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smaller rafts in low volume rivers to help them maintain an advantageous upstream position while anglers cast from the raft. When a raft utilizes oars it is called "rowing" though many people typically incorrectly refer to this as "oaring" or "oar framing", however, these terms are incorrect and often suggest inexperience when used in conversation with members of the rafting community. Oars typically use one of 2 systems to attach to the boat, but in either case, they interface with the boat through a large metallic frame strapped to the boat called an "oar frame". Oars connect to the frame by either a pin and clip system or a system called
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564:, submersion/environmental injuries, and non-environmental injuries due to undisclosed medical conditions (such as heart problems). Studies have shown that injury rates in rafting are relatively low, though they may be skewed due to a large number of unreported incidents. Fatalities are rare in both commercial and do-it-yourself rafting. Meta-analyses have calculated that fatalities ranged between 0.55 â 0.86 per 100,000 user days. A
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area, safety regulations covering rafting, both for the general do-it-yourself public as well as commercial operators, may exist in legislation. These range from the mandatory wearing of lifejackets, carrying certain equipment such as whistles and throwable flotation devices, to certification of commercial outfitters and their employees.
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Rafting companies generally require customers to sign waiver forms indicating understanding and acceptance of potential serious risks. Both do-it-yourself and commercial rafting trips often begin with safety presentations to educate rafting participants about problems that may arise. Depending on the
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in
Wyoming was planned. With no training, experience, or proper equipment, the river was found to be too difficult and dangerous. Hence, it was given the nickname "Mad River". On June 9, 1940, Clyde Smith led a successful trip through the Snake River Canyon. In 1843 lieutenant John Fremont introduced
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Pins are referred to as "thole pins" or "oar pins". A large metal clip attaches to the oar and clips onto the pin. The top of the pin has a rubber or plastic stopper that prevents the oar from slipping over the top of the pin. The bottom of the pin connects to an oar tower designed to hold the pin in
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Paddles are a combination of layered wood, plastic, aluminium, carbon fiber, or other advanced composites. There are many types and combinations of these materials with lower-end entry-level paddles being composed of cheap aluminum and plastic. Higher-end models are constructed of high-end composites
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Class 6 rapids are considered to be so dangerous that they are effectively unnavigable on a reliably safe basis. Rafters can expect to encounter substantial whitewater, huge waves, huge rocks and hazards, and/or substantial drops that will impart severe impacts beyond the structural capacities and
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Paddles are typically utilized by rafters in smaller and lower volume rivers where rocks and other hazards can damage larger oars. Paddles are typically used by guests on commercial trips as well since it is seen as a more engaging way to enjoy the river trip. When paddles are used in a raft it is
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Risks in white water rafting stem from both environmental dangers and from improper behavior. Certain features on rivers are inherently unsafe and have remained consistently so. These would include âkeeper hydraulicsâ, âstrainersâ (e.g. fallen trees), dams (especially low-head dams, which tend to
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Oarlocks or locks are a more common form of attachment for oars as they allow the rower to "feather" the oar back and forth as they row making it easier on the person using the oars to continue downstream. Oarlocks look like a pin topped with a U-shaped metal flange. The oars slide into the gap
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All of these parts are interchangeable and can be upgraded and altered in many ways to make rowing more enjoyable. Oars are generally used on wider flatter rivers of higher volume to facilitate moving more efficiently across long slow-moving pools, though anglers will often use shorter oars on
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Oars are commonly made from the same materials as paddles. Wood, plastic, aluminum, and carbon fiber. Oars are designed for several different rivers with slightly different blade shapes built to handle varying river conditions. Wooden oars are typically built as one solid piece to help retain
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Like most outdoor sports, rafting, in general, has become safer over the years. Expertise in the sport has increased, and equipment has become more specialized and improved in quality. As a result, the difficulty rating of most river runs has changed. A classic example is the
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impact ratings of almost all rafting equipment. Traversing a Class 6 rapid has a dramatically increased likelihood of ending in serious injury or death compared to lesser classes. (Skill level: Full mastery of rafting, and even then it may not be safe)
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the first rubber raft in US. Later on in 1844 the further enhancements were made by Peter
Halkett. These vessels greatly facilitated whitewater navigation. It lasted for many years, with improvements in craftsmanship and safety over time.
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infused plastics like PVC or urethane; though many of the more entry-level low-cost manufacturers still use a glued rubber. Plastic is generally more durable, longer-lasting, and just as easy to repair compared to older rubber rafts.
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and can be fatal, while other sections are not so extreme or difficult. Rafting is also a competitive sport practiced around the world which culminates in a world rafting championship event between the participating nations. The
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and general environmental behavior. Studies suggest that environmental efficacy increases when there is an increase in the length of the trip, daily immersion, and the amount of resource education by trip participants.
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Otherwise known as the
International Scale of River Difficulty, below are the six grades of difficulty in white water rafting. They range from simple to very dangerous and potential death or serious injuries.
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It is generally advisable to discuss safety measures with a commercial rafting operator before signing on for that type of trip. The required equipment needed is essential information to be considered.
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Ham, S., Kellert, S., & Powell, R. (2009). Interactional theory and the sustainable nature-based tourism experience. Society & Natural
Resources, 22(8), 761â776. doi:10.1080/08941920802017560
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between the U-shaped metal pieces and can be held in place with a plastic stopper called an oarlock. The oarlock allows the oar to maintain its position on the oar at a correct length for rowing.
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This activity as an adventure sport has become popular since the 1950s, if not earlier, evolving from individuals paddling 10 feet (3.0 m) to 14 feet (4.3 m) rafts with double-bladed
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Myers, Thomas, Becker, Christopher, and
Stevens, Lawrence, (1999). Fateful Journey: Injury and Death on Colorado River Trips in Grand Canyon. Flagstaff, Arizona, Red Lake Books, pp. 110â111,
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place. This system is an older system though it is useful for certain types of river running namely big, dangerous Class 5 rivers that require your oars to stay in place as much as possible.
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Rafting equipment has continuously evolved and developed significantly from old rubber WW II era military surplus rafts. Modern whitewater rafts are typically made with advanced nylon or
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Martin, Tom, and Whitis, Duwain, (2016). Guide to the
Colorado & Green Rivers in the Canyonlands of Utah & Colorado. Flagstaff, Arizona, Vishnu Temple Press, pg. 12â13,
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Whitewater, large waves, large volume, possibility of large rocks and hazards, possibility of a large drop, requires precise maneuvering. (Skill level: Full mastery of rafting)
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Ingram, Jeff, (2003). Hijacking a River: A Political
History of the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon. Flagstaff, Arizona, Vishnu Temple Press, pp. 134â137,
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and other events. Another conflict involves the distribution of scarce river permits to either the do-it-yourself public or commercial rafting companies.
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Rafting by do-it-yourself rafters and commercial rafting companies contributes to the economy of many regions which in turn may contribute to the
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Whitewater, medium waves, maybe rocks, maybe a considerable drop, sharp maneuvers may be needed. (Skill level: Exceptional rafting experience)
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Small waves, maybe a small drop, but no considerable danger. May require significant maneuvering. (Skill level: Some experience in rafting)
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Paddles and oars are the typical means of propulsion for rafts and come in many sizes and varieties with specific river conditions in mind.
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Costello, Ben. "A Clear and
Thorough Safety Talk Is One of the Most Important Elements of Any Competent, Professionally Run River Trip."
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The overall risk level on a rafting trip using proper precautions is low. Thousands of people safely enjoy rafting trips every year.
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strength and resilience of the oar while it is strained under a load. Composite or metallic oars typically are made in three parts:
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are mandatory and often imposed by law at least on tours of commercial operators, due to the constant risk of falling off the boat
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Ghiglieri, Michael, and Myers, Thomas (2001). Over the Edge: Death in Grand Canyon. Flagstaff, Arizona, Puma Press, p. 212,
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or oars to multi-person rafts propelled by single-bladed paddles and steered by a person at the stern, or by the use of
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Hunter, Roy (July 2, 2007). "An analysis of whitewater rafting safety data: risk management for programme organizers".
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937:âWhitewater Rafting.â Whitewater Rafting History Comments, 2018, www.whitewaterrafting.com/rafting-info/history.
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Mason, Maggie (1998-08-23). "Whitewater rafting Booms in West
Virginia". Thurmond, WV. Associated Press.
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Like all outdoor activities, rafting must balance its use of nature with the
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Typical rafting injuries include trauma from striking an object,
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1021:"Injuries associated with whitewater rafting and kayaking"
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10.1580/1080-6032(2003)14[255:IAWWRA]2.0.CO;2
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The basic paddle design for rafting consists of 3 parts:
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Rafting on certain sections of rivers is considered an
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Epidemiology of Injury in
Adventure and Extreme Sports
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Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning
891:"4 Things to Expect From Your First Rafting Trip"
221:referred to as "paddling" or "paddle guiding".
541:rafters and commercial river concessionaires.
151:or other body of water. This is often done on
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1060:Heggie, Travis W.; Dennis John Caine (2012).
843:"Whitewater Raft Materials and Manufacturers"
669:argue that this may have negative impacts to
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1207:Bosnia & Herzegovina Rafting Association
1064:. Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers.
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1091:"Injuries in commercial whitewater rafting"
366:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
291:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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386:Learn how and when to remove this message
311:Learn how and when to remove this message
825:"International Rafting Federation (IRF)"
1025:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
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456:International Scale of River Difficulty
829:International Rafting Federation (IRF)
702:National Wild and Scenic Rivers System
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1151:"Whitewater Is Safer Than You Think"
439:Rafting on the Neitikoski Rapids in
364:adding citations to reliable sources
289:adding citations to reliable sources
1095:Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine
566:rare accident with five fatalities
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1202:United States Rafting Association
128:Rafting on the Tara river, Bosnia
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1197:International Rafting Federation
1108:10.1097/00042752-199901000-00004
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176:International Rafting Federation
950:. Nile Sport Safari. 2024-02-01
1149:Wittmann, Laura (2006-02-05).
704:have the potential to develop
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71:Whitewater rafting along the
27:Recreational outdoor activity
1243:Extreme and adventure sports
517:(aka lifejackets) and sport
1914:Water sports and activities
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692:generation, diversion for
515:personal flotation devices
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1720:Aggressive inline skating
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706:environmental stewardship
1019:Fiore, David C. (2003).
867:"Basic Paddle Selection"
653:associations, alter the
568:occurred in 1987 on the
143:which use an inflatable
32:Rafting (disambiguation)
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915:"Basic Oar Selection"
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360:improve this section
285:improve this section
73:Cagayan de Oro River
30:For other uses, see
2169:Synchronized diving
1979:Activities on water
1922:Activities in water
1637:Powered paragliding
1464:Whitewater kayaking
1459:Whitewater canoeing
1155:American Whitewater
969:Mountain WhiteWater
749:Whitewater canoeing
690:hydroelectric power
18:White Water Rafting
2289:Outdoor recreation
2159:Dragon boat racing
1768:Ski mountaineering
1531:Free solo climbing
1469:Whitewater rafting
948:"What is rafting?"
675:aquatic ecosystems
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599:. You can help by
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1274:Kite landboarding
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1005:978-0-970097-30-9
989:978-1-884546-02-0
813:978-0-9913896-3-6
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739:Swiftwater rescue
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2203:Competitions
2114:Water skiing
2099:Wakeboarding
2074:Skimboarding
2053:
2032:Kneeboarding
2022:Kiteboarding
2002:Cable skiing
1992:Bodyboarding
1962:synchronized
1947:Scuba diving
1940:synchronized
1857:Powerbocking
1852:Orienteering
1842:Fell running
1837:Extreme Pogo
1763:Speed skiing
1725:Vert skating
1649:Speed flying
1627:Hang gliding
1581:Cliff-diving
1559:BASE jumping
1497:Ice climbing
1468:
1454:Water skiing
1432:Scuba diving
1404:Water sports
1346:Wakeboarding
1319:Snowboarding
1309:Skimboarding
1299:Sandboarding
1284:Longboarding
1279:Kiteboarding
1264:Bodyboarding
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43:Grand Canyon
2210:Boat racing
2141:Team sports
2126:Windsurfing
2109:Wakesurfing
2104:Wakeskating
2049:Parasailing
2027:Kiteboating
1997:Bodysurfing
1930:Aquajogging
1862:Slacklining
1644:Parasailing
1632:Paragliding
1591:Tombstoning
1437:Cave diving
1422:High diving
1412:Coasteering
1361:Motorsports
1351:Windsurfing
1324:Snowskating
1269:Dirtsurfing
1251:Boardsports
623:Rafting in
409:Snake River
105:Rafting in
77:Philippines
56:Rafting in
41:Rafting in
2273:Categories
2189:Water polo
2149:Canoe polo
1952:Snorkeling
1872:Zip-lining
1753:Freeriding
1675:BMX racing
1617:Air racing
1612:Aerobatics
1543:Skyrunning
1449:Snorkeling
1427:Jet Skiing
1417:Freediving
1389:Rally raid
1379:Rallycross
1314:Skysurfing
954:2024-02-01
924:2019-11-26
900:2019-11-26
876:2019-11-26
852:2019-11-26
760:References
734:Raft Guide
694:irrigation
686:protection
625:Montenegro
576:, Canada.
430:Costa Rica
153:whitewater
2225:Triathlon
1786:Bobsleigh
1564:Free BASE
1487:Canyoning
1374:Motocross
1117:1050-642X
795:145373626
347:does not
272:does not
182:Equipment
2248:Category
2131:Yachting
2119:barefoot
2079:Skurfing
2017:Kayaking
2007:Canoeing
1957:Swimming
1801:Skeleton
1778:Sledding
1692:Downhill
1479:Climbing
1394:Snocross
1384:Rallying
1369:Drifting
1125:10336047
1089:(1999).
1047:14719861
729:Paddling
719:Packraft
713:See also
671:riparian
663:blasting
659:dredging
655:riverbed
511:Wetsuits
495:Class 6:
489:Class 5:
483:Class 4:
477:Class 3:
471:Class 2:
465:Class 1:
376:May 2023
328:Oarlocks
301:May 2023
247:oarlocks
92:Colorado
2279:Rafting
2258:Commons
2089:Surfing
2069:Sailing
2054:Rafting
2042:standup
2012:Fishing
1987:Boating
1703:Rolling
1663:Cycling
1622:Gliding
1552:Falling
1334:Surfing
724:Liloing
661:and/or
651:tourism
640:habitat
533:in the
519:helmets
449:Finland
403:History
368:removed
353:sources
293:removed
278:sources
198:Paddles
160:paddles
133:Rafting
2179:Waboba
2094:Tubing
2064:Rowing
1935:Diving
1822:Caving
1810:Others
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679:floods
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441:Lieksa
216:T-grip
188:Kevlar
107:Ladakh
791:S2CID
237:Shaft
234:Blade
213:Shaft
149:river
111:India
62:India
1796:Luge
1169:ISBN
1121:PMID
1113:ISSN
1066:ISBN
1043:PMID
1001:ISBN
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809:ISBN
673:and
649:and
638:and
351:any
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240:Grip
225:Oars
164:oars
145:raft
135:and
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96:USA
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