734:
379:
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402:
390:
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351:
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succession. The tuffs within the
Whitehill Formation, as well as other tuffaceous beds found in the underlying and overlying formations, were possibly sourced by volcanoes located in present-day South America, although other interpretations of the tuffs of the Dwyka and Ecca Groups propose a general
699:
zone occurs within the
Whitehill Formation a few metres below the stratigraphic interval, which contains several dolomitic limestones. This limestone interval forms a mappable unit in all outcrops of the Whitehill Formation in central southern Namibia. In the Northern Cape, the formation is intruded
951:
fossils, typical for the
Permian of Gondwana. The mesosaurids are preserved as molds filled with gypsum crystals; they are commonly disarticulated. More rarely, casts of mesosaurids are found. Plant stems are similarly rare, and most commonly occur as chloritized fragments floating in the pink
1783:
The stratigraphy, sedimentology, and age of the Late
Palaeozoic Mesosaurus Inland Sea, SW-Gondwana - New implications from studies on sediments and altered pyroclastic layers of the Dwyka and Ecca Group (lower Karoo Supergroup) in southern Namibia (PhD
627:
present in the upper strata of the underlying Prince Albert
Formation. The Khabus Tuff within the Whitehill Formation provided a weighted mean Pb/U age of 280.5 ± 2.1 Ma. Other authors use an estimated age for the whole formation of around 275 Ma.
1098:
measurements, open pyrolysis and thermovaporization analyses carried out on core samples drilled through the formation show that organic matter has reached an advanced stage of kerogen development. These rocks can therefore be classified as
1070:
exploration. The formation is considered the prime focus for potential shale gas prospects in the
Southern Karoo. TOC levels average at 4.5% TOC, and range from 0.5 to 14.7%, comparable to known shale gas producing formations as the
667:
stringers; the latter rarely exceeding 20 millimetres (0.79 in) in thickness. The sedimentary structure is generally massive, however laminations do occur that resemble algal lamellae. The formation appears white due to
1827:
T. Rossmann. 2000. Studien an
Mesosauriern (Amniota inc sed: Mesosauridae): 2 Neue Erkenntnisse zur Anatomie, mit Berücksichtigung der Taxonomie von Mesosaurus pleurogaster (Seeley). Senckenbergiana lethaea
504:
within the formation. With a thickness between 50 and 70 metres (160 and 230 ft) and present in an area of 600 by 600 kilometres (370 by 370 mi), the formation is considered the primary target for
810:
From outcrops in southernmost
Namibia (Aussenkjer-Noordoewer area) it became evident that the boundary between the Prince Albert and the Whitehill Formation represents the turning point from a
592:
of South Africa in the east. The formation is found at the edge of the Karoo Basin at distances of 600 kilometres (370 mi) north to south and east to west. The formation is part of the
2563:
1890:
1125:
647:
The
Whitehill Formation has been subdivided into two major subunits according to their weathering color in outcrops. The lower and thicker part consists mainly of bluish- to greenish-grey
1834:
E. Stromer. 1914. Die ersten fossilen
Reptilreste aus Deutsch-Südwestafrika und ihre geologische Bedeutung. Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie 1914:530-541
1120:
2273:
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G. Gürich. 1889. Ditrochosaurus capensis - ein neuer Mesosaurier aus der Karooformation Süd-Afrikas. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 41(4):641-652
807:
of southwestern Africa, probably represents the transition from marine to brackish or freshwater conditions, in sediment-starved, stratified and anoxic embayments.
3752:
2530:
378:
2568:
688:, bluish-grey weathering shales. From a lithological point of view only the upper part of the succession consists of the Whitehill-characteristic carbonaceous
1781:
4016:
2535:
1824:
I. R. McLachlan and A. M. Anderson. 1977. Fossil insect wings from the Early Permian White Band Formation, South Africa. Palaeontologia Africana 20:83-86
4111:
4011:
1811:
J. M. Anderson and H. M. Anderson. 1985. Palaeoflora of Southern Africa. Prodromus of South African Megafloras Devonian to Lower Cretaceous 1–423
1757:
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overprint on lower Karoo rocks in the study area. It is possible that the maturity of the shales decreases farther north in the Karoo basin.
1818:
gen. et sp. nov. (Permocupedidae), from the late Palaeozoic Whitehill Formation of South Africa. South African Journal of Science 92:497-499
901:
of the Karoo. The Permian sequence in the Huab Basin is much thinner than those of the Paraná and Karoo Basins. The fossil assemblages of
2374:
3757:
1731:
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correlation across present-day South America, Africa, Antarctica and Australia. The Whitehill Formation has provided fossil reptiles,
1705:
4021:
2309:
635:, the formation ranges in thickness from 50 to 70 metres (160 to 230 ft) and is highly organic with up to 14 weight percent of
1663:"Shale gas characteristics of Permian black shales in South Africa: results from recent drilling in the Ecca Group (Eastern Cape)"
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3975:
3854:
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of southern Namibia. To the north in the Karoo Basin, the shales of the Whitehill Formation are laterally equivalent with the
3809:
3747:
3144:
1440:
1424:
1392:
4026:
3129:
3124:
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1637:"The Permian Whitehill Formation (Ecca Group) of South Africa: a preliminary review of palaeoniscoid fishes and taphonomy"
1488:
1472:
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1408:
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Extent of outcrops of the Ecca Group in South Africa in orange, the group is also found in the subsurface underneath the
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3405:
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H. G. Seeley. 1892. The Mesosauria of South Africa. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 48:586-604
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513:(TOC) values average 4.5% with a range from 0.5 to 14.7%, placing the formation in the same range as the well-known
279:
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1970:
1906:
639:(TOC). The formation is highly conductive and can be traced in seismic profiles across nearly the whole basin.
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1980:
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The Whitehill Formation is an extensive Lower Permian unit, cropping out in a thin band stretching from the
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1732:"Depositional environments and stratigraphic correlation of the Karoo Sequence in northwestern Damaraland"
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Geologic map of Namibia with the Whitehill Formation partly cropping out in the southeastern area (orange)
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in southeastern Brazil, deposited in a larger basinal area, 150 million years before the break-up of
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1995:
1955:
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Branch, Thomas; Ritter, Oliver; Weckmann, Ute; Sachsenhofer, Reinhard F.; Schilling, Frank (2007),
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1985:
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389:
915:; the Vryheid Formation of South Africa and coal deposits of the Lower Permian in Australia.
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Geel, Claire; Schulz, Hans-Martin; Booth, Peter; de Wit, Maarten; Horsfield, Brian (2013),
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655:, which grade upward into more light brownish, buff weathering, slightly coarser grained
545:
1759:
Karoo-Etendeka Unconformities in NW Namibia and their Tectonic Implications (PhD thesis)
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1706:"Early Permian deposits of the Huab area Namibia: a continental to marine transition"
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659:. This zone is conformably overlain by white weathering shales, with intermittent
1691:
1567:"The Whitehill Formation – a high conductivity marker horizon in the Karoo Basin"
945:
The Whitehill Formation has provided a variety of fossil insects, rare flora and
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1990:
1950:
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2015:
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with little to no connection to the open ocean. This sea, stretching from the
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99:
43:
35:
1618:
Geology of Karoo shale gas and how this can influence economic gas recovery
1079:. The formation is considered to have economic potential in an area around
934:
923:
1837:
952:
lower, more massive mudstone succession of the Whitehill Formation, while
3485:
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3425:
2877:
2827:
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2630:
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783:
701:
652:
565:
481:
220:
198:
89:
84:
69:
64:
54:
3924:
3234:
963:
The following fossils have been reported from the Whitehill Formation:
779:
677:
673:
616:
454:
344:
104:
79:
3525:
870:
712:
lenses near the base. The rocks are highly folded and faulted by the
681:
664:
569:
549:
497:
493:
212:
208:
1704:
Holzförster, Frank; Stollhofen, Harald; Stanistreet, Ian G. (2000),
933:
922:
660:
648:
400:
388:
1103:, likely because of the thermotectonic processes related to the
696:
620:
501:
216:
3903:
3875:
3731:
2552:
2465:
2227:
1879:
1841:
889:
of northwestern Namibia. The lower section correlates with the
169:
600 km × 600 km (370 mi × 370 mi)
1066:
of the Whitehill Formation make it an interesting target for
1814:
H. Geertsema and J. A. van den Heever. 1996. A new beetle,
704:
sills. The sediments are considered to be deposited in an
2564:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
1891:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
1126:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
853:. The upper part of the formation is correlated with the
623:
SHRIMP dating yielded an age of 279.1 ± 1.5 Ma for the
956:
containing either palaeoniscoid scales or fragmentary
584:
in South Africa through southeastern Namibia and the
540:
and is correlated with a series of formations in the
1730:
Horsthemke, E.; Ledendecker, S.; Porada, H. (1990),
1121:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Namibia
841:
The Whitehill Formation is time equivalent with the
3782:
3766:
3683:
3652:
3631:
3615:
3564:
3418:
3393:
3162:
3117:
2886:
2695:
2674:
2613:
2582:
2437:
2406:
2373:
2302:
2274:
Tectonic evolution of the Barberton greenstone belt
2199:
2026:
1940:
1899:
1644:
Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement
791:The Whitehill Formation was deposited in a shallow
362:
332:
310:
271:
232:
227:
204:
186:
181:
173:
165:
155:
141:
133:
123:
113:
21:
1739:Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia
1713:Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia
1318:
1316:
16:Early Permian geological formation in South Africa
1503:
1501:
1180:
1178:
1062:The high concentration of organic matter in the
3753:Geological Commission of the Cape of Good Hope
2531:Department of Mineral Resources (South Africa)
2569:Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt
1853:
8:
1635:Evans, Fiona J.; Bender, Patrick A. (1999),
684:). This section is grading upward into dark
960:carapaces are preserved on bedding planes.
441:, dating to around 282 to 275 Ma) geologic
3982:
3900:
3872:
3763:
3728:
3390:
3114:
2579:
2549:
2536:Department of Mineral Resources and Energy
2462:
2299:
2224:
1896:
1876:
1860:
1846:
1838:
720:, and thus, interpreted as "decollement".
377:
18:
1592:
778:, characteristic flora and fauna for the
4087:Permian southern paleotemperate deposits
1792:Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
1767:Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
1624:, Council for Geoscience, pp. 1–34
1156:
799:in current southeastern Brazil to the
708:. Besides pyrite, the shales contain
405:Early Permian paleogeography (280 Ma)
7:
1489:District of Albania, Griqualand West
4017:Geologic formations of South Africa
1377:Khabus; Hill of the Captain's House
823:margin of current southern Africa.
608:, and in the southern Karoo by the
3758:Geological Society of South Africa
564:fossils are characteristic of the
14:
2310:List of volcanoes in South Africa
509:potential in the Southern Karoo.
3981:
3970:
3969:
3957:
3943:
3855:Eduard Meine van Zinderen-Bakker
1572:South African Journal of Geology
751:
732:
349:
337:
3140:Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone
1507:Evans & Bender, 1999, p.176
1367:Evans & Bender, 1999, p.177
1349:Holzförster et al., 2000, p.255
1184:Evans & Bender, 1999, p.175
524:The Whitehill Formation of the
4112:Geography of the Northern Cape
4012:Geologic formations of Namibia
3748:Evolutionary Studies Institute
3145:Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone
911:are known from other parts of
177:50–70 m (160–230 ft)
1:
4117:Geography of the Western Cape
4107:Geography of the Eastern Cape
3130:Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone
3125:Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone
2526:Minerals Council South Africa
2383:1620 Robben Island earthquake
1358:Horsthemke et al., 1990, p.69
1340:Horsthemke et al., 1990, p.74
4097:Paleontology in South Africa
3733:Research and administration
3406:Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone
3150:Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone
1692:10.1016/j.egypro.2013.08.030
1051:Lepidodendron whitehillianum
897:of the Paraná Basin and the
532:is contemporaneous with the
273:Approximate paleocoordinates
3401:Cynognathus Assemblage Zone
3135:Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone
1023:Afrochoristella maclachlani
631:In the central part of the
413:, alternatively written as
4138:
4102:Geography of ǁKaras Region
2429:Vredefort impact structure
2419:Morokweng impact structure
2393:2006 Mozambique earthquake
1603:10.2113/gssajg.110.2-3.465
1247:Branch et al., 2007, p.467
1238:Branch et al., 2007, p.475
1229:Branch et al., 2007, p.465
843:Pietermaritzburg Formation
830:
819:source along the southern
3937:
3910:
3899:
3882:
3871:
3830:Daniel Rossouw Kannemeyer
3738:
3727:
3711:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
2574:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
2559:
2548:
2472:
2461:
2355:Barberton Greenstone Belt
2234:
2223:
1886:
1875:
724:Depositional environments
376:
26:
4022:Permian System of Africa
3451:Coelophysis rhodesiensis
2320:Pilanesberg Game Reserve
1971:Table Mountain Sandstone
1907:Bushveld Igneous Complex
1552:Geel et al., 2013, p.264
1525:Geel et al., 2013, p.260
1516:Geel et al., 2013, p.263
1283:Geel et al., 2013, p.258
1220:Geel et al., 2013, p.259
600:, where it overlies the
476:The formation comprises
4092:Paleontology in Namibia
4067:Shallow marine deposits
3964:South Africa portal
3800:Charles Kimberlin Brain
2388:1969 Tulbagh earthquake
2103:Abrahamskraal Formation
2057:Sundays River Formation
1981:Abrahamskraal Formation
1869:Geology of South Africa
1136:Geology of South Africa
899:Prince Albert Formation
744:Illawarra Coal Measures
604:and is overlain by the
602:Prince Albert Formation
160:Prince Albert Formation
4077:Source rock formations
3815:Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan
3743:Council for Geoscience
3706:West Coast Fossil Park
2398:2014 Orkney earthquake
2279:Terra Australis Orogen
2229:Tectonics and orogeny
2042:Buffelskloof Formation
1780:Werner, Mario (2006),
1756:Wanke, Angsar (2000),
1457:Victoria West District
1037:Sharovia permiafricana
942:
931:
530:Nama or Kalahari Basin
521:of the United States.
500:layers and a layer of
417:and formerly known as
406:
398:
2325:Prince Edward Islands
1881:Geological formations
1096:vitrinite reflectance
1002:Palaeoniscum capensis
988:Stereosternum tumidum
981:Noteosaurus africanus
937:
926:
895:Rio Bonito Formations
761:(Whitehill Formation)
596:, more precisely the
404:
392:
4027:Permian South Africa
3887:Geology of Cape Town
3845:John Talbot Robinson
3795:Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra
2501:Coal in South Africa
2492:Banket (mining term)
2189:Normandien Formation
1932:Transvaal Supergroup
974:Mesosaurus tenuidens
637:Total Organic Carbon
606:Collingham Formation
588:in the north to the
511:Total Organic Carbon
449:in the southeastern
415:White Hill Formation
118:Geological formation
4072:Lacustrine deposits
4052:Mudstone formations
4047:Dolomite formations
3850:George William Stow
3691:Cradle of Humankind
2445:Bellsbank meteorite
2338:Finsch diamond mine
2294:Witwatersrand Basin
2269:Makhonjwa Mountains
2140:Whitehill Formation
2118:Middleton Formation
2006:Whitehill Formation
1996:Ganigobis Formation
1956:Ganigobis Formation
1684:2013EnPro..40..256G
1615:Cole, Doug (2014),
1585:2007SAJG..110..465B
1409:Brandhoek (Bra 111)
1322:Werner, 2006, p.373
1310:Werner, 2006, p.377
1301:Werner, 2006, p.383
1265:Werner, 2006, p.221
1211:Werner, 2006, p.362
1202:Werner, 2006, p.207
1141:Ganigobis Formation
1092:Rock-Eval pyrolysis
1073:Marcellus Formation
1009:Watsonichthys lotzi
552:. The abundance of
519:Marcellus Formation
411:Whitehill Formation
291: /
252: /
150:Tierberg Formations
28:Stratigraphic range
22:Whitehill Formation
4062:Evaporite deposits
3950:Geology portal
3825:Alfred W. Crompton
3790:Andrew Geddes Bain
3074:Pristerognathoides
2514:Titanium in Africa
2509:Platinum in Africa
2505:Iron ore in Africa
2348:Koffiefontein mine
2343:Jagersfontein Mine
2254:Gondwanide orogeny
2152:Bushveld Sandstone
2123:Teekloof Formation
2052:Kirkwood Formation
2001:Teekloof Formation
1912:Fig Tree Formation
1292:Werner, 2006, p.99
1256:Werner, 2006, p.80
1146:Gondwanide orogeny
1131:Geology of Namibia
943:
938:Interpretation of
932:
927:Interpretation of
706:anoxic environment
610:Tierberg Formation
572:, fish and flora.
407:
399:
3999:
3998:
3933:
3932:
3915:Pothole (geology)
3895:
3894:
3877:Regional articles
3867:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3820:H. Basil S. Cooke
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3496:Heterodontosaurus
3414:
3413:
3158:
3157:
3089:Promoschorhynchus
2544:
2543:
2519:Uranium in Africa
2467:Mineral deposits
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2184:Molteno Formation
2179:Katberg Formation
2157:Clarens Formation
2113:Katberg Formation
2108:Balfour Formation
2076:Drakensberg Group
2064:Kalahari Deposits
1986:Balfour Formation
1917:Komatii Formation
1425:Krantz Poort farm
875:Black Rock Member
867:Rio Grande do Sul
851:Vryheid Formation
625:Uhabis River Tuff
445:belonging to the
427:White Hill Member
387:
386:
4129:
4042:Shale formations
4032:Artinskian Stage
3985:
3984:
3973:
3972:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3948:
3947:
3901:
3873:
3764:
3729:
3391:
3115:
3044:Macroscelesaurus
2924:Cistecephaloides
2909:Blattoidealestes
2733:Cistecephaloides
2636:Deltacephalaspis
2580:
2550:
2463:
2300:
2225:
2174:Elliot Formation
2162:Elliot Formation
2093:Karoo Supergroup
1927:Onverwacht Group
1897:
1877:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1839:
1816:Afrocupes firmae
1801:
1800:
1799:
1794:, pp. 1–428
1789:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1769:, pp. 1–114
1764:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1736:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1710:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1667:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1641:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1596:
1579:(2–3): 465–476,
1553:
1550:
1544:
1543:Cole, 2014, p.31
1541:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1496:
1486:
1480:
1470:
1464:
1454:
1448:
1438:
1432:
1422:
1416:
1406:
1400:
1393:Modderdrift farm
1390:
1384:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1274:Cole, 2014, p.22
1272:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1193:Cole, 2014, p.28
1191:
1185:
1182:
1173:
1172:Cole, 2014, p.15
1170:
1164:
1161:
1058:Economic geology
1030:Afrocupes firmae
879:Falkland Islands
816:retrogradational
755:
736:
676:) at surface to
594:Karoo Supergroup
453:of southeastern
429:, is a regional
381:
355:
353:
352:
343:
341:
340:
306:
305:
303:
302:
301:
296:
292:
289:
288:
287:
284:
267:
266:
264:
263:
262:
257:
253:
250:
249:
248:
245:
109:
46:
19:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4057:Tuff formations
4002:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3958:
3956:
3942:
3929:
3920:Steep structure
3906:
3891:
3878:
3859:
3783:Paleontologists
3778:
3762:
3734:
3715:
3679:
3675:Vulpes skinneri
3648:
3627:
3611:
3607:Ptychoceratodus
3572:Acanthohoplites
3560:
3536:Ptychoceratodus
3410:
3389:
3340:Ptychoceratodus
3315:Platycraniellus
3240:Ictidosuchoides
3154:
3113:
3094:Scalopocephalus
3079:Pristerognathus
2994:Homodontosaurus
2882:
2808:Ictidosuchoides
2748:Dicynodontoides
2728:Charassognathus
2691:
2670:
2646:Gondwanascorpio
2609:
2578:
2555:
2540:
2468:
2449:
2433:
2402:
2369:
2298:
2284:Transvaal Basin
2264:Kalahari Craton
2259:Kaapvaal Craton
2230:
2211:
2195:
2147:Stormberg Group
2086:Uitenhage Group
2037:Uitenhage Group
2022:
1966:Bokkeveld Group
1936:
1895:
1882:
1871:
1866:
1808:
1806:Further reading
1797:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1746:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1720:
1708:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1671:Energy Procedia
1665:
1660:
1653:
1651:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1594:10.1.1.826.6305
1564:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:Cole, 2014, p.5
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1487:
1483:
1471:
1467:
1455:
1451:
1439:
1435:
1423:
1419:
1407:
1403:
1391:
1387:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:Cole, 2014, p.7
1330:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:Cole, 2014, p.4
1162:
1158:
1154:
1117:
1060:
921:
881:, and with the
855:Irati Formation
847:Waterberg Basin
839:
829:
789:
788:
787:
786:
764:
763:
762:
756:
748:
747:
737:
726:
645:
578:
382:
350:
348:
347:
338:
336:
317:
299:
297:
293:
290:
285:
282:
280:
278:
277:
260:
258:
254:
251:
246:
243:
241:
239:
238:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
42:282.6–275
41:
40:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4135:
4133:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4004:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3967:
3953:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3840:James Kitching
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3770:
3768:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3670:Panthera shawi
3667:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3592:Macroscaphites
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3546:Sefapanosaurus
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3521:Massospondylus
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3466:Erythrotherium
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3388:
3387:
3385:Zorillodontops
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3310:Plateosauravus
3307:
3302:
3297:
3295:Olivierosuchus
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3275:Microgomphodon
3272:
3267:
3265:Melanorosaurus
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3215:Erythrotherium
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3170:Batrachosuchus
3166:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3112:
3111:
3109:Uranocentrodon
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3024:Lanthanostegus
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2954:Cynariognathus
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2914:Brachyprosopus
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2887:Beaufort Group
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2708:Alopecognathus
2705:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2595:Onychopterella
2592:
2586:
2584:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2424:Tswaing crater
2421:
2416:
2414:Kalkkop crater
2410:
2408:
2407:Impact craters
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2249:Ellisras Basin
2246:
2244:Cape Fold Belt
2241:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2098:Beaufort Group
2090:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2081:Enon Formation
2078:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2047:Enon Formation
2044:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1947:Carboniferous
1944:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1900:Palaeoarchaean
1894:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1777:
1753:
1727:
1701:
1658:
1632:
1612:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1497:
1481:
1465:
1449:
1433:
1417:
1401:
1385:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1174:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1109:Cape Fold Belt
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1005:
997:
996:
992:
991:
984:
977:
969:
968:
920:
919:Fossil content
917:
883:Huab Formation
863:Pelotas Basins
828:
825:
812:progradational
766:
765:
757:
750:
749:
738:
731:
730:
729:
728:
727:
725:
722:
718:Cape Fold Belt
644:
641:
615:Single zircon
577:
574:
534:Huab Formation
395:Beaufort Group
385:
384:
374:
373:
364:
360:
359:
334:
330:
329:
312:
308:
307:
275:
269:
268:
236:
230:
229:
225:
224:
206:
202:
201:
188:
184:
183:
179:
178:
175:
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
47:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4134:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3902:
3898:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3874:
3870:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3774:Hans Merensky
3772:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3730:
3726:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:Scylacorhinus
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:Africanacetus
3637:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3511:Litargosuchus
3509:
3507:
3506:Lesothosaurus
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3481:Gigantoscelus
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3431:Abrictosaurus
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3350:Scaloposaurus
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:Proterosuchus
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:Progalesaurus
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3250:Lepidodendron
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:Euskelosaurus
3223:
3221:
3220:Eucnemesaurus
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:Erythrosuchus
3208:
3206:
3205:Ericiolacerta
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3175:Blikanasaurus
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3059:Pelictosuchus
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:Lepidodendron
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:Ictidochampsa
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2949:Cryptocynodon
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2899:Anomocephalus
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:Thliptosaurus
2866:
2864:
2863:Theriognathus
2861:
2859:
2858:Stereosternum
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:Scylacosaurus
2841:
2839:
2838:Procynosuchus
2836:
2834:
2833:Odontocyclops
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2813:Lepidodendron
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:Ictidognathus
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2768:Dwykaselachus
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Crapartinella
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:Anomocephalus
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2687:Lepidodendron
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:Carboniferous
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2626:Antarctilamna
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2554:Paleontology
2551:
2547:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2487:Witwatersrand
2485:
2483:
2482:Merensky Reef
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2464:
2460:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2226:
2222:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:Moodies Group
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1793:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1768:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1702:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1659:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1633:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:Kenmoore Farm
1437:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1090:Results from
1088:
1086:
1085:Graaff-Reinet
1082:
1081:Beaufort West
1078:
1077:Barnett Shale
1074:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1003:
999:
998:
994:
993:
990:
989:
985:
983:
982:
978:
976:
975:
971:
970:
966:
965:
964:
961:
959:
955:
950:
949:
941:
940:Lepidodendron
936:
930:
929:Stereosternum
925:
918:
916:
914:
910:
906:
905:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
838:
837:Pelotas Basin
834:
826:
824:
822:
821:Panthalassian
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
785:
781:
777:
776:
771:
770:
760:
754:
745:
741:
735:
723:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
642:
640:
638:
634:
629:
626:
622:
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:Northern Cape
583:
575:
573:
571:
567:
563:
562:
557:
556:
551:
547:
546:Paraná Basins
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
515:Barnett Shale
512:
508:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
472:
469:provinces of
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:ǁKaras Region
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:Early Permian
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
403:
396:
391:
380:
375:
372:
368:
365:
361:
358:
346:
335:
331:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:ǁKaras Region
313:
309:
304:
295:51.0°S 30.5°W
276:
274:
270:
265:
256:21.2°S 14.1°E
237:
235:
231:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:
203:
200:
196:
192:
189:
185:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
158:
154:
151:
147:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
45:
37:
33:
29:
25:
20:
3988:
3974:
3955:
3941:
3835:Andre Keyser
3810:Alfred Brown
3805:Robert Broom
3597:Nqwebasaurus
3587:Kangnasaurus
3551:Sphenosuchus
3476:Geranosaurus
3456:Dracovenator
3436:Antetonitrus
3380:Ufudocyclops
3365:Tetracynodon
3355:Scymnosaurus
3260:Lystrosaurus
3245:Kannemeyeria
3200:Elliotherium
3099:Silpholestes
3049:Moschorhinus
3029:Leontosaurus
2999:Icticephalus
2989:Euchambersia
2939:Colobodectes
2929:Choerosaurus
2894:Aelurosaurus
2873:Trochosaurus
2853:Simorhinella
2848:Scymnosaurus
2793:Glossopteris
2778:Eunotosaurus
2656:Serenichthys
2641:Diplacanthus
2621:Africanaspis
2365:Karoo-Ferrar
2139:
2005:
1815:
1796:, retrieved
1782:
1771:, retrieved
1758:
1747:, retrieved
1742:
1738:
1721:, retrieved
1716:
1712:
1695:, retrieved
1675:
1669:
1652:, retrieved
1647:
1643:
1626:, retrieved
1617:
1606:, retrieved
1576:
1570:
1559:Bibliography
1548:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1484:
1473:Burghersdorp
1468:
1452:
1436:
1420:
1404:
1388:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1168:
1159:
1107:forming the
1105:Cape orogeny
1089:
1064:black shales
1061:
1049:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1007:
1000:
986:
979:
972:
962:
946:
944:
939:
928:
908:
904:Glossopteris
902:
840:
833:Paraná Basin
827:Correlations
809:
805:Karoo Basins
797:Paraná Basin
790:
773:
769:Glossopteris
767:
758:
746:, Australia)
740:Glossopteris
739:
716:forming the
714:Cape orogeny
694:
690:black shales
686:carbonaceous
646:
630:
614:
590:Eastern Cape
582:Western Cape
579:
559:
555:Glossopteris
553:
523:
478:black shales
475:
471:South Africa
467:Western Cape
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
408:
371:Karoo Basins
357:South Africa
327:Western Cape
300:-51.0; -30.5
223:(intrusions)
3665:Homo naledi
3653:Pleistocene
3602:Paranthodon
3577:Algoasaurus
3556:Tritheledon
3541:Pulanesaura
3471:Fabrosaurus
3446:Coelophysis
3394:Assemblages
3375:Trirachodon
3370:Thrinaxodon
3320:Procolophon
3305:Pentasaurus
3290:Noteosuchus
3280:Micropholis
3255:Lydekkerina
3195:Dinanomodon
3185:Cynognathus
3118:Assemblages
3084:Procolophon
3069:Pristerodon
3064:Polycynodon
3019:Ictidostoma
3014:Ictidodraco
2979:Eohyosaurus
2974:Eodicynodon
2969:Dinanomodon
2919:Broomistega
2788:Glanosuchus
2773:Endothiodon
2758:Dinanomodon
2723:Bulbasaurus
2651:Priscomyzon
2375:Earthquakes
2360:Drakensberg
2315:Pilanesberg
2239:Algoa Basin
2207:Algoa Group
2130:Dwyka Group
2033:Cretaceous
2012:Ordovician
1991:Dwyka Group
1951:Dwyka Group
1828:80(1):13-28
1678:: 256–265,
1493:Fossilworks
1477:Fossilworks
1461:Fossilworks
1445:Fossilworks
1429:Fossilworks
1413:Fossilworks
1397:Fossilworks
1381:Fossilworks
672:of pyrite (
663:lenses and
643:Lithologies
633:Karoo Basin
576:Description
298: /
261:-21.2; 14.1
259: /
234:Coordinates
191:Black shale
137:Khabus Tuff
4122:Ecca Group
4006:Categories
3767:Geologists
3696:Planolites
3660:Boskop Man
3565:Cretaceous
3531:Pegomastax
3516:Lycorhinus
3501:Ledumahadi
3491:Gyposaurus
3441:Arcusaurus
3360:Shansiodon
3345:Regisaurus
3330:Prolacerta
3270:Mesosuchus
3230:Galesaurus
3190:Diademodon
3180:Bolotridon
2984:Emyduranus
2959:Cynosaurus
2934:Clelandina
2823:Mesosaurus
2818:Lycosuchus
2783:Galechirus
2763:Dinogorgon
2743:Cynosaurus
2590:Notiodella
2583:Ordovician
2477:Kimberlite
2438:Meteorites
2329:Diatremes
2135:Ecca Group
2016:Soom Shale
1798:2018-08-26
1773:2018-08-26
1749:2018-08-26
1723:2018-08-26
1697:2018-08-26
1654:2018-08-26
1628:2018-08-26
1608:2018-08-26
1152:References
1101:overmature
958:crustacean
954:coprolites
948:Mesosaurus
909:Mesosaurus
887:Huab Basin
831:See also:
793:inland sea
775:Mesosaurus
759:Mesosaurus
697:tuffaceous
670:weathering
657:siltstones
598:Ecca Group
561:Mesosaurus
538:Huab Basin
486:siltstones
447:Ecca Group
435:Artinskian
419:White Band
146:Collingham
128:Ecca Group
32:Artinskian
4082:Shale gas
4037:Kungurian
3644:Nummulite
3623:Nummulite
3616:Paleogene
3582:Baculites
3300:Orosaurus
3285:Myosaurus
3104:Tamboeria
3054:Paliguana
3039:Lycideops
3009:Ictidodon
2964:Diictodon
2944:Compsodon
2904:Basilodon
2798:Hofmeyria
2753:Diictodon
2718:Basilodon
2703:Abdalodon
2682:Dadoxylon
2666:Umzantsia
2605:Soomaspis
2600:Promissum
2303:Volcanism
2289:Witteberg
2170:Triassic
2072:Jurassic
1962:Devonian
1941:Paleozoic
1719:: 247–257
1650:: 175–181
1589:CiteSeerX
1068:shale gas
801:Karasberg
653:mudstones
566:Gondwanan
507:shale gas
482:mudstones
443:formation
439:Kungurian
423:Whitehill
397:in yellow
182:Lithology
174:Thickness
142:Underlies
134:Sub-units
36:Kungurian
3990:Glossary
3976:Category
3486:Gryponyx
3461:Eocursor
3426:Aardonyx
3419:Jurassic
3163:Triassic
2878:Youngina
2828:Moschops
2661:Tutusius
2631:Bainella
2614:Devonian
2333:Big Hole
2200:Cenozoic
2027:Mesozoic
1977:Permian
1115:See also
1075:and the
967:Reptiles
913:Gondwana
784:Gondwana
710:dolomite
702:dolerite
490:dolomite
463:Northern
323:Northern
228:Location
221:dolerite
199:mudstone
195:dolomite
156:Overlies
3925:Swazian
3632:Neogene
3235:Howesia
2696:Permian
1784:thesis)
1745:: 67–77
1680:Bibcode
1581:Bibcode
1016:Insects
891:Palermo
885:in the
877:of the
857:of the
845:of the
780:Permian
678:sulfate
674:sulfide
665:pyritic
570:insects
542:Pelotas
536:of the
459:Eastern
455:Namibia
345:Namibia
333:Country
319:Eastern
286:30°30′W
283:51°00′S
247:14°06′E
244:21°12′S
187:Primary
124:Unit of
3526:Ngwevu
1591:
873:, the
871:Brazil
859:Paraná
682:gypsum
649:shales
550:Pangea
498:halite
494:gypsum
492:beds,
369:&
363:Extent
354:
342:
325:&
311:Region
213:halite
209:Gypsum
148:&
3905:Other
3684:Other
1788:(PDF)
1763:(PDF)
1735:(PDF)
1709:(PDF)
1666:(PDF)
1640:(PDF)
1622:(PDF)
1044:Flora
814:to a
661:chert
526:Karoo
205:Other
1495:.org
1479:.org
1463:.org
1447:.org
1431:.org
1415:.org
1399:.org
1383:.org
995:Fish
907:and
893:and
861:and
835:and
803:and
772:and
651:and
558:and
544:and
528:and
517:and
502:tuff
496:and
465:and
457:and
409:The
367:Nama
217:tuff
166:Area
114:Type
50:PreꞒ
1688:doi
1599:doi
1577:110
1491:at
1475:at
1459:at
1443:at
1427:at
1411:at
1395:at
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1083:to
865:in
782:of
700:by
437:to
425:or
421:or
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1790:,
1765:,
1741:,
1737:,
1717:12
1715:,
1711:,
1686:,
1676:40
1674:,
1668:,
1648:57
1646:,
1642:,
1597:,
1587:,
1575:,
1569:,
1500:^
1315:^
1177:^
1094:,
1087:.
869:,
695:A
692:.
621:Pb
612:.
488:,
484:,
480:,
473:.
461:,
321:,
219:,
215:,
211:,
197:,
193:,
100:Pg
44:Ma
30::
1861:e
1854:t
1847:v
1743:6
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1601::
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742:(
680:(
619:-
617:U
433:(
105:N
95:K
90:J
85:T
80:P
75:C
70:D
65:S
60:O
55:Ꞓ
39:~
34:-
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