262:
and fungal organisms normally present in the oral cavity). The extreme rarity of the condition (estimated at 1 in 200,000 people) means that clinical evaluation of treatment options is based on very small sample sizes, often a single patient. Some affected individuals rarely or never experience problematic symptoms, while others report sporadic/idiopathic thickening and spreading of the white plaques within their oral cavity. Across the primary literature there is clinical evidence to support topical or systemic antibiotic or antifungal treatment in cases where symptoms have flared-up.
97:
73:
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There are no specific treatments for WSN, and once diagnosed, further medical attention may not be required. However, the abnormal texture of mucosae (particularly the oral mucosae) is known to predispose some affected individuals to over-growth or imbalance of the normal oral flora (i.e. bacterial
185:, anal and genital mucosae. Being a genetic disorder, it is de-facto present at birth, but the condition may not be observed or diagnosed until childhood or later. Apart from the appearance of the affected areas, there are usually no other signs or symptoms.
734:
714:
144:
within the mouth. Usually, these lesions are present from birth or develop during childhood. The condition is benign and usually requires no treatment. WSN can, however, predispose affected individuals to over-growth/imbalance of the oral
276:
3431:
3705:
3667:
1993:
3067:
2175:
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452:
216:(chromosomes 12 and 17 are autosomes), and only one copy of the defective gene is sufficient to cause the disorder, when inherited from a parent who has the disorder.
3200:
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1222:
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2180:
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834:
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2005:
1956:
212:. The condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. This indicates that the defective gene responsible for a disorder is located on an
3749:
3672:
595:
325:
3464:
3341:
3289:
165:
with a spongy, corrugated or velvety texture. Lesions are typically present on the buccal mucosa, but may also affect the labial mucosa,
2490:
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749:
521:
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300:
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1607:
1091:
436:
356:
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1367:
626:
377:
Terrinoni A, Rugg EL, Lane EB, et al. (Mar 2001). "A novel mutation in the keratin 13 gene causing oral white sponge nevus".
3492:
2709:
2646:
2641:
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1951:
1931:
843:
3411:
3301:
2555:
2192:
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687:
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1904:
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1202:
1140:
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and dorsum of the tongue are almost never affected. Less commonly, sites outside the mouth are affected, including the
3010:
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2395:
2125:
1406:
1318:
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2214:
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1988:
1946:
1714:
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1919:
627:"Successful Treatment of White Sponge Nevus with Oral Doxycycline: A Case Report and Review of the Literature"
3744:
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2452:
2417:
2243:
2110:
1914:
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468:"Identification of a Keratin 4 mutation in a chemically induced mouse mutant that models white sponge nevus"
800:
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233:, therefore a positive diagnosis is important in order to eliminate serious/malignant pathologies.
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Amores-MartĂn, E.; MelĂ©-Ninot, G.; Del Alcázar
Viladomiu, E.; Fernández-Figueras, M.T. (2021).
3305:
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2500:
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17:
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169:, floor of the mouth, ventral surface of the tongue, lip vermillion or soft palate. The
72:
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2202:
1941:
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lists WSN under "other congenital malformations of mouth". It could be classified as a
166:
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2219:
1983:
1963:
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667:"(PDF) White sponge nevus in the oral cavity: case report and a review of literature"
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lining of the mouth). It is caused by one or more mutations in genes coding for
121:
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467:
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Bouquot, Brad W. Neville, Douglas D. Damm, Carl M. Allen, Jerry E. (2002).
398:
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2010:
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2913:
2405:
1877:
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1060:
718:
242:
182:
141:
137:
80:
White sponge nevus has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.
3254:
3250:
3246:
3002:
2880:
158:
316:
Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
3700:
754:
727:
684:
White sponge nevus of cannon; Leukokeratosis, hereditary mucosal
525:
510:
304:
2826:
2781:
2680:
2604:
2362:
2241:
2027:
1817:
1455:
1118:
1058:
946:
854:
816:
856:
466:
McGowan KA, Fuchs H, Hrabé de
Angelis M, Barsh GS (Jan 2007).
431:(2. ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 645–646.
277:
List of cutaneous conditions caused by mutations in keratins
149:, which may require antibiotic and/or antifungal treatment.
3432:
Hydrops-ectopic calcification-moth-eaten skeletal dysplasia
578:
James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006).
3706:
Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II
422:
420:
418:
416:
140:
which are thick, white and velvety on the inside of the
347:(3rd ed.). Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press. pp.
3668:
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy
696:
3635:
3579:
3531:
3506:
3478:
3455:
3446:
3355:
3325:
3278:
3091:
3082:
3023:
3001:
2978:
2955:
2912:
2879:
2870:
2861:
786:
700:
582:
539:"Leukoplakia-A Diagnostic and Management Algorithm"
84:
40:
35:
3068:Terminal osseous dysplasia with pigmentary defects
2256:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities
320:. St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 709, 734, 738, 740.
132:, which causes a defect in the normal process of
2611:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues
3201:Meesmann juvenile epithelial corneal dystrophy
3151:Meesmann juvenile epithelial corneal dystrophy
1223:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
372:
370:
368:
282:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
2838:
2181:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
828:
631:Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (English Edition)
161:, as thickened, bilateral, symmetrical white
8:
3689:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 9
3657:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 8
451:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3270:Reticular pigmented anomaly of the flexures
27:Benign lesions on the insides of the cheeks
3452:
3088:
2876:
2867:
2845:
2831:
2823:
2778:
2677:
2601:
2359:
2238:
2024:
1814:
1452:
1115:
1055:
943:
851:
835:
821:
813:
697:
612:"White sponge nevus: MedlinePlus Genetics"
253:(a genetically determined skin disorder).
95:
71:
32:
642:
554:
543:Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
483:
3265:Naegeli–Franceschetti–Jadassohn syndrome
2808:Oral manifestations of systemic disease
1957:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
293:
1994:As a manifestation of systemic disease
444:
3673:Epidermolysis bullosa simplex of Ogna
2942:DFN A3, 4, 11, 17, 22; B2, 30, 37, 48
201:genes, located respectively at human
7:
3290:Desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy
2927:Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1, 8, 10
1840:Gums and tooth-supporting structures
3382:Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 2
2491:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
2334:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
522:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
507:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
301:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
193:WSN is caused by a mutation of the
53:Hereditary leukokeratosis of mucosa
3740:Conditions of the mucous membranes
3647:Striate palmoplantar keratoderma 2
3342:Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 1F, 2E
3120:Striate palmoplantar keratoderma 3
1608:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
1092:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
429:Oral & maxillofacial pathology
341:Soames, JV; Southam, J.C. (1999).
157:WSN presents most commonly in the
25:
3498:Asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia 3
3387:Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 1B
3493:Short rib-polydactyly syndrome 3
3470:Hereditary spastic paraplegia 10
2965:Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 7, 2
2710:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
2647:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
2642:Central hypoventilation syndrome
2524:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
1952:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
1932:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
844:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
3392:Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 2B1
2556:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
2193:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
1647:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
136:of the mucosa. This results in
61:Familial white folded dysplasia
3601:Familial adenomatous polyposis
3555:Hereditary elliptocytosis 2, 3
3465:Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 2A
3377:Familial partial lipodystrophy
2889:Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 11
2541:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
2376:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
537:Villa A, Woo SB (April 2017).
1:
3550:Hereditary spherocytosis 2, 3
3519:Cavernous venous malformation
3347:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
3317:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
3221:Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
3171:Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
3141:Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens
3011:Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 9
2988:Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 3
2735:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
2684:Soft tissues around the mouth
2381:Ectopic salivary gland tissue
586:. Saunders Elsevier. p.
3750:Autosomal dominant disorders
3191:Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis
3125:Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis
1905:Gingival cyst of the newborn
1514:Failure of eruption of teeth
1218:Hand, foot and mouth disease
1203:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
1141:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
1087:Palatal cysts of the newborn
1010:Transient lingual papillitis
644:10.1016/j.adengl.2019.10.014
391:10.1177/00220345010800031401
57:White sponge nevus of Cannon
18:White sponge nevus of Cannon
3412:Buschke–Ollendorff syndrome
2433:Salivary gland diverticulum
2396:Necrotizing sialometaplasia
1407:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
1319:Basaloid squamous carcinoma
3776:
3571:Hereditary spherocytosis 1
3488:Primary ciliary dyskinesia
2894:Dilated cardiomyopathy 1AA
2443:Salivary gland hyperplasia
2391:HIV salivary gland disease
1900:Gingival cyst of the adult
1346:Oral florid papillomatosis
556:10.1016/j.joms.2016.10.012
3715:
3402:Barraquer–Simons syndrome
3295:Dilated cardiomyopathy 1I
3041:Weill–Marchesani syndrome
2788:
2777:
2690:
2682:Orofacial soft tissues –
2676:
2617:
2600:
2448:Salivary gland hypoplasia
2371:
2358:
2262:
2237:
2176:Bisphosphonate-associated
2070:Idiopathic osteosclerosis
2045:
2023:
1846:
1813:
1541:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
1477:
1451:
1131:
1114:
1067:
1054:
1005:Median rhomboid glossitis
955:
942:
863:
850:
318:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
249:, or more precisely as a
229:It is often mistaken for
79:
70:
3545:Spinocerebellar ataxia 5
3369:Mandibuloacral dysplasia
2937:Freeman–Sheldon syndrome
2755:Orofacial granulomatosis
2534:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
2519:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
2453:Salivary gland neoplasms
2244:Temporomandibular joints
2215:Periapical periodontitis
1947:Linear gingival erythema
1715:Regional odontodysplasia
1561:Enamel hypocalcification
3684:Skin fragility syndrome
3626:Giant axonal neuropathy
3231:Steatocystoma multiplex
2652:Obstructive sleep apnea
2418:Salivary duct stricture
2198:Paget's disease of bone
1695:Pulp canal obliteration
1536:Dentin hypersensitivity
1482:Amelogenesis imperfecta
1334:Squamous cell carcinoma
1314:Adenosquamous carcinoma
1301:Squamous cell papilloma
1278:Melanocytic oral lesion
2970:Nemaline myopathy 4, 5
2798:Hemifacial hypertrophy
2765:Pyostomatitis vegetans
2438:Salivary gland fistula
2428:Salivary gland atresia
2423:Salivary gland aplasia
2277:Mandibular dislocation
2248:muscles of mastication
2126:Calcifying odontogenic
1755:Vertical root fracture
1750:Cracked tooth syndrome
1725:Shovel-shaped incisors
1620:Wisdom tooth impaction
1502:Early childhood caries
1368:Benign mucous membrane
1329:Spindle cell carcinoma
1238:Intraoral dental sinus
1156:Burning mouth syndrome
485:10.1038/sj.jid.5700498
225:Differential diagnosis
3720:Cytoskeletal proteins
2607:Stomatognathic system
2509:Acinic cell carcinoma
2131:Glandular odontogenic
1283:Molluscum contagiosum
65:Oral epithelial nevus
3760:Cytoskeletal defects
2750:Oral Crohn's disease
2705:Basal cell carcinoma
2344:Condylar hyperplasia
2329:Maxillary hypoplasia
1895:Gingival enlargement
1828:periodontal ligament
1434:Verruciform xanthoma
1166:Condyloma acuminatum
3427:Pelger–Huet anomaly
3337:Parkinson's disease
3058:Boomerang dysplasia
2993:Nemaline myopathy 1
2947:May–Hegglin anomaly
2904:Nemaline myopathy 3
2760:Perioral dermatitis
2496:Pleomorphic adenoma
2476:Monomorphic adenoma
2466:Canalicular adenoma
2339:Condylar hypoplasia
2272:Condylar resorption
2116:Lateral periodontal
2075:Mandibular fracture
1974:Periodontal abscess
1571:Turner's hypoplasia
1339:Verrucous carcinoma
1288:Morsicatio buccarum
1268:Lupus erythematosus
1181:Erythema multiforme
1097:Stomatitis nicotina
472:J. Invest. Dermatol
45:White sponge naevus
3596:Gardner's syndrome
3565:Long QT syndrome 4
3241:Familial cirrhosis
3211:White sponge nevus
3181:Familial cirrhosis
3161:White sponge nevus
2803:Facial hemiatrophy
2657:Periodic breathing
2588:Sjögren's syndrome
2461:Basal cell adenoma
2225:Torus mandibularis
2203:Periapical abscess
2186:Osteoradionecrosis
2111:Buccal bifurcation
2090:Intraosseous cysts
1979:Periodontal trauma
1883:Pyogenic granuloma
1730:Supernumerary root
1683:Pulp calcification
1671:Premature eruption
1642:Odontogenic tumors
1439:White sponge nevus
1412:Submucous fibrosis
1356:Smoker's melanosis
1243:Irritation fibroma
1082:High-arched palate
990:Foliate papillitis
980:Cunnilingus tongue
965:Black hairy tongue
895:Congenital lip pit
787:External resources
153:Signs and symptoms
107:White sponge nevus
36:White sponge nevus
3727:
3726:
3652:Carvajal syndrome
3527:
3526:
3442:
3441:
3306:Alexander disease
3078:
3077:
3019:
3018:
2932:Usher syndrome 1B
2922:Elejalde syndrome
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2773:
2772:
2672:
2671:
2596:
2595:
2501:Sebaceous adenoma
2354:
2353:
2233:
2232:
2144:Median mandibular
2139:Nasopalatine duct
2055:Alveolar osteitis
2019:
2018:
2006:Perio-endo lesion
1888:Congenital epulis
1809:
1808:
1566:Enamel hypoplasia
1447:
1446:
1422:Riga–Fede disease
1273:Melanocytic nevus
1213:Hairy leukoplakia
1176:Epulis fissuratum
1110:
1109:
1050:
1049:
1000:Geographic tongue
938:
937:
810:
809:
597:978-0-7216-2921-6
327:978-1-4160-2999-1
120:condition of the
104:
103:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3767:
3718:Related topics:
3453:
3089:
2877:
2868:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2824:
2779:
2678:
2602:
2471:Ductal papilloma
2360:
2239:
2136:Non-odontogenic:
2121:Globulomaxillary
2060:Buccal exostosis
2025:
1969:Peri-implantitis
1815:
1531:Dentin dysplasia
1453:
1429:Verruca vulgaris
1324:Mucosal melanoma
1171:Darier's disease
1146:Behçet's disease
1116:
1072:Bednar's aphthae
1056:
944:
930:Trumpeter's wart
852:
837:
830:
823:
814:
698:
671:
670:
663:
657:
656:
646:
622:
616:
615:
608:
602:
601:
585:
575:
569:
568:
558:
534:
528:
519:
513:
504:
498:
497:
487:
463:
457:
456:
450:
442:
424:
411:
410:
374:
363:
362:
338:
332:
331:
313:
307:
298:
100:
99:
75:
49:Cannon's disease
33:
21:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3711:
3631:
3575:
3523:
3502:
3474:
3438:
3417:Osteopoikilosis
3351:
3321:
3274:
3074:
3063:Larsen syndrome
3036:Marfan syndrome
3015:
2997:
2974:
2951:
2908:
2857:
2851:
2821:
2812:
2784:
2769:
2725:Ludwig's angina
2686:
2668:
2627:Mouth breathing
2613:
2592:
2413:Pneumoparotitis
2386:Frey's syndrome
2367:
2365:Salivary glands
2350:
2258:
2229:
2208:Phoenix abscess
2041:
2037:hard tissues –
2015:
1937:Hypercementosis
1856:Cementoblastoma
1842:
1805:
1519:Dens evaginatus
1473:
1443:
1395:Denture-related
1380:Plasmoacanthoma
1306:Keratoacanthoma
1127:
1125:Lining of mouth
1106:
1102:Torus palatinus
1063:
1046:
1027:Lingual thyroid
985:Fissured tongue
975:Crenated tongue
951:
934:
920:Nasolabial cyst
905:Herpes labialis
859:
846:
841:
811:
806:
805:
782:
781:
709:
680:
675:
674:
665:
664:
660:
624:
623:
619:
610:
609:
605:
598:
577:
576:
572:
536:
535:
531:
520:
516:
505:
501:
465:
464:
460:
443:
439:
426:
425:
414:
376:
375:
366:
359:
340:
339:
335:
328:
315:
314:
310:
299:
295:
290:
268:
259:
239:
227:
222:
191:
189:Pathophysiology
171:gingival margin
155:
126:mucous membrane
94:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3773:
3771:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3745:Oral neoplasia
3742:
3732:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3617:
3614:Naxos syndrome
3605:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3585:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3537:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3371:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3244:
3234:
3224:
3214:
3204:
3194:
3184:
3174:
3164:
3154:
3144:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3111:hyperkeratosis
3095:
3093:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3007:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2874:
2865:
2863:Microfilaments
2859:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2793:Eagle syndrome
2789:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2715:Cystic hygroma
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2681:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2605:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2583:Sialolithiasis
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2514:Adenocarcinoma
2511:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2481:Myoepithelioma
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2242:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2154:Traumatic bone
2151:
2149:Median palatal
2146:
2141:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2028:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1949:
1944:
1942:Hypocementosis
1939:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1818:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1676:Neonatal teeth
1668:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1563:
1558:
1556:Ectopic enamel
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1456:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1351:Oral melanosis
1348:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1308:
1303:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1151:Bohn's nodules
1148:
1143:
1138:
1136:Amalgam tattoo
1132:
1129:
1128:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1002:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
956:
953:
952:
947:
940:
939:
936:
935:
933:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
886:
885:
880:
875:
864:
861:
860:
855:
848:
847:
842:
840:
839:
832:
825:
817:
808:
807:
804:
803:
791:
790:
788:
784:
783:
780:
779:
768:
757:
746:
731:
710:
705:
704:
702:
701:Classification
695:
694:
679:
678:External links
676:
673:
672:
658:
637:(5): 463–466.
617:
603:
596:
570:
549:(4): 723–734.
529:
514:
499:
458:
438:978-0721690032
437:
412:
385:(3): 919–923.
364:
358:978-0192628947
357:
344:Oral pathology
333:
326:
308:
292:
291:
289:
286:
285:
284:
279:
274:
272:Oral melanosis
267:
264:
258:
255:
251:genodermatosis
247:skin condition
238:
237:Classification
235:
226:
223:
221:
218:
190:
187:
167:alveolar ridge
154:
151:
134:keratinization
102:
101:
88:
82:
81:
77:
76:
68:
67:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3772:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3755:Rare diseases
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3722:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3333:Neurofilament
3331:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3099:Keratinopathy
3097:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3053:FG syndrome 2
3051:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2695:Actinomycosis
2693:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2573:Sialodochitis
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2252:malocclusions
2249:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2220:Stafne defect
2218:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2171:Osteonecrosis
2169:
2167:
2166:Osteomyelitis
2164:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2039:Bones of jaws
2036:
2032:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1984:Periodontitis
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1964:Pericoronitis
1962:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1920:Granulomatous
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1873:Eruption cyst
1871:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1700:Pulp necrosis
1698:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1659:Dens in dente
1657:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1618:
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1601:
1599:
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1579:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1551:Discoloration
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1520:
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1512:
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1507:
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1476:
1471:
1467:
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1459:
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1432:
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1427:
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1410:
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1398:
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1378:
1376:
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1369:
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1357:
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1332:
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1327:
1325:
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1299:
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1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1258:Lichen planus
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1233:Herpes zoster
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1208:Fordyce spots
1206:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1186:Erythroplakia
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
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1144:
1142:
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1134:
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1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
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1103:
1100:
1098:
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1088:
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1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
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1062:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
970:Caviar tongue
968:
966:
963:
961:
960:Ankyloglossia
958:
957:
954:
950:
945:
941:
931:
928:
926:
925:Sun poisoning
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
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845:
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831:
826:
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819:
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769:
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747:
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741:
740:
736:
732:
729:
725:
721:
720:
716:
712:
711:
708:
703:
699:
693:
692:Rare Diseases
690:'s Office of
689:
685:
682:
681:
677:
668:
662:
659:
654:
650:
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
621:
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584:
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388:
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365:
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329:
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309:
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297:
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256:
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196:
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150:
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143:
139:
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127:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
98:
92:
91:Oral medicine
89:
87:
83:
78:
74:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
43:
39:
34:
19:
3717:
3699:
3619:
3607:
3588:
3559:
3448:Microtubules
3210:
3160:
2854:Cytoskeletal
2683:
2610:
2546:Sialadenitis
2505:
2457:
2322:Scissor bite
2317:Retrognathia
2302:Overeruption
2282:Malocclusion
2255:
2135:
2094:
2085:Micrognathia
2038:
2029:Periapical,
1915:Desquamative
1839:
1820:Periodontium
1794:Acid erosion
1735:Taurodontism
1666:Open contact
1578:Enamel pearl
1546:Dilaceration
1509:Concrescence
1438:
1310:
1297:
1124:
1077:Cleft palate
1037:Microglossia
1032:Macroglossia
1017:Glossoptosis
915:Microcheilia
910:Macrocheilia
794:
770:
759:
748:
733:
713:
661:
634:
630:
620:
606:
581:
573:
546:
542:
532:
517:
502:
478:(1): 60–64.
475:
471:
461:
428:
382:
379:J. Dent. Res
378:
343:
336:
317:
311:
296:
260:
240:
228:
192:
156:
110:
106:
105:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
3680:plakophilin
3643:desmoplakin
3609:plakoglobin
3363:Laminopathy
3259:Monilethrix
3107:keratoderma
2980:Tropomyosin
2872:Myofilament
2740:Microstomia
2730:Macrostomia
2720:Gnathophyma
2637:Catathrenia
2632:Sleep apnea
2563:Sialectasis
2106:Dentigerous
2096:Odontogenic
1925:Plasma cell
1861:Gigantiform
1637:Microdontia
1627:Macrodontia
1598:Hyperdontia
1293:Oral cancer
1253:Leukoplakia
1161:Candidiasis
1121:Oral mucosa
1042:Rhabdomyoma
1022:Hypoglossia
883:Plasma cell
231:leukoplakia
203:chromosomes
122:oral mucosa
41:Other names
3734:Categories
3696:centrosome
3313:Peripherin
2700:Angioedema
2506:Malignant:
2486:Oncocytoma
2312:Prognathia
2101:periapical
2080:Microgenia
2031:mandibular
1989:Aggressive
1910:Gingivitis
1851:Cementicle
1789:Abfraction
1779:Tooth wear
1772:Edentulism
1767:Tooth loss
1720:Resorption
1705:Pulp polyp
1688:Pulp stone
1632:Meth mouth
1603:Hypodontia
1593:Gemination
1524:Talon cusp
1417:Ulceration
1385:Stomatitis
1363:Pemphigoid
1311:Malignant:
1263:Linea alba
1248:Leukoedema
1228:Herpangina
1196:Giant-cell
772:DiseasesDB
288:References
199:keratin 13
179:esophageal
147:microbiota
3514:Tauopathy
3103:keratosis
3031:Fibrillin
2568:Sialocele
2551:Parotitis
2292:Open bite
2287:Crossbite
2065:Cherubism
2035:maxillary
1868:Cementoma
1799:Attrition
1615:Impaction
1583:Fluorosis
1492:Anodontia
1487:Ankylosis
1375:Pemphigus
995:Glossitis
890:Cleft lip
868:Cheilitis
447:cite book
257:Treatment
220:Diagnosis
210:17q21-q22
195:keratin 4
183:laryngeal
115:autosomal
86:Specialty
3541:Spectrin
3533:Membrane
3374:Dunnigan
2957:Troponin
2578:Sialosis
2529:Lymphoma
2401:Mucocele
2297:Overbite
2050:Agnathia
2011:Teething
1836:alveolus
1832:cementum
1784:Abrasion
1760:Occlusal
1745:Avulsion
1710:Pulpitis
1654:Odontoma
1400:Herpetic
1390:Aphthous
900:Eclabium
796:Orphanet
730:D10.310)
653:33220312
565:27865803
524:(OMIM):
509:(OMIM):
494:16858417
407:12340591
399:11379896
303:(OMIM):
266:See also
214:autosome
118:dominant
113:) is an
3664:plectin
3581:Catenin
3561:Ankyrin
3457:Kinesin
3365:: LMNA
3048:Filamin
2856:defects
2664:Snoring
2622:Bruxism
2458:Benign:
2307:Overjet
2267:Bruxism
2161:Osteoma
1999:Chronic
1824:gingiva
1298:Benign:
1191:Fibroma
878:Angular
873:Actinic
766:D053529
163:plaques
138:lesions
130:keratin
3480:Dynein
3408:LEMD3
3286:Desmin
2914:Myosin
2899:DFNA20
2406:Ranula
1878:Epulis
1740:Trauma
1588:Fusion
1497:Caries
1470:enamel
1466:dentin
1061:Palate
949:Tongue
801:171723
755:193900
744:750.26
651:
594:
563:
526:148065
511:123940
492:
435:
405:
397:
355:
324:
305:193900
243:ICD-10
142:cheeks
93:
3636:Other
3507:Other
3398:LMNB
3255:KRT86
3251:KRT83
3247:KRT81
3237:KRT18
3227:KRT17
3217:KRT14
3207:KRT13
3197:KRT12
3187:KRT10
3137:KRT2E
3024:Other
3003:Titin
2881:Actin
2783:Other
1458:Teeth
777:33866
724:Q38.6
403:S2CID
206:12q13
175:nasal
159:mouth
124:(the
63:, or
3701:PCNT
3423:LBR
3302:GFAP
3177:KRT8
3167:KRT5
3157:KRT4
3147:KRT3
3130:IHCM
3115:KRT1
2745:Noma
2250:and
2033:and
1838:) –
1462:pulp
857:Lips
761:MeSH
750:OMIM
739:9-CM
728:ILDS
649:PMID
592:ISBN
561:PMID
490:PMID
453:link
433:ISBN
395:PMID
353:ISBN
322:ISBN
241:The
208:and
3621:GAN
3590:APC
3113:):
3092:1/2
735:ICD
715:ICD
688:NIH
686:at
639:doi
635:112
588:807
551:doi
480:doi
476:127
387:doi
349:141
197:or
111:WSN
3736::
3698::
3682::
3666::
3645::
3563::
3543::
3335::
3315::
3304::
3288::
3109:,
3105:,
3084:IF
2609:–
2254:–
2246:,
1834:,
1830:,
1826:,
1468:,
1464:,
1123:–
799::
775::
764::
753::
742::
722::
719:10
647:.
633:.
629:.
590:.
559:.
547:75
545:.
541:.
488:.
474:.
470:.
449:}}
445:{{
415:^
401:.
393:.
383:80
381:.
367:^
351:.
181:,
177:,
59:,
55:,
51:,
47:,
3708:)
3704:(
3628:)
3624:(
3616:)
3612:(
3356:5
3326:4
3279:3
3261:)
3257:(
3253:/
3249:/
3243:)
3239:(
3233:)
3229:(
3223:)
3219:(
3213:)
3209:(
3203:)
3199:(
3193:)
3189:(
3183:)
3179:(
3173:)
3169:(
3163:)
3159:(
3153:)
3149:(
3143:)
3139:(
3101:(
2846:e
2839:t
2832:v
2098::
1822:(
1472:)
1460:(
836:e
829:t
822:v
737:-
726:(
717:-
707:D
669:.
655:.
641::
614:.
600:.
567:.
553::
496:.
482::
455:)
441:.
409:.
389::
361:.
330:.
109:(
20:)
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