448:. A hole (or 'orifice') tone is produced by a fast-moving cylinder (or 'vena contracta') of air that interacts with the slow-moving anulus of air surrounding it. Instability in the boundary layer leads to perturbations that increase in size until a feedback path is established whereby specific frequencies of the resonance chamber are emphasized. An edge tone, on the other hand, is generated by a thin jet of air that strikes an obstacle. Vortices are shed near the point of disturbance in the flow, alternating on each side of the obstacle or 'wedge'.
572:, one or two fingers introduced in the mouth, a blow concentrated at the junction between two fingers or the lower lip pulled while breathing in air are techniques used to reach high levels of power for long distance speaking. Each place has its favorite trend that depends on the most common use of the village and on the personal preferences of each whistler. Whistling with a leaf or a flute is often related to courtship or poetic expression (reported in the Kickapoo language in Mexico and in the Hmong and Akha cultures in Asia).
540:: they produce a shock effect of the compressed air stream inside the cavity of the mouth and/or of the hands. When the jaws are fixed by a finger, the size of the hole is stable. The air stream expelled makes vibrations at the edge of the mouth. The faster the air stream is expelled, the higher is the noise inside the cavities. If the hole (mouth) and the cavity (intra-oral volume) are well matched, the resonance is tuned, and the whistle is projected more loudly. The frequency of this
31:
1914:
42:
236:(typically 1–2 kilometres (0.62–1.24 mi) but up to 5 km (3.1 mi) in mountains and less in reverberating forests) than ordinary speech, without the strain (and lesser range) of shouting. More specifically, whistle speech can reach a loudness of 130 dB, and the transmission range can reach up to 10 km (as verified in La Gomera, Canary Island). The long range of whistling is enhanced by the mountainous
1504:
643:, a large amount of information is conveyed through pitch even when spoken, and therefore extensive conversations may be whistled. In any case, even for non-tonal languages, measurements indicate that high intelligibility can be achieved with whistled speech (90%) of intelligibility of non-standardized sentences for Greek and the equivalent for Turkish.
235:
They have been more recently found in dense forests like the Amazon where they may replace spoken dialogue in the villages while hunting or fishing to overcome the pressure of the acoustic environment. The main advantage of whistling speech is that it allows the speaker to cover much larger distances
467:
2005). The number of distinctive sounds or phonemes in this language is a matter of disagreement, varying according to the researcher from two to five vowels and four to nine consonants. This variation may reflect differences in speakers' abilities as well as in the methods used to elicit contrasts.
108:
A whistled language is a system of whistled communication which allows fluent whistlers to transmit and comprehend a potentially unlimited number of messages over long distances. Whistled languages are different in this respect from free associative whistling, which may be done to simulate music, to
95:
to emulate speech and facilitate communication between individuals. More than 80 languages have been found to practice various degrees of whistling, most of them in rugged topography or dense forests, where whistling expands the area of communication while movement to carry messages is challenging.
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Whistled languages have naturally developed in response to the necessity for humans to communicate in conditions of relative isolation, with possible causes being distance, noise levels, and night, as well as specific activities, such as social information, shepherding, hunting, fishing, courtship,
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A way in which true whistled languages differ from other types of whistled communication is that they encode auditory features of spoken languages by 'transposing' (i.e.carrying over into a whistled form) key components of speech sounds. There are two types of whistled languages: those based on
634:
of the language. For example, in some tonal languages with few tones, whistled messages typically consist of stereotyped or otherwise standardized expressions, are elaborately descriptive, and often have to be repeated. However, in heavily tonal languages such as
167:
in Han China, xiao had become a widely-used complement to spoken language, irrespective of social class. Due to the shrill tones employed while whistling, xiao was often used to punctuate intense feelings or reactions, such as joy, displeasure, and surprise.
249:
In some cases (e.g. Chinantec) the whistled speech is an important and integral part of the language and culture; in others (e.g. Nahuatl) its role is much lesser. Whistled speech may be very central and highly valued in a culture. Shouting is very rare in
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The expressivity of whistled speech is likely to be somewhat limited compared to spoken speech (although not inherently so), but such a conclusion should not be taken as absolute, as it depends heavily on various factors including the
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Only the tone of the speech is saved in the whistle, while aspects as articulation and phonation are eliminated. These are replaced by other features such as stress and rhythmical variations. However, some languages, like that of the
232:
or shamanism. Because of this usage, they are mostly related to places with mountains or dense forests. Southern China, Papua New Guinea, the Amazon forest, Subsaharan Africa, Mexico, and Europe encompass most of these locations.
1932:
291:), they may be used for secretive communication among outsiders or others who do not know or understand the whistled language though they may understand its spoken origin. Stories are told of farmers in Aas during
254:. Men in that culture are subject to being fined if they do not handle whistle-speech well enough to perform certain town jobs. They may whistle for fun in situations where spoken speech could easily be heard.
339:
patterns, those based on tone languages which transpose tonal-melodies. However, both types of whistle tones have a phonological structure that is related to the spoken language that they are transposing.
265:, and other places in Mexico, and reportedly in West and Southern Africa as well (specifically among the VhaVenda), whistled speech is men's language: although women may understand it, they do not use it.
240:
found in areas where whistled languages are used. Many areas with such languages work hard to preserve their ancient traditions, in the face of rapidly advancing telecommunications systems in many areas.
792:
Confusion matrix of the consonants in the perception test. 'Produced' consonants are displayed horizontally and 'perceived' consonants vertically. (Numbers in bold correspond to correct identifications).
179:
makes a passing reference to an
Ethiopian tribe who "spoke like bats". While travelling through the territory of an ancient tribe on the southern Black Sea coast in 400 B.C.E, Xenophon wrote in the
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Meyer J & Dentel L (2003). 'The world whistles: scientific expedition and international network of cultural collaborations on the theme of whistled languages and talking musical instruments.'
136:
of communication while non-tonal phonology carries proportionally less. The genesis of a whistled language has never been recorded in either case and has not yet received much productive study.
663:
Confusion matrix of the vowels in the perception test. 'Produced' vowels are displayed horizontally and 'perceived' vowels vertically (Numbers in bold correspond to correct identifications).
659:. It was tested using two speakers of Silbo (Jampolsky 1999). The study revealed that generally, the vowels were relatively easy to understand, and the consonants a bit more difficult.
382:
variations. Certain consonants can be pronounced while whistling, so as to modify the whistled sound, much as consonants in spoken language modify the vowel sounds adjacent to them.
468:
The work of Meyer clarifies this debate by providing the first statistical analyses of production for various whistlers as well as psycholinguistic tests of vowel identification.
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1923:
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Because whistled language is so much rarer than standard vocal language or non-verbal physical language such as sign language, historical research on whistled speech is sparse.
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attract attention, or, in the case of herders or animal trainers, to transmit simple messages or instructions to animal companions. Generally, whistled languages emulate the
548:
of the equivalent spoken form. "Apart from the five vowel-phonemes —and even these do not invariably have a fixed or steady pitch—all whistled speech-sound realizations are
295:, or in La Gomera, who were able to hide evidence of such nefarious activities as milk-watering because they were warned in whistle-speech that the police were approaching.
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2061:, for regular conversation at a distance whistled speech is used. As two people approach each other, one may even switch from whistled to spoken speech in mid-sentence.
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132:
where the whistled tones transmit the tones of the syllables (tone melodies of the words). This might be because in tone languages the tone melody carries more of the
3483:"In the Americas with David Yetman" documentary in which Georgetown University linguist Mark Sicoli conducts fieldwork with speaker/whistlers of Sochiápam Chinantec
59:
596:, which is readily understandable since in most cases their only purpose is long-distance communication." A whistled tone is essentially a simple oscillation (or
2267:
Brennan, Shane (April 2016). "Did the
Mossynoikoi whistle? A consideration of the distance between poleis in the Black Sea mountains given at Anabasis 5.4.31".
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3136:
303:
Various documentation, conservation, and revitalization effort are ongoing. In France, the whistling of Aas is being systematically audio-recorded using
2630:
2806:
Busnel, R. G. (1970). "Recherches experimentales sur la langue sifflee de Kuskoy" [Experimental
Research on the Whistling Language of Kuskoy].
604:
variations are impossible. Normal articulation during an ordinary lip-whistle is relatively easy though the lips move little causing a constant of
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1933:
3025:
2246:
3436:
Meyer, Julien (2008). "Typology and acoustic strategies of whistled languages: Phonetic comparison and perceptual cues of whistled vowels".
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Meyer, Julien (2008). "Typology and acoustic strategies of whistled languages: Phonetic comparison and perceptual cues of whistled vowels".
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More than 80 whistled languages have been found to date. The following list is of languages that exist or existed in a whistled form, or of
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dynasty, and it was initially used to convey a sense of grief, or to invoke the spirits of dearly departed loved ones. By the time of the
60:
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of the
Kinoprosipi people of North Africa, who made use of "acute whistling," who later historians believe were likely a tribe of the
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techniques are common for short and medium distance discussions (in a market, in the noise of a room, or for hunting); whereas the
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for finger-in-the-mouth whistling. These are used for communication over varying distances. There is also a kind of loud falsetto (
128:
Whistled language is rare compared to spoken language, but it is found in cultures around the world. It is especially common in
560:
There are a few different techniques of how to produce whistle speech, the choice of which is dependent on practical concerns.
1976:
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inhabitants could hear one another at great distances across the valleys. The same area encompasses the
Turkish village of
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425:-derived dialect, include articulation so that consonants interrupt the flow of the whistle. A similar language is the
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MP3 File of a Voice of
America Broadcast - UN: Technology Threatens Whistled Language in Turkey - January 12, 2018
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phenomenon is modulated by the morphing of the resonating cavity that can be, to a certain extent, related to the
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such as duration and tone, and when whistled retain the spoken melodic line. Thus whistled tonal languages convey
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Those who are able to speak using whistled language often use their hands or fingers to modify the sound produced.
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Consonants are produced by pitch transitions of different lengths and height, plus the presence or absence of
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based (or both). Most whistle languages, of which there are several hundred, are based on tonal languages.
3527:
3492:
3398:
3200:"Bioacoustics of human whistled languages: an alternative approach to the cognitive processes of language"
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2462:"Bioacoustics of human whistled languages: an alternative approach to the cognitive processes of language"
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2955:"A Perceptual Study of CV Syllables in Both Spoken and Whistled Speech: A Tashlhiyt Berber Perspective"
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Description typologique et intelligibilité des langues sifflées, approche linguistique et bioacoustique
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In West Africa, speech may be conveyed by a whistle or other musical instrument, most famously the "
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2008:
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In non-tonal languages, more of the articulatory features of speech are retained, and the normally
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singing praise songs or for inter-village communication, and other instruments may be used on the
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The practice is generally threatened by increased modernization and faster roads, but successful
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Typology and intelligibility of whistled languages: approach in linguistics and bioacoustics
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2016:
1984:
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159:. The development of xiao as a practice and art form can be traced through the works of the
310:. Those recordings have been used to create an interactive maps of Occitan villages names.
3296:
3269:
The
Discovery of France: A Historical Geography from the Revolution to the First World War
2583:
Rialland, Annie (August 2005). "Phonological and phonetic aspects of whistled languages".
2004:
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One of the best-studied whistled languages is a whistled language based on
Spanish called
426:
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Most whistle languages, of which there are several hundred, are based on tonal languages.
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133:
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125:, so that trained listeners who speak that language can understand the encoded message.
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580:"All whistled languages share one basic characteristic: they function by varying the
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273:
164:
3465:
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3216:
3199:
2616:
2478:
2461:
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1939:« Aas », the French village where Occitan is whistled, in Occitan whistle.
277:
3389:
Rialland, Annie (2005). "Phonological and
Phonetic Aspects of Whistled Languages".
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160:
3158:"The Remote Village Where People 'Talk' in Intricate, Ear-Splitting Bird Whistles"
2736:
2719:
2202:
2189:
1892:
1503:
188:
2662:"Just Put Your Lips Together and Blow? The Whistled Fricatives of Southern Bantu"
2371:
Asher, R. E.; Simpson, J. M. Y. (1994). "Whistled Speech and
Whistled Language".
1930:
58:
17:
3568:
2766:[On some physical aspects of the hissed language of the H'mong people].
2683:
Shadle, Christine H. (March 1983). "Experiments on the acoustics of whistling".
2446:
2238:
1875:
1843:
1830:
1787:
1631:
537:
375:
3502:
155:, was a kind of nonverbal language with affinities to the spiritual aspects of
3578:
3449:
3412:
2953:
Meyer, Julien; Dentel, Laure; Gerber, Silvain; Ridouane, Rachid (2019-09-15).
2916:
2860:
2608:
2563:"Adiu ! Quand l'union des communs fait la force du patrimoine immatériel"
2422:
2311:
2280:
2226:
1996:
1948:
1561:
480:
Vowels are replaced by a set of relative pitch ranges generally tracking the f
430:
280:
184:
80:
2211:
3547:
3347:
3321:
2764:"Sur quelques aspects physiques de la langue à ton sifflée du peuple H'mong"
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1609:
631:
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456:
258:
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1980:
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1702:
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336:
3457:
3110:"Kongthong – A Village in Meghalaya where People Whistle to Communicate"
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3420:
1991:
1898:
1839:
1747:
1684:
1583:
1574:
484:
367:
348:
237:
114:
3489:
An international network of research and defense on whistled languages
2704:
323:
Whistled languages differ according to whether the spoken language is
2058:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1884:
1791:
1768:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1693:
1521:
601:
418:
371:
262:
211:
207:
68:
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In a non-tonal language, segments may be differentiated as follows:
214:
island, the entire population knew the local whistled speech called
3486:
2823:
2562:
3558:
2930:
Meyer, Julien; Gautheron, Bernard; Ridouane, Rachid (2015-08-10).
2051:
2047:
1852:
1812:
1803:
1783:
1635:
1605:
1552:
1502:
552:
which are interpreted in terms of range, contour, and steepness."
29:
3240:"This ancient whistling language is in grave danger of dying out"
2718:
Ritzenthaler, Robert E.; Peterson, Frederick A. (December 1954).
343:
Tonal languages are often stripped of articulation, leaving only
3018:
Whistled languages: a worldwide inquiry on human whistled speech
2231:
Whistled Languages: A Worldwide Inquiry on Human Whistled Speech
2012:
1826:
1778:
1667:
1534:
429:
whistle language used in the highlands in the Southern parts of
284:
3516:
3137:"In A Turkish Village, A Conversation With Whistles, Not Words"
3480:
3141:
2995:"La communication sifflée chez les Diola (Casamance, Sénégal)"
2762:
G, Busnel R.; Alcuri, G.; Gautheron, B.; Rialland, A. (1989).
2316:
1663:
2098:, stop motion animation characters using a whistled language.
385:
Different whistling styles may be used in a single language.
1912:
40:
3493:
A whistled conversation in Sochiapam Chinantec (SIL-Mexico)
2893:
Orie, Ọlanikẹ Ọla (2013). "Yoruba and Yoruboid languages".
2633:. Summer Institute of Linguistics in Mexico. Archived from
2031:, in the latter reportedly linked with the spirits talking)
1868:
inhabitants, see Yupik, Alaska in America mentioned above.
393:
for whistling with the tongue against the alveolar ridge,
536:
Whistling techniques do not require the vibration of the
2171:
The Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature
117:
of a natural spoken language, as well as aspects of its
3481:
Whistles in the Mist: Whistled Speech in Oaxaca, Mexico
492:
Stress is expressed by higher pitch or increased length
363:
phonemic distinctions of the spoken language are lost.
3503:
Link to ELAR documentation of Antia Whistling language
2932:"Whistled Moroccan Tamazight: phonetics and phonology"
2842:"Singing the individual: name tunes in Oyda and Yopno"
2840:
Amha, Azeb; Slotta, James; Sarvasy, Hannah S. (2021).
3091:"Yupik sentence in spoken and whistled form (Alaska)"
2720:"Courtship Whistling of the Mexican Kickapoo Indians"
405:) which functions in some ways like whistled speech.
191:
where whistled speech (kuş dili) is practiced today.
2561:
Lopez, Hugo Pierre; Montagne, Delphine (June 2024).
2366:
2364:
2362:
276:(with the exception of a whistled language used by
3438:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
2502:"Sochiapam Chinantec Whistle Speech | SIL Mexico"
2410:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
440:There are two different types of whistle tones -
2936:18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences
2631:"A whistled conversation in Sochiapam Chinantec"
2233:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 11–27,
327:or not, with the whistling being either tone or
2578:
2576:
2128:"More Than 80 Cultures Still Speak in Whistles"
3385:6. Dallas: SIL International and UT Arlington.
2655:
2653:
2651:
389:has three different words for whistle-speech:
3528:
2801:
2799:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
8:
3156:Christie-Miller, Alexander (July 16, 2012).
2402:
2400:
2373:The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
370:variations imparted by the movements of the
3498:Whistling to Communicate in Alaska from NPR
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2225:Meyer, Julien (2015), Meyer, Julien (ed.),
3535:
3521:
3513:
3179:"The Whistled Language of Northern Turkey"
3097:. The World Whistles Research Association.
409:Tonal whistle languages and types of tones
3402:
3215:
2869:
2859:
2735:
2598:
2477:
2307:"Greece's disappearing whistled language"
2201:
1507:Global distribution of whistled languages
268:Though whistled languages are not secret
171:In the Melpomene, the fourth book of his
3204:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
2466:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
795:
666:
3348:"LINGUIST List 7.1166: Whistled speech"
3322:"LINGUIST List 6.1319: Whistled speech"
2835:
2833:
2113:
2046:". However, while drums may be used by
433:. This should not be confused with the
335:non-tone languages, which transpose F²
222:Causes of whistled language development
218:, but only a few whistlers remain now.
3079:. 21 June 2005. National Public Radio.
2375:. Oxford: Pergamon. pp. 573–576.
1946:
78:
3177:Nijhuis, Michelle (August 17, 2015).
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2569:. Lyon, France: OpenStreetMap France.
319:Tonal and non-tonal whistle languages
314:Characteristics of whistled languages
7:
3073:"Whistling to Communicate in Alaska"
2300:
2298:
2121:
2119:
2117:
3135:Kenyon, Peter (26 September 2015).
1965:(village of Antia on the island of
556:Bilabial and labiodental techniques
355:, length, and, to a lesser extent,
2536:Busnel, R.-G.; Classe, A. (1976).
616:(p, b, m, f, etc.) problematical.
25:
2666:UC Berkeley PhonLab Annual Report
147:In early China, the technique of
3379:A grammar of Sochiapam Chinantec
3020:. Berlin: Springer. p. 30.
2190:"試論梁佩蘭"自成面目"詩論體系之價值及其與嶺南文化傳統之關係"
2038:Other means of expressing speech
1947:Problems playing this file? See
1928:
620:Comparison with spoken languages
592:of time, generally with minimal
91:are linguistic systems that use
79:Problems playing this file? See
56:
27:Emulation of speech by whistling
3217:10.1590/S0001-37652004000200033
2810:(in French). 14–15: 41–75, 70.
2479:10.1590/s0001-37652004000200033
2152:"History of Whistled Languages"
3383:Studies in Chinantec languages
2972:10.21437/Interspeech.2019-2251
2381:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00034-1
2305:Stein, Eliot (1 August 2017).
1:
3678:History of telecommunications
2993:Moreau, Marie-Louise (1997).
2808:Revue de Phonétique Appliquée
2737:10.1525/aa.1954.56.6.02a00110
2540:. New York: Springer-Verlag.
2203:10.24112/sinohumanitas.331977
1568:-derived dialect and similar
2966:. ISCA. pp. 2295–2299.
2768:Cahiers de l'Asie du Sud-Est
2567:State of the Map France 2024
1517:that speak such languages.
455:, whistled on the island of
397:for bilabial whistling, and
3198:Meyer, Julien (June 2004).
2895:Encyclopedia of Linguistics
2460:Meyer, Julien (June 2004).
2239:10.1007/978-3-662-45837-2_2
518:Sound production techniques
472:Non-tonal whistle languages
351:information solely through
3694:
3487:The World Whistles Network
3273:W. W. Norton & Company
1499:List of whistled languages
521:
3627:
3554:
3450:10.1017/S0025100308003277
3413:10.1017/S0952675705000552
3377:Foris, David Paul. 2000.
2861:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.667599
2660:Shosted, Ryan K. (2006).
2609:10.1017/S0952675705000552
2423:10.1017/S0025100308003277
2281:10.1017/S0017383515000261
2175:Columbia University Press
2169:Mair, Victor H. (1996).
2086:Kickapoo whistled speech
149:transcendental whistling
2847:Frontiers in Psychology
2724:American Anthropologist
2126:Magazine, Smithsonian.
1588:Central Atlas Tamazight
345:suprasegmental features
3642:James Dixon & Sons
3301:www-personal.umich.edu
3016:Meyer, Julien (2015).
2901:. pp. 1200–1204.
2341:Meyer, Julien (2005).
2056:station identification
1917:
1754:, whistled Spanish in
1508:
614:labiodental consonants
100:efforts are recorded.
67:A conversation in the
45:
35:
3297:"Whistling Languages"
3267:Robb, Graham (2007).
3077:All Things Considered
2355:(Thesis) (in French).
2076:Language of the birds
1916:
1889:Turkish bird language
1506:
653:lack of understanding
647:Lack of comprehension
532:Place of articulation
378:are transformed into
44:
33:
2899:Taylor & Francis
2188:董, 就雄 (2021-12-01).
2132:Smithsonian Magazine
625:Limited expressivity
210:village of Antia on
3647:W Dowler & Sons
3328:. 27 September 1995
3114:amazingindiablog.in
2697:1983PhTea..21..148S
2685:The Physics Teacher
2227:"Historical Sketch"
2158:. 30 November 2018.
1862:St. Lawrence Island
1742:, Sayula Popoluca,
1646:, Burunsi, Daguri,
655:can be seen with a
524:Physics of whistles
487:of spoken language.
387:Sochiapam Chinantec
252:Sochiapam Chinantec
197:De Natura Animalium
3673:Whistled languages
3275:. pp. 60–61.
3248:. 5 September 2017
2999:DiversCité Langues
2538:Whistled Languages
2102:Whistled fricative
1918:
1509:
594:dynamic variations
570:tongue retroflexed
435:whistled sibilants
289:Spanish occupation
89:Whistled languages
46:
36:
3660:
3659:
3652:Henry Arthur Ward
3637:J Hudson & Co
3095:Video testimonies
3046:"The Interpreter"
3027:978-3-662-50735-3
2705:10.1119/1.2341241
2323:on 1 August 2017.
2248:978-3-662-45837-2
1934:
1496:
1495:
789:
788:
528:Speech production
203:in South Sudan.
157:Daoist meditation
71:whistled language
62:
18:Whistled register
16:(Redirected from
3685:
3632:Alfred De Courcy
3564:Boatswain's call
3537:
3530:
3523:
3514:
3469:
3432:
3406:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3354:. 18 August 1996
3352:linguistlist.org
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3326:linguistlist.org
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3219:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3116:. 10 August 2017
3106:
3100:
3098:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2965:
2960:Interspeech 2019
2950:
2944:
2943:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2873:
2863:
2837:
2828:
2827:
2803:
2794:
2791:
2776:
2775:
2759:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2730:(6): 1088–1089.
2715:
2709:
2708:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2657:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2602:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2533:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2481:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2368:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2338:
2325:
2324:
2319:. Archived from
2302:
2293:
2292:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2205:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2123:
2071:Musical language
1985:Occitan language
1936:
1935:
1915:
800: Perceived
796:
671: Perceived
667:
657:confusion matrix
505:are replaced by
274:secret languages
64:
63:
43:
21:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3623:
3550:
3541:
3477:
3472:
3435:
3404:10.1.1.484.4384
3388:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3305:
3303:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3249:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3054:
3042:Colapinto, John
3040:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3015:
3014:
3010:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2963:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2909:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2792:
2779:
2761:
2760:
2745:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2659:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2638:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2600:10.1.1.484.4384
2582:
2581:
2574:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2535:
2534:
2519:
2510:
2508:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2370:
2369:
2360:
2352:
2340:
2339:
2328:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2269:Greece and Rome
2266:
2265:
2261:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2136:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2115:
2110:
2067:
2040:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1929:
1926:
1919:
1913:
1570:Tsonga language
1501:
805:
803:
801:
676:
674:
672:
649:
627:
622:
578:
558:
534:
520:
483:
474:
411:
321:
316:
301:
247:
229:
224:
206:In 1982 in the
195:later wrote in
142:
134:functional load
106:
86:
85:
77:
75:
74:
73:
72:
65:
57:
54:
47:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3691:
3689:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3665:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3476:
3475:External links
3473:
3471:
3470:
3433:
3397:(2): 237–271.
3386:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3339:
3313:
3288:
3282:978-0393059731
3281:
3259:
3231:
3210:(2): 406–412.
3190:
3184:The New Yorker
3169:
3148:
3127:
3101:
3082:
3064:
3051:The New Yorker
3033:
3026:
3008:
2985:
2945:
2922:
2907:
2885:
2829:
2795:
2777:
2743:
2710:
2691:(3): 148–154.
2675:
2647:
2622:
2593:(2): 237–271.
2572:
2553:
2546:
2517:
2506:mexico.sil.org
2493:
2472:(2): 406–412.
2452:
2396:
2389:
2358:
2326:
2294:
2259:
2247:
2217:
2180:
2177:. p. 429.
2161:
2143:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2091:Sweep (puppet)
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2032:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1970:
1944:
1938:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1896:
1882:
1869:
1866:Siberian Yupik
1859:
1850:
1837:
1824:
1810:
1801:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1758:
1709:
1700:
1691:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1674:(among others)
1629:
1618:Canary Islands
1603:
1601:Southern Bantu
1594:
1581:
1572:
1559:
1550:
1537:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1347:
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1337:
1333:
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1326:
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1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
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1304:
1302:
1300:
1296:
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1287:
1285:
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1281:
1279:
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1244:
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1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
988:
986:
984:
982:
978:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
952:
950:
948:
945:
943:
939:
938:
935:
933:
931:
929:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
909:
906:
901:
899:
895:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
859:
855:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
802:
799:
794:
793:
787:
786:
781:
778:
776:
774:
772:
768:
767:
764:
759:
756:
754:
752:
748:
747:
745:
742:
737:
735:
733:
729:
728:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
712:
711:
709:
707:
704:
702:
697:
693:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
673:
670:
665:
664:
648:
645:
626:
623:
621:
618:
577:
574:
557:
554:
519:
516:
515:
514:
494:
493:
489:
488:
481:
473:
470:
461:Canary Islands
410:
407:
320:
317:
315:
312:
300:
297:
246:
243:
228:
225:
223:
220:
141:
138:
130:tone languages
105:
102:
76:
66:
55:
50:
49:
48:
39:
38:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3690:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3260:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3173:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3131:
3128:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2908:9786610156009
2904:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2770:(in French).
2769:
2765:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2637:on 2013-11-12
2636:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2547:0-387-07713-8
2543:
2539:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2390:9780080448541
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2275:(1): 91–105.
2274:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2250:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:talking drums
2037:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1925:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
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1819:village of
1642:, Birifor,
1632:West Africa
608:and making
566:labiodental
538:vocal cords
501:. ("Labial
376:soft palate
359:, and most
305:open source
3667:Categories
3604:Shepherd's
3579:Hand flute
3574:Eagle-bone
2917:1109207232
2641:2014-09-04
2511:2023-05-25
2312:BBC Travel
2254:2023-05-25
2137:2024-07-04
2108:References
2015:, Polopa,
2009:Binumarien
1997:New Guinea
1949:media help
1562:Mozambique
522:See also:
446:edge tones
442:hole tones
437:of Shona.
431:Mozambique
185:Mossynoeci
119:intonation
104:Definition
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3548:whistling
3399:CiteSeerX
3391:Phonology
3120:14 August
2980:202894010
2816:193025497
2595:CiteSeerX
2586:Phonology
2447:224991437
2289:163478579
2212:1562-2754
1969:): Sfyria
1821:Meghalaya
1817:Kongthong
1720:Chinantec
1614:El Hierro
1610:La Gomera
1592:Tashelhit
1557:Nchumburu
632:phonology
598:sine wave
586:wave-form
582:frequency
507:diaphragm
499:occlusion
457:La Gomera
361:segmental
259:Sochiapam
183:that the
177:Herodotus
173:Histories
113:or vowel
93:whistling
3599:Pyzhatka
3589:Monopipe
3584:Language
3544:Whistles
3466:55852067
3458:44526964
3429:18615779
3358:20 March
3332:20 March
3306:20 March
3252:20 March
3226:15258658
3057:16 April
3044:(2007).
2880:34456788
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2096:Clangers
2081:Solresol
2065:See also
1981:Pyrenees
1872:Thailand
1756:Tlaxcala
1728:Kickapoo
1703:Colombia
1680:Americas
1662:, Ngwe,
1622:El Silbo
1540:Ethiopia
1527:Cameroon
804:Produced
675:Produced
590:function
562:Bilabial
465:Rialland
349:phonemic
337:formants
181:Anabasis
115:formants
3421:4615531
2871:8384959
2693:Bibcode
2059:jingles
2025:Tairora
2017:Telefol
1992:Oceania
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1857:Chepang
1840:Myanmar
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1748:Totonac
1744:Tepehua
1736:Nahuatl
1732:Mazatec
1689:Sirionó
1685:Bolivia
1584:Morocco
1575:Nigeria
637:Mazatec
602:timbral
576:Physics
511:glottal
485:formant
459:in the
368:timbral
287:during
278:ñañigos
245:Culture
238:terrain
227:Ecology
140:History
123:prosody
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1885:Turkey
1878:, and
1864:: for
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1712:Mexico
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1579:Yoruba
1522:Africa
641:Yoruba
610:labial
550:glides
530:, and
427:Tsonga
419:Zezuru
372:tongue
357:stress
263:Oaxaca
216:sfyria
212:Euboea
193:Aelian
189:Kuşköy
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3609:Steam
3559:Apito
3462:S2CID
3454:JSTOR
3425:S2CID
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2976:S2CID
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2812:S2CID
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2435:S2CID
2427:JSTOR
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1606:Spain
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1531:Gbaya
588:as a
503:stops
453:Silbo
423:Shona
380:pitch
325:tonal
270:codes
208:Greek
201:Anuak
151:, or
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3546:and
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3334:2018
3308:2018
3277:ISBN
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3222:PMID
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2913:OCLC
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