208:
Whiteschists have a chemistry that only very rarely occurs as the primary composition of rocks. This implies that they can only form under conditions where other chemical components have been removed by large scale metasomatism, strongly altering the original rock composition. The mobile components
284:, suggesting that the original reaction may be insufficient to describe the full stability range of the kyanite + talc assemblage under high oxygen fugacity conditions.
268:+ quartz → talc + kyanite, which has been used to define the stability of the whiteschist assemblage. In at least one example however, the overall reaction
352:
Schreyer, W.; Abraham K. (1976). "Three-Stage
Metamorphic History of a Whiteschist from Sar e Sang, Afghanistan, as Part of a Former Evaporite Deposit".
519:
Schreyer, W. (1977). "Whiteschists: Their compositions and pressure-temperature regimes based on experimental, field, and petrographic evidence".
560:"Timing and PT evolution of whiteschist metamorphism in the Lufilian Arc-Zambezi Belt orogen (Zambia): Implications for the assembly of Gondwana"
496:
149:, one in the Norwegian Caledonides, two in the Alps and three in Asia. One of the most extensive outcrops of whiteschist occurs within the
630:
160:. This northwest-southeast trending zone extends for about 700 km. The whiteschist is found with rocks bearing the assemblages
407:
129:(MFASH) system. Rocks of this primary chemistry are extremely uncommon and they are in most cases thought to be the result of
1627:
408:"Preliminary investigation of in-situ, high-pressure, high-ƒO2 metasomatism and metamorphism of meta-basalt to whiteschist"
478:
683:
663:
623:
35:, responsible for its white colour. The name was introduced in 1973 by German mineralogist and petrologist
1108:
1073:
571:
532:
361:
310:
273:
256:, Rb, Ba, Th. Another feature of whiteschists is that iron and manganese only occur in their highest
441:"First report of felsic whiteschist in the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt of Dabie Shan, China"
1358:
904:
616:
587:
377:
334:
326:
260:, indicating that the fluid responsible for the metasomatism was characterised by a high oxygen
488:
482:
440:
859:
492:
1556:
1268:
1055:
924:
579:
559:
540:
452:
369:
318:
24:
1632:
1368:
1128:
981:
257:
141:
Whiteschists occur as lenses or tectonic slices on a metre to kilometre scale within nine
36:
456:
575:
536:
365:
314:
301:
Schreyer, W. (1973). "Whiteschist: a high-pressure rock and its geologic significance".
27:
formed at high to ultra-high pressures. It has the characteristic mineral assemblage of
1561:
1403:
996:
919:
265:
1621:
1606:
1521:
1486:
1333:
894:
799:
544:
381:
338:
161:
142:
591:
1531:
1511:
1383:
1030:
1008:
949:
849:
794:
779:
645:
185:
154:
150:
130:
40:
1311:
1291:
1281:
1208:
1158:
1083:
929:
864:
834:
789:
747:
720:
715:
705:
668:
281:
1586:
1571:
1546:
1541:
1451:
1436:
1353:
1321:
1286:
1276:
1258:
1238:
1183:
1163:
1118:
1040:
1025:
1001:
961:
934:
914:
884:
844:
819:
809:
804:
784:
693:
269:
197:
177:
165:
1601:
1591:
1581:
1566:
1536:
1516:
1501:
1496:
1461:
1456:
1415:
1408:
1373:
1343:
1328:
1306:
1248:
1228:
1223:
1213:
1198:
1178:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1133:
1123:
1098:
1063:
976:
944:
889:
879:
854:
829:
824:
764:
725:
688:
193:
189:
59:
48:
1576:
1551:
1476:
1446:
1441:
1363:
1348:
1316:
1296:
1193:
1168:
1045:
1020:
1013:
991:
986:
939:
874:
759:
710:
700:
658:
528:
277:
261:
146:
330:
1596:
1526:
1491:
1466:
1398:
1233:
1173:
1113:
1078:
971:
899:
814:
774:
742:
737:
653:
373:
181:
169:
157:
28:
145:
around the world. There are two occurrences in
Central Africa, one in
1506:
1481:
1378:
1338:
1301:
1203:
1068:
966:
956:
909:
869:
839:
769:
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732:
678:
673:
173:
56:
52:
44:
583:
322:
1471:
1393:
1388:
1253:
1218:
1138:
1093:
1088:
608:
1243:
1188:
1103:
1035:
32:
612:
280:) + Na, Ca, K, Mn (fluid) has been described from an altered
192:
layers. However, whiteschists have now been described with
133:
alteration, with the removal of various mobile elements.
188:
sequences, and thought to represent either evaporite or
264:. The main reaction involved in their formation is Mg-
481:. In Brown G., Hawkesworth C. & Wilson C. (ed.).
1429:
1267:
1054:
644:
487:(2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.
439:Rolfo, F.; Compagnoni R.; Xu S.; Jiang L. (2000).
184:. Most occurrences were originally described from
558:John, T.; Schenk V.; Mezger K.; Tembo F. (2004).
479:"Experimental petrology: Earth materials science"
624:
8:
631:
617:
609:
401:
399:
397:
395:
393:
391:
354:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
293:
62:. Whiteschists form in the MgO–
7:
415:Frontier Research on Earth Evolution
39:. This rock is associated with the
14:
457:10.1127/0935-1221/2000/0012-0883
360:(2). Springer-Verlag: 111–130.
276:→ kyanite + talc + quartz + Fe(
445:European Journal of Mineralogy
1:
545:10.1016/0040-1951(77)90009-9
209:that may be removed include
1649:
16:Type of metamorphic rock
684:Basaltic trachyandesite
664:Alkali feldspar granite
484:Understanding the Earth
564:The Journal of Geology
303:The Journal of Geology
1628:Metamorphic petrology
1074:Banded iron formation
477:Wyllie, P.J. (1992).
51:sequences or altered
576:2004JG....112...71J
537:1977Tectp..43..127S
366:1976CoMP...59..111S
315:1973JG.....81..735S
1430:Specific varieties
374:10.1007/BF00371302
1615:
1614:
860:Nepheline syenite
498:978-0-521-42740-1
1640:
1557:Rapakivi granite
1269:Metamorphic rock
1056:Sedimentary rock
925:Quartz monzonite
633:
626:
619:
610:
603:
602:
600:
598:
555:
549:
548:
516:
510:
509:
507:
505:
474:
468:
467:
465:
463:
436:
430:
429:
427:
425:
412:
403:
386:
385:
349:
343:
342:
298:
255:
254:
253:
245:
244:
234:
232:
231:
221:
219:
218:
128:
126:
125:
115:
114:
113:
103:
102:
101:
93:
92:
82:
81:
80:
72:
71:
25:metamorphic rock
1648:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1425:
1369:Pseudotachylite
1263:
1050:
982:Tephriphonolite
640:
637:
607:
606:
596:
594:
557:
556:
552:
518:
517:
513:
503:
501:
499:
476:
475:
471:
461:
459:
438:
437:
433:
423:
421:
410:
405:
404:
389:
351:
350:
346:
300:
299:
295:
290:
258:oxidation state
252:
249:
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243:
240:
239:
238:
236:
230:
227:
226:
225:
223:
217:
214:
213:
212:
210:
206:
186:metasedimentary
139:
124:
121:
120:
119:
117:
112:
109:
108:
107:
105:
100:
97:
96:
95:
91:
88:
87:
86:
84:
79:
76:
75:
74:
70:
67:
66:
65:
63:
37:Werner Schreyer
23:is an uncommon
17:
12:
11:
5:
1646:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1562:Rhomb porphyry
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1404:Talc carbonate
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1006:
1005:
1004:
997:Trachyandesite
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
953:
952:
947:
937:
932:
927:
922:
920:Quartz diorite
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
751:
750:
740:
735:
730:
729:
728:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
697:
696:
691:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
650:
648:
642:
641:
639:Types of rocks
638:
636:
635:
628:
621:
613:
605:
604:
584:10.1086/379693
550:
521:Tectonophysics
511:
497:
469:
451:(4): 883–898.
431:
387:
344:
323:10.1086/627926
309:(6): 735–739.
292:
291:
289:
286:
272:+ amphibole +
250:
241:
228:
215:
205:
202:
143:orogenic belts
138:
135:
122:
110:
98:
89:
77:
68:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1645:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1522:Litchfieldite
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1487:Hyaloclastite
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:Litchfieldite
1332:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
895:Phonotephrite
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
800:Hyaloclastite
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
749:
746:
745:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
727:
724:
723:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
649:
647:
643:
634:
629:
627:
622:
620:
615:
614:
611:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
554:
551:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
515:
512:
500:
494:
490:
486:
485:
480:
473:
470:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
435:
432:
420:
416:
409:
402:
400:
398:
396:
394:
392:
388:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
348:
345:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
297:
294:
287:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
203:
201:
199:
196:ranging from
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:anthophyllite
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
136:
134:
132:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1532:Luxullianite
1512:Lapis lazuli
1457:Blue Granite
1420:
1384:Serpentinite
1359:Metapsammite
1109:Conglomerate
1031:Trondhjemite
1009:Trachybasalt
950:Pantellerite
850:Monzogranite
795:Hornblendite
780:Granodiorite
646:Igneous rock
595:. Retrieved
570:(1): 71–90.
567:
563:
553:
524:
520:
514:
502:. Retrieved
483:
472:
460:. Retrieved
448:
444:
434:
422:. Retrieved
418:
414:
406:Johnson, J.
357:
353:
347:
306:
302:
296:
207:
200:to granite.
155:Zambezi Belt
151:Lufilian Arc
140:
41:metamorphism
20:
18:
1421:Whiteschist
1312:Greenschist
1292:Cataclasite
1282:Amphibolite
1209:Phosphorite
1159:Itacolumite
1084:Calcarenite
930:Quartzolite
865:Nephelinite
835:Lamprophyre
790:Harzburgite
748:Napoleonite
721:Charnockite
716:Carbonatite
706:Blairmorite
669:Anorthosite
597:21 December
531:: 127–144.
504:21 December
462:21 December
424:21 December
282:amphibolite
274:plagioclase
131:metasomatic
21:whiteschist
1622:Categories
1587:Teschenite
1572:Shonkinite
1547:Pietersite
1542:Novaculite
1452:Borolanite
1437:Adamellite
1354:Metapelite
1322:Calcflinta
1287:Blueschist
1277:Anthracite
1259:Wackestone
1239:Travertine
1184:Lumachelle
1164:Jaspillite
1119:Diamictite
1041:Websterite
1026:Troctolite
1002:Benmoreite
962:Shonkinite
935:Rhyodacite
915:Pyroxenite
885:Peridotite
845:Lherzolite
820:Kimberlite
810:Ignimbrite
805:Icelandite
785:Granophyre
694:Shoshonite
288:References
270:phlogopite
198:metabasalt
194:protoliths
178:staurolite
166:cordierite
137:Occurrence
60:intrusions
1602:Variolite
1592:Theralite
1582:Tachylite
1567:Rodingite
1537:Mangerite
1517:Larvikite
1502:Jasperoid
1497:Jadeitite
1462:Epidosite
1416:Tectonite
1409:Soapstone
1374:Quartzite
1344:Migmatite
1329:Itabirite
1307:Granulite
1249:Turbidite
1229:Sylvinite
1224:Siltstone
1214:Sandstone
1199:Oil shale
1179:Limestone
1154:Gritstone
1149:Greywacke
1144:Geyserite
1134:Evaporite
1124:Diatomite
1099:Claystone
1064:Argillite
977:Tachylyte
945:Comendite
890:Phonolite
880:Pegmatite
855:Monzonite
830:Lamproite
825:Komatiite
765:Foidolite
726:Enderbite
689:Mugearite
382:129384880
339:128944616
204:Formation
190:bentonite
49:evaporite
1577:Taconite
1552:Pyrolite
1477:Ganister
1447:Aphanite
1442:Appinite
1364:Phyllite
1349:Mylonite
1317:Hornfels
1297:Eclogite
1194:Mudstone
1169:Laterite
1129:Dolomite
1046:Wehrlite
1021:Trachyte
1014:Hawaiite
992:Tonalite
987:Tephrite
940:Rhyolite
905:Porphyry
875:Obsidian
760:Essexite
711:Boninite
701:Basanite
659:Andesite
592:73549945
529:Elsevier
331:30059001
278:hematite
266:chlorite
262:fugacity
147:Tasmania
53:basaltic
43:of some
1597:Unakite
1527:Llanite
1492:Ijolite
1467:Felsite
1399:Suevite
1234:Tillite
1174:Lignite
1114:Coquina
1079:Breccia
972:Syenite
900:Picrite
815:Ijolite
775:Granite
743:Diorite
738:Diabase
654:Adakite
572:Bibcode
533:Bibcode
527:(1–2).
362:Bibcode
311:Bibcode
235:, MnO,
222:, CaO,
182:kyanite
180:–
176:–
170:kyanite
168:–
164:–
116:–
104:–
83:–
45:pelites
29:kyanite
1633:Schist
1507:Kenyte
1482:Gossan
1379:Schist
1339:Marble
1302:Gneiss
1204:Oolite
1069:Arkose
967:Sovite
957:Scoria
910:Pumice
870:Norite
840:Latite
770:Gabbro
755:Dunite
733:Dacite
679:Basalt
674:Aplite
590:
495:
380:
337:
329:
174:garnet
158:orogen
57:felsic
1472:Flint
1394:Slate
1389:Skarn
1254:Varve
1219:Shale
1139:Flint
1094:Chert
1089:Chalk
588:S2CID
489:82–84
411:(PDF)
378:S2CID
335:S2CID
327:JSTOR
1244:Tufa
1189:Marl
1104:Coal
1036:Tuff
599:2011
506:2011
493:ISBN
464:2011
426:2011
172:and
33:talc
1607:Wad
580:doi
568:112
541:doi
453:doi
370:doi
319:doi
106:SiO
55:or
1624::
586:.
578:.
566:.
562:.
539:.
525:43
523:.
491:.
449:12
447:.
443:.
417:.
413:.
390:^
376:.
368:.
358:59
356:.
333:.
325:.
317:.
307:81
305:.
211:Na
153:-
85:Al
64:Fe
47:,
31:+
19:A
632:e
625:t
618:v
601:.
582::
574::
547:.
543::
535::
508:.
466:.
455::
428:.
419:1
384:.
372::
364::
341:.
321::
313::
251:5
246:O
242:2
237:P
233:O
229:2
224:K
220:O
216:2
127:O
123:2
118:H
111:2
99:3
94:O
90:2
78:3
73:O
69:2
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