475:
them with a clearer view over the existing predator and new potential threats, it increases their ability to hide better when they are alone, and it also allows them to continue communicating with each other over larger distances to confuse the predator. When it comes to hiding, in this study the species was observed in 7 out of 9 encounters dropping from their positions in the higher canopies to lower more "denser vegetation" where there are better chances for increased coverage. In cases where the vegetation is too dense and they cannot drop down, they will choose to move along the ground. Taking into consideration the fact that this species relies on organising themselves into fission-fusion systems, it is normal that their anti-predation strategies change depending on how many individuals are with the group at any one time. In fact, they perform more reactive responses to predation when their group is of a larger number. Often, it is the males who take charge in the more reactive behaviours of "defence" and "rescue", for example, all the males within the group will spread out equally between the females who are carrying infants to provide them with extra protection. Though, there have been exceptions recorded where the females have also equally performed defence duties as members of their fission-fusion groups. All these behaviours have been stated as typical for any primate species since they are labelled "risk-sensitive animals" who constantly develop and change their reactions depending on the severity of threatening events. They do this to lessen the amount of energy they use or waste on harmless situations. This need to constantly change their anti-predation strategies has been identified as a common action for smaller primate species considering they are usually more at danger of being attacked than those that are larger in size.
514:
settlements, hunting and more. Hunting is considered one of the more direct threats as this exact species are recognised for the quality of their bushy tails which are used in the production of cleaning dusters. Considering the consistency of these threats, it has been predicted that there will be a loss of around 30% of this species within the space of 30 years. Although these threats have resulted in better international export controls, it is stated that there needs to be more management on agriculture because of its harmful effects on their habitats. Increased agricultural management is hoped to prevent the 15% habitat loss which has been projected to happen by 2048 based on current statistics around damage to the environment. Also, it has been suggested that further research needs to be conducted on this species to determine which conservation efforts would help improve the likelihood of their survival.
453:
all based on sound and often occur only while performing certain activities together where cooperation is important. For example, they are louder and use a higher pitch "alarm call" for getting each other's attention generally, or during times of danger, but use more of a lower pitch during points where they are concentrated on a specific task such as relaxing or eating. They do also use some visual communication forms, with the main one being "tail wagging" used to show confusion. In general, although they communicate in some ways with one another, they have been described as a shy species when it comes to social interaction and behaviour. Although a few different interactions have been observed, it has been claimed that the intended meaning behind these calls remains under researched.
505:. Their general diet consists of mainly immature seeds, fruit, flowers, bark, insects, and leaves. The proportion of these food categories includes 36% seeds, 54% fruit pulp and aril, and then the final 10% is made up of bark, insects, and leaves. With fruit, they prefer it when it is unripe. With seeds, they are considered one of the more important foods in their diet since it is their "major protein source". One study described these seeds that they consume as being elastic and highly fibrous ... with high crushing resistance". Although mainly eating fruits and plants, this species is not considered a very picky eater when it comes to these food categories as they have been found to eat a wide variety of over a hundred different plant types within the Brazilian Amazonia.
400:. Their distinct features include an entirely black, "silky" fur body in contrast with their "reddish-pinkish" noses and lips. In fact, their name can be confusing because although they have 'white' hairs on their noses, the skin of their nose is a brighter mix of red and pink which makes it the more visible colour. Although both the male and female have the same physical features, the female can be distinguished to the male through their shorter and thinner hair within their tufts and beards. Two of their most important body parts include their tail and teeth. The function of their tail changes from when they are young. It is initially used for swinging across canopies, but then becomes "non-
431:
332:
422:
weighing in at 3.06 kg. In terms of length, the head and body combined measurements for the male and female were measured across two studies. The first measured 39.5 cm for females and 40.2 cm for males, while the other measured females at 41.8 cm and males at 42.7 cm. Generally, their body measurements and weight, in combination with their tails for balance and support, makes them "agile and fast-moving" and "super climbers and leapers".
92:
50:
31:
470:" related behaviours when they are under attack. Studies conducted in 2017 which observed many predation events across the Brazilian Amazonia discovered six common anti-predation behaviours and strategies used by this species. The reactive ones included "mobbing, alarm calling" and "fleeing", while their
452:
system which involves them coming together for sleeping or food gathering, and then separating throughout the day for other activities. Although they group together and rely on each other for many of these reasons, they have very few means of communication with one another. Those that they do use are
487:
of this species is another area that is under researched. The reason for lack of research is due to the fact that observations were made during a time when they were captured, and not in their natural habitat. Regardless, the observations found that they are a seasonal breeder. The months which have
474:
behaviours involved "freezing, increasing of inter-individual distance within a group, and hiding". From these behaviours, alarm calling, spreading out and hiding are those which most often occur after the attack. Spreading out has been claimed to be a "strong anti-predator strategy" as it provides
310:
that eats seeds, fruit, flowers, bark, insects and leaves. They are also a social species that arrange themselves into large groups for many reasons such as sleeping, food gathering and travel arrangements. These social groups are important in situations where they are under attack by a predator as
492:
period, has been studied to occur over a period of 5 months before reaching birth. The birth of one infant has been recorded as the usual amount for a female to have over the period of a year. Once born, the mother is the one who takes on most of the parental care by providing the infant with food
461:
Predation has a big impact on the way that the white-nosed saki conducts their everyday lives when it comes to "social organisation", "foraging strategies", choosing "sleeping site" and then deciding how much time is spent on each of these activities. Their largest known predator are birds of prey
416:
Various research papers have produced similar data which describe this species to be of a medium size. On average, weight measurements were found to be between a minimum of 2.5 kg and a maximum of 3.1 kg, with the female weighing less across all studies. In one of the earlier studies in
377:
to find their required food source. Although their habitat preference is mainly dependent on food availability, this species also prefers to live within the shaded comfort of upper canopies which are the main characteristic of this particular habitat. These upper canopies are where they have been
421:
found that the female weighed in at 2.52 kg and the male at 3.17 kg. Another study in 1992 found that the female weighed 2.51 kg, while the male weighed 3.02 kg. Then one of the more recent studies in 2009 identified the female weight to be roughly 2.56 kg with the male
513:
Under the 2020 IUCN Red List report, there have been a few key threats listed as the contributing factors to this species vulnerable status. These include environmental changes involving deforestation and habitat destruction due to human-induced activities such as logging, agriculture, housing
344:
The distribution of this species depends on their ability to survive and adapt to drastic changes in the environment. They are known to be able to handle difficult environmental changes to the point where they can survive for a long period of time before having to move elsewhere. According to
365:, it is rare to find this species in habitats where they are required to coexist and compete over food supply. They are mainly found in terra firma ecosystems within the Amazon, where their preferred food source of immature seeds is readily available. This species prefers
447:
species who engage in various activities during the day through the formation of groups which is their main system of socialisation. These groups have been found to consist of 19–30 individuals of both males and females. Their grouping is referred to as a
345:
research, they are distributed mostly throughout the south-east and south-central regions of the Amazon
Rainforest which extends into the country of Brazil. They are dominant in the southern region of the Amazon since they share the eastern part with the
372:
which means it has had little to no human disturbance. These forests are known for their "poor soils", but this is not an issue for this species. In fact, they live within this ecosystem because of their ability to easily organise groups for
488:
been recorded as having the most births during this breeding season includes the earlier months between "February and March", and those later in the year around "August and
September". The pregnancy development phase, also known as the
395:
The white-nosed saki has three common physical features including a beard, two "tufts of hair" on its head, and a long "bushy" tail. Its physical characteristics make it easy to identify amongst other species of the genus
408:, mostly with feeding. Their teeth on the other hand are described as being of a "canine" appearance and these help them break through the tougher foods they eat e.g., fruits and seeds with harder outer shells.
2665:
293:, where the skin on and around the nose fades to a whitish color. In living individuals, the nose is actually bright pink (though with fine barely visible white hairs).
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1557:
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As a primary consumer, the white-nosed saki is dependent on habitats with enough food supply. Due to their similarity in diet with other
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549:
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1992:
1956:
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1100:
1016:
754:
2145:
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404:" and used only for balance as they become adults. Regarding balance, this species uses their tail to support them during
2127:
2073:
378:
observed spending most of their day-to-day lives. This species has also been found living and passing through "mountain
2640:
2514:
2387:
807:
Veiga, L.M.; Ferrari, S.F. (2013). "Ecology and behaviour of bearded sakis (genus
Chiropotes)". In Barnett, A. (ed.).
449:
539:
91:
2655:
2532:
2301:
2028:
1974:
1825:
1807:
346:
331:
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2064:
1983:
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Ferrari, S.F.; Iwanaga, S.; Coutinho, P.E.G.; Messias, M.R.; Cruz Neto, E.H.; Ramos, E.M.; Ramos, P.C.S. (1999).
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which causes problems with food availability. They have also been observed towards the south-western area of the
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1965:
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312:
2091:
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1929:
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on the body tends to be black in males and brown to brownish-grey in females. No other species of the genus
580:
Pinto, L.P.; Buss, G.; Veiga, L.M.; de Melo, F.R.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Boubli, J.P.; Wallace, R.B. (2021) .
2317:
2272:
2109:
2019:
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896:
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307:
206:
1497:"Calls for concern: matching alarm response levels to threat intensities in three Neotropical primates"
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1947:
1938:
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2010:
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604:
290:
39:
2136:
2100:
1780:
1524:
1417:
1069:
Veiga, L.M.; Ferrari, S.F. (2013). "Ecology and behaviour of bearded sakis (genus
Chiropotes).".
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369:
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86:
54:
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2001:
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274:
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463:
316:
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282:
1875:
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Bezerra, B; Cäsar, C; Jerusalinsky, L; Barnett, A; Bastos, M; Souto, A; Jones, G (2017).
1512:
1368:
723:
1884:
1685:
1535:
366:
1032:"Systematics and body size: Implications for feeding adaptations in new world monkeys"
237:
2629:
2488:
1912:
1528:
1376:
1329:
1242:
1151:
1085:
997:
699:
590:
581:
535:
434:
Pie chart showing the percentages of foods which make up the white-nosed saki's diet.
320:
59:
1421:
949:
874:
30:
2598:
2405:
1763:
1431:"Preliminary observations on habitat utilization and diet in eight Surinam monkeys"
531:
484:
262:
183:
1347:
Ayres, J.M. (1989). "Comparative feeding ecology of the Uakari and
Bearded Saki,
1135:
1118:
2571:
2506:
2449:
2349:
1902:
1857:
1623:
1613:
1567:
1520:
286:
173:
2340:
1386:"Run, hide, or fight: anti-predation strategies in endangered red-nosed cuxiĂş (
2228:
2160:
1676:
1603:
1496:
1405:
866:
444:
299:
153:
818:
1730:
1712:
1479:
1385:
1119:"Pitheciid vocal communication: what can we say about what they are saying?"
1047:
559:
502:
489:
323:
report, this species was listed as vulnerable with a decreasing population.
103:
1413:
1299:
808:
626:
315:
strategies depending on the number of them available at the time. They are
1487:
1463:
1454:
1055:
846:
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2379:
2334:
1597:
1591:
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374:
123:
544:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 146.
2612:
2441:
1291:
1274:
Ledogar, J.A.; Winchester, J. M.; St. Clair, E.M.; Boyer, D.M. (2013).
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467:
379:
143:
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forests" due to the high elevation; however, this is not as common.
306:
This species is considered to be "medium-sized". They are a primary
319:, only reproducing in specific months during the year. In the 2020
2566:
330:
76:
70:
1071:
Evolutionary
Biology and Conservation of Titis, Sakis and Uacaris
810:
Evolutionary
Biology and Conservation of Titis, Sakis and Uacaris
541:
Mammal
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
2428:
2315:
1539:
1495:
Tomanek, P; Mourthe, I; Boyle, S.A.; Barnett, A.A. (2020).
1276:"Diet and dental topography in pitheciine seed predators"
466:). For this reason, they perform either "reactive" or "
493:
and bringing it along with her everywhere she goes.
335:
The white-nosed saki spotted in the upper canopies.
2582:
2324:
2226:
2158:
1910:
1901:
1838:
1761:
1621:
1612:
1464:"Evolution of feeding niches in new world monkeys"
1429:Mittermeier, R.A.; van Roosmalen, M.G.M. (1981).
851:(Platyrrhini, Atelidae) in Southwestern Amazonia"
501:The white-nosed saki is a primary consumer and a
813:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 240–249.
1315:"Primate factsheet: Bearded saki (Chiropotes)"
1101:"Primate factsheet: Bearded saki (Chiropotes)"
1017:"Primate factsheet: Bearded saki (Chiropotes)"
897:"Primate factsheet: Bearded saki (Chiropotes)"
755:"Primate factsheet: Bearded saki (Chiropotes)"
605:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T4685A191702783.en
1551:
657:(2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
289:were caused by the authors working from dead
8:
2666:Taxa named by Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
2312:
1907:
1618:
1558:
1544:
1536:
901:Wisconsin National Primate Research Center
236:
48:
29:
20:
1468:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1280:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1134:
1036:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
983:Mittermeier and van Roosmalen 1981, p. 1.
603:
1390:, Pitheciidae) in southeastern Amazonia"
1330:"White-nosed saki: Chiropotes albinasus"
1243:"White-nosed saki: Chiropotes albinasus"
1152:"White-nosed saki: Chiropotes albinasus"
1086:"White-nosed saki: Chiropotes albinasus"
998:"White-nosed saki: Chiropotes albinasus"
700:"White-nosed saki: Chiropotes albinasus"
648:
646:
429:
523:
1218:
1216:
991:
989:
575:
573:
571:
569:
1206:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1112:
1110:
970:
968:
890:
888:
886:
884:
840:
838:
786:
784:
7:
855:International Journal of Primatology
802:
800:
798:
796:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
748:
746:
744:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
974:Mittermeier and van Roosmalen 1981.
591:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
483:As with the case of communication,
1384:Barnett, A.A; Silla, J.M. (2017).
926:from the Rio dos Marmelos, Brazil"
14:
1164:Barnett et al. 2017, pp. 353–354.
2636:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
1030:Ford, S.M.; Davis, L.C. (1992).
90:
1002:New England Primate Conservancy
704:New England Primate Conservancy
303:have a brightly coloured nose.
1231:Tomanek et al. 2020, pp. 1–10.
655:Neotropical Rainforest Mammals
1:
2264:Colombian black-handed titi (
1749:Vanzolini's bald-faced saki (
1123:Ethnobiology and Conservation
1826:Reddish-brown bearded saki (
1377:10.1016/0047-2484(89)90101-2
1210:Barnett et al. 2017, p. 358.
1198:Barnett et al. 2017, p. 357.
1173:Barnett et al. 2017, p. 355.
1136:10.15451/ec2017-09-6.15-1-18
2661:Taxa named by Émile Deville
2196:Coastal black-handed titi (
1799:Brown-backed bearded saki (
1521:10.1016/j.actao.2020.103646
443:The white-nosed saki are a
16:Species of New World monkey
2682:
1462:Rosenberger, A.L. (1992).
1357:Journal of Human Evolution
1222:Tomanek et al. 2020, p. 5.
1182:Tomanek et al. 2020, p. 1.
2651:Mammals described in 1848
2646:Endemic mammals of Brazil
2298:
1808:Uta Hick's bearded saki (
1790:Red-backed bearded saki (
1574:
1566:Extant species of family
1406:10.1007/s10329-017-0596-9
1264:Rosenberger 1992, p. 525.
1255:Rosenberger 1992, p. 529.
340:Geographical distribution
244:
235:
212:
205:
87:Scientific classification
85:
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1993:Prince Bernhard's titi (
819:10.1017/CBO9781139034210
538:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
457:Anti-predator behaviours
391:Physical characteristics
327:Distribution and habitat
2074:Chestnut-bellied titi (
1957:Olalla brothers' titi (
1480:10.1002/ajpa.1330880408
1048:10.1002/ajpa.1330880403
867:10.1023/A:1020838904829
245:White-nosed saki range
2187:Coimbra Filho's titi (
2178:Barbara Brown's titi (
920:Ferrari, S.F. (1995).
653:Emmons, L. H. (1997).
435:
347:Uta Hicks bearded saki
336:
2554:Paleobiology Database
2146:Stephen Nash's titi (
1975:Urubamba brown titi (
1867:Black-headed uakari (
598:: e.T4685A191702783.
433:
406:suspensory behaviours
334:
311:they decide on their
273:to the south-central
2370:chiropotes-albinasus
2356:Chiropotes albinasus
2326:Chiropotes albinasus
2205:Black-fronted titi (
2128:Hershkovitz's titi (
2065:Alta Floresta titi (
1984:Baptista Lake titi (
1781:Black bearded saki (
1388:Chiropotes albinasus
924:Chiropotes albinasus
849:Chiropotes albinasus
627:"Appendices | CITES"
584:Chiropotes albinasus
258:Chiropotes albinasus
216:Chiropotes albinasus
2119:White-tailed titi (
1966:White-coated titi (
1668:Golden-faced saki (
1650:White-footed saki (
1513:2020AcO...10903646T
1435:Folia Primatologica
1369:1989JHumE..18..697A
1099:Gron, K.J. (2009).
1015:Gron, K.J. (2009).
962:Ayres 1989, p. 712.
895:Gron, K.J. (2009).
698:Covert, T. (2018).
370:terra firma forests
357:Habitat preferences
40:Conservation status
2641:Primates of Brazil
2038:Red-bellied titi (
2029:Hoffmanns's titi (
1930:White-eared titi (
1817:White-nosed saki (
1740:White-faced saki (
1695:Rio TapajĂłs saki (
1328:Covert, T (2018).
1292:10.1002/ajpa.22181
1241:Covert, T (2018).
1150:Covert, T (2018).
1084:Covert, T (2018).
996:Covert, T (2018).
942:10.1007/BF02381355
724:"White-faced saki"
436:
351:Dos Marmelos River
337:
261:) is a species of
2656:Sakis and uakaris
2623:
2622:
2584:Pithecia albinasa
2541:Open Tree of Life
2318:Taxon identifiers
2309:
2308:
2294:
2293:
2273:Red-headed titi (
2239:
2180:C. barbarabrownae
2171:
2020:Ashy black titi (
1923:
1897:
1896:
1869:C. melanocephalus
1851:
1774:
1641:Equatorial saki (
1634:
1447:10.1159/000156007
922:"Observations on
847:"Zoogeography of
828:978-1-107-34756-4
439:Social behaviours
419:José Márcio Ayres
412:Body measurements
317:seasonal breeders
275:Amazon rainforest
249:
248:
198:C. albinasus
80:
63:
24:White-nosed saki
2673:
2616:
2615:
2603:
2602:
2601:
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2574:
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2548:
2536:
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2483:
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2313:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2170:
2169:
2165:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1885:Neblina uakari (
1850:
1849:
1845:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1686:Burnished saki (
1643:P. aequatorialis
1633:
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1628:
1619:
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1553:
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1532:
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1458:
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650:
641:
640:
638:
637:
623:
617:
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614:
612:
607:
577:
564:
563:
528:
464:black hawk-eagle
450:"fission-fusion"
267:New World monkey
253:white-nosed saki
240:
218:
95:
94:
74:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2674:
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2619:
2611:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2578:
2570:
2565:
2557:
2552:
2544:
2539:
2531:
2526:
2518:
2513:
2505:
2500:
2492:
2487:
2479:
2474:
2466:
2461:
2453:
2448:
2440:
2435:
2427:
2422:
2414:
2412:
2404:
2399:
2391:
2386:
2378:
2376:
2368:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2320:
2310:
2305:
2290:
2282:Collared titi (
2235:
2234:
2232:
2222:
2214:Atlantic titi (
2167:
2166:
2164:
2154:
2148:P. stephennashi
2103:P. aureipalatii
2092:Toppin's titi (
2056:Milton's titi (
2047:Vieira's titi (
1977:P. urubambensis
1948:Rio Mayo titi (
1939:Rio Beni titi (
1932:P. donacophilus
1919:
1918:
1916:
1893:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1834:
1771:(Bearded sakis)
1770:
1769:
1767:
1757:
1722:Miller's saki (
1704:Isabel's saki (
1670:P.chrysocephala
1659:Cazuza's saki (
1630:
1629:
1627:
1608:
1570:
1564:
1501:Acta Oecologica
1494:
1461:
1428:
1383:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1013:
1009:
995:
994:
987:
982:
978:
973:
966:
961:
957:
919:
918:
914:
905:
903:
894:
893:
882:
861:(4): 995–1004.
844:
843:
836:
829:
806:
805:
794:
789:
762:
752:
751:
742:
732:
730:
722:
721:
717:
708:
706:
697:
696:
673:
665:
652:
651:
644:
635:
633:
625:
624:
620:
610:
608:
579:
578:
567:
552:
530:
529:
525:
520:
511:
499:
481:
459:
441:
428:
414:
393:
388:
359:
342:
329:
231:
220:
214:
201:
89:
81:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2679:
2677:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2604:
2588:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2563:
2550:
2537:
2524:
2511:
2498:
2485:
2472:
2459:
2446:
2433:
2420:
2410:
2397:
2384:
2374:
2361:
2346:
2330:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2246:Lucifer titi (
2242:
2240:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2112:P. caquetensis
2110:Caquetá titi (
2107:
2098:
2089:
2083:Coppery titi (
2080:
2071:
2062:
2053:
2044:
2035:
2026:
2022:P. cinerascens
2017:
2011:Parecis titi (
2008:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1882:
1876:Aracá uakari (
1873:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1631:(Saki monkeys)
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1492:
1474:(4): 525–562.
1459:
1426:
1400:(2): 353–360.
1381:
1363:(7): 697–716.
1342:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1320:
1305:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1233:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1157:
1142:
1106:
1091:
1076:
1073:. p. 240.
1061:
1042:(4): 415–468.
1022:
1007:
985:
976:
964:
955:
936:(2): 289–293.
912:
880:
834:
827:
792:
760:
740:
715:
671:
663:
642:
618:
565:
550:
522:
521:
519:
516:
510:
507:
498:
495:
480:
477:
458:
455:
440:
437:
427:
424:
413:
410:
392:
389:
387:
384:
358:
355:
341:
338:
328:
325:
313:anti-predation
247:
246:
242:
241:
233:
232:
221:
210:
209:
203:
202:
195:
193:
189:
188:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
83:
82:
69:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2678:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2216:C. personatus
2212:
2210:
2208:
2207:C. nigrifrons
2203:
2201:
2199:
2198:C. melanochir
2194:
2192:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2137:Ornate titi (
2135:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2101:Madidi titi (
2099:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2031:P. hoffmannsi
2027:
2025:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1968:P. pallescens
1964:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1915:
1914:
1913:Plecturocebus
1909:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1858:Bald uakari (
1856:
1855:
1853:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1792:C. chiropotes
1788:
1786:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1751:P. vanzolinii
1747:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1441:(1–2): 1–39.
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1313:Gron (2009).
1309:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1286:(1). p. 108.
1285:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1003:
999:
992:
990:
986:
980:
977:
971:
969:
965:
959:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
925:
916:
913:
902:
898:
891:
889:
887:
885:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
850:
841:
839:
835:
830:
824:
820:
816:
812:
811:
803:
801:
799:
797:
793:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
761:
756:
753:Gron (2009).
749:
747:
745:
741:
729:
725:
719:
716:
705:
701:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
672:
666:
664:0-226-20719-6
660:
656:
649:
647:
643:
632:
628:
622:
619:
606:
601:
597:
593:
592:
587:
585:
576:
574:
572:
570:
566:
561:
557:
553:
551:0-801-88221-4
547:
543:
542:
537:
536:Wilson, D. E.
533:
532:Groves, C. P.
527:
524:
517:
515:
508:
506:
504:
496:
494:
491:
486:
478:
476:
473:
469:
465:
456:
454:
451:
446:
438:
432:
425:
423:
420:
411:
409:
407:
403:
399:
390:
385:
383:
381:
376:
371:
368:
364:
356:
354:
352:
348:
339:
333:
326:
324:
322:
321:IUCN Red List
318:
314:
309:
304:
302:
301:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:
254:
243:
239:
234:
229:
225:
219:
217:
211:
208:
207:Binomial name
204:
200:
199:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
93:
88:
84:
78:
72:
67:
61:
56:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2583:
2325:
2300:
2284:C. torquatus
2283:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2255:Black titi (
2247:
2227:
2215:
2206:
2197:
2188:
2179:
2159:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2076:P. caligatus
2075:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2003:
2002:Brown titi (
1995:P. bernhardi
1994:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1911:
1903:Callicebinae
1886:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1839:
1828:C. sagulatus
1827:
1819:C. albinasus
1818:
1816:
1810:C. utahickae
1809:
1801:C. israelita
1800:
1791:
1782:
1762:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1677:Hairy saki (
1669:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1622:
1504:
1500:
1471:
1467:
1438:
1434:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1323:
1308:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1236:
1227:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1145:
1126:
1122:
1094:
1079:
1070:
1064:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1010:
1001:
979:
958:
933:
929:
923:
915:
904:. Retrieved
900:
858:
854:
848:
809:
731:. Retrieved
727:
718:
707:. Retrieved
703:
654:
634:. Retrieved
630:
621:
609:. Retrieved
595:
589:
583:
540:
526:
512:
509:Conservation
500:
485:reproduction
482:
479:Reproduction
460:
442:
415:
397:
394:
362:
360:
343:
305:
298:
265:, a type of
263:bearded saki
257:
256:
252:
250:
215:
213:
197:
196:
184:
160:Infraorder:
18:
2450:iNaturalist
2350:Wikispecies
2189:C. coimbrai
2121:P. discolor
2004:P. brunneus
1986:P. baptista
1950:P. oenanthe
1941:P. modestus
1742:P. pithecia
1733:P. napensis
1731:Napo saki (
1715:P. monachus
1713:Monk saki (
1697:P. irrorata
1652:P. albicans
1614:Pitheciinae
1568:Pitheciidae
1341:Works cited
1332:. para. 21.
1317:. para. 12.
1245:. para. 15.
1154:. para. 14.
790:Ayres 1989.
728:Toronto Zoo
462:(e.g., the
353:in Brazil.
287:common name
281:. Both its
224:I. Geoffroy
174:Pitheciidae
164:Simiiformes
2630:Categories
2599:Q109647437
2275:C. regulus
2248:C. lucifer
2229:Cheracebus
2161:Callicebus
2139:P. ornatus
2094:P. toppini
2085:P. cupreus
2067:P. grovesi
2058:P. miltoni
2049:P. vieirai
2013:P. parecis
1959:P. olallae
1878:C. ayresii
1783:C. satanas
1764:Chiropotes
1724:P. milleri
1706:P. isabela
1679:P. hirsuta
1661:P. cazuzai
1604:Haplorhini
1602:Suborder:
1507:: 103646.
1353:Chiropotes
1103:. para. 2.
1088:. para. 9.
1019:. para. 7.
1004:. para. 6.
906:2022-05-12
757:. para. 4.
709:2022-05-12
636:2022-01-14
518:References
426:Behaviours
402:prehensile
398:Chiropotes
386:Morphology
363:Chiropotes
300:Chiropotes
283:scientific
185:Chiropotes
154:Haplorhini
150:Suborder:
73:Appendix I
55:Vulnerable
2266:C. medemi
2257:C. lugens
2130:P. dubius
2040:P. moloch
1887:C. hosomi
1860:C. calvus
1848:(Uakaris)
1688:P. inusta
1578:Kingdom:
1529:225107756
631:cites.org
503:frugivore
490:gestation
291:specimens
192:Species:
110:Kingdom:
104:Eukaryota
2593:Wikidata
2567:Species+
2520:12100357
2468:11265733
2377:BioLib:
2341:Q1030670
2335:Wikidata
2302:Category
1624:Pithecia
1598:Primates
1592:Mammalia
1586:Chordata
1584:Phylum:
1580:Animalia
1422:28808231
1414:28116549
1394:Primates
1300:23212472
1129:. p. 6.
950:36625839
930:Primates
875:22717541
560:62265494
534:(2005).
375:foraging
308:consumer
170:Family:
144:Primates
134:Mammalia
124:Chordata
120:Phylum:
114:Animalia
100:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
2613:9236895
2507:1000897
2442:5219526
2236:(Titis)
2168:(Titis)
1920:(Titis)
1841:Cacajao
1596:Order:
1590:Class:
1509:Bibcode
1488:1503123
1455:6802728
1365:Bibcode
1349:Cacajao
1056:1503118
611:28 July
472:crypsis
468:crypsis
445:diurnal
380:savanna
367:primary
271:endemic
230:, 1848)
228:Deville
180:Genus:
140:Order:
130:Class:
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2559:232708
2533:198627
2481:572985
2429:326563
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2365:ARKive
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295:Pelage
279:Brazil
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2463:IRMNG
2455:43651
2406:5Y6KP
2380:32202
1525:S2CID
1418:S2CID
946:S2CID
871:S2CID
77:CITES
71:CITES
2608:GBIF
2572:5859
2528:NCBI
2494:4685
2489:IUCN
2476:ITIS
2437:GBIF
2388:BOLD
1484:PMID
1451:PMID
1410:PMID
1351:and
1296:PMID
1052:PMID
823:ISBN
735:2022
659:ISBN
613:2022
596:2021
556:OCLC
546:ISBN
497:Diet
285:and
251:The
2515:MSW
2502:MDD
2424:EoL
2401:CoL
1517:doi
1505:109
1476:doi
1443:doi
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1373:doi
1355:".
1288:doi
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