75:. B1 allows for competitors who are totally blind or having some light perception, while B2 allows for competitors with vision range that allows them to recognise hand movement to 20/600 corrected, and B3 allows for competitors with vision impairments from 20/600 to 20/200 corrected. Deaf racquetball has also been organised in the United States, with players being eligible if their hearing loss is 55 db or greater and sorted into divisions based on ability, age and gender.
60:
counterparts as a result of classification. Internationally and in Canada, there is one classification eligible for participation: wheelchair users. They must have a permanent disability that requires them to use a wheelchair, and may not be able to compete using rules for able-bodied players because of their disability. In Canada, there have been different classes of competition inside wheelchair racquetball, with A and B at the 1989 Canadian
Racquetball Championships.
163:
hit the ball until the "ball has been touched." or "The ball has stopped bouncing." or "The ball has passed the short line after touching the back wall." The rules for deaf competitors are the same when competing against non-disabled competitors, with the deaf classification applying only for eligibility in deaf only events. The
National Racquetball Association of the Deaf uses a version of the rules set out by the United States Racquetball Association.
175:
134:
competitors. During the 1990s, racquetball was one of the sports that people with disabilities were most likely to play. In the United States in 1995, a wheelchair user brought suit against a racquetball league after he was unable to compete against top level players with a modified two bounce rule, citing the
162:
In competitions sanctioned inside the United States, when doubles matches are being played with partners from different classes, the pair competes in the division for the higher functioning pairs partner. The rules have been modified for players with vision impairments, allowing players to attempt to
154:
The standard rules for racquetball are generally used, with some exceptions for wheelchair users. The ball is allowed to bounce twice except in the division that allows more than two bounces. The wheelchair is considered part of the body as applies to ball contact. Additional specific rules include
138:
and alleging a violation of Title III of the law. The court ruled in the favour of the league, citing that the rule modification for a wheelchair user would fundamentally change the rules of the game. Classification for wheelchair sport on the
Paralympic level was being organised by the ISMWSF and
23:
developed to allow fair competition between racquetball players with different disability types and against able-bodied competitors. Internationally and in Canada, this classification system only allows only wheelchair users to be eligible to compete. In contrast, the United States classification
133:
Rules for the sport date back to the 1980s. In 1985, the
Canadian national championships were integrated, including both non-disabled and disabled athletes in the same event. In 1990, the sport became the first one to integrate the world championships for non-disabled competitors with disabled
158:
There are few restrictions on the type of mobility assisting equipment used by wheelchair competitors except that it cannot interfere with the movement of the other player. Players in wheelchair classes may choose to compete with roller bars attached to their chair, or have non-marking tires
59:
Classification systems for disability sport were designed to allow fair levels of competition for competitors with different types of disability, with the sport utilising a medical classification system. Competitors with ambulatory disabilities are able to compete against their able-bodied
39:. Rules for the sport were developed by the 1980s, and integration with the able-bodied side occurred by 1990 when able-bodied and wheelchair competitors competed in the same world championships. Inclusion was challenged in a court in United States in 1995. While the sport was never a full
50:
Classification is handled by the IRF Committee for
Athletes with Disabilities who have the ability to screen or rescreen competitors for inclusion in the classification at their discretion. There are rule modifications that differ for wheelchair users and vision impaired users.
155:
the requirement that only the wheelchair wheels may be used to support the player: hands and feed cannot be used. The player must remain in the wheelchair at all times. The divisions that wheelchair users compete in are also different from non-disabled competitors.
139:
included all types of wheelchair users. Despite these changes to sport governance, racquetball has never been included on the
Paralympic programme as a full medal sport, though it was a demonstration sport at the
91:(IRF). Subsequently, the International Racquetball Federation has taken over the governance of the sport internationally, but only in terms of wheelchair racquetball and only recognising one classification.
84:
63:
For racquetball in the United States, wheelchair and vision impairment racquetball are both recognised with their own classification. For players with vision impairments, three classes exist:
910:
151:
Classification is handled by the IRF Committee for
Athletes with Disabilities who have the ability to screen or rescreen competitors for inclusion in the classification at their discretion.
903:
297:
1131:
117:, where they recognise one wheelchair class and no vision impairment classes. The organisation has been involved with wheelchair players since the 1980s.
1013:
896:
1100:
943:
110:
is the governing body for deaf racquetball in the United States, and is based around rules set out by the United States
Racquetball Association.
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makes no provisions for intellectual disabilities, wheelchair users, deaf and vision impaired people in their
September 2011 rules, and
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A set of wheelchair racquetball rules have been endorsed and are included in the official racquetball rules published by the
95:
32:
1121:
1054:
963:
122:
24:
system covers wheelchair users and people with vision impairments, with different classes inside these disability types.
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140:
44:
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36:
20:
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Globally, two organisations were involved with governing the sport during the 1990s. They included the
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340:
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226:
227:"2006-2008 Official International Racquetball Federation Rules, Policies & Procedures"
196:
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has also developed and governs a classification system that was used in the 1990s. The
547:
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385:
180:
282:
87:(ISMWSF)'s Racquetball Di-vision and the Committee for Athletes with Disabilities –
888:
847:
822:
The
Cultural Politics of the Paralympic Movement: Through an Anthropological Lens
737:
642:
429:
98:. These rules are included in the same ruleset used by able-bodied competitors.
31:, with national governing bodies also dealing with classification including the
170:
40:
531:
778:
568:
582:
Canadian Raquetball Association, Wheelchair Racquetball Committee (1988).
882:. United States: United States Racquetball Association. 2011. p. 19.
369:. United States: United States Racquetball Association. 2011. p. 24.
313:
583:
462:"The National Racquetball Association of the Deaf PLAYERS' GUIDELINES"
641:
Moore, Alan C.; Scott, Thomas McDonald; Porterfield, William (1986).
232:. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin-Madison. p. 12.
892:
106:, who existed by 1985, was overseen by the AARA in the 1990s.
343:. New Jersey: The Garden State Racquetball Association. 1996.
298:"Wheelchair Racquetball: A Preliminary Time Motion Analysis"
85:
International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation
608:"RACQUETBALL ASSOCIATION OF IRELAND RULES AND REGULATIONS"
387:
Deaf Sport: The Impact of Sports Within the Deaf Community
739:
BNA's Americans with Disabilities Act Manual: Newsletter
241:
239:
630:. England: England Squash and Racketball. April 2009.
1114:
1073:
1032:
926:
849:
Athlete first: a history of the paralympic movement
670:"Integration Battle Heats Up at CommonWealth Games"
246:Alexander, Michael A.; Matthews, Dennis J. (2009).
689:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 621.
546:
460:The National Racquetball Association of the Deaf.
423:
421:
419:
384:
713:Understanding the Americans with Disabilities Act
613:. Ireland: Racquetball Australia. September 2011.
428:Norton, Cheryl; Bryant, James E. (January 1995).
249:Pediatric Rehabilitation: Principles and Practice
195:Project INSPIRE: Amy McBride (24 February 2011).
742:. Bureau of National Affairs. 2004. p. 22.
871:
869:
716:. American Bar Association. pp. 114–115.
553:. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p. 314.
285:. Canada: Racquetball Canada. 6 December 2006.
220:
218:
216:
214:
197:"A History and Background of Disability Sport"
125:is the same for their rules dated April 2009.
27:Internationally, the sport is governed by the
904:
378:
376:
358:
356:
354:
352:
350:
8:
455:
453:
451:
341:"1996-97 AARA OFFICIAL RULES OF RACQUETBALL"
108:National Racquetball Association of the Deaf
335:
333:
331:
329:
327:
325:
323:
104:National Wheelchair Racquetball Association
911:
897:
889:
277:
275:
273:
271:
269:
877:"2011 USAR Official Rules of Racquetball"
759:. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p.
753:DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995).
545:DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995).
364:"2011 USAR Official Rules of Racquetball"
43:one, it was a demonstration sport at the
252:. Demos Medical Publishing. p. 94.
113:In Canada, classification is handled by
100:American Amateur Racquetball Association
391:. Gallaudet University Press. pp.
187:
852:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 178.
225:International Racquetball Federation.
526:. Emmis Communications. p. 112.
96:United States Racquetball Association
33:United States Racquetball Association
17:Disability racquetball classification
7:
798:. Taylor & Francis. p. 39.
686:Principles of Manual Sports Medicine
585:Wheelchair racquetball for beginners
520:Emmis Communications (August 1985).
496:Adapted Physical Education and Sport
89:International Racquetball Federation
29:International Racquetball Federation
14:
588:. Canadian Raquetball Association
199:. Texas: Texas Women's University
159:positioned under their footrest.
825:. Psychology Press. p. 31.
482:. Australia: Abilities Magazine.
480:"Getting into wheelchair sports"
173:
920:Disability sport classification
644:Three-wall racquetball everyone
625:"Racketball Rules – April 2009"
136:Americans With Disabilities Act
795:The Paralympic Games Explained
672:. Canada: Access Guide Canada.
499:. Human Kinetics. p. 49.
478:Walker, Karen (1 March 1994).
1:
683:Steven J. Karageanes (2004).
296:Higgs, Colin (October 1989).
123:England Squash and Racketball
383:Stewart, David Alan (1991).
147:Process, rules and equipment
493:Winnick, Joseph P. (2010).
1184:
1163:Parasports classifications
710:Goren, William D. (2010).
1132:Intellectual disability
141:1996 Summer Paralympics
45:1996 Summer Paralympics
846:Bailey, Steve (2008).
819:Howe, P David (2008).
1060:Wheelchair basketball
792:Ian Brittain (2009).
523:Orange Coast Magazine
431:Beginning racquetball
21:classification system
19:is the medical based
756:Disability and sport
647:. Hunter Textbooks.
549:Disability and sport
314:10.1123/apaq.7.4.370
283:"Racquetball Rules"
119:Racquetball Ireland
1106:Wheelchair curling
1086:Para-nordic skiing
1081:Para-alpine skiing
1019:Wheelchair fencing
668:Daignault, Louis.
115:Racquetball Canada
37:Racquetball Canada
1150:
1149:
1091:Para-snowboarding
1045:Football 7-a-side
1040:Football 5-a-side
1024:Wheelchair tennis
927:Individual Sports
859:978-0-470-05824-4
832:978-0-415-28886-6
805:978-0-415-47658-4
723:978-1-60442-904-6
696:978-0-7817-4189-7
654:978-0-88725-049-1
506:978-0-7360-8918-0
441:978-0-89582-297-0
402:978-0-930323-74-5
259:978-1-935281-65-8
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1142:Wheelchair sport
1115:Disability types
1065:Wheelchair rugby
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1168:Racquetball
1122:Amputations
1033:Team Sports
1004:Racquetball
1157:Categories
1137:Les Autres
770:0873228480
592:9 November
560:0873228480
434:. Morton.
408:9 November
167:References
79:Governance
55:Definition
41:Paralympic
969:Paracanoe
532:0279-0483
203:8 October
1050:Goalball
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129:History
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954:Judo
854:ISBN
827:ISBN
800:ISBN
775:OCLC
765:ISBN
718:ISBN
691:ISBN
649:ISBN
594:2012
565:OCLC
555:ISBN
528:ISSN
501:ISBN
436:ISBN
410:2012
397:ISBN
302:APAQ
254:ISBN
205:2013
71:and
35:and
761:128
393:222
310:doi
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