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that the actual figure is unknown. Archaeologist Susan Martin wrote that "“The competent excavation of many prehistoric archaeological sites in the Lake
Superior basin reveals the continuous use of copper throughout the prehistoric time range, in association with all of the other items of material culture (projectile points, pottery and the like) that are without a doubt the products of native technologies. Many of these sites have been dated reliably by radiocarbon means.... Clearly, copper-working continues up until the years of aboriginal contact with seventeenth-century Europeans. The speculators could at least acknowledge these facts rather than pretend that the association of copper with indigenous people doesn’t exist.”
942:'s Upper Peninsula. Construction work started in 2010, with commercial production commencing 2014 and anticipated to last up to nine years. After mining is finished the site will be reclaimed. The mine is expected to produce 360 million pounds of nickel, 295 million pounds of copper and small amounts of other metals over its nine-year mine life (2014 to Q4 2023). Other base metals include platinum, palladium, and cobalt. Ores will be processed at the Humboldt Mill in Michigamme Township. The concentrate is loaded into covered train cars and shipped to smelters in either Canada or Europe.
383:
618:). Although amygdaloid and conglomerate deposits tended to be lower-grade than the fissure deposits, they were much larger, and could be mined much more efficiently, with the ore blasted out, hoisted to the surface, and sent to stamp mills located at a different site. Amygdaloid and conglomerate mining turned out to be much more productive and profitable than fissure mining, and the majority of highly successful mines were on amygdaloid or conglomerate lodes. The first mine to successfully mine a stratiform ore body was the
865:(EPA), which had previously held that it had no role in the permitting, reversed itself, and stated that White Pine would have to apply for a federal permit. White Pine, which had already started to recover copper from the pilot project, suspended solution mining in October 1996, and applied for to the EPA for the permit. In May 1997 the company withdrew the EPA permit application, saying that further permitting delays had made the project uneconomical, and announced plans to begin reclamation of the mine site.
505:
367:
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dewatered several old ones in hopes of finding additional wealth, but none were successful. Later that year, Calumet and Hecla's mine workers went out on strike, and the new owners closed the mines for good. Only the Copper Range company's White Pine mine remained open, and its ore was mostly copper sulfides, rather than native copper. Michigan's native copper industry was essentially dead, after producing 11 billion pounds (5.0 million metric tons) of copper.
399:
1979:
348:
782:
84:
530:
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65:
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Orvana estimates that approximately one billion pounds of copper are present at their site, along with smaller quantities of silver. Studies indicate that 800 million pounds (360,000 metric tons) of copper can be extracted, as well as 3,456,000 ounces of silver. Production would last 13 years,
628:
While the most successful fissure mines had been at the north and south ends of the district, the conglomerate and amygdaloid mines, which produced the great majority of
Michigan copper, were concentrated in the center of the district, almost all in Houghton County. The most productive conglomerate
293:
revealed the existence of copper producing pits and hammering stones which were used to work the copper. Some authors have suggested that as much as 1.5 billion pounds of copper was extracted during this period, but some archaeologists consider such high figures as "ill-constructed estimates" and
492:
up to hundreds of tons. To extract a single mass of copper, miners could spend months chiseling it into pieces small enough to hoist out of the mine. Although they were pure copper, removing the masses took a great deal of effort, and was sometimes not even profitable. The majority of the copper
690:
and became the company's
Calumet division. By this time the Calumet and Hecla's original conglomerate workings had been abandoned and stamp sand reclamation had ended. The mines did not even produce enough copper to supply the company's internal demand. The company opened several new shafts and
484:
In
Keweenaw County, the fissure lodes were nearly vertical mineralized zones with strike nearly perpendicular to that of the enclosing basalts and conglomerates. In Ontonagon County, by contrast, the fissures had strikes nearly parallel to, and dips slightly steeper than, the surrounding beds.
476:
Although the copper-mining region stretched about 100 miles from northeast to southwest, the most productive early mines, working fissure veins, were those at the north end in
Keweenaw County (such as the Central, Cliff, and Phoenix mines), or at the south end in Ontonagon County (such as the
804:
had been known since the 1800s. But the ore grades were too low, the ore mineral particles too small, and the copper was largely in sulfides instead of native copper. All these conditions made the shale deposits uneconomical, although repeated attempts were made to mine the shale at the
679:, when wartime demand pushed copper prices higher. The end of the war brought an end to high prices, and nearly all companies closed, leaving only the Calumet and Hecla, Quincy, and Copper Range mining companies. Both Calumet and Hecla and Quincy survived largely by reprocessing the
872:. The University of Montana undertook extensive efforts to restore and revegetate the barren landscape from 1997 to 1999, but it is unclear whether this has been successful. The university has published a detailed report of its project. Satellite images are available at (
764:
sites which are slowly being rehabilitated. Mines also required a great deal of wood, for supports in mine tunnels, housing, and steam generation. Virtually every part of the Copper
Country was cleared of timber, to the extent that only a few small areas of
831:
predominated in the lower part of the beds. The mine was very successful, producing more than 1.8 million metric tons (4.0 billion pounds) of copper during its life. The White Pine mine, the last major copper mine in
Michigan, shut down in 1995.
730:. As the mines began to close, the Copper Country lost its major economic base. The population declined sharply as miners, shop owners, and others supported by the industry left the area, leaving many small ghost towns along the mineral range.
493:
recovered was "barrel copper" (pieces broken from the rock and hand sorted in the "rock house," and shipped to the smelter in barrels), and finer copper broken loose from the rock in stamp mills and separated by gravity in "buddles" or "jigs."
714:, an opulent opera house which hosted famous plays and acts from across the world. Many wealthy mine managers built mansions which still line the streets of former mining towns. Some towns which existed primarily due to copper mining include
32:
957:
based on those reserves. The project was then bought by
Highland Copper Company, a Montreal-based exploration company in 2014 and an updated feasibility report is underway and permits for the project are forthcoming by the end of 2018.
250:
338:
The copper pits abandoned by Native
Americans led early miners to most of the first successful mines. "All the principal ore deposits were thus known before 1900, and each was discovered in exposures at or close to grass roots."
925:
In addition to sedimentary copper ores that dominate the Upper
Peninsula, Eagle Mine is a high-grade magmatic nickel-copper (Ni-Cu) sulfide-bearing deposit discovered by Rio Tinto in 2002 and later sold to Lundin Mining (2013).
629:
and amygdaloid mines were located along a strip about two miles (3.2 km) wide and 24 miles (39 km) long, from the Champion mine on the southwest to the Ahmeek mine on the northeast, passing through the towns of
455:
was the nation's leading producer of copper. In most years from 1850 through 1881, Michigan produced more than three-quarters of the nation's copper, and in 1869 produced more than 95% of the country's copper.
464:
Commercial production began in 1844 at the Phoenix mine. Most early miners began with little knowledge or planning, and few mines ever saw production, much less profit. The first successful copper mine, the
301:
people, who did not mine copper. According to Chippewa traditions, they had much earlier supplanted the original miners. The first written account of copper in Michigan was given by French missionary
953:
On March 13, 2013, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) issued Orvana Corporation, of Toronto, Ont. final permits to begin mining north of Wakefield, in Gogebic County.
242:
is the term for an ore sample that contains the pure copper and pure silver in the same piece of rock; it is only found in the native copper deposits of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.
733:
Tourism, education, and logging are now the major industries. The copper industry left many abandoned mines and buildings across the Copper Country. Some of these are now part of the
1424:
1627:
437:, was extensively explored, and a smelter built, but no mining of any importance took place there. Some copper mineralization was found in Keweenawan rocks farther southwest in
1301:
Bornhorst, Theodore J.; Paces, James B.; Grant, Norman K.; Obradovich, John D.; Huber, N. King (May 1988). "Age of Native Copper Mineralization, Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan".
773:) are left. Formerly cleared lands have been left to regrow, to the extent that many parcels of land are now being harvested on a limited basis by timber and paper companies.
847:. The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality approved the permit in May 1996, and White Pine installed a pilot in-situ leaching project. Native Americans of the
862:
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The most productive deposit, the Calumet conglomerate, was opened by the Calumet and Hecla mining company in 1865. "Large scale production ceased in 1939."
2024:
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in age and belong to the Keweenawan Series. The first six years of mining exploited the fissure deposits, then gave way to the amygdaloidal deposits.
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103:
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began large-scale mining at the White Pine mine, near the old Nonesuch mine. The deposit is a stratiform deposit in the lower 15 m of the
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between 5000 BCE and 1200 BCE. The natives used this copper to produce tools. Archaeological expeditions in the Keweenaw Peninsula and
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130:. The Copper Country is highly unusual among copper-mining districts, because copper is predominantly found in the form of pure
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Eagle Mine was the first operation to be permitted under Michigan's Non-Ferrous Metallic Mining Law, better known as Part 632.
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267:
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beds. This series of lava "is at least 15,000 feet thick in the Michigan copper district" and consists of "several hundred
1238:
1005:
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Annual production peaked in 1916 at 266 million pounds (121,000 metric tons) of copper. Most mines closed during the
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1932:
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Copper mining also took a significant impact on the environment. Mine rock processing operations left many fields of
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1602:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste, observations from EPA site visit May 5 and 6, 1992
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became an important industry in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Its rise marked the start of copper mining as
382:
1927:
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The copper industry was, for over 100 years, the life blood of the Copper Country. The town of Red Jacket (now
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144:
that form the copper ore at almost every other copper-mining district. The copper deposits occur in rocks of
469:, began operations in 1845, and many others quickly followed. These first mines worked copper-filled fissure
198:(copper sulfide) was sometimes present, and, especially in the Mohawk mine, copper arsenide minerals such as
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332:
321:. When American prospectors arrived in the 1840s, pieces of copper were found in streams or on the ground.
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Several companies attempted to reopen copper mines during the next two decades, including attempts by the
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In the early 20th century, copper companies began to consolidate. With very few exceptions, such as the
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left from older mining operations, leaching out copper left by more primitive processing techniques.
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1675:
1375:"Environmental Justice Case Study: Solution Mining in White Pine, MI and the Bad River Reservation"
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37:
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in 1843, the publicity of the Ontonagon Boulder back east, and a federal mineral land office at
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Copper mining in the Upper Peninsula boomed, and from 1845 until 1887 (when it was exceeded by
1993:
1963:
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and the upper 2 m of the underlying Copper Harbor Conglomerate. The principal ore mineral was
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Mining took place along a belt that stretched about 100 miles southwest to northeast through
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1953:
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749:, are open as tourist attractions. Many other mining lands are simply left abandoned.
414:) reported on the copper deposits in 1841, which quickly began a rush of prospectors.
347:
2018:
2003:
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1806:
1506:(Press release). Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. 13-319. Archived from
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The tailings impoundment at the White Pine Mine is presently the site of significant
840:
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to recover an additional 900 million pounds (410,000 metric tons) of copper by
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719:
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184:
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1083:. Vol. 1. New York: American Institute of Mining Engineers. pp. 303–325.
698:. None of these attempts lasted more than a couple of years or proved profitable.
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652:, the mines in the Copper Country came under the control of two companies: the
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region prized copper nuggets that they found there. Indians guided missionary
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By the time the first European explorers arrived, the area was the home of the
17:
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466:
195:
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1937:
1079:
White, Walter S. (1968). "The Native-Copper Deposits of Northern Michigan".
852:
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263:
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72:
68:
1524:
Feasibility Study of the Copperwood Project, Upper Peninsula, Michigan, USA
1584:
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781:
83:
1983:
1978:
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1115:
Rites of Conquest: The History and Culture of Michigan's Native Americans
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115:
45:
756:, some of which grew so large as to become hazards to navigation in the
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64:
1381:. University of Michigan School of Natural Resources and Environment.
231:
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131:
119:
1149:"The State of Our Knowledge About Ancient Copper Mining in Michigan"
1288:
Strangers and Sojurners: A History of Michigan's Keweenaw Peninsula
675:
as a result of depressed copper prices. Many mines reopened during
606:
In the 1850s, mining began on stratiform native copper deposits in
844:
780:
397:
255:
249:
171:
The native copper deposits originate in fissures, steeply dipping
63:
835:
The company applied to government agencies to continue mining by
1330:"Upper Peninsula Journal; Yes, They're Yoopers, and Proud of It"
36:
Cupriferous amygdaloidal basalt, "Shot copper." Wolverine Mine,
1609:
1521:
Keane, Joseph M.; Milne, Steve; Kerr, Thomas (March 21, 2012).
230:. A number of copper mines also contained a notable amount of
1379:
SNRE 492 Course Section of the Environmental Justice Institute
686:
By 1968 the formerly great Calumet and Hecla was purchased by
99:
1594:
1425:"Company Wants to Grow Quality Medical Marijuana in Old Mine"
906:
In 2012, SubTerra used the mine for pharmaceutical research.
614:
and in the upper zones of basalt lava flows (locally called
855:
blockaded rail shipments of sulfuric acid to the mine (see
1530:. Tucson, AZ: K D Engineering. Q431-01-028. Archived from
1256:. Vol. 8. Houghton, MI: Horace Stevens. p. 1466.
861:); the mine began receiving acid shipments by truck. The
179:
top portion of the Portage Lake Lava Series lava tops and
122:
is found almost exclusively in the western portion of the
1235:
Mining Methods and Practice in the Michigan Copper Mines
355:
miners worked in the mines of the "Copper Belt" of the
1600:
Mine Site Visit: Copper Range Company White Pine Mine
1561:
Black-Americans in Michigan's Copper Mining Narrative
1290:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 286.
194:
Although native copper was the dominant ore mineral,
1946:
1875:
1794:
1704:
1643:
1095:"Halfbreed: Halfbreed mineral information and data"
909:The July 7th 2021 edition of the local news outlet
27:Important industry in the 19th and 20th centuries
710:) used a portion of its budget surplus to build
441:, but no successful mines were developed there.
277:were the first to mine and work the copper of
148:age, in a thick sequence of northwest-dipping
1621:
1563:(Thesis). Michigan Technological University.
1502:Casey, Steve; Wurfel, Brad (March 19, 2013).
1347:Silfven, Ken; Johnson, Robin (May 28, 1996).
317:, a 1.5-ton piece of native copper along the
238:form and naturally alloyed with the copper.
8:
1273:Michigan Department of Environmental Quality
1081:Ore Deposits of the United States, 1933–1967
1504:"Permit Signed for Copperwood Mine Project"
1628:
1614:
1606:
1041:Lists of copper mines in the United States
800:at the south end of the Copper Country in
140:) rather than the copper oxides or copper
1568:
1199:
1197:
979:mine targeting gold and zinc deposits in
381:
365:
346:
82:
31:
1184:A History of Metals in Colonial America
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
529:
327:'s 1841 copper report, followed by the
305:in 1667. He noted that Indians of the
792:crystals from the old White Pine mine.
760:. Most of these sterile sands are now
473:that cut across stratigraphic layers.
1883:Chippewa County International Airport
511:
488:The miners sometimes found masses of
254:Copper knife, spearpoints, awls, and
54:a major industry in the United States
7:
1452:"Mining set to return to White Pine"
1328:Binder, David (September 14, 1995).
863:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
581:
785:Spectacular specimen of elongated,
563:
258:made from copper deposits mined by
2025:Copper mining in the United States
1011:Copper Country Strike of 1913-1914
971:The Back Forty Mine is a proposed
915:Mining set to return to White Pine
25:
1101:. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy.
1046:Quincy and Torch Lake Cog Railway
1021:Keweenaw National Historical Park
735:Keweenaw National Historical Park
702:Economic and environmental impact
1977:
1903:Houghton County Memorial Airport
1051:Fort Wilkins Historic State Park
654:Calumet and Hecla Mining Company
580:
562:
544:
528:
510:
503:
402:Michigan mined copper production
187:flows." The district rocks are
1458:. Keweenaw Report. July 7, 2021
1351:(Press release). Archived from
1036:List of Copper Country smelters
545:
1159:(2–3): 119–138. Archived from
934:, about 25 miles northwest of
1:
1595:Quincy Mine Hoist Association
1423:Egan, Paul (April 22, 2012).
1392:Williams, Tom (August 2004).
1239:United States Bureau of Mines
1182:Mulholland, James A. (1981).
1006:Minong Mine Historic District
983:in the South Central part of
406:The Michigan State Geologist
1933:Sawyer International Airport
1210:Wayne State University Press
1120:University of Michigan Press
1112:Cleland, Charles E. (1992).
1031:List of Copper Country mills
1026:List of Copper Country mines
849:Bad River Indian Reservation
2035:Upper Peninsula of Michigan
1898:Gogebic–Iron County Airport
1637:Upper Peninsula of Michigan
1286:Thurner, Arthur W. (1994).
1252:Stevens, Horace J. (1909).
1188:University of Alabama Press
361:Upper Peninsula of Michigan
2056:
1315:10.2113/gsecongeo.83.3.619
1267:Courter, Ellis W. (1992).
1241:. p. 3. Bulletin 306.
1153:The Michigan Archaeologist
964:
737:. Some mines, such as the
410:(later to become mayor of
335:kicked off the mine rush.
126:, in an area known as the
96:Ontonagon County, Michigan
1972:
1959:Copper mining in Michigan
1913:International Rail Bridge
1482:Lundin Mining Corporation
1269:Michigan's Copper Country
1147:Martin, Susan R. (1995).
891:46.7883083°N 89.5299917°W
870:environmental degradation
601:Copper mining in Michigan
439:Douglas County, Wisconsin
386:Copper being loaded onto
1928:Portage Lake Lift Bridge
1585:Adventure Mining Company
1570:10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/531
858:Bad River Train Blockade
696:Homestake Mining Company
98:. An example of the raw
1559:Pelto, Brendan (2017).
1204:Lankton, Larry (2010).
896:46.7883083; -89.5299917
433:, on the north side of
793:
403:
395:
379:
363:
343:Modern mining industry
271:
111:
80:
41:
1398:Ecosystem Restoration
1355:on September 29, 2007
1016:Italian Hall disaster
784:
401:
385:
369:
350:
253:
86:
71:nugget, a mixture of
67:
35:
1908:International Bridge
1888:Delta County Airport
1404:on December 12, 2012
1233:Crane, W.R. (1929).
814:Copper Range Company
662:Copper Range Company
598:class=notpageimage|
378:of Michigan in 1905.
164:associated with the
114:Within the state of
2040:History of Michigan
1867:Straits of Mackinac
1857:Porcupine Mountains
1537:on December 3, 2013
1349:"DEQ Press Release"
1275:. pp. 136–137.
1254:The Copper Handbook
1163:on February 7, 2016
887: /
796:The copper-bearing
712:The Calumet Theatre
497:Stratiform deposits
329:Treaty of La Pointe
268:Late Archaic period
110:, 4000 to 1000 BCE.
38:Kearsarge, Michigan
2030:Mining in Michigan
1999:Southeast Michigan
1817:Keweenaw Peninsula
1456:keweenawreport.com
1430:Detroit Free Press
1334:The New York Times
1212:. pp. 13–14.
930:is located on the
913:has the headline:
794:
404:
396:
392:Houghton, Michigan
380:
364:
357:Keweenaw Peninsula
283:Keweenaw Peninsula
272:
270:, 3000 BC-1000 BC.
210:minerals included
112:
108:Old Copper Complex
81:
42:
2012:
2011:
1994:Northern Michigan
1964:Verso Corporation
1822:Keweenaw Waterway
1510:on April 3, 2013.
1394:"White Pine Mine"
1190:. pp. 41–42.
932:Yellow Dog Plains
767:old-growth forest
758:Keweenaw Waterway
408:Douglass Houghton
351:Mid-19th century
325:Douglass Houghton
315:Ontonagon Boulder
79:and native copper
16:(Redirected from
2047:
1989:Central Michigan
1982:
1981:
1954:Cleveland-Cliffs
1691:Sault Ste. Marie
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1400:. Archived from
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1303:Economic Geology
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981:Menominee County
902:
901:
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837:in-situ leaching
802:Ontonagon County
673:Great Depression
590:
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574:
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556:
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275:Native Americans
260:Native Americans
160:beds, and flood
104:Native Americans
21:
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2044:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2008:
1976:
1968:
1942:
1918:Mackinac Bridge
1871:
1862:St. Marys River
1842:Menominee River
1790:
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1553:Further reading
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1060:
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1001:
993:Menominee River
989:Upper Peninsula
969:
967:Back Forty Mine
963:
961:Back Forty Mine
951:
949:Copperwood Mine
923:
911:Keweenaw Report
895:
893:
889:
886:
881:
878:
876:
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873:
779:
777:White Pine mine
704:
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537:White Pine mine
536:
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462:
345:
319:Ontonagon River
248:
246:Native American
166:Keweenawan Rift
124:Upper Peninsula
62:
28:
23:
22:
18:White Pine mine
15:
12:
11:
5:
2053:
2051:
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2032:
2027:
2017:
2016:
2010:
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1876:Transportation
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1852:Pictured Rocks
1849:
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1802:Copper Country
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1579:External links
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1309:(3): 619–625.
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1186:. University:
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1122:. p. 18.
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965:Main article:
962:
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922:
919:
821:Nonesuch Shale
798:Nonesuch Shale
787:spinel-twinned
778:
775:
771:Estivant Pines
739:Adventure mine
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453:Copper Country
446:Butte, Montana
376:Copper Country
370:Miners at the
344:
341:
303:Claude Allouez
247:
244:
226:, and various
128:Copper Country
61:
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1590:Delaware mine
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1118:. Ann Arbor:
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882:89°31′47.97″W
879:46°47′17.91″N
871:
866:
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842:
841:sulfuric acid
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829:native copper
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807:Nonesuch Mine
803:
799:
791:
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747:Delaware mine
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688:Universal Oil
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659:
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626:
623:
621:
617:
613:
612:conglomerates
609:
599:
573:
555:
521:
520:Eagle project
506:
496:
494:
491:
490:native copper
486:
482:
480:
479:Minesota Mine
474:
472:
468:
460:Fissure veins
459:
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447:
442:
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435:Lake Superior
432:
428:
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389:
384:
377:
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372:Tamarack Mine
368:
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333:Copper Harbor
330:
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311:Claude Dablon
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182:
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174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:conglomerates
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:
137:native copper
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
92:glacial drift
89:
88:Native copper
85:
78:
74:
70:
66:
59:
57:
55:
51:
50:copper mining
47:
39:
34:
30:
19:
1958:
1893:Ford Airport
1812:Grand Island
1560:
1541:November 17,
1539:. Retrieved
1532:the original
1523:
1516:
1508:the original
1497:
1485:. Retrieved
1481:
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1455:
1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1428:
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1402:the original
1397:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1357:. Retrieved
1353:the original
1342:
1333:
1323:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1287:
1281:
1268:
1262:
1253:
1247:
1234:
1228:
1205:
1183:
1177:
1165:. Retrieved
1161:the original
1156:
1152:
1142:
1134:Google Books
1132:– via
1114:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1080:
991:next to the
970:
955:
952:
944:
924:
914:
910:
908:
905:
867:
856:
851:in northern
834:
812:In 1955 the
811:
795:
751:
732:
705:
693:
685:
677:World War II
670:
666:Portage Lake
658:Portage Lake
643:
627:
624:
615:
605:
589:Central mine
487:
483:
475:
463:
443:
416:
405:
337:
323:
296:
285:of northern
273:
239:
193:
185:flood basalt
181:conglomerate
170:
135:
113:
90:nugget from
43:
29:
1847:Mount Arvon
1782:Schoolcraft
1271:. Lansing:
1208:. Detroit:
894: /
827:, although
818:Proterozoic
743:Quincy Mine
646:Quincy Mine
620:Quincy Mine
616:amygdaloids
572:Quincy Mine
431:Isle Royale
291:Isle Royale
189:Precambrian
146:Precambrian
2019:Categories
1832:Lake Huron
1696:St. Ignace
1671:Iron River
1408:August 28,
1167:August 31,
1129:0472064479
1099:Mindat.org
1058:References
928:Eagle Mine
921:Eagle Mine
825:chalcocite
769:like (the
754:stamp sand
745:, and the
681:stamp sand
467:Cliff mine
429:counties.
234:, both in
196:chalcocite
177:amygdaloid
175:or in the
150:sandstones
102:worked by
77:algodonite
1938:Soo Locks
1795:Geography
1777:Ontonagon
1772:Menominee
1767:Marquette
1732:Dickinson
1681:Menominee
1676:Marquette
1436:April 24,
1359:August 6,
975:metallic
936:Marquette
853:Wisconsin
762:superfund
728:Ontonagon
664:south of
656:north of
622:in 1856.
419:Ontonagon
388:a steamer
266:from the
264:Wisconsin
240:Halfbreed
204:domeykite
200:mohawkite
73:domeykite
69:Mohawkite
1984:Michigan
1923:MarqTran
1762:Mackinac
1752:Keweenaw
1742:Houghton
1722:Chippewa
1705:Counties
1686:Munising
1661:Houghton
1651:Escanaba
999:See also
985:Michigan
973:open-pit
940:Michigan
839:, using
720:Houghton
631:Houghton
610:-pebble
450:Michigan
427:Keweenaw
423:Houghton
299:Chippewa
287:Michigan
281:and the
228:zeolites
224:chlorite
142:sulfides
116:Michigan
46:Michigan
1947:Economy
1737:Gogebic
1656:Hancock
1487:May 15,
1478:"Eagle"
1462:July 9,
977:sulfide
724:Hancock
716:Calumet
708:Calumet
650:Hancock
639:Calumet
635:Hancock
608:felsite
554:Calumet
412:Detroit
394:, c1905
374:in the
359:of the
353:Cornish
313:to the
220:epidote
212:calcite
162:basalts
134:metal (
106:of the
60:Geology
1717:Baraga
1216:
1126:
790:copper
726:, and
660:, and
637:, and
448:) the
425:, and
236:native
232:silver
216:quartz
208:Gangue
132:copper
120:copper
1727:Delta
1712:Alger
1535:(PDF)
1528:(PDF)
938:, in
845:SX-EW
471:veins
256:spade
173:veins
1757:Luce
1747:Iron
1543:2013
1489:2019
1464:2021
1438:2012
1410:2007
1361:2007
1214:ISBN
1169:2017
1124:ISBN
202:and
1565:doi
1311:doi
987:'s
903:).
648:at
481:).
390:in
262:in
206:.
158:ash
100:ore
56:.
44:In
2021::
1480:.
1454:.
1427:.
1396:.
1377:.
1332:.
1307:83
1305:.
1237:.
1196:^
1157:41
1155:.
1151:.
1097:.
1065:^
995:.
917:.
809:.
741:,
722:,
718:,
668:.
641:.
633:,
421:,
222:,
218:,
214:,
168:.
156:,
152:,
118:,
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75:,
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1629:e
1622:t
1615:v
1573:.
1567::
1545:.
1491:.
1466:.
1440:.
1412:.
1363:.
1336:.
1317:.
1313::
1222:.
1171:.
1136:.
40:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
