674:, and microbial controls that were once in place. New crop varieties are also being developed with increased tolerance to whiteflies, and to the plant diseases carried by them. A major problem is that whiteflies and the viruses they carry can infect many host plants, including agricultural crops, palms, and weeds. These problems are complicated by difficulties in classifying and detecting new whitefly biotypes and begomoviruses. Proper diagnosis of plant diseases depends on using sophisticated molecular techniques to detect and characterize the viruses and whiteflies which are present in a crop. A team of researchers, extension agents and growers working together are needed to follow disease development, using dynamic modeling, to understand the incidence of disease spread.
332:
315:
fine that many of their natural enemies cannot come in after them, so that unchecked whitefly populations in greenhouses rapidly become overwhelming. Some "giant whitefly" species exist, some of which may exceed 5 mm in size. This sometimes is associated with sexual dimorphism in which one sex is markedly larger than the other. Such dimorphism is common in the
Sternorrhyncha, in which the males of most scale insects for example are tiny compared to the female. Remarkably however, in some giant tropical species the males are much larger than the females.
352:, which generally in the Aleyrodidae are placed at the anterior margins of the compound eyes. The compound eyes themselves are rather remarkable: many have a distinct constriction between the upper and lower halves, and in some species there is a complete separation. Many insects' compound eyes are divided into functionally and anatomically distinct upper and lower regions, but the adaptation's purpose or origin in Aleyrodidae is unclear. The degree of separation is useful in recognising the species; for instance, one way to tell adult
456:. The entire structure is characteristic of the Aleyrodidae and within the family it is taxonomically diagnostic because it varies in shape according to the species. Within the orifice beneath the operculum there is a tongue-like lingula. It appears to be involved in the expulsion of honeydew, and in fact at one time was wrongly assumed to be the organ that produced the honeydew. In some species it protrudes from beneath the operculum, but in others it normally is hidden.
771:
137:
917:. They also can attack other insects, including caterpillars. They are available as eggs from commercial insectaries, and will stay in a larval stage after they hatch for one to three weeks. The adult insects can fly and will feed only on pollen, honey, and nectar to reproduce. Repeated application may be necessary and the eggs could be eaten before they hatch by their natural predators, such as ants or mature green lacewings.
794:
pesticides, so only use of selective insecticides is advised. Specific insecticide information and guidance for the fig whitefly is available from the
University of Florida. Care should be taken to ensure that the insecticide used will not kill the natural predators of whiteflies. For effective use of biological method after application of pesticide, plant washing is advised prior to release of predators or parasitoids.
113:
931:. Adults are often collected when in a dormant state in the wild and shipped for use in pest control; however, they may not stay in the location where they are released. They do live for about a year and will continuously lay eggs and reproduce. Spraying the bugs' wings with a sticky substance before release may hinder their ability to fly.
511:. From then until it emerges as an adult, it remains attached to the plant by its mouthparts. The final instar feeds for a while, then undergoes changes within its skin, ceasing feeding and growing a new skin, forming what amounts to pupa. In doing so the insect does not shed the larval skin, which it retains as a protective
530:
and it raises questions of terminology and concept. Some authorities argue that there is little functional, and no logically cogent basis for the distinction between the terms "larva" and "nymph". Some have long been in favour of dropping the term nymph entirely, and certainly apply the term "larvae"
476:
The eggs of
Aleyrodidae generally are laid near each other on the food plant, usually on a leaf, in spiral patterns or arcs, sometimes in parallel arcs. The egg is elongated, with one narrow end produced into a pedicel, which in some species is longer than the rest of the egg. After fertilisation the
314:
Aleyrodidae are small insects, most species with a wingspan of less than 3 mm and a body length of 1 mm to 2 mm. Many are so small that their size complicates their control in greenhouses because they can only be excluded by screening with very fine mesh; in fact they can enter mesh so
829:
Biological methods have also been proposed to control whitefly infestation, and may be paired with chemical methods. Washing the plant, especially the undersides of leaves, may help reduce the number of the pests on the plants and make their management by other methods more effective. Whiteflies are
934:
Some promising claims have been made that mesh or film that excludes ultraviolet of certain wavelengths from a greenhouse interfere severely with the ability of whitefly and various other greenhouse pests, to find their food plants. It is not yet clear, assuming that the effect is substantially of
793:
recommends "an integrated program that focuses on prevention and relies on cultural and biological control methods when possible". While an initial pesticide application may be necessary to control heavy infestations, repeated applications may lead to strains of whiteflies that are resistant to
833:
Early detection in combination with hosing or vacuuming of diseased portions as well as removal of any section that is heavily infested. Pesticide use is not ideal in the case of controlling whitefly and widespread contamination can be costly; it is best to avoid this problem with aggressive
319:
604:. Recent studies suggest that insecticides can also be excreted through the honeydew leading to unintended effects. Secondly, they inject saliva that may harm the plant more than either the mechanical damage of feeding or the growth of the fungi. However, by far their major importance as
657:
biotype B, also known as, 'B. argentifolii', and a new biotype Q, continue to cause severe crop losses which are expected to increase, demanding matching increases in pesticide use on many crops (tomatoes, beans, cassava, cotton, cucurbits, potatoes, sweet potatoes). Efforts to develop
830:
also attracted by the color yellow, so yellow sticky paper can serve as traps to monitor infestations. Dead leaves or leaves that have been mostly eaten by whiteflies can be removed and burned or carefully placed in closed bins to avoid reinfestation and spreading of the disease.
967:
A study intercropping French marigolds with short-vine tomatoes in glasshouse growing conditions achieved some control of whiteflies when the plants were grown together from the beginning of the growing season; however, limonene dispensers were more effective.
817:(commercial). Neonicotinoids can be harmful if ingested. Rotation of insecticides from different families may be effective at preventing the building of tolerance to the product. Clothianidin and dinotefuran are of the same family. Spraying the leaves using
437:, and all active stages of the Aleyrodidae accordingly produce large quantities of honeydew; the anus is adapted to presentation of honeydew to symbiotic species, mainly ants; the honeydew emerges from the anus, which is inside an opening called the
1220:
Normark, Benjamin B. The
Evolution of Alternative Genetic Systems in Insects. Classification Of The Major Genetic Systems Of Insects. Supplemental Material: Annu. Rev. Entomol.2003.48:397-423. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112703
1745:
Pappas, Maria L.; Xanthis, Christos; Samaras, Konstantinos; Koveos, Dimitris S.; Broufas, George D. (2013-06-15). "Potential of the predatory mite
Phytoseius finitimus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to feed and reproduce on greenhouse pests".
390:
The insects and their wings are variously marked or mottled according to species, and many species are covered with fine wax powder, giving most species a floury, dusted appearance, hence names such as
Aleyrodidae, Aleurodidae and
595:
Although several species of whitefly may cause some crop losses simply by sucking sap when they are very numerous, the major harm they do is indirect. Firstly, like many other sap-sucking
Hemiptera, they secrete large amounts of
1117:
Hahbazvar, Nasrin S; Ahragard, Ahad S; Osseini, Reza H; Ajizadeh, Jalil H. A preliminarily study on adult characters of whiteflies. Entomofauna
Zeitschrift Für Entomologie Band 32, Heft 30: 413–420 ISSN 0250-4413 November
499:. All the instars are more or less in the shape of a flattened ellipse fringed with bristles and waxy filaments. The first instar has functional legs, though short. Once it has inserted its
383:
is reduced, like that of the
Psyllidae, only generally much more so. In many genera there is only one conspicuous and unbranched vein in each wing; however, wings of larger species such as
311:. The family often occurs in older literature as "Aleurodidae", but that is a junior synonym and accordingly incorrect in terms of the international standards for zoological nomenclature.
468:, known from the Middle/Upper Jurassic-Upper Cretaceous, the oldest representatives of the extant subfamilies Aleyrodinae and Aleurodicinae appear during the Lower Cretaceous.
1545:
1922:(Gennadius)(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology & Embryology. Vol. 25: 295–304. Pergamon Press, Elsevier Science Ltd., Great Britain.
4043:
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Both sexes have functional mouthparts and two pairs of membranous, functional wings; the rear wings are neither much reduced, nor modified into any such hooked or
4082:
974:, conversely, attract predators that consume whiteflies, including hummingbirds and predatory wasps and flies. Other plants with a similar function include the
1982:
1796:
Doukas D, Payne CC. Greenhouse whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) dispersal under different UV-light environments. J Econ
Entomol. 2007 Apr;100(2):389-97
1559:
986:. Each of these plants also conceals the scent of nearby plants, making their detection by some pest insects more difficult, as do most other mints.
4017:
1317:
Calvo-Agudo, Miguel; González-Cabrera, Joel; Picó, Yolanda; Calatayud-Vernich, Pau; Urbaneja, Alberto; Dicke, Marcel; Tena, Alejandro (2019-08-20).
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790:
345:
Like most of the mobile Sternorrhyncha, adult Aleyrodidae have well-developed antennae, which in most species in this family are seven-segmented.
1580:
1502:
1244:
1158:
1054:
1222:
677:
In 1997, tomato yellow leaf-curl begomovirus was discovered in Florida, USA. This is the worst viral disease transmitted by the whitefly,
2110:
750:, in that the immature stages begin life as mobile individuals, but soon attach to host plants. The stage before the adult is called a
4151:
1817:"Companion planting with French marigolds protects tomato plants from glasshouse whiteflies through the emission of airborne limonene"
1444:
Navas-Castillo, Jesús; Fiallo-Olivé, Elvira; Sánchez-Campos, Sonia (2011-09-08). "Emerging Virus Diseases Transmitted by Whiteflies".
1695:
1650:
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Martin, Jon H. Giant whiteflies (Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 150: 13–29, Figs. 1–33, Table 1. .
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Imms' General Textbook of Entomology: Volume 1: Structure, Physiology and Development Volume 2: Classification and Biology
642:
1625:
1600:
634:
449:
445:
427:
735:. Since whiteflies congregate in large numbers, susceptible plants can be quickly overwhelmed. Further harm is done by
331:
3926:
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349:
136:
3996:
1918:
Hunter, WB, Hiebert, E, Webb, SE, & JE. Polston. 1996. Precibarial and cibarial chemosensilla in the whitefly,
1455:
611:
Although there are a great many species of whiteflies, and the family is notorious for devastating transmission of
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are thought to provide a defense to gooseberries or tomatoes. They provide root chemicals that deter whiteflies.
882:
122:
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value, how readily pests in such circumstances might develop behavioural tolerance to such control measures.
889:
Green lacewing larvae have voracious appetites, so will attack whiteflies, as well as other pests, including
4146:
2103:
2028:
1988:
1667:
747:
3866:
1176:"A new whitefly (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae) in mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber, northern Myanmar"
663:
398:
323:
4118:
2020:
1978:
616:
551:
407:
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492:. The female however, can mate with her own male offspring, and thereafter produce eggs of both sexes.
2004:
1996:
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whiteflies secrete. This may also seriously impede the ability of farms to process cotton harvests.
4156:
3729:
3470:
3230:
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837:
Several predators and parasitoids may be effective in controlling whitefly infestations, including
689:
584:
574:
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2012:
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Comstock, J. H. An Introduction to Entomology, Comstock Publishing. 1949. May be downloaded from:
318:
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1972:
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539:
In warm or tropical climates and especially in greenhouses, whiteflies present major problems in
453:
252:
131:
4123:
2062:
The White-Files: a taxonomic checklist of the world’s whiteflies by D. Ouvrard & J.H. Martin
2036:
1135:
Bellows & Perring (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Publication Number: EENY-129 April 2009.
1127:
McAuslane, Heather J. Featured creatures. Sweetpotato whitefly B biotype or silverleaf whitefly
519:
adult that usually is visible through the wall of the puparium. The puparium splits open as the
465:
337:
244:
1234:
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is that the upper and lower parts of the compound eyes are connected by a single ommatidium in
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1953:
1907:
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1846:
1805:
Mollison, B. A Practical Guide for a Sustainable Future, Island Press, 1990, Washington. p. 60
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327:, illustrating the wing venation and showing the vasiform orifice above the tip of the abdomen
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615:, the actual proportion of whiteflies which are responsible is very low. The most prominent
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to feed, it settles down and no longer uses its legs, and they degenerate after the first
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https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=200525
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Retrieved 2016 07 02, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System on-line database,
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and at present comprise the entire superfamily Aleyrodoidea, related to the superfamily
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3196:
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2734:
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1883:
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1361:
1319:"Neonicotinoids in excretion product of phloem-feeding insects kill beneficial insects"
1318:
1147:
1107:
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environmentally friendly integrated pest management systems, with the goal of reducing
625:
543:. Worldwide economic losses are estimated at hundreds of millions of dollars annually.
304:
198:
1724:
1410:
1385:
681:. The whitefly has also been shown to transmit almost 60 other viral plant diseases.
433:
The digestive system of the Aleyrodidae is typical of the Sternorrhyncha, including a
4140:
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3660:
3600:
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2353:
2314:
2301:
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1207:
1005:"An annotated check list of the world's whiteflies (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)"
798:
736:
697:
650:
423:
231:
70:
1783:
1546:"Mga tanim na bulaklak sa Naga City, pineste ng fungi, white flies at mga tipaklong"
430:
between—in some species the empodium is a bristle, but in others it is a pad.
3918:
3762:
3613:
3438:
3428:
3397:
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3342:
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3316:
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422:, not adapted to leaping. The tarsi have two segments of roughly equal length. The
239:
1199:
555:, citrus blackfly, which, in spite of its color, is a whitefly that attacks citrus
438:
3957:
2061:
1903:
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1927:
1815:
Conboy, Niall J. A.; McDaniel, Thomas; Ormerod, Adam; et al. (2019-03-01).
1585:
1520:"Management of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) in Tomato in North Florida"
838:
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were also affected. In 2024, the locos Norte City Agriculture Office discovered
659:
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612:
489:
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235:
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is difficult and complex, as whiteflies rapidly develop resistance to chemical
405:(aleurodes) meaning "floury". However, not all species are white; for example,
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308:
90:
55:
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1850:
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1471:
1419:
1386:"Excretion of non-metabolized insecticides in honeydew of striped pine scale"
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Ladybirds are also used. They eat mostly insect eggs, but will also feed on
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and which dries out. Meanwhile, the pupa within this skin develops into a
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1384:
Quesada, Carlos R.; Scharf, Michael E.; Sadof, Clifford S. (2020-06-01).
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850:
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have less reduced venation, though their veins still are simple and few.
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that typically feed on the undersides of plant leaves. They comprise the
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50:
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100:
75:
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1698:. University of California-Kearney Agricultural Center. Archived from
375:-like structures as occur in some other Hemiptera such as many of the
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921:
914:
728:
724:
504:
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178:
158:
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1926:
Sinisterra, XH.; McKenzie, CL; Hunter, WB; Shatters, RG Jr (2005).
1088:
2007 Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging. Published 1 June 2007.
452:
segment of the abdomen. This orifice is large and is covered by an
3833:
2512:
2076:
924:
890:
769:
708:
520:
488:. However, apparently all males are parthenogenically produced by
464:
The oldest members of the family belong to the Mesozoic subfamily
330:
317:
1882:
Hunter, WB; Hiebert, E; Webb, SE; Tsai, JH; Polston, JE. (1998).
1671:
1262:"Whiteflies can excrete insecticide-tainted honeydew on tomatoes"
1174:
Chen, Jun; Zhang, Haichun; Wang, Bo; Zheng, Yan (February 2020).
906:
755:
516:
512:
414:
The legs of Aleyrodidae are well developed and fairly long, but
3864:
2825:
2476:
2176:
2092:
2057:
CISR: Center for Invasive Species Research, Silverleaf Whitefly
1928:"Transcript expression of Begomovirus in the Whitefly Vector (
1497:. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 86.
870:
Integrated management of whiteflies can as well be done using
3970:
1439:
1437:
1601:"Greenhouse Whitefly: Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)"
2052:
CISR: Center for Invasive Species Research, Giant Whitefly
480:
The details vary, but at least some species can reproduce
1239:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 2944–.
619:
among the Aleyrodidae are a species complex in the genus
2047:
CISR: Center for Invasive Species Research, Ash Whitefly
1690:
1688:
1085:
526:
This pupal stage is analogous to the pupal forms of the
1560:"Eggplant crops in Baler, Aurora affected by white fly"
1518:
Momol, T; Olson, S; Funderburk, J; Sprenkel, R (2001).
2660:(cottony cushion scales, giant coccids, ground pearls)
1668:"Pesticide Toxicity Profile: Neonicotinoid Pesticides"
653:. The worldwide spread of emerging biotypes, such as
577:, is a pest of many agricultural and ornamental crops.
3840:. Heteroptera with Coleorrhyncha were referred to as
1260:
Quesada, Carlos R.; Scharf, Michael E. (2023-11-15).
797:
Pesticides used for whitefly control usually contain
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1670:. University of Florida. 2016-03-09. Archived from
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1146:
600:that support unsightly or harmful infestations of
953:with vegetables, in a garden setting, serving as
1651:"The Fig Whitefly – A New Pest in South Florida"
3449:(assassin bugs, wheel bugs, thread-legged bugs)
1323:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
821:is another, environmentally friendly, option.
2104:
754:, though it shares little in common with the
608:is their transmission of diseases of plants.
303:The Aleyrodidae are a family in the suborder
8:
1581:"Infestation hits Ilocos Norte, Nueva Ecija"
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1884:"Location of geminiviruses in the whitefly
1149:A source-book of biological names and terms
3861:
3489:
3347:
3312:
3134:
3074:
2949:
2902:
2851:
2847:
2822:
2487:
2473:
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2196:
2187:
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2111:
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2089:
1524:Institute of Food and Agriculture Services
111:
31:
2072:(in French, English, Spanish, and German)
1947:
1858:
1840:
1721:"How to get rid of white fly infestation"
1409:
1360:
1342:
1285:
1020:
637:, bean golden mosaic, bean dwarf mosaic,
563:, cabbage whitefly, is a pest of various
1628:. University of Florida. Archived from
1603:. University of Florida. Archived from
1579:Casucian, Jiselle Anne (Jan 12, 2024).
995:
1045:Richards, O. W.; Davies, R.G. (1977).
813:(over-the-counter and commercial) and
1932:, Gennadius: Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)"
1080:
1078:
281:, the only family in the superfamily
7:
4098:b8287654-db81-4260-bfb7-649673283f65
4010:af9d9cbc-92d1-43e3-94c7-77f9065b2c10
3603:(jewel bugs or metallic shield bugs)
880:(effective on larvae and adults) or
746:Whiteflies share a modified form of
723:Whiteflies feed by tapping into the
348:As in many Hemiptera, there are two
3415:(plant bugs, leaf bugs, grass bugs)
3362:(minute pirate bugs or flower bugs)
3019:(marsh treaders or water measurers)
1464:10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095235
1233:John L. Capinera (11 August 2008).
927:, aphids, scale insects, and young
809:(over-the-counter and commercial),
731:and decreasing the plants' overall
1748:Experimental and Applied Acarology
1003:Martin, J.H.; Mound, L.A. (2007).
591:fruit, vegetables, and ornamentals
25:
3554:(giant shield bugs and relatives)
2309:(typical treehoppers, thorn bugs)
1411:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126167
801:compounds as active ingredients:
546:Prominent pest species include:
495:There generally are four larval
135:
3747:(milkweed bugs, true seed bugs)
3655:(squash bugs, leaf-footed bugs)
2922:(unique-headed bugs, gnat bugs)
2077:http://www.whiteflyresearch.org
1447:Annual Review of Phytopathology
1145:Jaeger, Edmund Carroll (1959).
957:to protect against whiteflies.
477:pedicel shrivels into a stalk.
335:Venation in a large species of
3178:(water scorpions, needle bugs)
692:were infested by whiteflies.
472:Reproduction and metamorphosis
368:they are completely separate.
1:
1200:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104256
727:of plants, introducing toxic
662:use, aim to re-establish the
1904:10.1094/pdis.1998.82.10.1147
1842:10.1371/journal.pone.0213071
1287:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122527
1153:. Springfield, Ill: Thomas.
874:based on microbials such as
748:hemimetabolous metamorphosis
3804:(red bugs, cotton stainers)
1985:Featured Creatures Website
1973:USDA Whitefly Knowledgebase
1936:Journal of General Virology
645:, tomato mottle, and other
4173:
1495:Palms throughout the World
1236:Encyclopedia of Entomology
949:A number of plants can be
942:
777:feeding on whitefly larvae
426:has paired claws, with an
402:
296:
4152:Agricultural pest insects
3825:
3311:
3073:
2850:
2846:
2821:
2631:(pupillarial palm scales)
2486:
2472:
2186:
2172:
2128:
1888:(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)"
1760:10.1007/s10493-013-9711-9
1022:10.11646/zootaxa.1492.1.1
739:growth encouraged by the
581:Trialeurodes vaporariorum
397:; the root refers to the
258:
251:
229:
224:
132:Scientific classification
130:
123:Trialeurodes vaporariorum
119:
110:
34:
1990:Aleurocanthus spiniferus
1656:. University of Florida.
1493:Jones, David L. (1995).
945:List of companion plants
299:List of whitefly species
293:Description and taxonomy
2745:(woolly conifer aphids)
2032:, cloudywinged whitefly
1992:, orange spiny whitefly
1696:"FAQs about Whiteflies"
1344:10.1073/pnas.1904298116
1266:Environmental Pollution
643:tomato yellow leaf curl
3668:(scentless plant bugs)
2668:(Mediterranean scales)
2014:Metaleurodicus cardini
778:
664:ecological equilibrium
635:African cassava mosaic
342:
328:
41:Middle Jurassic–Recent
4119:Paleobiology Database
3812:(bordered plant bugs)
3585:(includes ebony bugs)
3251:(creeping water bugs)
2038:Siphoninus phillyreae
2030:Singhiella citrifolii
1998:Aleurocanthus woglumi
1949:10.1099/vir.0.80665-0
1626:"Silverleaf Whitefly"
1086:http://www.nev.nl/tve
834:preventive measures.
773:
552:Aleurocanthus woglumi
418:, and in contrast to
408:Aleurocanthus woglumi
334:
321:
297:Further information:
289:have been described.
4005:Fauna Europaea (new)
3783:(ash-grey leaf bugs)
3775:(atypical seed bugs)
3441:(old world bat bugs)
3370:(bed bugs, bat bugs)
3298:(pygmy backswimmers)
3207:(velvety shore bugs)
2799:(jumping plant lice)
1568:. February 27, 2023.
1133:Bemisia argentifolii
1049:. Berlin: Springer.
679:Bemisia argentifolii
560:Aleyrodes proletella
531:to the Aleyrodidae.
523:forces its way out.
460:Evolutionary history
3647:(broad-headed bugs)
2998:(velvet water bugs)
2586:(ornate pit scales)
2024:, bayberry whitefly
2022:Parabemisia myricae
2016:, Cardin's whitefly
1833:2019PLoSO..1413071C
1565:GMA Integrated News
1402:2020Chmsp.24926167Q
1335:2019PNAS..11616817C
1329:(34): 16817–16822.
1278:2023EPoll.33722527Q
1192:2020CrRes.10604256C
1180:Cretaceous Research
690:Naga, Camarines Sur
585:greenhouse whitefly
575:silverleaf whitefly
535:Agricultural threat
324:Neomaskellia bergii
3170:(giant water bugs)
3097:(spiny shore bugs)
3030:Paraphrynoveliidae
2943:(semiaquatic bugs)
2898:Enicocephalomorpha
2692:(phenacoleachiids)
2690:Phenacoleachiidae
2652:(false pit scales)
2650:Lecanodiaspididae
2082:2021-01-22 at the
2067:2021-08-04 at the
883:Isaria fumosorosea
877:Beauveria bassiana
847:minute pirate bugs
779:
686:flower plantations
639:bean calico mosaic
587:, a major pest of
343:
329:
4134:
4133:
4106:Open Tree of Life
3867:Taxon identifiers
3858:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3821:
3820:
3813:
3805:
3784:
3776:
3773:Rhyparochromidae
3748:
3700:
3669:
3656:
3648:
3617:
3604:
3586:
3568:
3555:
3547:
3544:Acanthosomatidae
3531:
3513:
3505:
3479:
3478:
3466:
3458:
3457:(royal palm bugs)
3455:Thaumastocoridae
3450:
3442:
3424:
3416:
3383:
3371:
3363:
3337:
3336:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3273:
3252:
3208:
3200:
3179:
3171:
3150:
3130:
3128:(true water bugs)
3116:
3115:
3098:
3090:
3069:
3068:
3048:
3020:
2999:
2978:
2965:
2945:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2892:
2891:
2841:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2800:
2754:
2746:
2725:
2717:
2716:(giant mealybugs)
2709:
2701:
2698:Phoenicococcidae
2693:
2685:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2653:
2645:
2632:
2624:
2616:
2608:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2571:
2563:
2560:Asterolecaniidae
2547:
2521:
2503:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2412:Hypochthonellidae
2402:
2337:
2323:
2322:
2310:
2297:
2271:
2255:
2209:
2008:, citrus whitefly
2006:Dialeurodes citri
2000:, citrus blackfly
1942:(Pt 5): 1525–32.
1898:(10): 1147–1151.
1526:. Fact Sheet: 184
1504:978-1-56098-616-4
1246:978-1-4020-6242-1
1160:978-0-398-06179-1
1056:978-0-412-61390-6
825:Nonchemical means
819:insecticidal soap
719:Damage by feeding
482:parthenogenically
265:
264:
27:Family of insects
16:(Redirected from
4164:
4127:
4126:
4114:
4113:
4101:
4100:
4091:
4090:
4078:
4077:
4075:NHMSYS0020959409
4065:
4064:
4052:
4051:
4039:
4038:
4026:
4025:
4013:
4012:
4000:
3999:
3987:
3986:
3974:
3973:
3961:
3960:
3948:
3947:
3935:
3934:
3922:
3921:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3862:
3832:are a different
3827:
3811:
3803:
3782:
3774:
3746:
3715:Cryptorhamphidae
3710:Colobathristidae
3698:
3667:
3654:
3646:
3615:
3602:
3584:
3567:(burrowing bugs)
3566:
3553:
3545:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3511:
3510:Termitaphididae
3503:
3490:
3464:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3422:
3414:
3380:Curalium cronini
3377:
3369:
3361:
3348:
3321:
3313:
3297:
3271:
3250:
3218:Aphelocheiroidea
3206:
3198:
3177:
3169:
3148:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3096:
3088:
3075:
3049:
3047:
3046:(water treaders)
3044:
3018:
2997:
2976:
2964:(water striders)
2963:
2950:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2921:
2920:Enicocephalidae
2915:Aenictopecheidae
2907:Enicocephaloidea
2903:
2852:
2848:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2823:
2798:
2752:
2744:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2683:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2643:
2630:
2622:
2615:(armored scales)
2614:
2606:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2501:
2488:
2474:
2400:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2308:
2295:
2269:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2197:
2188:
2174:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2090:
2073:
1961:
1951:
1915:
1873:
1872:
1862:
1844:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1723:. Archived from
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1441:
1432:
1431:
1413:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1364:
1346:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1289:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1152:
1142:
1136:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1104:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1042:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1000:
976:hummingbird bush
955:companion plants
939:Companion plants
865:phytoseiid mites
860:Encarsia formosa
713:changing weather
649:, in the family
411:is slaty black.
404:
140:
139:
115:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4122:
4117:
4109:
4104:
4096:
4094:
4086:
4081:
4073:
4068:
4060:
4055:
4047:
4042:
4034:
4029:
4021:
4016:
4008:
4003:
3995:
3990:
3982:
3977:
3969:
3964:
3956:
3951:
3943:
3938:
3930:
3925:
3917:
3912:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3869:
3859:
3846:
3817:
3788:
3768:Pachygronthidae
3735:Heterogastridae
3678:
3674:Stenocephalidae
3631:
3578:Parastrachiidae
3573:Thaumastellidae
3552:Tessaratomidae
3528:
3526:
3525:
3517:
3485:Pentatomomorpha
3475:
3333:
3320:(Coleorrhyncha)
3319:
3318:
3317:Peloridiomorpha
3303:
3277:
3256:
3235:
3226:Aphelocheiridae
3212:
3197:Gelastocoridae
3183:
3168:Belostomatidae
3154:
3149:(water boatmen)
3127:
3125:
3124:
3112:
3079:Leptopodomorpha
3065:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3034:
3003:
2982:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2927:
2888:
2884:Stemmocryptidae
2874:Hypsipterygidae
2856:Dipsocoromorpha
2842:
2838:
2832:
2809:
2792:Phacopteronidae
2758:
2729:
2724:(stictococcids)
2722:Stictococcidae
2706:Pseudococcidae
2684:(ensign scales)
2629:Halimococcidae
2545:(scale insects)
2544:
2542:
2541:
2533:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2507:
2482:
2456:
2447:Tettigometridae
2334:
2332:
2331:
2319:
2275:
2270:(hairy cicadas)
2268:Tettigarctidae
2252:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2182:
2180:Auchenorrhyncha
2168:
2124:
2117:
2084:Wayback Machine
2071:
2069:Wayback Machine
1969:
1964:
1925:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1827:(3): –0213071.
1814:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1730:
1728:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1705:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1677:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1610:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1548:. Jan 16, 2024.
1544:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1131:(Gennadius) or
1126:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1094:
1083:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1044:
1043:
1030:
1002:
1001:
997:
992:
947:
941:
839:green lacewings
827:
768:
733:turgor pressure
721:
707:infestation in
631:B. argentifolii
617:disease vectors
541:crop protection
537:
474:
462:
448:surface of the
394:Aleuroduplidens
341:is more complex
301:
295:
242:
238:
234:
134:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4170:
4168:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4147:Sternorrhyncha
4139:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4115:
4102:
4092:
4079:
4066:
4053:
4040:
4027:
4014:
4001:
3992:Fauna Europaea
3988:
3975:
3962:
3949:
3936:
3923:
3910:
3895:
3879:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3807:
3802:Pyrrhocoridae
3798:
3796:
3794:Pyrrhocoroidea
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3778:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3694:
3688:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3663:
3658:
3650:
3641:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3611:
3606:
3601:Scutelleridae
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:Thyreocoridae
3580:
3575:
3570:
3562:
3557:
3549:
3541:
3535:
3533:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3512:(termite bugs)
3507:
3498:
3496:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3434:Plokiophilidae
3431:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3373:
3365:
3356:
3354:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3272:(backswimmers)
3266:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3245:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3202:
3193:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3173:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3143:
3141:
3132:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3092:
3083:
3081:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:Hydrometridae
3013:
3011:
3009:Hydrometroidea
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2972:
2970:Hermatobatidae
2967:
2958:
2956:
2947:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2879:Schizopteridae
2876:
2871:
2866:
2864:Ceratocombidae
2860:
2858:
2844:
2843:
2826:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2753:(phylloxerans)
2751:Phylloxeridae
2748:
2739:
2737:
2735:Phylloxeroidea
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2676:(giant scales)
2674:Monophlebidae
2671:
2666:Micrococcidae
2663:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2634:
2626:
2618:
2610:
2605:Dactylopiidae
2602:
2600:Conchaspididae
2597:
2589:
2581:
2578:(carayonemids)
2576:Carayonemidae
2573:
2565:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2496:
2494:
2484:
2483:
2480:Sternorrhyncha
2477:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2401:(lanternflies)
2396:
2391:
2386:
2384:Dictyopharidae
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2339:
2335:(planthoppers)
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2304:
2299:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2227:Clastopteridae
2224:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2194:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2074:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2040:, ash whitefly
2034:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1975:
1968:
1967:External links
1965:
1963:
1962:
1930:Bemisia tabaci
1923:
1920:Bemisia tabaci
1916:
1886:Bemisia tabaci
1878:
1875:
1874:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1754:(4): 387–401.
1737:
1712:
1684:
1659:
1642:
1617:
1592:
1571:
1551:
1537:
1510:
1503:
1485:
1456:Annual Reviews
1433:
1376:
1309:
1252:
1245:
1225:
1213:
1166:
1159:
1137:
1129:Bemisia tabaci
1120:
1110:
1092:
1074:
1062:
1055:
1028:
994:
993:
991:
988:
980:pineapple sage
940:
937:
826:
823:
805:(commercial),
767:
764:
760:holometabolous
720:
717:
626:Bemisia tabaci
593:
592:
578:
571:Bemisia tabaci
568:
556:
536:
533:
473:
470:
461:
458:
435:filter chamber
305:Sternorrhyncha
294:
291:
263:
262:
256:
255:
249:
248:
227:
226:
222:
221:
216:
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206:
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199:Sternorrhyncha
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3:
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4093:
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4084:
4080:
4076:
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3998:
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3896:
3891:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3843:
3842:Prosorrhyncha
3839:
3835:
3831:
3830:Coleorrhyncha
3824:
3814:
3808:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3771:
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3759:
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3754:
3751:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3730:Henicocoridae
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
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3701:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3661:Hyocephalidae
3659:
3657:
3651:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3614:Pentatomidae
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3546:(shield bugs)
3542:
3540:
3539:Urostylididae
3537:
3536:
3534:
3529:(shield bugs)
3524:
3523:Pentatomoidea
3520:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3472:
3471:Velocipedidae
3469:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3439:Polyctenidae
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3423:(damsel bugs)
3419:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3408:Microphysidae
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3393:Lasiochilidae
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3374:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3360:Anthocoridae
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3291:Helotrephidae
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3270:Notonectidae
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3262:Notonectoidea
3259:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3231:Potamocoridae
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3095:Leptopodidae
3093:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:Madeoveliidae
3054:
3053:
3051:
3041:
3040:Mesovelioidea
3037:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:Macroveliidae
3023:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2977:(riffle bugs)
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2938:
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2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2837:
2836:Coleorrhyncha
2830:
2824:
2820:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
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2775:
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2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2700:(palm scales)
2696:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2658:Margarodidae
2656:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2623:(felt scales)
2621:Eriococcidae
2619:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2594:(soft scales)
2590:
2588:
2584:Cerococcidae
2582:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2453:
2452:Tropiduchidae
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:Eurybrachidae
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2354:Acanaloniidae
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2330:
2329:Fulgoromorpha
2326:
2316:
2315:Myerslopiidae
2313:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2302:Melizoderidae
2300:
2298:
2296:(leafhoppers)
2294:Cicadellidae
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2272:
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2237:Machaerotidae
2235:
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2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:Aphrophoridae
2215:
2214:
2212:
2207:(froghoppers)
2202:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2155:
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2137:
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2023:
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1933:
1931:
1924:
1921:
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1892:Plant Disease
1889:
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1727:on 2009-01-19
1726:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1702:on 2008-12-12
1701:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1674:on 2007-04-28
1673:
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1643:
1632:on 2008-10-26
1631:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1607:on 2004-04-06
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960:For example,
958:
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887:
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879:
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873:
872:biopesticides
868:
866:
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852:
851:big-eyed bugs
848:
844:
840:
835:
831:
824:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
799:neonicotinoid
795:
792:
788:
784:
776:
772:
765:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
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698:Baler, Aurora
695:
691:
687:
682:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
652:
651:Geminiviridae
648:
647:Begomoviruses
644:
640:
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628:
627:
622:
618:
614:
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607:
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478:
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429:
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421:
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400:
399:Ancient Greek
396:
395:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
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346:
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284:
280:
277:
273:
269:
261:
257:
254:
250:
247:
246:
241:
237:
233:
232:Aleurodicinae
228:
223:
220:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
205:Superfamily:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
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187:
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183:
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177:
174:
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170:
167:
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97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
19:
3874:
3781:Piesmatidae
3763:Oxycarenidae
3740:Idiostolidae
3699:(stilt bugs)
3616:(stink bugs)
3429:Pachynomidae
3403:Medocostidae
3398:Lyctocoridae
3379:
3343:Cimicomorpha
3329:Peloridiidae
3108:Aepophilidae
3089:(shore bugs)
3061:Mesoveliidae
2869:Dipsocoridae
2782:Carsidaridae
2682:Ortheziidae
2644:(lac scales)
2613:Diaspididae
2607:(cochineals)
2570:(beesoniids)
2568:Beesoniidae
2562:(pit scales)
2502:(whiteflies)
2500:Aleyrodidae
2499:
2492:Aleyrodoidea
2491:
2364:Achilixiidae
2307:Membracidae
2289:Aetalionidae
2281:Membracoidea
2192:Cicadomorpha
2164:Paraneoptera
2162:Superorder:
2156:Infraclass:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1919:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1729:. Retrieved
1725:the original
1715:
1704:. Retrieved
1700:the original
1676:. Retrieved
1672:the original
1662:
1645:
1634:. Retrieved
1630:the original
1620:
1609:. Retrieved
1605:the original
1595:
1584:
1574:
1563:
1554:
1540:
1528:. Retrieved
1523:
1513:
1494:
1488:
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1445:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1269:
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1235:
1228:
1216:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1148:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1113:
1065:
1046:
1012:
1008:
998:
970:
966:
959:
951:intercropped
948:
933:
929:caterpillars
919:
899:spider mites
888:
881:
875:
869:
858:
836:
832:
828:
815:thiamethoxam
811:imidacloprid
803:clothianidin
796:
780:
751:
745:
722:
683:
678:
676:
654:
630:
624:
620:
613:crop viruses
610:
594:
580:
570:
558:
550:
545:
538:
528:Holometabola
525:
494:
479:
475:
463:
432:
413:
406:
392:
389:
384:
370:
366:Trialeurodes
365:
361:
358:Trialeurodes
357:
353:
347:
344:
336:
322:
313:
302:
287:1550 species
285:. More than
283:Aleyrodoidea
282:
278:
267:
266:
260:Aleurodidae
259:
240:Udamoselinae
230:
225:Subfamilies
218:
209:Aleyrodoidea
208:
121:
120:Whiteflies (
29:
4031:iNaturalist
3919:Aleyrodidae
3905:Aleyrodidae
3899:Wikispecies
3875:Aleyrodidae
3838:Heteroptera
3692:Artheneidae
3666:Rhopalidae
3627:Megarididae
3609:Plataspidae
3591:Lestoniidae
3560:Dinidoridae
3504:(flat bugs)
3465:(lace bugs)
3447:Reduviidae
3388:Joppeicidae
3376:Curaliidae
3249:Naucoridae
3241:Naucoroidea
3205:Ochteridae
3199:(toad bugs)
3189:Ochteroidea
2937:Gerromorpha
2829:Heteroptera
2787:Homotomidae
2777:Calophyidae
2772:Aphalaridae
2708:(mealybugs)
2437:Nogodinidae
2432:Meenoplidae
2399:Fulgoridae
2374:Delphacidae
2346:Fulgoroidea
2201:Cercopoidea
1586:GMA News TV
1458:: 219–248.
1390:Chemosphere
962:nasturtiums
855:damsel bugs
807:dinotefuran
705:Aleyrodidae
702:cauliflower
672:parasitoids
660:insecticide
490:arrhenotoky
379:. The wing
364:, while in
279:Aleyrodidae
272:Hemipterans
236:Aleyrodinae
219:Aleyrodidae
18:White flies
4157:Whiteflies
4141:Categories
3745:Lygaeidae
3725:Geocoridae
3697:Berytidae
3684:Lygaeoidea
3368:Cimicidae
3352:Cimicoidea
3147:Corixidae
3139:Corixoidea
3122:Nepomorpha
2797:Psyllidae
2764:Psylloidea
2743:Adelgidae
2642:Kerriidae
2637:Kermesidae
2555:Aclerdidae
2513:Aphidoidea
2442:Ricaniidae
2427:Lophopidae
2422:Kinnaridae
2247:Cicadoidea
2232:Epipygidae
2222:Cercopidae
2150:Subclass:
2140:Arthropoda
1731:2011-09-09
1706:2011-09-09
1678:2011-09-09
1636:2011-09-09
1611:2011-09-09
1396:: 126167.
1272:: 122527.
1186:: 104256.
990:References
943:See also:
903:leafhopper
787:pesticides
775:Pirate bug
606:crop pests
602:sooty mold
589:greenhouse
466:Bernaeinae
385:Udamoselis
338:Udamoselis
309:Psylloidea
268:Whiteflies
245:Bernaeinae
195:Suborder:
169:Arthropoda
3810:Largidae
3705:Blissidae
3653:Coreidae
3645:Alydidae
3637:Coreoidea
3622:Canopidae
3596:Phloeidae
3565:Cydnidae
3502:Aradidae
3494:Aradoidea
3463:Tingidae
3103:Omaniidae
3087:Saldidae
2996:Hebridae
2988:Hebroidea
2975:Veliidae
2962:Gerridae
2954:Gerroidea
2827:Suborder
2805:Triozidae
2714:Putoidae
2592:Coccidae
2539:Coccoidea
2529:Aphididae
2478:Suborder
2359:Achilidae
2263:Cicadidae
2253:(cicadas)
2178:Suborder
2152:Pterygota
2132:Kingdom:
2121:Hemiptera
1851:1932-6203
1768:0168-8162
1472:0066-4286
1420:0045-6535
1353:0027-8424
1296:0269-7491
1208:204263572
895:mealybugs
843:ladybirds
781:Whitefly
762:insects.
758:stage of
696:crops in
668:predators
655:B. tabaci
633:transmit
503:into the
486:automixis
454:operculum
424:pretarsus
420:Psyllidae
403:αλευρώδης
377:Coccoidea
189:Hemiptera
155:Kingdom:
149:Eukaryota
3940:BugGuide
3884:Wikidata
3753:Malcidae
3421:Nabidae
3413:Miridae
3296:Pleidae
3283:Pleoidea
3176:Nepidae
3160:Nepoidea
2519:(aphids)
2407:Gengidae
2394:Flatidae
2379:Derbidae
2369:Cixiidae
2158:Neoptera
2138:Phylum:
2134:Animalia
2123:families
2080:Archived
2065:Archived
1958:15831966
1912:30856777
1869:30822326
1821:PLOS ONE
1784:18555201
1776:23771476
1480:21568700
1428:32062203
1371:31383752
1304:37699451
1015:: 1–84.
984:bee balm
905:larvae,
741:honeydew
694:Eggplant
684:In 2023
598:honeydew
565:Brassica
513:puparium
439:vasiform
428:empodium
381:venation
253:Synonyms
215:Family:
165:Phylum:
159:Animalia
145:Domain:
35:Whitefly
3890:Q815617
3758:Ninidae
3720:Cymidae
2417:Issidae
2146:Insecta
2144:Class:
2119:Extant
1977:on the
1860:6396911
1829:Bibcode
1530:8 April
1398:Bibcode
1362:6708310
1331:Bibcode
1274:Bibcode
1188:Bibcode
1009:Zootaxa
972:Zinnias
783:control
766:Control
711:due to
621:Bemisia
517:pharate
509:ecdysis
501:stylets
497:instars
444:on the
442:orifice
416:gracile
373:haltere
362:Bemisia
354:Bemisia
185:Order:
179:Insecta
175:Class:
4124:211379
4111:290572
4095:NZOR:
4062:109189
4049:101088
4036:154784
3984:1ALEYF
3828:Note:
1956:
1910:
1867:
1857:
1849:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1501:
1478:
1470:
1426:
1418:
1369:
1359:
1351:
1302:
1294:
1243:
1206:
1157:
1053:
982:, and
925:larvae
922:beetle
915:thrips
913:, and
911:scales
909:eggs,
891:aphids
789:. The
729:saliva
725:phloem
567:crops.
505:phloem
450:caudal
446:dorsal
350:ocelli
276:family
4044:IRMNG
3997:12495
3836:from
3834:clade
2833:(with
1780:S2CID
1654:(PDF)
1454:(1).
1204:S2CID
756:pupal
709:Laoag
521:imago
356:from
4088:7036
4083:NCBI
4057:ITIS
4023:4304
4018:GBIF
3979:EPPO
3945:7055
3932:1293
3927:BOLD
1983:IFAS
1954:PMID
1908:PMID
1865:PMID
1847:ISSN
1772:PMID
1764:ISSN
1532:2018
1499:ISBN
1476:PMID
1468:ISSN
1424:PMID
1416:ISSN
1367:PMID
1349:ISSN
1300:PMID
1292:ISSN
1241:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1118:2011
1051:ISBN
1013:1492
907:moth
863:and
791:USDA
752:pupa
737:mold
629:and
270:are
46:PreꞒ
4070:NBN
3971:546
3966:EoL
3958:66V
3953:CoL
3914:AFD
1944:doi
1900:doi
1855:PMC
1837:doi
1756:doi
1460:doi
1406:doi
1394:249
1357:PMC
1339:doi
1327:116
1282:doi
1270:337
1196:doi
1184:106
1017:doi
715:.
688:in
666:of
484:by
4143::
4121::
4108::
4085::
4072::
4059::
4046::
4033::
4020::
4007::
3994::
3981::
3968::
3955::
3942::
3929::
3916::
3901::
3886::
1981:/
1979:UF
1952:.
1940:86
1938:.
1934:.
1906:.
1896:82
1894:.
1890:.
1863:.
1853:.
1845:.
1835:.
1825:14
1823:.
1819:.
1778:.
1770:.
1762:.
1752:61
1750:.
1687:^
1583:.
1562:.
1522:.
1474:.
1466:.
1452:49
1450:.
1436:^
1422:.
1414:.
1404:.
1392:.
1388:.
1365:.
1355:.
1347:.
1337:.
1325:.
1321:.
1298:.
1290:.
1280:.
1268:.
1264:.
1202:.
1194:.
1182:.
1178:.
1095:^
1077:^
1031:^
1011:.
1007:.
978:,
901:,
897:,
893:,
886:.
867:.
857:,
853:,
849:,
845:,
841:,
670:,
641:,
623:.
583:,
573:,
401::
126:)
96:Pg
3844:.
3382:)
3378:(
2839:)
2112:e
2105:t
2098:v
1960:.
1946::
1914:.
1902::
1871:.
1839::
1831::
1786:.
1758::
1734:.
1709:.
1681:.
1639:.
1614:.
1589:.
1534:.
1507:.
1482:.
1462::
1430:.
1408::
1400::
1373:.
1341::
1333::
1306:.
1284::
1276::
1249:.
1210:.
1198::
1190::
1163:.
1059:.
1025:.
1019::
243:†
101:N
91:K
86:J
81:T
76:P
71:C
66:D
61:S
56:O
51:Ꞓ
20:)
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