199:
214:
190:
38:
92:– must be transformed from the acquired values to new values that are appropriate for color reproduction or display. Several aspects of the acquisition and display process make such color correction essential – including that the acquisition sensors do not match the sensors in the human eye, that the properties of the display medium must be accounted for, and that the ambient viewing conditions of the acquisition differ from the display viewing conditions.
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1940:, representing the effective stimuli for the Long-, Medium-, and Short-wavelength cone types that are modeled as adapting independently. A 3x3 matrix converts RGB or XYZ to LMS, and then the three LMS primary values are scaled to balance the neutral; the color can then be converted back to the desired final
284:
tended to produce less color inconstancy (i.e., less distortion of the colors) than in monitor RGB for over 4000 hypothetical sets of camera sensitivities. This difference typically amounted to a factor of more than two in favor of camera RGB. This means that it is advantageous to get color balance
237:
There is a large literature on how one might estimate the ambient lighting from the camera data and then use this information to transform the image data. A variety of algorithms have been proposed, and the quality of these has been debated. A few examples and examination of the references therein
833:, the color balancing may be performed there. This has been termed a "wrong von Kries" transformation. Although it has been demonstrated to offer usually poorer results than balancing in monitor RGB, it is mentioned here as a bridge to other things. Mathematically, one computes:
131:
refers to the adjustment that in addition makes other colors in a displayed image appear to have the same general appearance as the colors in an original scene. It is particularly important that neutral (gray, neutral, white) colors in a scene appear neutral in the reproduction.
193:
Two photos of a high-rise building shot within a minute of each other with an entry-level point-and-shoot camera. Left photo shows a "normal", more accurate color balance, while the right side shows a "vivid" color balance, in-camera effects and no post-production besides black
144:
more critically than other colors. Trees, grass and sky can all be off without concern, but if human flesh tones are 'off' then the human subject can look sick or dead. To address this critical color balance issue, the tri-color primaries themselves are formulated to
229:
Many methods exist for color balancing. Setting a button on a camera is a way for the user to indicate to the processor the nature of the scene lighting. Another option on some cameras is a button which one may press when the camera is pointed at a
2646:
Comparisons of images balanced by diagonal transforms in a number of different RGB spaces have identified several such spaces that work better than others, and better than camera or monitor spaces, for chromatic adaptation, as measured by several
221:
Most digital cameras have means to select color correction based on the type of scene lighting, using either manual lighting selection, automatic white balance, or custom white balance. The algorithms for these processes perform generalized
2405:
By
Viggiano's measure, and using his model of gaussian camera spectral sensitivities, most camera RGB spaces performed better than either monitor RGB or XYZ. If the camera's raw RGB values are known, one may use the 3x3 diagonal matrix:
2396:
Matrices to convert to LMS space were not specified by von Kries, but can be derived from CIE color matching functions and LMS color matching functions when the latter are specified; matrices can also be found in reference books.
812:
are the red, green, and blue components of a pixel which is believed to be a white surface in the image before color balancing. This is a simple scaling of the red, green, and blue channels, and is why color balance tools in
2659:
The best color matrix for adapting to a change in illuminant is not necessarily a diagonal matrix in a fixed color space. It has long been known that if the space of illuminants can be described as a linear model with
1911:
3017:
3072:
Viggiano, J A Stephen (2004). "Comparison of the accuracy of different white-balancing options as quantified by their color constancy". In Blouke, Morley M; Sampat, Nitin; Motta, Ricardo J (eds.).
2944:
81:
is one of the most common kinds of balancing, and is when colors are adjusted to make a white object (such as a piece of paper or a wall) appear white and not a shade of any other colour.
277:
under which an image was captured; and second, scaling the components (e.g., R, G, and B) of the image or otherwise transforming the components so they conform to the viewing illuminant.
1519:
61:). An important goal of this adjustment is to render specific colors – particularly neutral colors like white or grey – correctly. Hence, the general method is sometimes called
2625:
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1073:
578:
1404:
2316:
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1307:
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810:
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2651:; the systems that performed statistically as well as the best on the majority of the image test sets used were the "Sharp", "Bradford", "CMCCAT", and "ROMM" spaces.
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balance as a true neutral color. The purpose of this color primary imbalance is to more faithfully reproduce the flesh tones through the entire brightness range.
2226:
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or other neutral colored object. This captures an image of the ambient light, which enables a digital camera to set the correct color balance for that light.
305:. This type of transformation is appropriate if the image was captured using the wrong white balance setting on a digital camera, or through a color filter.
41:
The left half shows the photo as it came from the digital camera. The right half shows the photo adjusted to make a gray surface neutral in the same light.
269:. Algorithms and techniques used to attain color constancy are frequently used for color balancing, as well. Color constancy is, in turn, related to
4101:
262:, as everything in the image appears to have been shifted towards one color. Color balancing may be thought in terms of removing this color cast.
3955:
4091:
3320:
3234:
3170:
3153:
2967:
2908:
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1384:
are the tristimulus values of a pixel in the un-color-balanced image. If the tristimulus values of the monitor primaries are in a matrix
4167:
258:
Color balancing an image affects not only the neutrals, but other colors as well. An image that is not color balanced is said to have a
198:
103:
values, without respect to any color sensing or reproduction model. In film photography, color balance is typically achieved by using
2717:
Comparison of resulted colors as shot by the digital camera for different light qualities (color temperature): Neutral, Warm and Cold.
213:
1615:
3281:
77:. Generalized versions of color balance are used to correct colors other than neutrals or to deliberately change them for effect.
4112:
2838:
2811:
1936:
has survived as the dominant explanation of color sensation for over 100 years, motivated the method of converting color to the
4337:
4291:
1219:
are the tristimulus values of the viewing illuminant (the white point to which the image is being transformed to conform to);
4107:
4096:
285:
right at the time an image is captured, rather than edit later on a monitor. If one must color balance later, balancing the
817:
have a white eyedropper tool. It has been demonstrated that performing the white balancing in the phosphor set assumed by
4368:
4172:
189:
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821:
tends to produce large errors in chromatic colors, even though it can render the neutral surfaces perfectly neutral.
3220:
3139:
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3313:
4363:
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would result, at least in theory, in a color balanced image. In this type of transformation the 3x3 matrix is a
4152:
3970:
3620:
3353:
4147:
4142:
4137:
343:
was believed to be a white object, and if 255 is the count which corresponds to white, one could multiply all
313:
In principle, one wants to scale all relative luminances in an image so that objects which are believed to be
3169:
Sabine Süsstrunk; Jack Holm; Graham D. Finlayson (January 2001). Eschbach, Reiner; Marcu, Gabriel G. (eds.).
1412:
4204:
4157:
162:
104:
30:
This article is about the process applied to still images. For the equivalent process applied to video, see
4162:
3026:
2648:
3009:
2867:
Cinematography: Theory and
Practice : Imagemaking for Cinematographers, Directors, and Videographers
4086:
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1950:
839:
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223:
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166:
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are the tristimulus values of an object believed to be white in the un-color-balanced image, and
1921:
1309:
are the tristimulus values of an object believed to be white in the un-color-balanced image, and
37:
3275:
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85:
3074:
Sensors and Camera
Systems for Scientific, Industrial, and Digital Photography Applications V
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1606:
1282:
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785:
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725:
286:
141:
74:
50:
3287:
1581:
1554:
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1195:
1168:
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320:
173:, Australia. The white balance has been adjusted towards the warm side for creative effect.
4277:
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1937:
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57:
is the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors (typically red, green, and blue
3269:
2923:
2893:
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1995:
1696:
884:
410:
2371:
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700:
675:
650:
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will tend to produce less distortion of chromatic colors than balancing in monitor RGB.
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58:
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96:
31:
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182:
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73:. Color balance changes the overall mixture of colors in an image and is used for
3292:
177:
722:
are the red, green, and blue components of the image before color balancing, and
4184:
4042:
3819:
3814:
3678:
3647:
3613:
3518:
3414:
3380:
3177:. Color Imaging: Device-Independent Color, Color Hardcopy, and Graphic Arts VI.
2791:
2764:
Example of different white balance settings on digital camera for
Neutral light.
1941:
203:
46:
2752:
4194:
4037:
3874:
3865:
3769:
3757:
3697:
3513:
3476:
3471:
3454:
2945:"When Color Constancy Goes Wrong: Correcting Improperly White-Balanced Images"
2776:
2728:
2681:
273:. Conceptually, color balancing consists of two steps: first, determining the
259:
157:
17:
4054:
4027:
4022:
3531:
3145:
2959:
2740:
2635:
1929:
814:
231:
3103:
Heinz
Terstiege (1972). "Chromatic adaptation: a state-of-the-art report".
2668:
fixed linear transformations, not necessarily consistently diagonalizable.
2952:
2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)
2705:
2693:
99:
applications usually operate directly on the red, green, and blue channel
4309:
4032:
3640:
3288:
Affine color balance with saturation, with code and on-line demonstration
2664:
basis terms, the proper color transformation will be the weighted sum of
1925:
297:
Color balancing is sometimes performed on a three-component image (e.g.,
170:
3010:"Color by correlation: a simple, unifying framework for color constancy"
4081:
3363:
3221:"Color constancy: a method for recovering surface spectral reflectance"
239:
3186:
3081:
3040:
2393:
are the tristimulus values of a pixel in the un-color-balanced image.
4304:
3907:
3897:
2943:
Afifi, Mahmoud; Price, Brian; Cohen, Scott; Brown, Michael S (2019).
1933:
3932:
3927:
3917:
3887:
3358:
3329:
644:
348:
212:
197:
188:
176:
156:
114:
100:
36:
3008:
Graham
Finlayson; Paul M. Hubel; Steven Hordley (November 2001).
3922:
3902:
3882:
3752:
3669:
2631:
818:
352:
314:
207:
3302:
3298:
2996:
Proceedings of the Fourth IS&T/SID Color
Imaging Conference
3998:
3892:
3657:
3018:
IEEE Transactions on
Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
344:
202:
Comparison of color versions (raw, natural, white balance) of
1906:{\displaystyle \left=\mathbf {P^{-1}} \left\mathbf {P} \left}
643:
are the color balanced red, green, and blue components of a
123:
Sometimes the adjustment to keep neutrals neutral is called
3171:"Chromatic Adaptation Performance of Different RGB Sensors"
280:
Viggiano found that white balancing in the camera's native
217:
A white-balanced image of Mount Sharp (Aeolis Mons) on Mars
2574:
2421:
2112:
1959:
1839:
1624:
1462:
1421:
1022:
848:
527:
374:
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1953:
1618:
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842:
788:
758:
728:
703:
678:
653:
629:
609:
589:
368:
323:
2228:
are the color-balanced LMS cone tristimulus values;
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4128:
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3991:
3941:
3873:
3864:
3783:
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3705:
3594:
3541:
3423:
3346:
3337:
3293:Getting the White Balance Right for Neutral Colors
2619:
2385:
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804:
774:
744:
714:
689:
664:
635:
615:
595:
572:
335:
238:will lead the reader to many others. Examples are
185:as a reference shot for color balance adjustments.
3951:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
3223:. In Martin A. Fischler; Oscar Firschein (eds.).
2630:and then convert to a working RGB space such as
3067:
3065:
3063:
3219:Laurence T. Maloney; Brain A. Wandell (1987).
27:Adjustment of color intensities in photography
3314:
2990:Brian Funt, Vlad Cardei, and Kobus Barnard, "
8:
3254:"photoskop: Interactive Photography Lessons"
3248:
3246:
1138:are the color-balanced tristimulus values;
4333:
4125:
3870:
3713:
3343:
3321:
3307:
3299:
3276:photoskop: Interactive Photography Lessons
3133:
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2090:
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2010:
2001:
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991:
985:
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347:values by 255/240. Doing analogously for
322:
4102:International Commission on Illumination
95:The color balance operations in popular
84:Image data acquired by sensors – either
2802:
1514:{\displaystyle \left=\mathbf {P} \left}
107:over the lights or on the camera lens.
4092:Color Association of the United States
2899:. Cambridge University Press. p.
2895:Introduction to Color Imaging Science
2642:Preferred chromatic adaptation spaces
829:If the image may be transformed into
7:
3076:. Vol. 5301. pp. 323–333.
153:Illuminant estimation and adaptation
317:appear so. If, say, a surface with
3956:Blue–green distinction in language
3125:Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1998.
25:
3055:Principles of Color Reproduction.
265:Color balance is also related to
4332:
4323:
4322:
4113:International Colour Association
3696:
3175:IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging
2751:
2739:
2727:
2704:
2692:
2680:
2620:{\displaystyle \left=\left\left}
2158:{\displaystyle \left=\left\left}
1830:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1453:
1392:
1068:{\displaystyle \left=\left\left}
573:{\displaystyle \left=\left\left}
2932:Retrieved October 12, 2016.
2816:. Peachpit Press. p. 134.
4108:International Color Consortium
4097:International Colour Authority
3141:Digital Color Imaging Handbook
1:
4173:List of Crayola crayon colors
2655:General illuminant adaptation
2870:. Focal Press. p. 170.
2843:. Adobe Press. p. 278.
2837:Adobe Creative Team (2000).
1399:{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} }
293:Mathematics of color balance
3976:Traditional colors of Japan
3753:Achromatic colors (Neutral)
3636:Multi-primary color display
3410:Spectral power distribution
3282:Understanding White Balance
3278:- Interactive White Balance
3272:- Intro at nikondigital.org
3226:Readings in Computer Vision
3105:Journal of Color Appearance
2813:The Gimp for Linux and Unix
309:Scaling monitor R, G, and B
136:Psychological color balance
4385:
1928:and three color-sensitive
1609:monitor RGB, one may use:
831:CIE XYZ tristimulus values
119:Example of color balancing
29:
4318:
3836:Color realism (art style)
3694:
3494:Evolution of color vision
244:artificial neural network
204:Mount Sharp (Aeolis Mons)
161:A seascape photograph at
111:Generalized color balance
4153:List of colors (compact)
3971:Color in Chinese culture
3621:Digital image processing
3354:Electromagnetic spectrum
3123:Color Appearance Models.
2992:Learning color constancy
105:color correction filters
4158:List of colors by shade
2960:10.1109/cvpr.2019.00163
2649:color appearance models
4163:List of color palettes
3295:- Photography Tutorial
3138:Gaurav Sharma (2003).
3111:(4): 19–23 (cont. 40).
3057:New York: Wiley, 1967.
2954:. pp. 1535–1544.
2891:Hsien-Che Lee (2005).
2810:Phyllis Davis (2000).
2621:
2387:
2362:
2337:
2312:
2311:{\displaystyle S'_{w}}
2282:
2281:{\displaystyle M'_{w}}
2252:
2251:{\displaystyle L'_{w}}
2222:
2202:
2182:
2159:
1916:
1907:
1599:
1572:
1545:
1515:
1400:
1378:
1353:
1328:
1303:
1302:{\displaystyle Z'_{w}}
1273:
1272:{\displaystyle Y'_{w}}
1243:
1242:{\displaystyle X'_{w}}
1213:
1186:
1159:
1132:
1112:
1092:
1069:
806:
805:{\displaystyle B'_{w}}
776:
775:{\displaystyle G'_{w}}
746:
745:{\displaystyle R'_{w}}
716:
691:
666:
637:
617:
597:
574:
337:
218:
210:
195:
186:
174:
120:
42:
4087:Color Marketing Group
3842:On Vision and Colours
3775:Tinctures in heraldry
3386:Structural coloration
2622:
2388:
2363:
2338:
2313:
2283:
2253:
2223:
2203:
2183:
2160:
1908:
1600:
1598:{\displaystyle L_{B}}
1573:
1571:{\displaystyle L_{G}}
1546:
1544:{\displaystyle L_{R}}
1516:
1401:
1379:
1354:
1329:
1304:
1274:
1244:
1214:
1212:{\displaystyle Z_{w}}
1187:
1185:{\displaystyle Y_{w}}
1160:
1158:{\displaystyle X_{w}}
1133:
1113:
1093:
1070:
807:
777:
747:
717:
692:
667:
638:
618:
598:
575:
338:
336:{\displaystyle R=240}
216:
201:
192:
180:
160:
118:
40:
4369:Film post-production
4168:List of color spaces
4060:Tint, shade and tone
3943:Cultural differences
3758:Polychromatic colors
3743:Complementary colors
3731:Monochromatic colors
2864:Blain Brown (2002).
2413:
2372:
2347:
2322:
2292:
2262:
2232:
2212:
2192:
2172:
1951:
1616:
1582:
1555:
1528:
1413:
1388:
1363:
1338:
1313:
1283:
1253:
1223:
1196:
1169:
1142:
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1102:
1082:
840:
786:
756:
726:
701:
676:
651:
627:
607:
587:
366:
321:
271:chromatic adaptation
224:chromatic adaptation
4148:List of colors: N–Z
4143:List of colors: G–M
4138:List of colors: A–F
3229:. Morgan-Kaufmann.
2998:, pp. 58–60 (1996).
2840:Adobe Photoshop 6.0
2560:
2520:
2480:
2307:
2277:
2247:
2098:
2058:
2018:
1820:
1773:
1726:
1298:
1268:
1238:
1008:
961:
914:
801:
771:
741:
513:
473:
433:
4195:List of web colors
4190:List of RAL colors
3596:Color reproduction
3561:Lüscher color test
3398:Color of chemicals
3121:Mark D Fairchild,
2617:
2611:
2563:
2548:
2508:
2468:
2443:
2401:Scaling camera RGB
2386:{\displaystyle S'}
2383:
2361:{\displaystyle M'}
2358:
2336:{\displaystyle L'}
2333:
2308:
2295:
2278:
2265:
2248:
2235:
2218:
2198:
2178:
2155:
2149:
2101:
2086:
2046:
2006:
1981:
1924:, whose theory of
1922:Johannes von Kries
1917:Von Kries's method
1903:
1897:
1823:
1808:
1761:
1714:
1667:
1595:
1568:
1541:
1511:
1505:
1443:
1396:
1377:{\displaystyle Z'}
1374:
1352:{\displaystyle Y'}
1349:
1327:{\displaystyle X'}
1324:
1299:
1286:
1269:
1256:
1239:
1226:
1209:
1182:
1155:
1128:
1108:
1088:
1065:
1059:
1011:
996:
949:
902:
870:
802:
789:
772:
759:
742:
729:
715:{\displaystyle B'}
712:
690:{\displaystyle G'}
687:
665:{\displaystyle R'}
662:
633:
613:
593:
570:
564:
516:
501:
461:
421:
396:
333:
219:
211:
196:
187:
175:
121:
43:
4346:
4345:
4286:
4285:
4068:
4067:
3860:
3859:
3850:Theory of Colours
3692:
3691:
3604:Color photography
3556:Color preferences
3499:Impossible colors
3489:Color vision test
3484:Color temperature
3462:Color calibration
3391:Animal coloration
3256:. April 25, 2015.
3236:978-0-934613-33-0
3187:10.1117/12.410788
3155:978-0-8493-0900-7
3082:10.1117/12.524922
3041:10.1109/34.969113
2969:978-1-7281-3293-8
2910:978-0-521-84388-1
2877:978-0-240-80500-9
2850:978-0-201-71016-8
2823:978-0-201-70253-8
2782:Color temperature
2758:Setting: Tungsten
2638:after balancing.
2221:{\displaystyle S}
2201:{\displaystyle M}
2181:{\displaystyle L}
1131:{\displaystyle Z}
1111:{\displaystyle Y}
1091:{\displaystyle X}
636:{\displaystyle B}
616:{\displaystyle G}
596:{\displaystyle R}
140:Humans relate to
127:, and the phrase
16:(Redirected from
4376:
4364:Image processing
4336:
4335:
4326:
4325:
4126:
3992:Color dimensions
3981:Human skin color
3871:
3748:Analogous colors
3714:
3700:
3626:Color management
3543:Color psychology
3509:Opponent process
3425:Color perception
3344:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3300:
3258:
3257:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3197:. Archived from
3166:
3160:
3159:
3135:
3126:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3069:
3058:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3014:
3005:
2999:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2949:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2898:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2807:
2787:Gamma correction
2755:
2743:
2734:Setting: As shot
2731:
2708:
2696:
2684:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2596:
2584:
2568:
2564:
2556:
2547:
2516:
2507:
2476:
2467:
2448:
2444:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2134:
2122:
2106:
2102:
2094:
2085:
2054:
2045:
2014:
2005:
1986:
1982:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1769:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1722:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1650:
1649:
1636:
1635:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1488:
1487:
1474:
1473:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1044:
1032:
1016:
1012:
1004:
995:
990:
989:
957:
948:
943:
942:
910:
901:
896:
895:
875:
871:
811:
809:
808:
803:
797:
781:
779:
778:
773:
767:
751:
749:
748:
743:
737:
721:
719:
718:
713:
711:
696:
694:
693:
688:
686:
671:
669:
668:
663:
661:
642:
640:
639:
634:
622:
620:
619:
614:
602:
600:
599:
594:
579:
577:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
549:
537:
521:
517:
509:
500:
469:
460:
429:
420:
401:
397:
342:
340:
339:
334:
254:Chromatic colors
181:Photograph of a
75:color correction
51:image processing
21:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4314:
4282:
4199:
4117:
4074:
4064:
3987:
3966:Blue in culture
3937:
3856:
3803:Secondary color
3779:
3736:black-and-white
3708:
3701:
3688:
3590:
3576:National colors
3571:Political color
3551:Color symbolism
3537:
3467:Color constancy
3445:Color blindness
3419:
3376:Spectral colors
3333:
3327:
3266:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3204:
3202:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3148:. p. 153.
3137:
3136:
3129:
3120:
3116:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3071:
3070:
3061:
3053:John A C Yule,
3052:
3048:
3032:10.1.1.133.2101
3025:(11): 1209–21.
3012:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2989:
2985:
2970:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2748:
2747:
2746:Setting: Cloudy
2744:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2674:
2657:
2644:
2610:
2609:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2562:
2561:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2452:
2442:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2290:
2289:
2260:
2259:
2230:
2229:
2210:
2209:
2190:
2189:
2170:
2169:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2100:
2099:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
1990:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1938:LMS color space
1919:
1896:
1895:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1866:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1847:
1842:
1834:
1822:
1821:
1793:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1746:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1699:
1691:
1677:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1627:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1607:gamma corrected
1585:
1580:
1579:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1504:
1503:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1465:
1457:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1386:
1385:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1281:
1280:
1251:
1250:
1221:
1220:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1120:
1119:
1100:
1099:
1080:
1079:
1058:
1057:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1010:
1009:
981:
979:
974:
968:
967:
962:
934:
932:
926:
925:
920:
915:
887:
879:
869:
868:
862:
861:
855:
854:
843:
838:
837:
827:
825:Scaling X, Y, Z
784:
783:
754:
753:
724:
723:
704:
699:
698:
679:
674:
673:
654:
649:
648:
625:
624:
605:
604:
585:
584:
563:
562:
554:
551:
550:
542:
539:
538:
530:
522:
515:
514:
491:
486:
480:
479:
474:
451:
445:
444:
439:
434:
405:
395:
394:
388:
387:
381:
380:
369:
364:
363:
357:diagonal matrix
319:
318:
311:
295:
282:RGB color model
267:color constancy
256:
248:Bayesian method
155:
138:
113:
67:neutral balance
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4382:
4380:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4351:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4330:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4134:
4132:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4008:
4007:
4006:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3962:Color history
3960:
3959:
3958:
3947:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3846:
3845:(Schopenhauer)
3838:
3833:
3830:Color analysis
3827:
3825:Color triangle
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3789:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3722:
3720:
3711:
3703:
3702:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3631:Color printing
3628:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3600:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3566:Kruithof curve
3563:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3438:Sonochromatism
3429:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3350:
3348:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3265:
3264:External links
3262:
3260:
3259:
3242:
3235:
3211:
3161:
3154:
3127:
3114:
3095:
3059:
3046:
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2643:
2640:
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2020:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1985:
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1975:
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1968:
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1918:
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1007:
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988:
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966:
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4016:Pastel colors
4014:
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3684:Color mapping
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3347:Color physics
3345:
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3339:Color science
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3270:White Balance
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3201:on 2006-10-18
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2928:Nikon Digital
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2687:Neutral light
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1998:
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184:
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172:
168:
164:
163:Clifton Beach
159:
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150:
148:
143:
135:
133:
130:
129:color balance
126:
125:white balance
117:
110:
108:
106:
102:
98:
97:image editing
93:
91:
90:image sensors
87:
82:
80:
79:White balance
76:
72:
71:white balance
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:color balance
52:
48:
39:
33:
32:Color grading
19:
18:White Balance
4048:Fluorescence
4011:Colorfulness
4004:Dichromatism
3848:
3840:
3810:Chromaticity
3793:Color mixing
3785:Color theory
3718:Color scheme
3608:
3581:Chromophobia
3530:
3225:
3214:
3203:. Retrieved
3199:the original
3178:
3174:
3164:
3140:
3122:
3117:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3073:
3054:
3049:
3022:
3016:
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2995:
2986:
2951:
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2832:
2812:
2805:
2665:
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2629:
2404:
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2167:
1920:
1523:
1077:
828:
582:
312:
296:
279:
264:
257:
236:
228:
220:
183:ColorChecker
146:
139:
128:
124:
122:
94:
83:
78:
70:
66:
63:gray balance
62:
54:
44:
4185:Color chart
4043:Iridescence
3875:Basic terms
3866:Color terms
3820:Color wheel
3815:Color solid
3679:Color space
3665:subtractive
3648:Color model
3519:Unique hues
3415:Colorimetry
3381:Chromophore
3181:: 172–183.
2792:White point
1942:color space
1605:are the un-
194:background.
142:flesh tones
47:photography
4353:Categories
4205:Shades of:
4038:Brightness
3770:Web colors
3726:Color tool
3709:philosophy
3614:Color cast
3514:Afterimage
3504:Metamerism
3477:Color code
3472:Color task
3455:Dichromacy
3284:- Tutorial
3205:2009-03-20
2798:References
2777:Color cast
2711:Cold light
2699:Warm light
275:illuminant
260:color cast
4055:Grayscale
4028:Lightness
4023:Luminance
3832:(fashion)
3532:The dress
3146:CRC Press
3027:CiteSeerX
2978:196195956
2636:Adobe RGB
1683:−
1406:so that:
815:Photoshop
232:gray card
167:South Arm
4328:Category
4310:Lighting
4033:Darkness
3853:(Goethe)
3653:additive
3641:Quattron
2771:See also
2672:Examples
2606:′
2594:′
2582:′
2558:′
2518:′
2478:′
2380:′
2355:′
2330:′
2305:′
2275:′
2245:′
2144:′
2132:′
2120:′
2096:′
2056:′
2016:′
1890:′
1871:′
1852:′
1818:′
1771:′
1724:′
1371:′
1346:′
1321:′
1296:′
1266:′
1236:′
1054:′
1042:′
1030:′
1006:′
959:′
912:′
799:′
769:′
739:′
709:′
684:′
659:′
559:′
547:′
535:′
511:′
471:′
431:′
171:Tasmania
4292:Related
4253:Magenta
4178:history
4082:Pantone
3369:Visible
3364:Rainbow
3195:8140548
3090:8971750
315:neutral
240:Retinex
4305:Qualia
4300:Vision
4248:Purple
4243:Violet
4223:Yellow
4218:Orange
3913:Orange
3908:Purple
3898:Yellow
3332:topics
3233:
3193:
3152:
3088:
3029:
2994:", in
2976:
2966:
2907:
2874:
2847:
2820:
2368:, and
2288:, and
2208:, and
2168:where
1934:retina
1578:, and
1524:where
1359:, and
1279:, and
1192:, and
1118:, and
1078:where
782:, and
697:, and
623:, and
583:where
303:matrix
4359:Color
4338:Index
4278:Black
4268:White
4263:Brown
4228:Green
4130:Lists
4122:Names
4104:(CIE)
4073:Color
3933:Brown
3928:White
3918:Black
3888:Green
3707:Color
3403:Water
3359:Light
3330:Color
3191:S2CID
3086:S2CID
3013:(PDF)
2974:S2CID
2948:(PDF)
645:pixel
349:green
246:or a
242:, an
101:pixel
69:, or
4273:Gray
4258:Pink
4238:Blue
4233:Cyan
3923:Gray
3903:Pink
3883:Blue
3670:CMYK
3231:ISBN
3179:4300
3150:ISBN
2964:ISBN
2905:ISBN
2872:ISBN
2845:ISBN
2818:ISBN
2632:sRGB
1930:cone
1926:rods
819:sRGB
353:blue
351:and
208:Mars
86:film
49:and
4213:Red
3999:Hue
3893:Red
3658:RGB
3183:doi
3078:doi
3037:doi
2956:doi
2901:450
2634:or
2541:255
2501:255
2461:255
494:255
454:255
414:255
345:red
331:240
299:RGB
206:on
147:not
45:In
4355::
3245:^
3189:.
3173:.
3144:.
3130:^
3107:.
3084:.
3062:^
3035:.
3023:23
3021:.
3015:.
2972:.
2962:.
2950:.
2930:.
2926:.
2903:.
2343:,
2258:,
2188:,
1944::
1551:,
1334:,
1249:,
1165:,
1098:,
752:,
672:,
603:,
359:.
250:.
226:.
169:,
165:,
65:,
53:,
3322:e
3315:t
3308:v
3239:.
3208:.
3185::
3158:.
3109:1
3092:.
3080::
3043:.
3039::
2980:.
2958::
2913:.
2880:.
2853:.
2826:.
2666:N
2662:N
2614:]
2603:B
2591:G
2579:R
2571:[
2566:]
2554:w
2550:B
2545:/
2536:0
2531:0
2524:0
2514:w
2510:G
2505:/
2496:0
2489:0
2484:0
2474:w
2470:R
2465:/
2454:[
2450:=
2446:]
2439:B
2432:G
2425:R
2418:[
2377:S
2352:M
2327:L
2301:w
2297:S
2271:w
2267:M
2241:w
2237:L
2216:S
2196:M
2176:L
2152:]
2141:S
2129:M
2117:L
2109:[
2104:]
2092:w
2088:S
2083:/
2079:1
2074:0
2069:0
2062:0
2052:w
2048:M
2043:/
2039:1
2034:0
2027:0
2022:0
2012:w
2008:L
2003:/
1999:1
1992:[
1988:=
1984:]
1977:S
1970:M
1963:L
1956:[
1900:]
1887:B
1882:L
1868:G
1863:L
1849:R
1844:L
1836:[
1831:P
1826:]
1814:w
1810:Z
1805:/
1799:w
1795:Z
1789:0
1784:0
1777:0
1767:w
1763:Y
1758:/
1752:w
1748:Y
1742:0
1735:0
1730:0
1720:w
1716:X
1711:/
1705:w
1701:X
1693:[
1686:1
1679:P
1674:=
1670:]
1661:B
1657:L
1647:G
1643:L
1633:R
1629:L
1621:[
1591:B
1587:L
1564:G
1560:L
1537:R
1533:L
1508:]
1499:B
1495:L
1485:G
1481:L
1471:R
1467:L
1459:[
1454:P
1450:=
1446:]
1439:Z
1432:Y
1425:X
1418:[
1393:P
1368:Z
1343:Y
1318:X
1292:w
1288:Z
1262:w
1258:Y
1232:w
1228:X
1205:w
1201:Z
1178:w
1174:Y
1151:w
1147:X
1126:Z
1106:Y
1086:X
1062:]
1051:Z
1039:Y
1027:X
1019:[
1014:]
1002:w
998:Z
993:/
987:w
983:Z
977:0
972:0
965:0
955:w
951:Y
946:/
940:w
936:Y
930:0
923:0
918:0
908:w
904:X
899:/
893:w
889:X
881:[
877:=
873:]
866:Z
859:Y
852:X
845:[
795:w
791:B
765:w
761:G
735:w
731:R
706:B
681:G
656:R
631:B
611:G
591:R
567:]
556:B
544:G
532:R
524:[
519:]
507:w
503:B
498:/
489:0
484:0
477:0
467:w
463:G
458:/
449:0
442:0
437:0
427:w
423:R
418:/
407:[
403:=
399:]
392:B
385:G
378:R
371:[
328:=
325:R
34:.
20:)
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