat ( 5860: 5802: 5769:R. simalurensis 5724:R. mollicomulus 5686:Koopman's rat ( 5641:Ricefield rat ( 5634:R. andamanensis 5623:Sunburned rat ( 5607: 5599:Turkestan rat ( 5565: 5523:R. morotaiensis 5503:Korinch's rat ( 5485:Hainald's rat ( 5443: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5430: 5408: 5386: 5380:P. armandvillei 5362: 5340: 5318: 5285: 5252: 5230: 5208: 5186: 5153:B. karokophilus 5099: 5057: 5011: 5010: 5009: 5008: 4998: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4948: 4926: 4882: 4875: 4829: 4814: 4799: 4766: 4741: 4739:Further reading 4736: 4735: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4694: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4657: 4634: 4625: 4624: 4613: 4593: 4592: 4577: 4558: 4547: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4496: 4495: 4488: 4478: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4438: 4437: 4428: 4419: 4417: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4355: 4351: 4342: 4340: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4312: 4310: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4259: 4257: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4207: 4205: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4155: 4153: 4144: 4143: 4139: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4091: 4089: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4067: 4065: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4042: 4040: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4016: 4014: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3990: 3988: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3964: 3962: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3939: 3937: 3929: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3811: 3807: 3797: 3795: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3771: 3769: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3742: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3717: 3715: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3688: 3686: 3676: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3610: 3608: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3585: 3583: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3555: 3553: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3529: 3527: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3504: 3502: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3474: 3472: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3449: 3447: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3424: 3422: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3399: 3397: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3338: 3337: 3328: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3300: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3260: 3258: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3226: 3224: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3205:on 3 July 2012. 3161:Current Biology 3154: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3130: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3110: 3108: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3056: 3055: 3051: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2883: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2865: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2841: 2839: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2744: 2742: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2719: 2717: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2476: 2474: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2450: 2448: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2357:RatBehavior.org 2351: 2350: 2346: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2208:10.1002/ps.1718 2189: 2188: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2145: 2143: 2135: 2134: 2130: 2121: 2119: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2097: 2096: 2089: 2079: 2077: 2064: 2063: 2059: 2050: 2048: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2030: 1998: 1946: 1940: 1898:science fiction 1873:human behaviors 1867:'s theories on 1808:Doctor Dolittle 1794:Charlotte's Web 1786:Edgar Allan Poe 1711:anthropomorphic 1692: 1686: 1678:inflatable rats 1645:Preston Sturges 1623: 1567: 1482: 1476: 1442: 1383:Breaksea Island 1335: 1333: 1251: 1192: 1095: 1089:through smell. 1058: 1052: 1040: 1034: 1014: 951:model organisms 910:behavioral sink 906:John B. Calhoun 886:aortic branches 803: 795: 747: 739: 719:vascular tissue 629:heat conduction 553: 516:Yersinia pestis 474:island endemics 449:; and infants, 395: 391: 388: 386: 318: 237:Simplicidentata 182: 142: 131: 125: 122: 79: 77: 67: 55: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6751: 6749: 6741: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6700: 6699: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6676: 6666: 6653: 6640: 6627: 6617: 6604: 6591: 6578: 6565: 6552: 6539: 6526: 6517:Fauna Europaea 6513: 6500: 6487: 6474: 6461: 6451: 6438: 6425: 6410: 6394: 6392: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6309: 6299: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6278: 6269: 6259: 6257: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6236: 6227: 6218: 6209: 6200: 6191: 6181: 6179: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6158: 6149: 6145:S. infraluteus 6140: 6130: 6128: 6112: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6095: 6086: 6077: 6068: 6059: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6026: 6017: 6008: 6004:R. richardsoni 5999: 5990: 5981: 5972: 5963: 5954: 5945: 5936: 5927: 5918: 5909: 5900: 5891: 5882: 5878:R. arfakiensis 5865: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5849: 5842: 5833: 5824: 5818:Bonthain rat ( 5807: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5791: 5782: 5776:Tanezumi rat ( 5773: 5764: 5755: 5746: 5737: 5731:Osgood's rat ( 5728: 5719: 5715:R. mindorensis 5710: 5704:Mentawai rat ( 5701: 5692: 5683: 5674: 5668:Nonsense rat ( 5665: 5656: 5647: 5638: 5629: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5605: 5596: 5587: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5554: 5545: 5536: 5527: 5518: 5509: 5500: 5496:R. hoogerwerfi 5491: 5482: 5473: 5464: 5454: 5448: 5444:(Typical rats) 5432: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5418: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5396: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5384: 5374: 5372: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5350: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5328: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5307: 5297: 5295: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5274: 5264: 5262: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5240: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5228: 5218: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5196: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5184: 5175: 5166: 5157: 5148: 5139: 5130: 5126:B. chrysocomus 5121: 5111: 5109: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5088: 5079: 5069: 5067: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5046: 5037: 5028: 5018: 5016: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4987: 4978: 4974:B. bengalensis 4968: 4966: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4936: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4866: 4859: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4827: 4812: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4773: 4765: 4764:External links 4762: 4761: 4760: 4752: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4714: 4699: 4692: 4670: 4649:Monster Manual 4640:Jonathan Tweet 4636:Williams, Skip 4560:Allston, Aaron 4554:Monster Manual 4530: 4523: 4486: 4476: 4456: 4449: 4426: 4401: 4370: 4349: 4320: 4293: 4267: 4241: 4215: 4189: 4162: 4137: 4098: 4074: 4049: 4024: 3998: 3972: 3946: 3922: 3897: 3871: 3849:10.1086/515016 3822: 3805: 3778: 3749: 3724: 3695: 3669: 3643: 3617: 3592: 3562: 3536: 3511: 3481: 3456: 3431: 3406: 3380: 3351:(4): 325–340. 3326: 3307: 3294: 3268: 3257:. January 2017 3242: 3233: 3208: 3167:(6): 551–555. 3147: 3118: 3092: 3049: 3012:(5): 563–571. 2992: 2953:(4): 708–725. 2933: 2896:(5): 563–571. 2873: 2848: 2824: 2802: 2771:(2): 399–404. 2751: 2726: 2701: 2682: 2633: 2590: 2541: 2484: 2466:Grant, Karen. 2458: 2433: 2394:(11): e26357. 2374: 2344: 2325:(4): 543–548. 2309: 2266: 2225: 2222:on 2012-12-17. 2196:Pest Manag Sci 2182: 2171:on 24 May 2015 2152: 2128: 2104: 2087: 2057: 2032: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1997: 1994: 1952:", in which a 1942:Main article: 1939: 1938:The Pied Piper 1936: 1912:therianthropic 1905:Harry Harrison 1885:Homeward Bound 1863:, illustrates 1699:Imperial Japan 1685: 1682: 1622: 1619: 1566: 1563: 1520:Chinese zodiac 1509:Chuột rước đèn 1478:Main article: 1475: 1474:Asian cultures 1472: 1445:Ancient Romans 1441: 1438: 1332: 1331:Rat-free areas 1329: 1261:Edwin Landseer 1250: 1247: 1200:bubonic plague 1191: 1188: 1121:Bubonic Plague 1094: 1091: 1054:Main article: 1051: 1048: 1036:Main article: 1033: 1030: 1013: 1010: 983:aggressiveness 967:laboratory rat 937:adrenal glands 902:group behavior 801:Laboratory rat 799:Main article: 794: 791: 743:Main article: 738: 735: 661:center of mass 569:proprioception 552: 549: 541:Old World rats 482:Polynesian rat 317: 314: 250: 249: 244: 240: 239: 234: 230: 229: 224: 220: 219: 214: 210: 209: 204: 200: 199: 194: 190: 189: 176: 175: 164: 163: 155: 154: 144: 143: 126:September 2019 58: 56: 49: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6750: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6733:Storage pests 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6686: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6667: 6663: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6618: 6614: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6452: 6448: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6430: 6426: 6421: 6415: 6411: 6406: 6400: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6378: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6314: 6308: 6306: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6284: 6283:T. orientalis 6279: 6277: 6275: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6239:Tondano rat ( 6237: 6235: 6233: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6205:T. celebensis 6203:Celebes rat ( 6201: 6199: 6197: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6185:Salokko rat ( 6183: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6166: 6164: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6136:S. annandalei 6132: 6131: 6129: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6103: 6101: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6040: 6034: 6032: 6031:R. verecundus 6029:Slender rat ( 6027: 6025: 6023: 6022:R. vandeuseni 6018: 6016: 6014: 6011:Stein's rat ( 6009: 6007: 6005: 6002:Glacier rat ( 6000: 5998: 5996: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5977:R. omichlodes 5973: 5971: 5969: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5948:Eastern rat ( 5946: 5944: 5942: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5923:R. giluwensis 5919: 5917: 5915: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5857: 5855: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5829:R. marmosurus 5827:Opossum rat ( 5825: 5823: 5821: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5799: 5797: 5796:R. tiomanicus 5792: 5790: 5788: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5767:Simalur rat ( 5765: 5763: 5761: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5610: 5604: 5602: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5592:R. norvegicus 5588: 5586: 5584: 5578: 5576: 5575:R. norvegicus 5572: 5571: 5568: 5562: 5560: 5559:R. timorensis 5555: 5553: 5551: 5548:Andaman rat ( 5546: 5544: 5542: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5458:Enggano rat ( 5456: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5439: 5438: 5433: 5427: 5425: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5381: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5359: 5357: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5335: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5313: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5282: 5280: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5270:L. bryophilus 5266: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5249: 5247: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5227: 5225: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5203: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5181: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5107: 5102: 5096: 5094: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5054: 5052: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5042:B. mackenziei 5038: 5036: 5034: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4995: 4993: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4945: 4943: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4885: 4880: 4872: 4867: 4865: 4860: 4858: 4853: 4852: 4849: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4715: 4710: 4703: 4700: 4695: 4693:1-56504-428-2 4689: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4655: 4651: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4615:Stewart, Doug 4610: 4606: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4584:Night Howlers 4580: 4575: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4531: 4526: 4524:0-8803-8738-6 4520: 4517: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4460: 4457: 4452: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4416:on 2013-05-20 4415: 4411: 4405: 4402: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4350: 4339:on 2019-02-02 4338: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4294: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4242: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4190: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4163: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4099: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4075: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4050: 4039: 4035: 4028: 4025: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3947: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3923: 3907: 3901: 3898: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3826: 3823: 3820:(3), 303–309. 3819: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3779: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3714:on 2015-08-21 3713: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3684: 3680: 3673: 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Bloomberg. 3547: 3540: 3537: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3512: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3485: 3482: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3396:on 2012-09-22 3395: 3391: 3384: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3301:Lashley, K., 3298: 3295: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3269: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3237: 3234: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3148: 3136: 3129: 3122: 3119: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2996: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2937: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2849: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2755: 2752: 2741:on 2007-02-17 2740: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2686: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2637: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2606:(1): 94–102. 2605: 2601: 2594: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2561:(4): 457–75. 2560: 2556: 2552: 2545: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2485: 2473: 2469: 2462: 2459: 2447: 2443: 2437: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2378: 2375: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2348: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2313: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2282:(3): 221–70. 2281: 2277: 2270: 2267: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2183: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2156: 2153: 2142: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2100: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2061: 2058: 2047: 2043: 2037: 2034: 2027: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1945: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1865:Henri Laborit 1862: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1827:Rizzo the Rat 1824: 1823: 1818: 1817: 1811: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1795: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1720: 1714: 1712: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1611: 1610:animal rights 1607: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1571:interjections 1564: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551:reincarnation 1548: 1544: 1540: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1521: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1498: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1462:, there is a 1461: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1274:Rattus rattus 1270: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1216:New York City 1213: 1209: 1208:leptospirosis 1205: 1201: 1197: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1180:San Francisco 1177: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1144:New York City 1141: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1127:. Still, the 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1085:and diagnose 1084: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1066:, acting and 1065: 1060: 1057: 1049: 1047: 1045: 1039: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1011: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 996:Entirely new 994: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 963:knockout rats 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 921: 919: 915: 914:metacognition 911: 907: 903: 898: 894: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 868:to the human 867: 863: 862:aortic arches 858: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 839:physiological 836: 832: 828: 820: 816: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 790: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 734: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 699: 693: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 666: 662: 658: 654: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 622: 621:Rattus rattus 617: 613: 611: 607: 606:integumentary 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 578: 574: 570: 566: 557: 550: 548: 546: 542: 537: 534: 532: 528: 524: 523: 518: 517: 512: 508: 507: 506:Campylobacter 502: 501: 496: 495: 490: 485: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 435: 433: 429: 425: 421: 420:bandicoot rat 417: 416:kangaroo rats 413: 409: 405: 400: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 363:Rattus rattus 360: 356: 348: 344: 343: 342:Rattus rattus 337: 331: 327: 322: 315: 313: 311: 310:taxonomically 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 286: 284: 283: 278: 277: 273:(pack rats), 272: 271: 266: 265: 260: 256: 248: 245: 242: 241: 238: 235: 232: 231: 228: 225: 222: 221: 218: 215: 212: 211: 208: 205: 202: 201: 198: 195: 192: 191: 186: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 156: 151: 148: 140: 137: 129: 118: 115: 111: 108: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: – 86: 82: 81:Find sources: 75: 71: 65: 64: 59:This article 57: 53: 48: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 6389: 6304: 6294: 6282: 6274:T. echinatus 6273: 6264: 6252: 6240: 6231: 6222: 6213: 6204: 6195: 6186: 6174: 6162: 6153: 6144: 6135: 6115: 6099: 6090: 6081: 6073:R. lutreolus 6072: 6063: 6054: 6046: 6045: 6030: 6021: 6012: 6003: 5994: 5985: 5976: 5967: 5958: 5949: 5940: 5932:R. jobiensis 5931: 5922: 5921:Giluwe rat ( 5913: 5905:R. elaphinus 5904: 5895: 5886: 5877: 5869: 5868: 5854:R. xanthurus 5853: 5844: 5837: 5836:Peleng rat ( 5828: 5819: 5812:R. xanthurus 5811: 5810: 5795: 5786: 5777: 5768: 5759: 5750: 5741: 5732: 5723: 5714: 5705: 5696: 5687: 5679:R. hoffmanni 5678: 5669: 5661:R. blangorum 5660: 5652:R. baluensis 5651: 5650:Summit rat ( 5642: 5633: 5632:Sikkim rat ( 5624: 5616: 5615: 5600: 5591: 5582: 5574: 5573: 5558: 5549: 5540: 5532:R. ranjiniae 5531: 5530:Kerala rat ( 5522: 5513: 5504: 5495: 5486: 5477: 5468: 5459: 5435: 5423: 5413: 5402:P. dominator 5401: 5391: 5379: 5367: 5355: 5345: 5334:N. ceramicus 5333: 5323: 5311: 5302: 5290: 5278: 5269: 5257: 5246:K. rintjanus 5245: 5244:Komodo rat ( 5235: 5223: 5214:Kadarsanomys 5213: 5201: 5191: 5179: 5170: 5161: 5152: 5144:B. fratrorum 5143: 5135:B. coelestis 5134: 5125: 5116: 5104: 5093:B. luzonicus 5092: 5083: 5074: 5073:Bagobo rat ( 5062: 5051:B. manipulus 5050: 5041: 5032: 5024:B. berdmorei 5023: 5003: 4991: 4982: 4973: 4953: 4941: 4931: 4908:Superorder: 4835: 4820: 4805: 4755: 4727: 4717: 4708: 4702: 4686:p. 92. 4679: 4673: 4659: 4647: 4627: 4623:(TSR, 1993). 4618: 4598: 4582: 4576:(TSR, 1991). 4571: 4557:(TSR, 1977). 4552: 4546:(TSR, 1975). 4541: 4533: 4509: 4502:Steve Winter 4481: 4466: 4459: 4440: 4418:. 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Retrieved 2045: 2036: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1962:Black Plague 1947: 1929: 1923: 1909: 1883: 1877: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1838: 1820: 1814: 1812: 1805: 1798: 1792: 1790: 1779: 1773: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1723: 1717: 1715: 1708: 1703:World War II 1674:trade unions 1671: 1648: 1630: 1624: 1603: 1599:rats as pets 1574: 1568: 1536: 1517: 1508: 1480:Rat (zodiac) 1457: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1434: 1418:Saskatchewan 1414: 1403: 1387: 1364: 1349: 1312: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1295: 1282: 1278: 1272: 1266: 1252: 1243: 1236: 1230: 1224: 1193: 1184: 1169: 1159: 1133: 1110: 1096: 1087:tuberculosis 1081:) to detect 1061: 1059: 1050:Working rats 1041: 1015: 1005: 995: 987:adaptability 975:intelligence 945: 922: 899: 895: 859: 824: 796: 787: 760: 755:domesticated 740: 696: 694: 649: 626: 620: 601: 562: 538: 535: 520: 514: 504: 498: 492: 486: 463: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 436: 431: 423: 403: 401: 370: 362: 352: 340: 305: 301: 287: 280: 274: 268: 262: 254: 253: 171: 147: 132: 123: 113: 106: 99: 92: 80: 68:Please help 63:verification 60: 43: 6556:iNaturalist 6414:Wikispecies 6265:T. apoensis 6232:T. punicans 6187:T. arcuatus 6163:S. muelleri 6082:R. sordidus 6064:R. fuscipes 6055:R. colletti 6053:Dusky rat ( 6047:R. fuscipes 5993:Spiny rat ( 5941:R. leucopus 5930:Japen rat ( 5914:R. feliceus 5896:R. detentus 5887:R. arrogans 5870:R. leucopus 5820:R. bontanus 5778:R. tanezumi 5749:Black rat ( 5742:R. palmarum 5688:R. koopmani 5601:R. pyctoris 5590:Brown rat ( 5557:Timor rat ( 5514:R. montanus 5512:Nillu rat ( 5505:R. korinchi 5487:R. hainaldi 5469:R. everetti 5346:Palawanomys 5332:Ceram rat ( 5279:L. sibuanus 5171:B. prolatus 5117:B. andrewsi 4942:A. latidens 4749:non-fiction 4632:(251). TSR. 4579:Dupuis, Ann 4568:Jon Pickens 4549:Gygax, Gary 4538:Gygax, Gary 4506:Jon Pickens 3915:16 February 3890:17 February 3630:PR Newswire 3417:. Ted.com. 3287:17 February 2555:Temperature 2442:"Rat Tails" 2022:Rodentology 2012:Rat-baiting 1986:pied-piping 1964:, in which 1954:rat-catcher 1931:Anita Blake 1903:written by 1861:French film 1859:"), a 1980 1845:Roger Ebert 1840:Ratatouille 1831:The Muppets 1621:Terminology 1606:experiments 1583:Black Death 1460:Isle of Man 1453:mus minimus 1449:mus maximus 1426:rodenticide 1365:As part of 1356:Bird Island 1204:Lassa fever 1176:Los Angeles 1165:rat catcher 1125:Middle Ages 1117:bamboo rats 1056:Working rat 880:, and left 727:nocifensive 703:pathologies 674:fibroblasts 653:innervation 637:vascularity 610:pathologies 573:nocifensive 545:Pleistocene 527:Middle Ages 511:Black Death 324:A rat in a 296:of a large 294:common name 6723:Scavengers 6702:Categories 6305:T. adustus 6214:T. hamatus 6091:R. tunneyi 6062:Bush rat ( 5995:R. praetor 5986:R. pococki 5903:Sula rat ( 5846:R. salocco 5838:R. pelurus 5760:R. satarae 5740:Palm rat ( 5733:R. osgoodi 5659:Aceh rat ( 5625:R. adustus 5583:R. nitidus 5550:R. stoicus 5478:R. exulans 5460:R. enganus 5202:D. legatus 5192:Diplothrix 5180:B. torajae 5162:B. penitus 5075:B. bagobus 5033:B. bowersi 4992:B. savilei 4728:BBC Travel 4644:Monte Cook 4595:Swan, Rick 4420:2012-09-24 4394:October 8, 4343:2019-02-01 4286:18 October 4260:18 October 4234:18 October 4182:21 January 4156:2024-03-10 4092:2024-03-10 4068:2024-03-10 4043:2024-03-10 4017:17 January 3991:17 January 3965:17 January 3940:2024-03-10 3798:8 February 3772:2016-10-31 3743:2019-12-05 3718:2015-08-23 3689:2015-08-23 3611:2014-11-24 3586:2013-03-15 3556:2017-01-18 3530:2013-03-15 3505:2013-03-15 3497:. London. 3475:2013-03-15 3450:2013-03-15 3425:2012-09-24 3400:2012-09-24 3227:2012-09-24 2947:Pediatrics 2868:2024-04-09 2842:2024-04-09 2817:13 October 2745:2006-11-24 2720:2009-07-04 2165:ABC.net.au 2146:2024-03-10 2122:2024-03-10 2051:2021-09-23 2028:References 1966:black rats 1910:Wererats, 1822:Doctor Rat 1738:Botticelli 1688:See also: 1440:In culture 1352:Antarctica 1321:birth rate 1317:omnivorous 1227:dermatitis 1220:SARS-CoV-2 1212:Hantavirus 1018:"g factor" 1002:Wistar rat 991:psychology 979:drug abuse 947:Brown rats 811:Zucker rat 767:black rats 731:acute pain 575:-mediated 494:Leptospira 478:endangered 470:commensals 365:) and the 233:Mirorder: 96:newspapers 6295:Tryphomys 6241:T. taerae 6013:R. steini 5950:R. mordax 5751:R. rattus 5706:R. lugens 5670:R. burrus 5617:R. rattus 5541:R. sanila 5392:Paruromys 5369:Papagomys 5356:P. furvus 5324:Nesoromys 5312:N. indica 5303:N. bunnii 5236:Komodomys 4983:B. indica 4955:Bandicota 4932:Abditomys 4890:Kingdom: 4516:TSR, Inc. 4124:0110-6465 4118:: 23–32. 3858:1058-4838 3026:0021-8782 2967:0031-4005 2910:0021-8782 2698:: 514–17. 2518:0022-3077 2304:205694138 1663:informant 1637:informant 1410:pack rats 1313:True rats 1306:wharf rat 1302:brown rat 1279:black rat 1156:Manhattan 1113:rat flood 1083:landmines 825:In 1895, 763:brown rat 745:Fancy rat 711:bacterial 698:degloving 602:degloving 582:Sciuridae 577:degloving 551:Rat tails 412:pack rats 402:The term 375:Old World 367:brown rat 359:black rat 330:Vancouver 282:Dipodomys 276:Bandicota 203:Kingdom: 197:Eukaryota 168:Brown rat 6587:13001727 6454:BioLib: 6399:Wikidata 6319:See also 6254:Tarsomys 6176:Taeromys 6117:Sundamys 5959:R. niobe 5697:R. losea 5414:Paulamys 5259:Limnomys 5224:K. sodyi 5084:B. gamay 5064:Bullimus 5005:Berylmys 4920:Family: 4916:Rodentia 4904:Mammalia 4898:Chordate 4896:Phylum: 4892:Animalia 4881:(Rattus) 4668:, 2003). 4603:(#192). 4591:, 1992). 4313:8 August 4307:Archived 4208:8 August 4202:Archived 4176:Archived 4132:24053177 3985:Archived 3884:Archived 3766:Archived 3683:Archived 3657:The Hill 3605:Archived 3580:Archived 3550:Archived 3524:Archived 3499:Archived 3469:Archived 3444:Archived 3419:Archived 3375:28981308 3281:Archived 3261:April 9, 3221:Archived 3199:17346969 3140:April 9, 3111:April 9, 3087:30325002 3044:20345858 2987:Archived 2983:46479766 2975:15417271 2928:20345858 2797:21637698 2714:Archived 2677:20729800 2628:40356618 2620:25346299 2585:27227066 2536:28814636 2428:22073158 2388:PLOS ONE 2361:Archived 2296:19548807 2216:19206089 2074:Archived 2017:Rat king 1996:See also 1934:series. 1916:werewolf 1770:Room 101 1743:The Rats 1543:Deshnoke 1430:warfarin 1392:for the 1287:stowaway 1283:ship rat 1196:zoonotic 1093:As pests 1064:demining 1038:Rat meat 989:. 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