443:
451:
feathering on its throat extending down to its breast, as well as a black face and scapulars. The crown and forehead have a prominent white patch, sometimes visible as a slight crest, from which the bird gets its name. The belly of the bird is white, and is sharply delineated from the throat and face. The lower back and rump of the bird are white. The tail of the species is long and evenly graduated, with a deep fork. It has white tips, and the outer feathers are white. It also has three narrower white bands created by the tips of shorter tail feathers. The wings of this species are largely black with a prominent white band across the greater coverts. Juveniles of the species have brownish black upperparts, breast, and throat, brown flanks, and brown mottling on the belly. They also lack the prominent white crown. The bill of the species is black, while the feet are pinkish in color.
531:, it is likely to migrate seasonally; all records from Bangladesh are from winter months. It also frequents damp areas and pools within the forest, including animal wallows, swampy areas, and water ditches. It may be found along slower-moving rivers and streams in the lowland regions of its distribution. It prefers areas screened by dense vegetation. On the island of Borneo the white-crowned forktail is sometimes found in drier areas, including along tracks and ridges in the forest, and in
75:
573:
constructed of moss, plants, leaves, and wood fibre, and is in the shape of a large cup. It is usually located near or over the water, and occasionally in forest gullies nearby. It is usually placed in a hole in a bank or cliff, or among tree roots, and has been observed to have been constructed behind waterfalls, with the birds flying through the water to reach their nest. The location of the nest is always damp.
31:
50:
1024:
1038:
505:
are high-pitched, ringing lengthy whistles, described as "tseee, tseee" or "zweeet": these calls are repeated multiple times, with pauses in between. The alarm call is harsher and more emphatic, described as "scree" or "scree chit chit". Males use a long and complex whistled song when displaying or
450:
The white-crowned forktail is the largest of the forktails. Between 25 and 28 centimetres (9.8 and 11.0 in) long, the white-crowned forktail typically weighs between 27 and 38 grams (0.95 and 1.34 oz), though specimens weighing up to 53 grams (1.9 oz) have been reported. It has black
551:
is found at 900–1,950 metres (2,950–6,400 ft), but occasionally as low as 185 metres (607 ft). It is common through most of its range but uncommon in the
Himalayas. In the Chinese portion of its range, it is reported to be the most common forktail. Though the population of the species is
538:
The white-crowned forktail has a wide geographic distribution across south and south-east Asia, including in parts of India, Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Bhutan, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, and
Indonesia . The elevational range of the species varies across its geographic distribution. In the
576:
The species usually lays between two and five eggs, which are creamy, pinkish, or greyish white, and covered in speckles of red-brown, salmon, and lilac. Birds in southern China have been observed to have two broods in a year, a pattern which may hold true elsewhere. The number of eggs in a brood
572:
The white-crowned forktail breeds between the months of March and
September, and possibly till October. The breeding period varies slightly across its range. Eggs have been recorded as early as March in Borneo, and on one occasion a parent with a fledgling was recorded in February. The nest is
233:
is between March and
September, and possibly extends till October. Its nests are also built near the water, and are constructed of plant material. The eggs are between two and five in number, though there is latitudinal variation. Multiple broods in a year have been observed in China. The
526:
species, the white-crowned forktail frequents fast-flowing rivers, waterfalls, and streams within the forests, though it may move to slower moving water sources in the winter. Its elevational range has been observed to vary seasonally, and in the northeastern regions of the
226:, from which it gets its name. As with other forktails, the tail is long, deeply forked, and banded in black and white. A variety of whistling and clicking calls have been described. Slight morphological differences have been observed between subspecies.
564:
As with other forktails, the white-crowned forktail keeps close to water. It has been observed to frequently wag its tail. It forages along the edges of streams and in the water, primarily for insects, such as black beetles, water crickets,
442:
539:
Eastern
Himalayas the species is generally found below 800 metres (2,600 ft) above sea level, though occasionally found till 1,250 metres (4,100 ft), and exceptionally at 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) in the state of
258:. Its elevational range varies across its range, from a minimum of 185 metres (607 ft) above sea level to a maximum of 2,400 metres (7,900 ft). It is categorized as a species of least concern by the
222:, is between 25 and 28 centimetres (9.8 and 11.0 in) long. It has a black throat and breast, black mantle, and largely black wings. The rump and lower back are white, and the bird has a prominent white
506:
exhibiting territorial behavior; this often consists of a long whistle that fades away, followed by shorter whistles, clicking or chacking noises, or bell-like sounds. The call of the
569:, and caterpillars. Described as a shy bird, it flies close to the ground, usually calling as it does. It is thought to shift its elevational range slightly with the time of year.
577:
varies with latitude, with individuals in China regularly being recorded laying four to five eggs. The nests of the species have been observed in
Myanmar to be parasitized by the
434:
was previously considered a sixth subspecies of the white-crowned forktail. It is genetically distinct from the white-crowned forktail, but morphologically similar.
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not precisely known, it is thought to be greater than 10,000 individuals, and is estimated to be stable. It is categorized as a species of least concern by the
1348:
1323:
736:
Moyle, Robert G.; Schilthuizen, Menno; Rahman, Mustafa A.; Sheldon, Frederick H. (2005). "Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the white-crowned forktail
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Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l'agriculture, à l'économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc
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A shy bird, the white-crowned forktail stays near water, and forages on the edges of rivers and streams for invertebrates. Its
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The habitat of the white-crowned forktail is subtropical or tropical regions in moist lowland forests and moist broadleaf
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1142:
1274:
699:
1094:
1028:
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in 1818, it has five subspecies, each occupying a different geographic range. The largest of the forktails,
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and Borneo it is generally seen up to an elevation of 1,400 metres (4,600 ft). The subspecies
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is somewhat smaller than the others, and the extent of white on its crown is smaller:
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658:(in French). Vol. 20 (Nouvelle édition ed.). Paris: Deterville. p. 269.
30:
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59:
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794:. In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.).
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Its mantle is completely black, a feature used to distinguish the species from the
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342:
211:
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906:
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293:. The specific epithet was chosen to honour the French naturalist and collector
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297:. The white-crowned forktail is now one of eight forktails placed in the genus
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330:
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is larger than birds from the rest of
Sumatra, and also has a longer tail.
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than to other forktail species. The precise geographic delineation between
324:, 1910 – northeast India and Myanmar to south China, Indochina and Thailand
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A white-crowned forktail, painted sometime between 1825 and 1834
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is slightly shorter than that of the nominate. The subspecies
462:, which has a slate-grey mantle. It is distinguished from the
466:
by its longer tail and larger size. The Indian subspecies
402:
The species was found to be more distantly related to the
470:
has a bill slightly longer than the nominate subspecies
905:
Richard
Grimmett; Carol Inskipp; Tim Inskipp (2011).
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
282:. Vieillot placed it with the thrushes in the genus
1063:
303:that was introduced in 1822 by the Dutch zoologist
827:Phillipps, Quentin & Phillipps, Karen (2011).
510:subspecies is slightly different from the others.
628:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22710138A94236268.en
995:The Avian Brood Parasites: Deception at the Nest
278:based on a specimen that had been collected in
554:International Union for Conservation of Nature
260:International Union for Conservation of Nature
941:. Princeton University Press. pp. 149–.
864:
862:
860:
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829:Phillipps' Field Guide to the Birds of Borneo
8:
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672:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
458:, which has a speckled mantle, and from the
822:
820:
731:
729:
474:, while the bill of the Chinese subspecies
418:is not known. It is closely related to the
1051:
998:. Oxford University Press. pp. 377–.
250:are subtropical or tropical moist lowland
48:
29:
20:
675:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 222.
626:
426:) which replaces it in mountain areas of
796:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
831:. Oxford, UK: John Beaufoy Publishing.
590:
497:Multiple calls have been observed. The
242:and also in northeastern parts of the
875:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 458.
968:. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 93–.
781:
779:
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714:. International Ornithologists' Union
694:
692:
7:
295:Jean-Baptiste Leschenault de La Tour
1349:Taxa named by Louis Pierre Vieillot
1324:IUCN Red List least concern species
965:Chinese Wildlife: A Visitor's Guide
798:. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions.
614:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
234:white-crowned forktail is found in
254:and subtropical or tropical moist
14:
911:. Christopher Helm. p. 426.
869:Peter Clement (28 January 2016).
333:, 1866 – central, east China and
1036:
1022:
908:Birds of the Indian Subcontinent
754:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2005.03510.x
712:IOC World Bird List Version 13.2
274:in 1818 by French ornithologist
73:
603:BirdLife International (2016).
270:The white-crowned forktail was
708:"Chats, Old World flycatchers"
1:
522:. As is the case with other
935:Susan Myers (7 June 2016).
1365:
938:Wildlife of Southeast Asia
669:Jobling, James A. (2010).
788:"White-crowned Forktail (
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
804:10.2173/bow.whcfor1.01.1
742:Journal of Avian Biology
621:: e.T22710138A94236268.
514:Distribution and habitat
345:, 1847 – central, south
1344:Birds described in 1818
1339:Birds of Southeast Asia
962:Martin Walters (2008).
490:but has a longer tail.
305:Coenraad Jacob Temminck
24:White-crowned forktail
650:Vieillot, Louis Pierre
447:
198:white-crowned forktail
1301:Enicurus-leschenaulti
1109:Enicurus_leschenaulti
1095:Enicurus leschenaulti
1065:Enicurus leschenaulti
1044:Enicurus leschenaulti
1030:Enicurus leschenaulti
790:Enicurus leschenaulti
738:Enicurus leschenaulti
607:Enicurus leschenaulti
560:Behaviour and ecology
464:black-backed forktail
460:slaty-backed forktail
445:
404:slaty-backed forktail
220:Enicurus leschenaulti
203:Enicurus leschenaulti
179:Enicurus leschenaulti
1047:at Wikimedia Commons
706:, eds. (July 2023).
161:E. leschenaulti
992:(6 November 1997).
786:Collar, N. (2022).
529:Indian subcontinent
424:Enicurus borneensis
371:Meyer de Schauensee
291:Turdus leschenaulti
244:Indian subcontinent
40:Conservation status
702:; Donsker, David;
472:E. l. leschenaulti
448:
385:E. l. leschenaulti
272:formally described
216:Formally described
206:) is a species of
1311:
1310:
1283:Open Tree of Life
1057:Taxon identifiers
1041:Media related to
1005:978-0-19-535499-7
990:Paul A. Johnsgard
975:978-1-84162-220-0
948:978-1-4008-8072-0
918:978-1-4081-2763-6
882:978-1-4081-5596-7
838:978-1-906780-56-2
704:Rasmussen, Pamela
682:978-1-4081-2501-4
541:Arunachal Pradesh
377:(west of central
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456:spotted forktail
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412:E. l. borneensis
314:are recognised.
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520:montane forests
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416:E. l. frontalis
408:little forktail
357:(west of north
347:Malay Peninsula
340:E. l. frontalis
286:and coined the
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256:montane forests
231:breeding season
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16:Species of bird
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328:E. l. sinensis
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492:E. l. chaseni
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468:E. l. indicus
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807:. Retrieved
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740:in Borneo".
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716:. Retrieved
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18:
1218:iNaturalist
1089:Wikispecies
809:1 September
718:28 November
700:Gill, Frank
634:14 November
567:springtails
438:Description
1318:Categories
1296:Xeno-canto
585:References
549:borneensis
508:borneensis
499:alarm call
391:, 1818) –
312:subspecies
533:heathland
488:frontalis
480:frontalis
373:, 1940 –
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1329:Enicurus
1262:22710138
1236:10213329
1135:22710138
1130:BirdLife
1080:Q1588883
1074:Wikidata
652:(1818).
524:forktail
406:and the
389:Vieillot
300:Enicurus
266:Taxonomy
248:habitats
208:forktail
187:Vieillot
148:Enicurus
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1210:2492629
1184:whcfor1
1158:whcfor1
1117:Avibase
545:Sumatra
379:Sumatra
359:Sumatra
351:Sumatra
252:forests
189:, 1818)
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1288:254683
1275:320572
1249:559911
1192:EURING
1148:117670
1002:
972:
945:
915:
879:
835:
679:
428:Borneo
363:Borneo
284:Turdus
1231:IRMNG
1223:13092
1197:12100
1179:eBird
1171:39V4V
1155:BOW:
543:. In
343:Blyth
331:Gould
310:Five
236:China
224:crown
1270:NCBI
1257:IUCN
1244:ITIS
1205:GBIF
1143:BOLD
1000:ISBN
970:ISBN
943:ISBN
913:ISBN
877:ISBN
833:ISBN
811:2017
720:2023
677:ISBN
636:2021
619:2016
501:and
414:and
397:Bali
395:and
393:Java
355:Nias
280:Java
196:The
117:Aves
1166:CoL
1104:ADW
800:doi
750:doi
623:doi
1320::
1298::
1285::
1272::
1259::
1246::
1233::
1220::
1207::
1194::
1181::
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1145::
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762:^
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744:.
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691:^
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593:^
581:.
556:.
535:.
430:.
353:,
349:,
307:.
262:.
238:,
214:.
1008:.
978:.
951:.
921:.
885:.
841:.
813:.
802::
756:.
752::
722:.
685:.
638:.
625::
609:"
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387:(
381:)
200:(
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62:)
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