Who Would Have Thought It? - Knowledge (XXG)

1911:, who is named but lightly caricatured. Lola, now in her late teens, has slowly been revealed as the owner of fantastic wealth. Before she comes of age and full control of her gold, however, the money is in the hands of Mrs. Norval, who plots with the hypocritical, sinful, sexual ex-reverend and duplicitous Major Mr. Hackwell to take it from the young girl. Hackwell contrives to trap Mrs. Norval by taking advantage of her husband's supposed death to secretly marry the supposed widow, despite knowing that her husband is still alive. He also secretly and dishonestly tricks Lola into an unwilling marriage. All this while, Julian Norval and Lola have pledged their love to each other, a love which threatens to take the money out of Hackwell's hands entirely. The machinations of Mrs. Norval and Mr. Hackwell come to a head when Julian returns from the war with news of his father's return, showing that the reports of the Doctor's death had been false. 2035:

New England women. Mattie and Ruth represent the younger generation and Mrs. Norval represents the older, republican generation. The two girls examine Lola's features closely. Mattie notes the shape and color of Lola's lips and says that they are different from black people's lips, and Mattie quickly suggests that Lola is either Indian or African. Mrs. Norval dismisses these observations and tells the girls not to touch Lola out of fear of infection. Rivera comments that "when Lola's body cannot be defined according to one racial 'type', the European Americans mark it as an unknown part of a collective." As a self-declared abolitionist, Mrs. Norval's cruelty towards the coloured Lola reflect prejudice and hypocrisy in the nation she represents.

1900:, made him increasingly demonized. The money he gives to his neighbors and family to raise companies for the Union army mean nothing and he is forced to leave the country. He makes sure to leave a will and careful instructions for the keeping of Lola's gold, however. During the war, de Burton shows the rise of the Cackles, neighbors of the Norvals who become unscrupulous and cowardly Senators and Generals for the Union. At the same time, the Norval men are taken captive or frequently injured in the line of duty. The honest efforts of Julian Norval and his aunt, Lavinia Sprig, to avert disaster or save lives are frequently stymied by the powerful and self-interested Cackles. Their efforts lead them into contact with the 2381:

works were excluded from popular American literature is because of their depiction of American culture and morals as hypocritical. In addition, her interpretation of the loss of Mexico's claim over Northern California demonstrates her discontent with American ideals of the time. After her marriage to an American colonel, her writing widened to accommodate the perspective of being both a "colonizer, and the colonized". Caught between her newfound position in the Californian elite and her background as a Californian native, her novel was not welcomed by American literary studies nor Chicana literary studies.

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ceded its northern territories to the United States, those who remained in ceded areas received United States citizenship and full rights to property of ownership. However, native land-holding elites of northern California lost a significant portion of their lands overnight, and these lands became a part of the expanding American empire. These native Californians experienced the differences between life before the invasion and life after of "dispossession, and political, cultural and social displacement".

2136:, specifically asking about her brother, Isaac, who was imprisoned for assaulting a fellow government official. She had hoped that they had seen or heard from him while they were in the prison camps. The Washington officials ignore her plea to free Isaac. Lavinia is only able to speak to the president on Isaac's behalf because of the intervention of a man, Dr. Norval's friend, Mr. Sinclair. Lavinia then realizes that her belief in being able to voice her opinions equally with men is unrealistic. 1993:

the position of her protectors, the Norvals, in New England culture advances. Although Lola is the rightful heir to the gold and jewels, she never controls her fortune. The Norvals provide her with a comfortable lifestyle, yet deprive her of the luxuries that her fortune has supplied the family; despite being the source of their new wealth, she is never fully accepted by them. As literary scholar John-Michael Rivera argues, this represents the prosperity reaped by the northern U.S. from the

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novel, schemes to increase his wealth in order to satisfy his ravenous greed. The Cackles clan represents Northern politicians who are only motivated by self-interest. Ruiz de Burton implies that the national practice of self-deception, misrepresentation and secrecy are deeply rooted in the American character, though very rarely revealed. Juxtaposed to this satire of American life are the virtues of the good and beautiful Lola.

2342:." Although the Irishwomen share the same color as the Norval family, they are distanced from the family, particularly when it becomes wealthy through Lola's fortune. Ruiz de Burton showcases the racial, social and economic differences between the various groups of "whites", emphasizing the differences between the Irishwomen and Lola by using religion to distinguish between Mexican Catholics and Irish Catholics. 1875:, accompanied by a ten-year-old girl, Maria Dolores Medina, known as Lola or Lolita, and trunks of supposed geological specimens that are actually filled with Lola's gold. He was appointed her guardian when he and his companions, Mr. Lebrun and Mr. Sinclair, rescued her from captivity. Because her skin was dyed black by her Native American captors, her arrival generates ironic disgust among the 2368:

Ruiz de Burton also carries out an operation in which she figures male agency as handicap and/or truncates by the forces of decay and corruption... the Norval men likewise suffer 'compromised male agency', an 'emasculation' of sorts, when they are 'absented' from the scene as a result of the machinations of scoundrels – male and female- in collusion with the government and its policies"

2018:, p. 47 an act that earns him ire despite the dissonance of those characters respective political stances. His influence is shown to diminish since the Cackle brothers ignore his plea to free his brother-in-law Isaac, who has been imprisoned for punching another government official. Later, he is accused of supporting the Secession. These political disputes force him into exile in 2026:

Dr. Norval and Julian's motivations are more altruistic. Dr. Norval refuses to accept the half of Lola's immense fortune that her mother had insisted. Instead, he only takes six percent of Lola's inheritance. He and his son Julian are the only characters who do not reflect the self-deception, greed and hypocrisy that the novel criticizes as the American national character.

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and Spanish, Lola passes through various stages of racial identity- black, Indian, brown, 'spotted' white, and finally, 'pure' white. Lola's racial ambiguity thus draws on two competing codes: an Anglo American one that defines race as white or black, and a Spanish/Mexican caste system that recognizes multiple levels of hybrid racial identity."

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suggests that Mexicans and Californios can purchase their "whiteness" from the Spanish crown. In Lola's case, the use of Indian labor allows Lola to symbolically purchase her whiteness from Mr. Sinclair, Dr. Norval's Northern banker. Literary scholar Aleman suggests that Californio colonial mentality

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Lavinia Sprig was romantically involved with both Mr. Hammerhard and Mr. Hackwell. Despite Lavinia's engagement to Mr. Hackwell, he married another. She remains unmarried and lives with her sister, Mrs. Norval, and the rest of her family at the Norval estate. There, she devotes her time to caring for

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minister who uses his religious influence for his own benefit. During one of his sermons, he publicly alludes to Dr. Norval. He knows that Mrs. Norval recognizes his authority, and he capitalizes on this in order to increase his own wealth. His insatiable greed reveals him to be a schemer rather than

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extravagantly as Mr. Sinclair, who was entrusted with the bulk of Lola's wealth, sends them a monthly allowance intended for Lola. Mrs. Norval uses it to advance her family's social standing in the hopes of finding wealthier, more suitable matches for her daughters. She therefore embodies the idea of

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but without losing the ironic treatment of the characters. Because of Dr. Norval's careful investment of Lola's gold, the family can live off only a small portion of the interest and still grow wealthy. However, the impending Civil War means that Dr. Norval's political sympathies, even though plainly

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Although Ruiz de Burton has no problems with patriarchal values, she portrays women as smarter, more generous and more action-oriented than they should have been at the time. Her novel critiques the inequality of women, but at the same time she focuses on their sensitivity, morality and beauty. "...

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Catholicism is introduced to the conservative Protestant Norval home by the arrival of Lola. Doña Theresa Medina's request to raise Lola as a Catholic infuriates the Puritan Mrs. Norval, who describes Catholicism as an "abominable idolatry" and questions the existence of financial support for Lola's

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seems to be built upon hypocrisy, ignorance and, most importantly, greed, instead of the noble aspects articulated by proponents of American expansion. The novel suggests that Manifest Destiny functions as a deceptive maneuver by the United States to conquer lands from other nations. When Mexico had

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As Lola's appointed guardian, Dr. Norval welcomes her into his home as one of his daughters. When he finds out that Mrs. Norval has told Lola to sleep in the maid's chambers, he demands that she give Lola a proper furnished room. While other characters wish to keep Lola for purely financial reasons,

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that began in 1846. In 1847, she met an American military officer, Colonel Henry S. Burton, in Baja. He had been ordered to invade La Paz to suppress a Mexican uprising where the Mexicans there gave little resistance. When the war ended two years later, California was split into two; Baja California

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are unmasked to break down ideological myths of American political rhetoric by contrasting the expectations of the nation with the reality of their actions. American expectations include promoting civil virtue and acting against corruption. However, Mr. Hackwell, the primary religious figure in the

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does not follow the typical romance of domesticity because it introduces women from the domestic sphere into political and public spheres. The novel is situated during a time of modernization in the United States during which the home was transformed. The novel also parodies mid-nineteenth-century

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Ruiz de Burton creates a sense of cultural whiteness that is not easily associated with color. Lola's metamorphosis and transition throughout the story reflects racial ambiguity and hybridity. We first encounter her as "the little black girl". However, "oing from black to white, and seen as Indian

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Mr. Hackwell enters a clandestine marriage with the newly widowed Mrs. Norval in order to retain access to Lola's wealth. When the couple open Dr. Norval's will without the presence of the rest of the family and Lola, they realize that Lola will receive an allowance from Mr. Sinclair. Mr. Hackwell

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Mrs. Norval is Dr. Norval's wife and together they have three children: Julian, Ruth and Mattie. Mrs. Norval and her daughters assume that Lola does not speak English and comment on the colour of her dyed skin in her presence. Their perceptions of race reflect the sentiments of white, abolitionist

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as a Democrat. María Ruiz de Burton plays on his status as a Democrat several times to play ironically with his pious Republican neighbors' reactions to him. For example, she writes that the town is proud of Mrs. Norval for never giving any money to former slaves trying to free their children, but

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Dr. Norval takes Lola to New England and the dye eventually fades, thus beginning "numerous changes in racial status which overlap and effectively generate her simultaneous acquisition of material wealth and cultural capital." She adapts, yet never really fits in: as she becomes racially accepted,

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to public notice in the late twentieth century. This group was created in 1990, and its main goal is to recover literary texts by Hispanic writers and obtain narratives of their lives since the sixteenth century through sources such as memoirs, prose, fiction, poetry and histories. These scholars

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remained relatively unnoticed for over one hundred years in American literary studies, demonstrating Ruiz de Burton's exclusion from American literary history and more broadly the marginalized importance that Mexican-Americans had in American history. One of the main reasons that Ruiz de Burton's

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Mr. Hackwell attempts to control members of the Norval family and to serve as a guardian of Lola's wealth. He begins by marrying Mrs. Norval and proceeds to suggest a marriage between his sister, Emma, and Mrs. Norval's son, Julian. The marriage, however, does not happen because Julian is in love

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Mrs. Norval compromises her beliefs when she realizes the immensity of Lola's wealth. When she hears the news of her husband's death in Egypt, she enters a clandestine marriage with Mr. Hackwell, yielding to his advances even though she claims to be a chaste woman. The couple spends Lola's wealth

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Lola's inheritance is from Doña Theresa's use of natural resources and Indian resources. For example, one day while bathing along the Colorado River, she realized that the pebbles were actually gems. In the hopes of pleasing her, "the Indians brought her emeralds and rubies, seeing that she like

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women in the household, especially Mrs. Norval. She is horrified by the idea of Dr. Norval contaminating the racial purity of their home, despite his insistence that Lola is of pure Spanish descent and the dye will fade. Mrs. Norval demands that Lola work in order to pay for expenses; Dr. Norval

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In addition to Ruiz de Burton's use of religion in the novel, " also Catholicizes this nineteenth-century intolerance stemming from U.S. Puritan origins... takes the nativist stereotypes of Catholicism and aligns them with the barbarous, New World Puritan while separating an Old World Spanish

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Mrs. Norval's brother, Issac, accidentally discovers Lola's story without knowing about Lola. He travels to Mexico and meets her father, Don Luis Medina. Upon hearing of his daughter's existence in the United States, Don Luis immediately leaves for New York with Issac, who brings the Don quite

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with Lola. Mr. Hackwell lusts for both Lola and her inheritance. He tricks her into saying that she is his wife in a sworn statement. He uses this to blackmail Lola; however, it fails. He attempts to abduct her but Lola and Julian outsmart him, and she escapes with her birth father to Mexico.

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Mrs. Norval is consumed by thoughts of Lola's wealth and, especially after her husband's reported death, she considers that Lola has no just rights to her inheritance. Her pursuit of Lola's fortune is, according to Professor of Postcolonial American Studies Deborah Madsen, an allegory of the

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to mock American political discourses and practices by ridiculing socio-political structures of the period. Using a variety of rogues, who have pretentious and comical names, Ruiz de Burton represents the vices of nineteenth-century middle-class society. The preachers, Mr. Hackwell and Mr.

2326:. She places Lola in the servants' quarters, along with the Irish cook and chambermaid. "The narrative must still negotiate the anti-Catholicism of the Protestant Northeast, where the influx of Irish immigrants created a host of alternative Anglo American anxieties regarding 'savagery.'" 2124:

during the Civil War, she realizes the responsibility her service entails, and she decides to kill her canaries, thinking that they cannot survive without her. The birds symbolize Lavinia, who ends up being imprisoned in the corrupting influences of American materialism.

1977:. Her captors dyed the skin of both Doña Maria and Lola to mimic that of the Apache in order to deter rescue. Lola is nonetheless rescued when she is found by Dr. Norval, who takes her away from Indian territory and agrees to her mother's request that she be raised as a 2479: 1923:

with Lola, Hackwell finds his plans about to blow up on him. When Mrs. Norval hears that her husband is about to return to find her in a secret marriage with Hackwell, she shrieks and says "Who would have thought it?" before succumbing to neurosis and

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for the republican nation, in which citizens are expected to uphold civil integrity and to oppose corruption. However, Ruiz de Burton's portrayal of Mrs. Norval's corruption signifies the collapse of the ideology of republicanism.

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through her refusal to sleep beside the Irish help. One insulted Irishwoman responds: "I am shure I don't want to slape with of the likes of ye." Lola is at a higher social level than the Irishwomen because her ancestry is

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by his cronies who also happen to be Dr. Norval's political enemies. Through Julian's character, the novel exposes the corruption within the government and demonstrates how democracy can degenerate to demagoguery.

2463: 1844:. The book was published anonymously in 1872; Ruiz de Burton feared that if it became known that a non-native English speaker had written the work that it would undergo greater scrutiny for grammatical errors. 2350:

for her education. "Ruiz de Burton critiques the convent captivity genres that equated imprisonment within the 'savage' New World Wilderness with captivity to the seductive interiors of the Catholic convent."

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girl born in Indian captivity, Lola, in an American society obsessed with class, religion, race and gender. The first ten chapters follow the central family in the years leading up to the start of the

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Aranda, José F. Jr. (10 May 2002). "Contradictory Impulses: María Amparo Ruiz de Burton, Resistance Theory, and the Politics of Chicano/a Studies". In Davidson, Cathy N.; Hatcher, Jessamyn (eds.).

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Julian is a decorated war hero because of his contributions as a Union officer during the Civil War. However, he finds himself unexpectedly dismissed from the service because of accusations of

1981:. Her mother dies from an illness a few days after her rescue. Jesse Alemán sees her situation as symbolic of the 80,000 Mexicans who were "orphaned" in the southwestern U.S. at the end of the 3337: 1684: 2455: 1756:

are meant to take the readers back further than that time line, such as the kidnapping of Lola's mother (1846). The last fifty chapters chronicle the events that took place during the

2408: 1525: 1828:, where Ruiz de Burton observed the economic, social and political turmoil wrought by the war and its aftermath. Despite 10 years of living in Eastern cities, as a Latin-American 2880: 1721:, and republished to acclaim in 1995. Yet Ruiz de Burton's life was not particularly typical of the Mexican-American experience, as she married a prominent US officer, Captain 1677: 1359: 2984:

Alemán, Jesse (2007), "Citizenship Rights and Colonial Whites: The Cultural Work of María Amparo Ruiz de Burton's Novels", in Goldstein, David S.; Thacker, Audrey B. (eds.),

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accidentally to Lola's residence at the Norval's house just in time to upset Hackwell's plans quite precipitously. As Dr. Norval has written that he is about to cross the

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de la Luz Montes, Amelia María (2000), "Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton Negotiates American Literary Politics and Culture", in Warren, Joyce W.; Dickie, Margaret (eds.),

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Ruiz, Julie (2004), "Captive Identities: The Gendered Conquest of Mexico in Who Would Have Thought It?", in de la Luz Montes, Amelia María; Goldman, Anne E. (eds.),

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Julian Norval tricks Hackwell and spirits Don Luis and Lola away on the Cuban steamer only to later follow them, joining Lola in Mexico, where the two are married.

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calculates the precise amount to afford their luxurious lifestyle without arising suspicion from Mr. Sinclair. He is determined to keep Lola's wealth for himself.

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The novel, written in chronological order, is divided into sixty chapters. The first ten occur during the years just before the Civil War (1857–1861), and

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Pita, Beatrice (1998), "Engendering Critique: Race, Class, and Gender in Ruiz de Burton and Martí", in Belnap, Jeffrey Grant; Fernandez, Raul A. (eds.),

553: 2926: 1717:. After a long period in which Ruiz de Burton's work was almost completely unknown, the novel was rediscovered by critics interested in the history of 2652: 2435: 1985:. Julie Ruiz suggests that " escape from Indian captivity in the Southwest symbolizes the cleansing of Mexican national identity from the 'stain' of 503: 3327: 2043:. She spends Lola's money as if it were hers, since she believes she belongs to the superior race. Lola's wealth corrupts her until she succumbs to 1052: 530: 1530: 1266: 535: 285: 1962:

provides the initial impetus for the narrative and introduces its symbolism. After her pregnant mother, Doña Theresa Medina, was captured from a

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pretty pebbles." Doña Theresa's use of Indian labour and resources pertain to the indigenous exploitation during the Spanish colonization.

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At the beginning of the novel, Dr. Norval is a prominent figure in New England; his influence and financial support provide positions in

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and became acquainted with many powerful people in Washington D.C. The novel reflects her ambiguous position between the small in number

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Mrs. Norval is angered when she hears this but quickly reconciles her emotions when he shows her the trunks filled with Lola's fortune.

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objects and explains to her how Lola's mother, Doña Theresa Medina, gave him gold and precious gems she acquired while a captive of the

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Conventions of domesticity in the nineteenth century reinforced the idea that women should remain at home to look after the family.

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for his neighbors the Cackles, among others. During the Civil War, his status diminishes because of his alleged sympathies for the

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describe Ruiz de Burton's work "as an object lesson in the complexities and contradictions of resurrecting literary history."

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to finance Lola's care. Doña Theresa Medina asked him to rescue Lola so that the girl would be brought up as a Catholic. The

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as false rhetoric. Ruiz de Burton's characters convey a deeper meaning through their actions to show that the doctrine of

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a man of integrity. In her description of this dissolute minister, Ruiz de Burton parodies New England religious life.

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A cooperative scholarly group called Recovering the United States Hispanic Literary Heritage Project brought

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territory. She transformed her experiences living along the predominantly Protestant Eastern Coast, where

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Because both Mexico and Ireland were predominantly Catholic, Ruiz de Burton distinguishes Lola as a

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Catholicism from this mixture." The distanced Catholicism is achieved by sending Lola away to a

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de la Luz Montes, Amelia (2002), "'See How I Am Received.' Nationalism, Race, and Gender in

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The novel opens with Dr. Norval's return to New England from a geological expedition in the

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Mr. Hackwell has been described as adulterous and is assumed to be an allusion to Reverend

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The Emergence of Mexican America: Recovering Stories of Mexican Peoplehood in U.S. Culture

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were Native Americans (dark-skinned laborers). Doña Theresa wants Lola to grow up as a

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His romantic relationship with Lola is significant to the narrative's racial politics.

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was signed. They lived in the newly claimed American territory and later moved to the

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is similar to Anglo-American colonialism when it comes to fashioning whiteness by

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Maria Dolores Medina, called Lola or Lolita, motivates the core of the story. Her

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Ruiz de Burton, María Amparo (1995), Sánchez, Rosaura; Pita, Beatrice (eds.),

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Decolonial Voices: Chicana and Chicano Cultural Studies in the 21st Century WA

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Complicating Constructions: Race, Ethnicity, and Hybridity in American Texts

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During the nineteenth century, two opposing cultural markers differentiated

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José Martí's "Our America": From National to Hemispheric Cultural Studies

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Hammerhard, the neighbors, the Cackles, and other political figures in

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Hendrick, Joan D. (April 1996), "Tarnishing the Gilded Age. Review of

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As a nurse in a hospital ward, Lavinia speaks to wounded soldiers and

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distinguishes this novel from other historical romances at the time.

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populace, which formed the majority of the United States population.

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the town knew the doctor "was the one to give to the poor darkies,"

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María Amparo Ruiz de Burton: Critical and Pedagogical Perspectives

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for New York and Don Luis states his intention to sail south for

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No More Separate Spheres!: A Next Wave American Studies Reader

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family, the Norvals. The last fifty chapters occur during the

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and mineral wealth; hence the novel provides a critique of

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were poorly paid and discriminated against, into the novel

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Sánchez, Rosaura; Pita, Beatrice (1995), "Introduction",

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The second stage of the book proceeds in the style of a

3161:, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, pp. 129–144, 1803:, Ruiz de Burton witnessed the American invasion of 88: 80: 72: 62: 52: 44: 36: 3177: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2720: 2718: 1820:. The two were married in 1849, a year after the 3338:Literature by Hispanic and Latino American women 3026:Challenging Boundaries: Gender and Periodization 2953: 2702: 2687: 2675: 2648: 2633: 2431: 1832:, Ruiz de Burton was considered an outsider in 3051:, Indiana University Press, pp. 177–185, 2861: 2849: 2810: 2490: 2022:, leaving Lola under the care of Mrs. Norval. 2015: 1856:explain the way in which a fabulously wealthy 1685: 8: 2584: 2582: 1973:and spent her childhood as a captive of the 19: 3232:, Houston: Arte Público, pp. vii–lxv, 2896: 2833: 2831: 2783: 2744: 2724: 2475: 2451: 2419: 2910: 2908: 2872: 2870: 2531: 2529: 2501: 2499: 2107:Lavinia, like her canaries, is imprisoned. 1692: 1678: 1598: 1473: 1330: 1158: 988: 764: 602: 205: 131: 97: 25: 18: 3142:, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 3313:Novels set during the American Civil War 2663: 1053:Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza 3184:, New York: New York University Press, 2397: 1969:, Lola was born in the area around the 1541: 1476: 1439: 1333: 1285: 1267:Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts 1247: 1199: 1161: 1083: 1042: 1014: 991: 926: 829: 795: 767: 704: 671: 643: 605: 494: 339: 256: 208: 175: 134: 105: 2968: 2941: 2837: 2822: 2798: 2771: 2756: 2612: 2588: 2570: 2555: 2535: 2505: 2404: 1812:became American territory. During the 1795:was a native of the Mexican state of 7: 3262:Hispanic and Latino Americans portal 2914: 2876: 2517: 2241:. In addition, Mrs. Norval embodies 1034:UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center 3308:Hispanic and Latino American novels 3284:. The novel's entire text, online. 3078:(7), Old City Publishing, Inc.: 6, 2235:American annexation of Mexican land 1907:, who is left all-but-unnamed, and 1430:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal. 1367:Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co. 3097:and María Amparo Ruiz de Burton's 896:The Revolt of the Cockroach People 14: 2209:representation of the version of 2116:. When she decides to leave the 1808:remained Mexican territory while 1776:United States troops marching on 3328:J. B. Lippincott & Co. books 3254: 2220:is used in this novel to expose 1649: 117: 2376:After its publication in 1872, 1860:named Lola came to stay with a 1360:San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez 286:California agricultural strikes 3270:Ruiz de Burton, María Amparo, 1740:It details the struggles of a 861:From This Wicked Patch of Dust 1: 3176:Rivera, John-Michael (2006), 2213:criticized by Ruiz de Burton. 917:...y no se lo tragó la tierra 456:Occupation of Catalina Island 3091:Jacobs, Margaret D. (2001), 1952:— Dr. Norval to Mrs. Norval 1573:Indigenous Mexican Americans 1277:Self Help Graphics & Art 3333:Mexican-American literature 3138:Madsen, Deborah L. (1998), 3105:Western American Literature 3072:The Women's Review of Books 2075:The Rev. Mr. Hackwell is a 1995:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1822:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1719:Mexican-American literature 875:The Dirty Girls Social Club 248:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 20:Who Would Have Thought It? 3354: 3273:Who Would Have Thought It? 3230:Who Would Have Thought It? 3211:Who Would Have Thought It? 3099:Who Would Have Thought It? 3068:Who Would Have Thought It? 3045:Who Would Have Thought It? 2386:Who Would Have Thought It? 2378:Who Would Have Thought It? 2361:Who Would Have Thought It? 2183:Who Would Have Thought It? 2145:Who Would Have Thought It? 1842:Who Would Have Thought It? 1725:, in the aftermath of the 1706:Who Would Have Thought It? 1074:This Bridge Called My Back 820:Who Would Have Thought It? 57:J. B. Lippincott & Co. 3323:Novels set in New England 3303:American satirical novels 3213:, Houston: Arte Público, 3009:. Duke University Press. 2249:. Her position is also a 1989:during the Mexican War". 1578:Punjabi Mexican Americans 1310:Great Wall of Los Angeles 882:The House on Mango Street 734:Mexican-American folklore 466:Plan Espiritual de Aztlán 291:Cantaloupe strike of 1928 24: 3318:Novels set in California 2285:(white citizens), while 2271:(people of reason) from 1762:omniscient point of view 1656:United States portal 1067:The Church in the Barrio 927:Poetry and Short Stories 663:Mexican-American cuisine 504:1985–1987 cannery strike 31:First edition title page 3140:American Exceptionalism 2897:Sánchez & Pita 1995 2784:Sánchez & Pita 1995 2745:Sánchez & Pita 1995 2725:Sánchez & Pita 1995 2476:Sánchez & Pita 1995 2452:Sánchez & Pita 1995 2420:Sánchez & Pita 1995 2309:and oppressing Others. 2222:American exceptionalism 1752:(1857–1861), and 1395:Flores-Figueroa v. U.S. 1239:Royal Chicano Air Force 1098:Coyolxauhqui imperative 910:Under the Feet of Jesus 2214: 2205:(c. 1872), is an 2108: 1789: 1374:U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce 1257:Centro de Arte Público 1219:East Los Streetscapers 958:Pensamiento Serpentino 548:Great American Boycott 426:Las Adelitas de Aztlán 396:Conferencia de Mujeres 184:Anti-Mexican sentiment 3117:10.1353/wal.2001.0048 2954:de la Luz Montes 2002 2703:de la Luz Montes 2000 2688:de la Luz Montes 2000 2676:de la Luz Montes 2000 2649:de la Luz Montes 2002 2634:de la Luz Montes 2002 2432:de la Luz Montes 2000 2243:republican motherhood 2197: 2190:Allegory and metaphor 2106: 1775: 1750:attack on Fort Sumter 1711:semi-autobiographical 1452:Madrigal v. Quilligan 1409:Mendez v. Westminster 1346:Botiller v. Dominguez 1138:Youth control complex 514:2019 El Paso shooting 471:Plan de Santa Bárbara 366:Católicos por La Raza 296:Citrus Strike of 1936 238:San Elizario Salt War 209:Early-American Period 3298:1872 American novels 2917:, pp. 139–140, 2239:American imperialism 2172:Ruiz de Burton uses 1983:Mexican–American War 1816:, Burton served the 1801:Mexican–American War 1793:María Ruiz de Burton 1782:Mexican–American War 1727:Mexican–American War 1715:María Ruiz de Burton 1402:Leal Garcia v. Texas 1024:MAS Programs, Tucson 813:Living Up the Street 565:Justice for Janitors 431:Los Siete de la Raza 386:Colegio César Chávez 306:Mexican Repatriation 257:Pre-Chicano Movement 228:Mexican–American War 40:María Ruiz de Burton 2862:Ruiz de Burton 1995 2850:Ruiz de Burton 1995 2811:Ruiz de Burton 1995 2491:Ruiz de Burton 1995 2016:Ruiz de Burton 1995 1441:Federal Court cases 1335:Supreme Court cases 653:New Mexican cuisine 615:Abrazos, no balazos 536:Chicano Art Exhibit 509:1992 Drywall Strike 495:Post-Chicano Period 486:United Farm Workers 436:Los Seis de Boulder 421:Land grant struggle 411:Hijas de Cuauhtémoc 326:Sleepy Lagoon trial 101:Part of a series on 21: 2624:Ruiz de Burton xiv 2215: 2149:historical romance 2109: 2093:Henry Ward Beecher 1898:pro-Union Democrat 1814:American Civil War 1790: 1746:American Civil War 1477:Population by City 1353:Hernandez v. Texas 1262:Galería de la Raza 1229:Mujeres Muralistas 1128:Spiritual activism 782:Chicano literature 777:Chicana literature 582:South Central Farm 406:East L.A. walkouts 381:Chicano Moratorium 271:Bisbee Deportation 223:Las Gorras Blancas 3239:978-1-55885-081-1 3220:978-1-55885-081-1 3191:978-0-8147-7557-8 3168:978-0-8223-2265-8 3149:978-1-85331-209-0 3058:978-0-253-34014-6 3035:978-0-8203-2124-0 3016:978-0-8223-8343-7 2995:978-0-295-98681-4 2203:American Progress 2061:President Lincoln 1956: 1955: 1713:novel written by 1702: 1701: 1639: 1638: 1621:Mexican Americans 1586: 1585: 1526:Dallas–Fort Worth 1461: 1460: 1423:Perez v. Brownell 1416:Bernal v. Fainter 1388:Medellín v. Texas 1318: 1317: 1248:Art organizations 1146: 1145: 974: 973: 951:Moment of Silence 752: 751: 590: 589: 356:Black-brown unity 321:Porvenir Massacre 316:Plan de San Diego 311:Operation Wetback 191: 190: 111:Mexican Americans 96: 95: 73:Publication place 3345: 3283: 3282: 3281: 3264: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3242: 3223: 3204: 3194: 3183: 3171: 3152: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3086: 3061: 3038: 3020: 2998: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2912: 2903: 2894: 2888: 2874: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2801:, pp. 11–12 2796: 2790: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2722: 2713: 2700: 2694: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2646: 2640: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2586: 2577: 2568: 2562: 2553: 2547: 2533: 2524: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2473: 2467: 2454:, p. viii, 2449: 2438: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2402: 2302:gracias al sacar 2300:The paradigm of 2226:Manifest Destiny 2211:Manifest Destiny 2168:Irony and satire 2130:prisoners of war 2041:Manifest Destiny 1987:U.S. imperialism 1944: 1902:Secretary of War 1893:novel of manners 1742:Mexican-American 1694: 1687: 1680: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1599: 1474: 1331: 1234:Teatro Campesino 1159: 1060:Brown, Not White 1001:Chicana feminism 989: 868:Mexican WhiteBoy 840:Bless Me, Ultima 796:Autobiographical 765: 729:Lowrider bicycle 603: 570:Murder of Selena 481:Raza Unida Party 341:Chicano Movement 276:Bloody Christmas 206: 132: 121: 98: 64:Publication date 29: 22: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3343: 3342: 3288: 3287: 3279: 3277: 3269: 3260: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3240: 3227: 3221: 3208: 3198: 3192: 3175: 3169: 3156: 3150: 3137: 3129: 3127: 3090: 3065: 3059: 3042: 3036: 3023: 3017: 3002: 2996: 2983: 2980: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2913: 2906: 2895: 2891: 2879:, p. 122, 2875: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2723: 2716: 2705:, p. 204, 2701: 2697: 2686: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2647: 2643: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2591:, p. 110, 2587: 2580: 2569: 2565: 2554: 2550: 2534: 2527: 2516: 2512: 2504: 2497: 2489: 2485: 2474: 2470: 2450: 2441: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2374: 2357: 2319: 2287:gente sin razon 2273:gente sin razon 2265: 2260: 2192: 2170: 2165: 2142: 2120:and serve as a 2118:domestic sphere 2101: 2073: 2053: 2032: 2003: 1942: 1937: 1909:Abraham Lincoln 1858:Spanish Mexican 1850: 1838:Irish Catholics 1810:Alta California 1797:Baja California 1770: 1723:Henry S. Burton 1698: 1650: 1648: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1616:Chicano rappers 1596: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1537: 1471: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1435: 1328: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1281: 1243: 1200:Art Collectives 1195: 1156: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1079: 1038: 1010: 1006:Chicanafuturism 986: 984:Chicano studies 976: 975: 970: 922: 903:So Far from God 825: 791: 762: 754: 753: 748: 700: 667: 658:Tex-Mex cuisine 639: 625:Chicano English 600: 592: 591: 586: 576:Proposition 187 525:Arizona SB 1070 490: 371:Centro Cultural 335: 331:Zoot Suit Riots 281:Bracero program 266:1917 Bath riots 252: 203: 193: 192: 129: 81:Media type 65: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3351: 3349: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3290: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3266: 3265: 3249: 3248:External links 3246: 3245: 3244: 3238: 3225: 3219: 3206: 3196: 3190: 3173: 3167: 3154: 3148: 3135: 3111:(3): 212–231, 3088: 3063: 3057: 3040: 3034: 3021: 3015: 3000: 2994: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2973: 2961: 2946: 2934: 2904: 2889: 2866: 2854: 2842: 2827: 2815: 2803: 2791: 2776: 2764: 2749: 2737: 2727:, p. xv, 2714: 2695: 2680: 2668: 2656: 2641: 2626: 2617: 2605: 2578: 2563: 2548: 2538:, p. 91, 2525: 2510: 2495: 2483: 2468: 2439: 2424: 2412: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2373: 2370: 2356: 2353: 2331:gente de razon 2318: 2315: 2291:gente de razon 2277:Gente de razon 2269:gente de razon 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2191: 2188: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2141: 2138: 2122:military nurse 2100: 2097: 2072: 2069: 2052: 2049: 2031: 2028: 2002: 1999: 1979:Roman Catholic 1971:Colorado River 1954: 1953: 1949: 1948: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1849: 1846: 1769: 1766: 1735:Anglo-American 1733:elite and the 1700: 1699: 1697: 1696: 1689: 1682: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1602: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1583: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1561:Nuevomexicanos 1558: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1518: 1511: 1504: 1497: 1490: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1458: 1456: 1455: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1437: 1436: 1434: 1433: 1426: 1419: 1412: 1405: 1398: 1391: 1384: 1377: 1370: 1363: 1356: 1349: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1315: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1305:Estrada Courts 1302: 1297: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1282: 1280: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1242: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1181:Chicano cinema 1178: 1173: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1143: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1103:Gringo justice 1100: 1095: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1078: 1077: 1070: 1063: 1056: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1009: 1008: 1003: 997: 994: 993: 987: 982: 981: 978: 977: 972: 971: 969: 968: 961: 954: 947: 940: 932: 929: 928: 924: 923: 921: 920: 913: 906: 899: 892: 885: 878: 871: 864: 857: 850: 843: 835: 832: 831: 827: 826: 824: 823: 816: 809: 806:Always Running 801: 798: 797: 793: 792: 790: 789: 787:Chicano poetry 784: 779: 773: 770: 769: 763: 760: 759: 756: 755: 750: 749: 747: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 710: 707: 706: 702: 701: 699: 698: 693: 688: 683: 677: 674: 673: 669: 668: 666: 665: 660: 655: 649: 646: 645: 641: 640: 638: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 611: 608: 607: 601: 598: 597: 594: 593: 588: 587: 585: 584: 579: 572: 567: 562: 557: 550: 545: 538: 533: 528: 521: 516: 511: 506: 500: 497: 496: 492: 491: 489: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 416:Huelga schools 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 347: 344: 343: 337: 336: 334: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 262: 259: 258: 254: 253: 251: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 218:Josefa Segovia 214: 211: 210: 204: 199: 198: 195: 194: 189: 188: 187: 186: 178: 177: 173: 172: 171: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 137: 136: 130: 127: 126: 123: 122: 114: 113: 103: 102: 94: 93: 90: 86: 85: 82: 78: 77: 74: 70: 69: 66: 63: 60: 59: 54: 50: 49: 46: 42: 41: 38: 34: 33: 30: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3350: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3275: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3252: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3182: 3181: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3008: 3007: 3001: 2997: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2971:, p. 123 2970: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2774:, p. 110 2773: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2750: 2747:, p. xiv 2746: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2681: 2678:, p. 209 2677: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2664:Hendrick 1996 2660: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2615:, p. 224 2614: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2398: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2382: 2379: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2364:family life. 2362: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2336:sange de azul 2332: 2327: 2325: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2283: 2279:were Spanish 2278: 2274: 2270: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2247:republicanism 2244: 2240: 2236: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2105: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2078: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2036: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1945: 1939: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1905:Edwin Stanton 1903: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1868:(1861–1864). 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1799:. During the 1798: 1794: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1676: 1675: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1611:Chicano poets 1609: 1607: 1606:Chicano films 1604: 1603: 1601: 1600: 1592: 1591: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1467: 1466: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1410: 1406: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1382: 1381:Plyler v. Doe 1378: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1324: 1323: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1214:Culture Clash 1212: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1204: 1203: 1198: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1152: 1151: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1118:New tribalism 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1093:Barrioization 1091: 1090: 1088: 1087: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1019: 1018: 1015:Organizations 1013: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 998: 996: 995: 990: 985: 980: 979: 967: 966: 962: 960: 959: 955: 953: 952: 948: 946: 945: 941: 939: 938: 934: 933: 931: 930: 925: 919: 918: 914: 912: 911: 907: 905: 904: 900: 898: 897: 893: 891: 890: 886: 884: 883: 879: 877: 876: 872: 870: 869: 865: 863: 862: 858: 856: 855: 851: 849: 848: 844: 842: 841: 837: 836: 834: 833: 828: 822: 821: 817: 815: 814: 810: 808: 807: 803: 802: 800: 799: 794: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 774: 772: 771: 766: 758: 757: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 711: 709: 708: 703: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 678: 676: 675: 670: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 650: 648: 647: 642: 636: 633: 631: 630:Chicano names 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 612: 610: 609: 604: 596: 595: 583: 580: 578: 577: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 555: 551: 549: 546: 544: 543: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 526: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 501: 499: 498: 493: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 348: 346: 345: 342: 338: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 263: 261: 260: 255: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 215: 213: 212: 207: 202: 197: 196: 185: 182: 181: 180: 179: 174: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 140: 139: 138: 133: 125: 124: 120: 116: 115: 112: 108: 104: 100: 99: 91: 87: 83: 79: 76:United States 75: 71: 67: 61: 58: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 28: 23: 3278:, retrieved 3272: 3229: 3210: 3200: 3179: 3158: 3139: 3128:, retrieved 3108: 3104: 3098: 3094: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3048: 3044: 3025: 3005: 2985: 2964: 2949: 2937: 2892: 2864:, p. 28 2857: 2852:, p. 30 2845: 2840:, p. 12 2825:, p. 11 2818: 2813:, p. 29 2806: 2794: 2779: 2767: 2752: 2740: 2698: 2683: 2671: 2659: 2644: 2629: 2620: 2608: 2566: 2551: 2513: 2508:, p. 10 2486: 2471: 2427: 2422:, p. vi 2415: 2400: 2385: 2383: 2377: 2375: 2366: 2360: 2358: 2344: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2320: 2311: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2266: 2231: 2216: 2202: 2182: 2171: 2144: 2143: 2127: 2110: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2074: 2071:Mr. Hackwell 2066: 2054: 2037: 2033: 2024: 2004: 1991: 1957: 1930: 1913: 1890: 1886:Presbyterian 1877:abolitionist 1870: 1851: 1848:Plot summary 1841: 1791: 1739: 1709:(1872) is a 1705: 1704: 1703: 1631:Bibliography 1492:California ( 1450: 1428: 1421: 1414: 1407: 1400: 1393: 1386: 1379: 1372: 1365: 1358: 1351: 1344: 1300:Chicano Park 1272:Precita Eyes 1191:Tortilla art 1123:Rasquachismo 1072: 1065: 1058: 1051: 963: 956: 949: 944:I Am Joaquin 942: 935: 915: 908: 901: 894: 889:The Rain God 887: 880: 873: 866: 859: 854:Desert Blood 852: 845: 838: 819: 818: 811: 804: 739:Pancho Claus 714:Cal-Style VW 696:Tejano music 691:Chicano soul 686:Chicano rock 574: 560:Farah strike 552: 540: 523: 361:Brown Berets 2969:Aranda 2002 2944:, p. 4 2942:Alemán 2007 2838:Alemán 2007 2823:Alemán 2007 2799:Alemán 2007 2772:Madsen 1998 2757:Madsen 1998 2666:, p. 6 2613:Jacobs 2001 2589:Madsen 1998 2571:Rivera 2006 2556:Madsen 1998 2536:Rivera 2006 2506:Alemán 2007 2493:, p. ? 2405:Rivera 2006 2307:racializing 2207:allegorical 2045:brain fever 2030:Mrs. Norval 1926:brain fever 1862:New England 1780:during the 1556:Californios 1542:Multiethnic 1494:Los Angeles 1295:Balmy Alley 1176:Chicano art 1171:Chicana art 1108:Nahui Ollin 681:Chicano rap 531:Castro 2020 519:Abolish ICE 3292:Categories 3280:2008-10-18 3130:2008-09-30 2978:References 2956:, p. 2899:, p. 2786:, p. 2759:, p. 2690:, p. 2651:, p. 2636:, p. 2573:, p. 2558:, p. 2520:, p. 2478:, p. 2434:, p. 2407:, p. 2157:naturalism 2134:Washington 2077:Protestant 2007:the Senate 2001:Dr. Norval 1960:back story 1935:Characters 1854:flashbacks 1826:East Coast 1818:Union Army 1786:Carl Nebel 1768:Background 1754:flashbacks 1731:Californio 1513:Nebraska ( 1506:Michigan ( 1499:Illinois ( 1470:Population 1162:Visual Art 1155:Visual art 768:Literature 761:Literature 476:Quinto Sol 376:Chicanismo 301:La Matanza 243:Sonoratown 233:Mutualista 16:1872 novel 3125:160038457 2915:Pita 1998 2877:Ruiz 2004 2518:Ruiz 2004 2372:Reception 2324:catechism 2322:Catholic 2199:John Gast 1873:Southwest 1866:Civil War 1778:Monterrey 1758:Civil War 1551:Blaxicans 1485:Arizona ( 1286:Locations 1133:Vergüenza 965:The Moths 937:Emplumada 847:Caballero 744:Zoot suit 53:Publisher 2317:Religion 2282:criollos 2251:metaphor 2218:Allegory 2114:canaries 1967:hacienda 1917:Atlantic 1830:Catholic 1748:and the 1661:Category 1224:Los Four 1113:Nepantla 724:Lowrider 606:Language 176:Concepts 135:Identity 107:Chicanos 45:Language 3084:4022356 2931:quote 4 2927:quote 3 2923:quote 2 2919:quote 1 2885:quote b 2881:quote a 2733:quote b 2729:quote a 2711:quote b 2707:quote a 2601:quote c 2597:quote b 2593:quote a 2544:quote b 2540:quote a 2464:quote c 2460:quote b 2456:quote a 2348:convent 2153:realism 2099:Lavinia 2057:treason 1788:, 1851) 1626:Writers 1566:Tejanos 1531:Houston 1508:Detroit 1501:Chicago 705:Symbols 599:Culture 201:History 163:Pinta/o 158:Pachuco 153:Pachuca 148:La Raza 143:Chola/o 48:English 3236: 3217: 3188: 3165: 3146: 3123: 3095:Ramona 3082: 3055: 3032: 3013: 2992: 2355:Gender 2340:Vienna 2258:Themes 2178:satire 2051:Julian 1975:Apache 1964:Sonora 1882:Apache 1805:La Paz 1487:Tucson 1084:Theory 992:Fields 830:Novels 719:Homies 351:Aztlán 168:Xicanx 92:298 pp 37:Author 3121:S2CID 3080:JSTOR 2393:Notes 2174:irony 2163:Style 2147:is a 2140:Genre 2020:Egypt 2011:South 1834:Union 1666:Index 1595:Lists 1521:Texas 1515:Omaha 1043:Texts 1029:NACCS 672:Music 635:Órale 451:MEChA 128:Terms 89:Pages 84:Print 3234:ISBN 3215:ISBN 3186:ISBN 3163:ISBN 3144:ISBN 3053:ISBN 3030:ISBN 3011:ISBN 2990:ISBN 2788:xiii 2263:Race 2176:and 2155:and 2112:her 1940:Lola 1921:Cuba 1209:Asco 1186:Paño 644:Food 620:Caló 554:IRCA 542:DACA 461:PCUN 446:MAYO 441:MANA 391:CFMN 109:and 68:1872 3113:doi 3070:", 2958:179 2761:106 2692:209 2653:177 2638:178 2560:111 2522:112 2480:vii 2436:218 2132:in 1327:Law 401:CRP 3294:: 3119:, 3109:36 3107:, 3103:, 3076:13 3074:, 2929:, 2925:, 2921:, 2907:^ 2883:, 2869:^ 2830:^ 2731:, 2717:^ 2709:, 2599:, 2595:, 2581:^ 2575:93 2542:, 2528:^ 2498:^ 2462:, 2458:, 2442:^ 2409:82 2201:, 2047:. 1997:. 1928:. 1764:. 3243:. 3224:. 3205:. 3195:. 3172:. 3153:. 3134:. 3115:: 3101:" 3087:. 3062:. 3039:. 3019:. 2999:. 2901:x 2887:. 2735:. 2603:. 2546:. 2466:. 1784:( 1693:e 1686:t 1679:v 1517:) 1510:) 1503:) 1496:) 1489:)

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