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156:. This exhibition brought together 31 artworks from the 18th and 19th centuries, all created by European artists but sourced from American collections. The article emphasizes that the understanding of Black individuals during this period was often influenced by their roles as slaves, servants, or exotic foreigners, and was shaped by preconceived notions. These perceptions were largely influenced by colonialism, imperialism, slavery, abolition, and racism. The exhibition categorized the artworks into four groups: slaves and servants, artists' models, historical and literary figures, and exotic themes. The article highlights a painting titled "Portrait of a Youth in an Embroidered Vest" by French painter Marie-Victoire Lemoine as an example of how Black servants were often depicted as luxury accessories for the elite.
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carries a cool blue tint, while titanium white leans toward a yellowish hue. The historical evolution of white paints, such as the traditional use of lead white, illustrates the complexities of achieving desired pigmentation while acknowledging potential material toxicity. This artistic perspective on whitewashing diverges from broader societal and racial discussions.
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253:, a significant character in biblical and Quranic stories, has often been depicted as a white woman in art, especially during the Renaissance. This is a departure from her historical portrayal as a woman of colour. This change became prominent in the Renaissance, with her image being not only whitewashed but also sexualised. This can be seen in artworks like
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75:. This phenomenon extends beyond art, where the term "whitewashing" refers to the masking or downplaying of diverse realities, often leading to a predominant white perspective. It can distort representation, potentially overlooking contributions from people of colour and promoting a more monochromatic narrative.
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Contrary to popular belief, ancient sculptures were not bare marble but were painted in bright shades of blue, red, yellow, brown, and other hues. Romans made copies of Greek bronze originals in different coloured marbles to add skin tone. However, this fact has been overlooked, and the narrative of
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discusses an exhibition that highlighted the
African presence in European art during the Renaissance. The exhibition, which was the first of its kind, showcased over sixty European artworks from around 1480 to 1605, including both known and anonymous African figures. The artworks were divided into
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and it is common practice when naming
European subjects in portraits from the 17th century onwards, as while the African figures depicted alongside them are often referred to as "A Negro' or 'and Servant". Also, in most historical European paintings, a Black figure is used as a prop or an object,
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in
Baltimore Joaneath Spicer, often a dark antipode to white and lightness, black carried a negative stigma, though black skin was attributed to burning from sun exposure in the torrid zone1. But later associations with the sin of Ham, son of Noah, led to the ideology of skin pigment as a cursed
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Over the past few decades, scientists have been studying the traces of paint, inlay, and gold leaf used on these statues and using digital technologies to restore them to their original polychrome. Despite these findings, the popular imagination still perceives these statues as lily white. This
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Despite the significant presence of Black people in Europe dating back to at least the 16th century, their representation in art history is often skewed or absent. When present, Black bodies are usually portrayed in subservient roles, with their humanity and individuality often entirely denied.
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Within artistic materials and techniques, "whitewash" pertains to a matte white paint used by artists, commonly in the form of mineral pigments like zinc white and titanium white. These paints possess distinct properties and are employed for various artistic purposes. Zinc white, for instance,
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According to art historian and curator
Adrienne L. Childs, interestingly, the exhibition indicates that European artists were more likely to depict Black figures with individuality and dignity, a contrast to the racist exaggerations prevalent in America during the same period. However, these
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two parts: the
European context and the individuals themselves. The European context section explored the perceptions and assumptions about Africa held by Europeans of the time. The individuals section featured portraits of Africans, some of whom were likely real people painted from life.
285:, a princess from Ethiopia in Greek mythology, has been subjected to whitewashing in art, particularly during the Renaissance period. Historically, Andromeda was depicted as a black princess. However, in many Renaissance artworks, she is portrayed as white. For instance, in
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existing solely to frame and reflect the white presence. Even when Black figures are depicted in fine clothing, it's often a deceptive representation, with the fancy silks and lace merely serving as decoration that masks the brutal reality of an enslaved life.
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Many institutions are now addressing this issue by re-evaluating how they acquire, curate, and display works. The history of Black people in Europe is often viewed through the lens of slavery and colonialism.
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as a white man with
European features is a common occurrence in art history, despite the fact that he was a Hebrew man from the Middle East. This trend became particularly noticeable during the
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refers to countries, regions and territories in which the majority ethnic group is generally considered to be people of white
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Western art, the omission of black-skinned figures from mythology and history has been a subject of debate, exemplified by the portrayal of
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calls this practice racist and dehumanising, and urged the international art community to make efforts to identify and name these figures.
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of historical and mythological figures in art as a part of a larger pattern of erasing and distorting the histories and contributions of
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depictions were also complex and nuanced due to underlying themes of objectification, servitude, and hierarchical attitudes about race.
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of those times, which continue to impact society today. It encompasses various facets reflecting historical biases.
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Perseus freeing
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in Paris draw criticism, and was accused of whitewashing, for it portrayal of the skin tone of
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In 2017, the exhibition "The Black Figure in the
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marker of moral inferiority that so frequently recurred in later racialist theory.
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564:"This Is What Whitewashing Really Means—and Why It's a Problem"
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According to the Curator of Renaissance and Baroque Art at the
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969:"Mission Statement - People of Color in European Art History"
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white marble as the epitome of beauty continues to be told.
594:"Enslaved Black Models in European Art: Anonymous Objects?"
500: – Controversial casting practice in the film industry
227:" from 1940, which presents him with light eyes and hair.
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351:(Reprinted ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
725:"Revealing the African Presence in Renaissance Europe"
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191:Depiction of Jesus § Range of depictions
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805:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
347:Earle, T. F.; Lowe, K. J. P., eds. (2006).
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326:Other uses of "whitewashing" in art
847:"Titian's 'Perseus and Andromeda'"
750:"A Spectrum From Slaves to Saints"
649:"The Black Figure in European Art"
647:Childs, Adrienne L. (2023-10-03).
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16:Controversial practice in the art
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1785:White genocide conspiracy theory
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39:is the practice of altering the
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460:Fracchia, Carmen (2024-01-05).
426:Blakely, Allison (2008-02-09).
366:Simons, Patricia (2022-03-01).
165:Princeton University Art Museum
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987:"Black people in European art"
845:Jackall, Yuriko (2021-11-23).
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592:Bedworth, Candy (2024-02-20).
245:Art Gallery of New South Wales
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1561:Missing white woman syndrome
203:, with famous artworks like
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399:Siegal, Nina (2020-03-13).
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441:Cook, Greg (2016-01-15).
105:British actor and author
69:Clash of the Titans films
673:"Adrienne L Childs. com"
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117:Marie-Guillemine Benoist
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783:"Dr. Joaneath Spicer"
537:Galer, Sophia Smith.
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314:In October 2023, the
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122:Portrait of Madeleine
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1632:In the United States
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498:Whitewashing in film
154:Winter Park, Florida
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1750:Non-Hispanic whites
1591:Whitewashing in art
1516:Settler colonialism
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1057:European emigration
37:Whitewashing in art
1735:European New Right
1730:Christian Identity
1506:Play the white man
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358:978-0-521-81582-6
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195:The portrayal of
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1780:White ethnic
1694:White monkey
1601:White savior
1590:
1571:White flight
1551:Acting white
1542:Sociological
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1481:Peninsulares
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1121:South Africa
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1035:White people
994:. Retrieved
990:
976:. Retrieved
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949:. Retrieved
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925:. Retrieved
923:. 2023-10-24
920:
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900:. Retrieved
898:. 2019-02-12
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450:. Retrieved
447:www.wbur.org
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416:. Retrieved
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316:Musée Grévin
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213:Michelangelo
197:Jesus Christ
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67:as white in
62:
36:
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1805:White pride
1667:White trash
1652:Poor Whites
1576:White guilt
1435:New Zealand
1323:Puerto Rico
1278:Los Angeles
1224:El Salvador
1060:by location
973:medievalpoc
729:hnanews.org
510:African art
209:Last Supper
201:Renaissance
125:, formerly
1855:Categories
1768:Quebeckers
1754:Old Stock
1533:White gods
1272:California
1201:Costa Rica
996:2024-04-27
978:2023-06-26
951:2023-08-09
927:2023-11-26
902:2023-06-26
878:2023-06-26
831:2024-04-30
792:2024-04-30
767:2024-04-27
734:2024-04-27
706:2024-04-27
682:2024-04-30
658:2024-04-27
630:2023-10-18
603:2024-04-27
573:2023-08-09
548:2023-06-26
516:References
452:2024-04-27
433:2024-04-27
418:2024-04-27
53:prejudices
45:non-whites
1763:Canadians
1758:Americans
1725:Alt-right
1642:Hillbilly
1456:Apartheid
1418:Australia
1399:Venezuela
1349:Argentina
1309:Baltimore
1296:Louisiana
1229:Guatemala
1190:Caribbean
991:europeana
762:0362-4331
625:artuk.org
484:1475-3820
413:0362-4331
392:0737-4453
332:Whitewash
283:Andromeda
261:Andromeda
65:Andromeda
1662:Rednecks
1488:Criollos
1387:Suriname
1377:Paraguay
1372:Colombia
1303:Maryland
1239:Honduras
1214:Dominica
1173:Barbados
1152:Pakistan
1136:Zimbabwe
1086:Botswana
921:BBC News
801:cite web
492:See also
468:: 1–32.
133:, 1800,
73:Ethiopia
59:Overview
1839:Commons
1657:Redlegs
1409:Oceania
1393:Uruguay
1355:Bolivia
1244:Jamaica
1178:Bermuda
1168:Bahamas
1126:Tunisia
1116:Reunion
1111:Namibia
1106:Morocco
1076:Algeria
946:Arthive
271:Pompeii
1703:White
1474:Castas
1429:Hawaii
1360:Brazil
1290:Hawaii
1254:Panama
1249:Mexico
1184:Canada
1131:Zambia
1101:Malawi
1081:Angola
1068:Africa
873:Forbes
851:ART UK
787:CODART
760:
482:
411:
390:
355:
211:" and
135:Louvre
1689:Basic
1684:Becky
1674:Karen
1461:Aryan
1366:Chile
1234:Haiti
1096:Kenya
185:Jesus
1823:Race
1382:Peru
1208:Cuba
1145:Asia
1046:Bold
807:link
758:ISSN
480:ISSN
409:ISSN
388:ISSN
353:ISBN
223:'s "
215:'s "
207:'s "
51:and
543:BBC
470:doi
380:doi
152:in
148:at
129:or
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