286:
197:
31:
75:
50:
309:; the breast is mid-grey but the rest of the underparts are white. The secondaries are black with a white trailing edge, and the primaries are black. The underwing is dark and the tail white. Adults in non-breeding plumage are similar, but the hood is flecked white small white spots.
320:
to the upperparts and upperwings, and a black tail. In their first winter, birds acquire greyer feathering on their head, breast and upperparts; the second-winter plumage is closer to that of the adult, but lacking the hood.
1264:
336:—dullest in younger birds, brightest in breeding plumaged adults. The eye itself is not white; the bird takes its name from white eye-crescents, which are present at all ages.
1329:
1460:
1145:
1435:
1316:
1093:
1450:
1342:
1119:
368:
1381:
1277:
383:
348:, in the Red Sea from July to September. For the rest of the year it occurs throughout the Red Sea, with some birds travelling to
1455:
1407:
312:
The white-eyed gull acquires adult plumage at two to three years of age. Juvenile birds have a very different plumage—chocolate
1290:
476:
1347:
1124:
1012:
1445:
1368:
1132:
374:
BirdLife
International. 2018. Larus leucophthalmus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22694299A132335382.
74:
1150:
1308:
1230:
651:
688:
574:
186:
1238:
974:
957:
880:
446:
Phylogenetic relationships within the
Laridae (Charadriiformes: Aves) inferred from mitochondrial markers.
621:
616:
375:
253:
169:
423:
268:
are deemed the major threats. As is the case with many gulls, it has traditionally been placed in the
1440:
1412:
1039:
1021:
885:
584:
285:
196:
30:
939:
819:
814:
469:
39:
1399:
698:
626:
594:
209:
69:
824:
779:
733:
549:
301:, which extends down onto the upper throat, and on the neck-sides is bordered below by a narrow
1334:
1360:
1251:
1171:
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809:
804:
799:
784:
693:
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379:
241:
1026:
1189:
1176:
921:
789:
609:
564:
489:
418:
1243:
1158:
768:
754:
569:
126:
539:
400:
344:
The white-eyed gull breeds on inshore islands with rocks and sandy beaches, such as the
1303:
860:
462:
1269:
1429:
1355:
728:
641:
599:
409:
345:
265:
59:
54:
1256:
1072:
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723:
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604:
589:
529:
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1295:
1216:
1394:
1373:
1137:
1106:
1006:
842:
794:
763:
714:
703:
669:
554:
146:
1184:
903:
683:
249:
997:
1282:
871:
743:
738:
636:
579:
86:
454:
1210:
1163:
1049:
991:
952:
324:
A distinctive feature of white-eyed gull at all ages is its long slender
106:
1321:
1098:
1034:
507:
353:
317:
298:
245:
136:
1111:
1225:
376:
https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694299A132335382.en
333:
96:
1085:
968:
316:
on the head, neck and breast, and with brown, broadly pale-fringed,
1080:
520:
498:
313:
302:
294:
284:
273:
269:
261:
1386:
485:
349:
325:
306:
257:
237:
116:
972:
458:
329:
328:. This is black in younger birds, but in adults it is deep
305:
bar. The upperparts and inner upperwings are medium-dark
637:
Vega gull (or East
Siberian gull / Mongolian gull)
1200:
981:
930:
912:
894:
869:
851:
833:
752:
712:
667:
518:
497:
448:
424:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694299A132335382.en
444:Pons J.M., Hassanin, A., and Crochet P.A.(2005).
511:(†indicates a species confirmed to be extinct)
470:
366:Malling Olsen, Klaus and Hans Larsson (2004)
8:
969:
689:Great black-headed gull (or Pallas's gull)
477:
463:
455:
195:
48:
29:
20:
422:
204:Range of the White-eyed Gull (dark blue)
391:
369:Gulls of Europe, Asia and North America
790:Grey-headed gull (or grey-hooded gull)
1461:Taxa named by Coenraad Jacob Temminck
7:
1309:fe6025d3-8e88-4389-ba2a-6b4b93dd9f07
1436:IUCN Red List least concern species
410:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
14:
73:
399:BirdLife International (2018).
332:with a black tip. The legs are
1451:Birds of the Arabian Peninsula
293:Adult white-eyed gulls have a
289:White-eyed gull at the Red Sea
248:. Its closest relative is the
1:
378:. Accessed on 16 April 2023.
252:. The species is classed as
1477:
1190:Ichthyaetus-leucophthalmus
1013:Ichthyaetus leucophthalmus
983:Ichthyaetus leucophthalmus
233:Ichthyaetus leucophthalmus
179:Ichthyaetus leucophthalmus
948:
417:: e.T22694299A132335382.
215:
208:
203:
194:
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
652:Lesser black-backed gull
580:Kelp gull (or Cape gull)
1456:Birds described in 1825
575:Great black-backed gull
958:Hybridisation in gulls
881:Black-legged kittiwake
290:
161:I. leucophthalmus
622:American herring gull
617:European herring gull
288:
1446:Birds of East Africa
1304:Fauna Europaea (new)
1270:larus-leucophthalmus
1231:larus-leucophthalmus
1202:Larus leucophthalmus
1027:Larus_leucophthalmus
886:Red-legged kittiwake
585:Glaucous-winged gull
403:Larus leucophthalmus
218:Larus leucophthalmus
940:Swallow-tailed gull
815:Slender-billed gull
40:Conservation status
699:Mediterranean gull
627:Yellow-legged gull
595:Yellow-footed gull
291:
1423:
1422:
1172:Open Tree of Life
975:Taxon identifiers
966:
965:
953:Gull eggs as food
810:Black-headed gull
805:Brown-headed gull
800:Black-billed gull
785:Brown-hooded gull
647:Slaty-backed gull
560:Short-billed gull
545:Black-tailed gull
297:hood in breeding
224:
223:
63:
1468:
1416:
1415:
1403:
1402:
1390:
1389:
1377:
1376:
1374:NHMSYS0000533515
1364:
1363:
1351:
1350:
1338:
1337:
1325:
1324:
1312:
1311:
1299:
1298:
1286:
1285:
1273:
1272:
1260:
1259:
1247:
1246:
1234:
1233:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1193:
1192:
1180:
1179:
1167:
1166:
1154:
1153:
1141:
1140:
1138:NHMSYS0021274096
1128:
1127:
1115:
1114:
1102:
1101:
1089:
1088:
1076:
1075:
1063:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1040:A7F240E39F0AD5F9
1030:
1029:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1002:
1001:
1000:
970:
820:Bonaparte's gull
565:Ring-billed gull
479:
472:
465:
456:
449:
442:
436:
435:
433:
431:
426:
396:
199:
181:
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
24:White-eyed gull
21:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1411:
1406:
1398:
1393:
1385:
1380:
1372:
1367:
1359:
1354:
1346:
1341:
1333:
1328:
1320:
1315:
1307:
1302:
1294:
1289:
1281:
1276:
1268:
1263:
1255:
1250:
1242:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1196:
1188:
1183:
1175:
1170:
1162:
1159:Observation.org
1157:
1149:
1144:
1136:
1131:
1123:
1118:
1110:
1105:
1097:
1092:
1084:
1079:
1071:
1066:
1058:
1056:
1048:
1046:
1038:
1033:
1025:
1020:
1011:
1010:
1005:
996:
995:
990:
977:
967:
962:
944:
926:
908:
890:
865:
847:
829:
825:Saunders's gull
780:Hartlaub's gull
769:Red-billed gull
755:Chroicocephalus
748:
734:Franklin's gull
708:
679:White-eyed gull
663:
570:California gull
550:Heermann's gull
514:
493:
483:
453:
452:
443:
439:
429:
427:
398:
397:
393:
388:
362:
342:
283:
228:white-eyed gull
190:
183:
177:
164:
127:Charadriiformes
72:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
1474:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1404:
1391:
1378:
1365:
1352:
1339:
1326:
1313:
1300:
1287:
1274:
1261:
1248:
1235:
1222:
1206:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1181:
1168:
1155:
1142:
1129:
1116:
1103:
1090:
1077:
1064:
1054:
1044:
1031:
1018:
1003:
987:
985:
979:
978:
973:
964:
963:
961:
960:
955:
949:
946:
945:
943:
942:
936:
934:
928:
927:
925:
924:
918:
916:
910:
909:
907:
906:
900:
898:
892:
891:
889:
888:
883:
877:
875:
867:
866:
864:
863:
857:
855:
849:
848:
846:
845:
839:
837:
831:
830:
828:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
771:
766:
760:
758:
750:
749:
747:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
720:
718:
710:
709:
707:
706:
701:
696:
694:Audouin's gull
691:
686:
681:
675:
673:
665:
664:
662:
661:
660:
659:
657:Heuglin's gull
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
613:
612:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
535:Belcher's gull
532:
526:
524:
516:
515:
513:
512:
503:
501:
495:
494:
484:
482:
481:
474:
467:
459:
451:
450:
437:
390:
389:
387:
386:
372:
363:
361:
358:
341:
338:
282:
279:
222:
221:
213:
212:
206:
205:
201:
200:
192:
191:
184:
173:
172:
166:
165:
158:
156:
152:
151:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1473:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
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1113:
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1100:
1095:
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1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1008:
1004:
999:
993:
989:
988:
986:
984:
980:
976:
971:
959:
956:
954:
951:
950:
947:
941:
938:
937:
935:
933:
929:
923:
922:Sabine's gull
920:
919:
917:
915:
911:
905:
902:
901:
899:
897:
893:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
876:
874:
873:
868:
862:
859:
858:
856:
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836:
832:
826:
823:
821:
818:
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811:
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801:
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791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
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772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
759:
757:
756:
751:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
729:Laughing gull
727:
725:
722:
721:
719:
717:
716:
711:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
674:
672:
671:
666:
658:
655:
654:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
642:Armenian gull
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
611:
610:Thayer's gull
608:
607:
606:
603:
601:
600:Glaucous gull
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
527:
525:
523:
522:
517:
510:
509:
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502:
500:
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491:
487:
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468:
466:
461:
460:
457:
447:
441:
438:
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420:
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412:
411:
406:
404:
395:
392:
385:
384:0-7136-7087-8
381:
377:
373:
371:
370:
365:
364:
359:
357:
355:
351:
347:
346:Siyal Islands
339:
337:
335:
331:
327:
322:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
287:
280:
278:
276:
275:
271:
267:
266:oil pollution
264:pressure and
263:
259:
255:
254:Least Concern
251:
247:
243:
239:
236:) is a small
235:
234:
229:
220:
219:
214:
211:
207:
202:
198:
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174:
171:
170:Binomial name
167:
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149:
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138:
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88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
55:Least Concern
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1201:
982:
931:
913:
895:
870:
853:Rhodostethia
852:
835:Hydrocoloeus
834:
774:Huahine gull
753:
724:Dolphin gull
713:
678:
668:
632:Caspian gull
605:Iceland gull
590:Western gull
540:Olrog's gull
530:Pacific gull
519:
506:
445:
440:
428:. Retrieved
414:
408:
402:
394:
367:
343:
340:Distribution
323:
311:
292:
272:
232:
231:
227:
225:
217:
216:
178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
18:
1441:Ichthyaetus
1395:SeaLifeBase
1107:iNaturalist
1007:Wikispecies
861:Ross's gull
843:Little gull
795:Andean gull
764:Silver gull
715:Leucophaeus
704:Relict gull
670:Ichthyaetus
555:Common gull
430:20 February
148:Ichthyaetus
1430:Categories
1185:Xeno-canto
904:Ivory gull
684:Sooty gull
492:: Laridae)
360:References
281:Morphology
250:sooty gull
1217:Q25656869
896:Pagophila
744:Grey gull
739:Lava gull
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1361:22694299
1335:10584463
1244:22694299
1239:BirdLife
1211:Wikidata
1047:BioLib:
992:Wikidata
932:Creagrus
318:feathers
240:that is
210:Synonyms
187:Temminck
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1322:2481144
1099:7785213
1086:whegul2
1060:whegul2
1035:Avibase
998:Q912041
508:Species
354:Somalia
299:plumage
256:by the
246:Red Sea
244:to the
242:endemic
189:, 1825)
143:Genus:
137:Laridae
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1413:212626
1387:212626
1348:176856
1291:EURING
1226:ARKive
1177:704176
1151:328043
1125:824069
1112:144519
490:family
382:
334:yellow
1408:WoRMS
1400:75088
1330:IRMNG
1283:17217
1278:EUNIS
1257:3SBQJ
1164:73049
1081:eBird
1073:6MTPG
1057:BOW:
1050:21702
872:Rissa
521:Larus
499:Genus
486:Gulls
314:brown
303:white
295:black
274:Larus
270:genus
262:human
1382:OBIS
1356:IUCN
1343:ITIS
1317:GBIF
1296:5720
1146:NCBI
1120:ITIS
1094:GBIF
914:Xema
432:2022
415:2018
380:ISBN
352:and
350:Oman
326:bill
307:grey
258:IUCN
238:gull
226:The
117:Aves
1369:NBN
1265:CMS
1252:CoL
1133:NBN
1068:CoL
1022:ADW
419:doi
330:red
1432::
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1397::
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1293::
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1213::
1187::
1174::
1161::
1148::
1135::
1122::
1109::
1096::
1083::
1070::
1037::
1024::
1009::
994::
413:.
407:.
356:.
277:.
260:;
776:â€
488:(
478:e
471:t
464:v
434:.
421::
405:"
401:"
230:(
185:(
62:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
