Knowledge (XXG):Featured article candidates/George Washington and slavery/archive1

333:, the first sentence should tell the nonspecialist reader what, or who, the subject is, and should be in plain English. Here, the lead sentence says, "The relationship between George Washington and slavery was complex, contradictory and evolved over time." The vocabulary is in plain English, but I'm not so sure the gist is plain English. The lead sentence basically says it's all a muddy mess, and does not even hint about whether he owned slaves, whether that was unusual in his social context, and whether he evolved from opposing slavery to supporting it or vice versa. I would suggest something like "George Washington and slavery coexisted in the Virginia culture where he grew up, and his Mount Vernon plantation relied heavily upon slave labor, but in the 1780s he privately advocated the abolition of slavery, and later commanded in his will that his slaves be set free." Tons of info is packed into a lead sentence like that. 670:

some 8,000 acres (3,200 ha) encompassing five separate farms, initially planting tobacco but diversifying into grain crops in the mid 1760s. Washington's early attitudes to slavery reflected the prevailing Virginia planter views of the day; he demonstrated no moral qualms about the institution and referred to his slaves as 'a Species of Property.'" The size and structure of Mount Vernon gets into the weeds, and naming the specific crops does not obviously illuminate his relationship to slavery, so consider moving it out of the opening paragraph. I would remove the quote about "a Species of property" entirely from the lead, because that is merely how slavery was defined, and it also seems kind of unbalanced to use this as the sole GW quote about slavery in the lead when he said so much else about it during his life.

774:”. The lead should summarize the article’s main points in a nutshell. So the issue is whether you can convey how horrible slavery was without going into so much detail. Consider this material: “Field slaves were provided with a set of clothes each year which, due to the nature of their work, were quickly worn out. Domestic slaves who attended the Washingtons and came into regular contact with visitors were better clothed.“ Wouldn’t all of that have been just as true of paid workers? Keep it in the article body if you like, but for the lead it seems like too much. At most, it would seem sufficient to say in the lead that the slaves were often poorly clothed, if that was the case, and then all the detail can go in the article body. 555:

and the Creation of America, p. (2013). “The challenge, for a colonial historian at least, is to explain how a people could have developed the dedication to human liberty and dignity exhibited by the leaders of the American Revolution and at the same time have developed and maintained a system of labor that denied human liberty and dignity every hour of the day. The paradox is evident at many levels if we care to see it….Virginia produced the most eloquent spokesmen for freedom and equality in the entire United States: George Washington, James Madison, and, above all, Thomas Jefferson. They were all slaveholders and remained so throughout their lives.” Morgan, Edmund. The Challenge of the American Revolution (1978).

2150:"Washington inherited slaves from Lawrence, acquired more as part of the terms of leasing Mount Vernon and inherited slaves again on the death of Lawrence's widow in 1761." - this writing just sits wrong with me. Not just because it is morally wrong, but I feel like it could be written stronger, like "Washington inherited slaves through inheritance from Lawrence and later Lawrence's widow in 1761, as well as part of the terms of leasing Mount Vernon." - IDK, I think the writing has to be really careful when dealing with slavery, to be objective without being callous towards history and the truth. I'm not saying you are, either, I just want to have the strongest possible writing. 1745:"Washington's first doubts about slavery surfaced in the 1760s, when the transition from tobacco to grain crops at his Mount Vernon estate left him with a surfeit of slaves, prompting him to question the economic viability of slavery. " - this could be clearer why exactly the economics of the situation changed. Also, you you use the term "surfeit of slaves" three times in the article. Is that normal terminology when referring to a number of slaves? I realize it's long out of practice, but IDK, I had to look up what that word was. I'm all for fancy writing, as long as the average reader doesn't get lost 4667:

intimation of the emancipation clause in his will..."). Maybe the word "presaged" gives the wrong impression (and I've reworded it now to read "...a statement that resembled the emancipation clause in Washington's will..."), but I don't see how I've drawn any connection as a matter of fact. I do devote that paragraph to Wiencek's conclusion that the statement is evidence of a moral epiphany and the opinions of other historians who dispute that conclusion, per NPOV. I hope I have done it in a way that is neutral, fair and representative, but happy to have any failure in that pointed out.

5049:

this concern of Washington's to his motivation for freeing his slaves. It's a good point, though, and I've moved Henriques out of the footnote and into the main body. I would also point out that Washington's "closet abolitionist" sentiments are a matter of public record in his writings and covered extensively in the sources, so merit Knowledge (XXG)'s voice; the contrary view that he freed his slaves because of his concern for his place in posterity is only ever found in the analysis of historians, so warrants a little more care in how it's presented in the article, surely?

615:

second paragraph is much more specific, containing several dates and other numbers. The second (stylistic) reason why I like the first paragraph as-is is because it gives a roughly chronological introduction, and the second paragraph starts again with the eleven-year-old Washington, whereas combining the two paragraphs would make the reader jump back and forth in time. By the way, I’m traveling for the rest of this week, but will try to come back to this FAC upon returning home (assuming a virus-free trip!). Cheers.

4860:"In November the same year, Washington demonstrated in a letter to his friend and neighbor Alexander Spotswood that the reluctance to sell slaves at a public venue, first seen in his letter to Lund Washington in 1778, had become an emphatic principle against "selling Negroes, as you would Cattle in the market..."" Again, can we get inside Washington's head to that extent? I don't doubt that the source says that, but does that make it a fact that it was an "emphatic principle" of his that he "demonstrated"? 4919:"Washington went beyond the legal requirement to support and maintain younger slaves until adulthood, stipulating that those children whose education could not be undertaken by parents were to be taught reading, writing and a useful trade by their masters and then be freed at the age of twenty-five." Did Virginia law dictate that juvenile slaves could not be emancipated until age 25? The cynic in me says that this gives the master eight or ten years of mature labor. 5041:

than main text? The "closet abolitionist" view seems to be given more credence than alternative views throughout the article, generally it is given the last word and is sometimes set forth in Knowledge (XXG)'s editorial voice, something less true for contrary views. For example, at one point you say he "expressed his repugnance at owning slaves". That says he felt repugnance. Can we conclude that in editorial voice, or is it that he just expressed repugnance?

1286:"Washington's concern that his example...". Also, there has been a 6-hr biographical miniseries about Washington on the History Channel that just aired which dealt in part with his relationship to antebellum slaveholding. It might be of interest to readers if a section were added to the article which dealt with Washington's viewpoint in comparison to the other Virginia slaveholders, like Jefferson and other Founding Fathers. 483:

contradictory and evolved over time. He was a slaveowner..." This is basically the same construction as your now reverted edit. The advantages are that it allows the bolded title in a naturally flowing, accurate sentence. The disadvantage is that it does not state off the bat that GW was a slaveowner, per your original objection, but the few people in the world who don't know that quickly learn it in the very next sentence.

4499:"There is evidence that slaves passed on their African cultural values through telling stories, among them Joel Chandler Harris's tales of Br'er Rabbit which, with their origins in Africa and stories of a powerless individual triumphing through wit and intelligence over powerful authority, would have resonated with the slaves." This is confusing. They couldn't have been Harris's tales as he hadn't been born yet. 1453:

that his business was dependent on slavery and he did not have the cash to emancipate them. The question of how Washington the president was able to preserve slavery is answered by the facts that he believed it could be abolished only gradually by legislative means and that the unity of the nation was more important than resolving an issue that threatened to divide it. This is all covered in the article.

1031:: “Mention other topics and articles only if there is a reasonable possibility of a reader arriving at the article either by mistake or with another topic in mind....Ideally, limit hatnotes to just one at the top of the page or section. Multiple hatnotes may be appropriate when they serve different purposes, such as disambiguating topics with similar names and explaining redirects.” Moreover, per 1651:"In adulthood his personal slaveholding increased through inheritance, purchase and natural increase, and he gained control of dower slaves belonging to the Custis estate on his marriage in 1759 to Martha Dandridge Custis." - because you don't use the oxford comma in the first part of the sentence, it becomes a rather lengthy sentence. I suggest you split it into two to improve the writing.}} 2209:"On his marriage in 1759 to Martha Dandridge Custis, Washington gained control of eighty-four dower slaves which, although he had no legal title to them – they belonged to the Custis estate and were held in trust by Martha for the Custis heirs – he managed as his own property." - this should be two sentences, as it almost lost its meaning by the end. Also, "eighty-four" should be 84 per 1302:

writes, "Perhaps it had been hoped that Washington's example of benevolence toward his slaves would carry over to other members of his family." Neither definitively state that Washington actually intended his act to set an example, which is why I have phrased it in the same speculative way the sources have rather than the simpler version you suggest.

406:

loudspeakers—the title does not need to appear verbatim in the main text.” I don’t care a lot one way or the other, but am not sure it’s impossible to use the article title. Keep in mind that we’re just getting started here, so it would not be out of the question to modify the article title if that would facilitate its use in the opening sentence.

5483:. Given the substantive reviews this candidate has received, it would be a shame for it to drop out for want of a source review. If it gets to the stage where the Coords are considering archiving for this reason, would it be possible to give me a heads up and a final chance to see if I can't interest someone into undertaking such a review? 4574:"In 1774 he was a key participant in agreeing the Fairfax Resolves which, alongside the assertion of colonial rights, condemned the transatlantic slave trade on moral grounds." "agreeing the Fairfax Resolves" sounds a bit less US than I'd like, maybe start "In 1774 he was a key participant in the adoption of the Fairfax Resolves ..." 4689:"He had a keen sense both of the fragility of the fledgling Republic and of his place as a unifying figure, and he was determined not to endanger either by confronting an issue as divisive and entrenched as slavery." Again, is this fact or opinion? Should statements about what was going on in Washington's head be stated as fact? 5536:

time looking at the Westport Museum one to see if I could see more about what organization runs it, but it's used for one sentence that is supported by sources reproduced in the article, and there's clearly editorial control. Formatting looks perfect, and everything in the article is sourced. I have not done any spotchecks.

2337:"Although Washington insisted on an emotional distance between master and slave, there are examples of genuine affection, such as was the case with his valet William Lee" - I see you mention Lee in the lead, and later on he was freed, but if there was genuine affection, could you go into a bit more detail about Lee here? 3440:. I think I'm beginning to understand this better now. Presumably there was some sort of covenant in the will whereby Washington managed the estate but didn't actually own it until his brother's wife died. I think this probably needs explaining earlier on but as yet don't have a suggestion. A footnote perhaps? 5535:

I'm not familiar with the material at all, so can't comment on whether the best sources have been used, but the sources look scholarly and reliable -- there's a 1925 book, and a Youtube video, but both are fine for the use to which they're put. The websites all seem appropriate sources; I spent some

4312:

Some three-quarters of the slaves labored in the fields, while the remainder worked at the main residence as domestic servants and artisans. They supplemented their diet by hunting, trapping, and growing vegetables in their free time, and bought extra rations, clothing and housewares with income from

3011:

I carried out a partial/mini peer review in June last year and lots of work has been done on the article since. It looks in good shape IMHO - neutral, well-researched, comprehensive etc. I consider the prose to be of an FA standard and understand why you have chosen your words with caution. I do have

2906:

So I finished the article. I'm leaning oppose at the moment, because some of the wording feels more dramatic like it would be in a novel, rather than an encyclopedia article. I identified the places I had issues with, so it shouldn't be too difficult to address these issues. Please let me know if you

2013:

I have spent quite a lot of effort over the years trying to educate non-Brits about the difference between England and Britain, so I feel hugely embarrassed to have been caught out here. Thanks for catching that. Struggling to come up with a way of conveying the sentence with a more active voice. Any

1865:

Not being a part of that history, I'm only vaguely aware of the difficulties of terminology. One difficulty, as I understand it, is that a newly imported slave was an African, not an African-American. If this is a major issue then I can revisit it, but believe me, I know this is a minefield, which is

1513:

guidelines by setting out the subject in a nutshell, rooted firmly in the content of the article itself. Identifying that Washington was a Founding Father establishes his significance without having to choose between POTUS or general. It also allows us to meet the bolded title tradition, which is not

1342:

The opening sentence seems a bit dramatic for an encyclopedia entry, specifically the 4th word "paradox", which only appears in the first sentence. I feel like there's a better way of introducing that. I see there was a discussion above on it, and I'm not a huge fan of the wording. Maybe introduce it

1301:

Happy to address any issues with the prose, but the example you provided is written that way specifically to reflect what the sources say. Wiencek writes, "Washington may have believed that, given his immense prestige, his will would have some lasting influence on the debate over slavery." Hirschfeld

836:

That's a good question and similar to the point raised by JohnWickTwo below. From memory, the only distinctions that spring to mind is Washington's recognition of slave marriages, which weren't recognised in Virginian law, and his later reluctance to sell slaves at a public venue or separate families

746:

I'll see what I can do about reducing the length, but the narrative about the slaves' condition at Mount Vernon is every bit a part of the subject as the evolution of Washington's attitudes to the institution. That slave narrative, as it relates specifically to Washington, is covered at length in the

669:

says it should be written "without being too specific." If that guidance were more closely followed, I think the opening paragraph would be quite a bit shorter. Therefore, I would suggest moving this stuff out of the lead: "He put his slaves to work on his Mount Vernon estate, which in time grew to

171:

I'm not quite sure how to correctly address the PD tag issue for the list of taxable property. As effectively a tax return, I would assume this is part of the Federal Govt and therefore in the public domain. I have, however, added a PD-USGov-Congress tag to the licensing info on Commons, based on the

4338:

I don't see that the lead is any longer than other articles of comparable size I or others have successfully put through FAC. And to my way of thinking, there is something very dubious indeed about excising from the lead the enslaved community's story, a narrative that accounts for some one third of

4088:

It seems too much of a coincidence that this takes us to 1807. This leads me to question whether the act actually stipulated 20 years or whether there was some undetermined clause and it is the author's observation that after 20 years, the trade was dying out. Or is that indeed what we are trying to

2984:

Ha ha, yes, you certainly did give me a hard time in places, but that's only to be expected at FAC. I'm grateful for the support, but even more than that, I'm grateful for the time and effort you've given to reviewing the article, and the consequent improvements that have been made to it. Thank you.

1766:

Surplus works better. As for the economics, I was thinking something like - "Washington transitioned his estate from tobacco to grain crops, which left him with a surplus of slaves; this prompted him to first question the economic viability of slavery." IDK, some wording like that would more clearly

1412:

The challenge, for a colonial historian at least, is to explain how a people could have developed the dedication to human liberty and dignity exhibited by the leaders of the American Revolution and at the same time have developed and maintained a system of labor that denied human liberty and dignity

1104:

I’m probably going to oppose FA as the lead stands now. The lead paragraph is much too long, the lead sentence is awkward, Washington is not wikilinked on first use, the article title could easily be used in bold within the first sentence but is not, and the article omits pertinent and well-sourced

723:

Having three or four paragraphs in the lead is fine, but they are presently too long, and ought to be cut approximately in half, IMHO. Overly long paragraphs are hard to read. Much of this material could be moved out of the lead, and perhaps out of the article entirely to the extent that it merely

614:

Thanks for working through it. Regarding the current two-sentence opening paragraph, I like it broken from the second paragraph for two reasons. First, the rule says “The first paragraph should define or identify the topic with a neutral point of view, but without being too specific.“ The current

5131:

Washington's concern about how posterity would judge him is not a "contrary" or "alternative" view, but a complementary theme. The number of sentences Philip Morgan devotes to this aspect in his 27-page paper doesn't hit double figures. Henriques disposes with it in maybe two sentences of a 22-page

5048:

That footnote comes from the paragraph which discusses the idea that Washington freed his slaves out of concern for his reputation. It is not, however, an idea that receives significant coverage in the sources. Note that in the footnote, of the four sources quoted, only Henriques specifically links

4325:

Because many of his slaves were married to Martha's dower slaves, whom he could not legally free, Washington stipulated that, with the exception of his valet William Lee who was freed immediately, his slaves be emancipated on the death of Martha. She freed them in 1801, a year before her own death,

1884:

says "For many other individuals, communities and countries, "black" is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, and as a result is neither used nor defined, especially in African cultures with little to no colonial history. Some have pointed out that

1417:

is evident at many levels if we care to see it….Virginia produced the most eloquent spokesmen for freedom and equality in the entire United States: George Washington, James Madison, and, above all, Thomas Jefferson. They were all slaveholders and remained so throughout their lives.” Morgan, Edmund.

1155:

The article devotes the first paragraph of the American Revolution section to the paradox (and does so thanks to the input in these reviews). The question of how Washington, having fought a war in the name of liberty, could still tolerate slavery is discussed throughout the article, examples being:

5040:

The article seems to accept the narrative that Washington became something of a closet abolitionist in the final two decades of his life. An alternative view, that he did and said the things he did with an eye to his place in history seems to be present in footnote k. Why is this a footnote rather

3981:

Hmm. Not sure about the "on average" bit. The source basically says that by the war's end, some 200,000 men had been mobilized, of which some 6,000 (i.e. 3%) were African-Americans. It's slightly vague because the only year for which actual figures are available is 1778, so the rest represents the

2028:

It only caught my eye because I saw another British reference to an early American colony in GA review for another article. I suggest something like - "The English colony of Virginia first imported African slaves to Point Comfort in 1619." Is that still accurate? Something like that would make the

1783:

I've thought long about this. The key point here is that Washington's first misgivings about the institution of slavery were based entirely on economic considerations. That's the first step in the sequence that the rest of the paragraph details. Leaving it until the end of the sentence weakens the

1577:

I think the proposed sentence by Factotem works well, as his role as founding father refers to both his status as president and his role in the revolution, and it provides a good summary. I was waiting on commenting to see how you would resolve the first paragraph, which remains my main issue with

1467:

Hurricanehink suggests putting into the lead sentence that Washington was the first POTUS. I think it's much more relevant that he led a war in the name of liberty, and the sources cited in my previous comment seem to bear that out. In any event, it would be wise to include something in the lead

1452:

preserved slavery is not the concern of this article. How Washington approached the subject is, and is (I believe, otherwise I would not have submitted it to FAC) comprehensively covered in the article. The question of how Washington the farmer was able to preserve slavery is answered by the facts

1386:

It is the paradox of George Washington and slavery that the man who successfully fought a war in the name of liberty owned slaves his entire adult life. He became uneasy with an institution that was ingrained in the economic and social fabric of his native Virginia, and ultimately provided for the

1264:

Hi, I think it's time to close the review now. FWIW I feel the "paradox" wording suggests an essay rather than an encyclopedic entry, and the first sentence as it is (and as given immediately above) works pretty well. OTOH there might well be an argument to to make this first sentence a standalone

769:

At this point, I won’t suggest excluding any of it from the article body, it’s just a question of how much to put in the lead. Covering it in the lead is fine, if it’s not too long. A lot of generic material about slavery can go in this article body, and you can also link to it in the lead using

554:

As I said, it is the central paradox of this article. Historians take that view as well: “ow is it that the Revolution preserved slavery? George Washington, the slaveholder who led the war for liberty, personifies that paradox.” Wiencek, Henry. An Imperfect God; George Washington, His Slaves,

405:

Looks much better to me, I made a few minor tweaks. Regarding a bolded part of the lead sentence, the guidance is as follows: “If possible, the page title should be the subject of the first sentence. However, if the article title is merely descriptive—such as Electrical characteristics of dynamic

2045:

I'm not knowledgeable on the subject of slavery in the colonies, but from what I have read, it appears the origins are not fully known. The Knowledge (XXG) article on slavery suggests that the first slaves were taken by privateers from a Portugese ship, not imported by the colony of Virginia as a

1539:

Finally, I would point out that Morgan's work addresses that wider issue more than the specifics of Washington's position, and lists only four pages in the index for Washington (and the two of them that I can view in gbooks preview are pretty much passing references). Wiencek does indeed link the

1285:

A short comment about the narrative style and your general approach. Its currently an interesting theme article which might use a general reading with an eye to tighten the narrative in places. For example, the phrase "Any hopes Washington may have had that his example...", could be simplified to

792:

in the lead, which you've mentioned twice now. Everything in this article about the slave condition is specific to Washington's slaves, and I'm not sure what value linking to a generic article, which is anyway linked to as a hatnote at the beginning of the Background section, will bring. I do see

420:

I can suggest this, without any title change: “George Washington and slavery coexisted; he was a slaveowner his entire adult life, but became uneasy with an institution that was ingrained in the economic and social fabric of his native Virginia, and ultimately provided for the emancipation of his

3817:

In the opening sentences, there are two quotes from Washington that mention slavery. What do the sources say he means? I have heard both quotes before, and in a different context, they sound like Washington is referring to himself and his fellow colonials as slaves of the British Empire, and not

1558:

Both Hurricanehink & I have said the second sentence of the lead is fine, you did a good job on it, and it says “He became uneasy with an institution that was ingrained in the economic and social fabric of his native Virginia, and ultimately provided for the emancipation of his slaves in his

939:

I have scanned through the main source on that aspect and added information in the main body about how Washington's practices compared with general practice. I've also recast the 2nd para of the lead to better summarise the key points of the "Slavery at Mount Vernon" section, including a mention

539:

Washington owned slaves from age eleven until his death at sixty-seven. Over that lifetime he set not one single slave free, nor did he ever publicly lend his weight, either in terms of his considerable personal reputation or the high office he held, to the abolitionist cause. I don't think it's

5336:

Radicalized is more appropriate. Although it's not necessary to relate the details in this article, Washington was amongst the first to talk of a resort to arms and, whilst most of the rebellious colonials were still appealing to the King for the redress of their grievance, the first to talk of

3855:

I've added a sentence about the apparent hypocrisy of slave owners fighting a war to free themselves from what they saw as enslavement by the British. As you might see from other discussions above, it is a paradox that the nation which rebelled in the name of liberty preserved slavery when that

1594:

The story of Washington and slavery as discussed in the sources that deal specifically with that subject is not about the question of how a man who led a war in the name of liberty could own slaves. It is about the evolution in the attitude of a man who went from unquestioning acceptance of the

851:

Okay, if stuff in the second paragraph of the lead reflected general practice, then I think that ought to be briefly mentioned at the start of the second paragraph. My preference, though, would be to start the second paragraph by saying his practices matched general Virginia practice, but with

98:

Relatively little attention has been given in the sources to the subject of George Washington and Slavery in comparison to other aspects of the life of a founding father and first president of the US. This article draws primarily on the three books and four papers that focus specifically on the

2513:

There are accounts of carpenters being whipped in 1758 when the overseer "could see a fault", of a slave called Jemmy being whipped for stealing corn and escaping in 1773 and of a seamstress called Charlotte being whipped in 1793 by an overseer "determined to lower Spirit or skin her Back" for

4666:

No. The statement recorded by Humphreys and the terms of the will are both public record, and the similarities between the two are specifically mentioned by Wiencek ("The statement bears a striking resemblance to the emancipation clause in Washington's will...") and Philip Morgan ("Here is an

2284:"For Washington, "lost labour is never to be regained," and he required "every labourer (male or female) as much in the 24 hours as their strength without endangering the health, or constitution will allow of." " - is this quote also from the former slave, mentioned in the previous sentence? 1562:

Regarding the first sentence of the lead, I still think it is much more relevant that he led a war for liberty, than that he was a founding father. Slavery, after all, is the opposite of liberty. Readers would like to know if George Washington was a hypocrite for supporting liberty but also

888:

Whatever you put in the lead about the practice of slavery at Mt. Vernon, the reader should be told whether it’s typical or atypical. Same for the article body. I personally find the atypical stuff more interesting, more revealing about Washington, and therefore more useful to put into this

584:

Looks good, although he was just getting started by winning the war. He also won the peace, by presiding over the constitutional convention and serving as president, in both instances establishing a very stable federal government that respected the political liberty and individual liberty of

4889:"The deferral was intended to postpone the pain of separation that would occur when his slaves were freed but their spouses among the dower slaves remained in bondage, a situation which affected twenty couples and their children." What facts is this based on? I'm talking about the "intended". 3840:

How deeply do you feel that these quotes are relevant and necessary? Again, on a second reading, I can see what is being said but because this section (and indeed much of the article) is about Washington's attitude to slavery, it does seem that they are included for the purpose of suggesting

1159:

as a slave owning farmer in the "Confederation years" section ("Washington did not let principle interfere with business; he still needed labor to work his farms, and there was little alternative to slavery.") and the "As Virginia farmer" section ("In addition to political caution, economic

585:

non-slaves. So maybe tweak it to say, "It is the paradox of George Washington and slavery that the man who successfully fought a war and established a government in the name of liberty also owned slaves his entire adult life.” But if you don’t like that, then your version would work, IMHO.

4831:"Washington concluded his instructions with a private passage in which he expressed his repugnance at owning slaves and declared the principle reason for selling the land was to raise the finances that would allow him to liberate them." How was this more private than the rest of the letter? 2378:

Fair point. Changed carnal to sexual. I'm not sure what the issue is with "charges"; isn't that recognised as meaning people the overseers were in charge of? I could write it as "sexual relations with the slaves over whom they were in charge" or similar, but that seems unnecessarily wordy.

482:

That's still stating the obvious in the first sentence, and "apprehensive" in the second is not at all an accurate way of describing it. The only way I can see of getting the bolded title into the first sentence is with "The relationship between George Washington and Slavery was complex,

212:

OK. There's no specific attribution, but logically it can only have been Washington himself, or possibly an agent of his. I also cannot find anything that would suggest a publication date. Grateful for any advice you might be able to give, otherwise I'll just remove it from the article.

1676:" He provided his slaves with basic food, clothing and accommodation comparable to general practise at the time but not always adequate, and with medical care." - the "medical care" part feels like an afterthought, but it could arguably be mentioned alongside food/clothing/accommodation 1265:

paragraph, as it establishes immediately and by itself the main thrust of the article, whereas the following sentence and after is more in the way of background. I don't think that should be a deal-breaker for anyone though, so will leave that to post-promotion action (or not). Cheers,

688:

Fair enough. I will cut some of the detail about Mount Vernon's development, but the transition from planter to farmer was a significant point in the evolution of Washington's attitude to slavery and warrants a mention in the lead. You make a good point about the quote - I'll cut that.

4640:

I did wonder when I wrote that whether I would be allowed to get away with it. Reworded to "...how willing the antislavery faction was to accept the preservation of slavery to ensure national unity and the establishment of a strong federal government." Slavery, not the slave trade.

4713:"...he had an extraordinary grasp of the symbolic function of his office as a unifying force for the new nation. Even the most cursory examination of the political correspondence of the period indicates how important Washington was in holding the fabric of the new nation together." 4313:

the sale of game and produce. They built their own community around marriage and family, though because Washington allocated slaves to farms according to the demands of the business without regard for their relationships, many husbands lived separately from their wives and children

5018:(which I've clarified in the edit) is based on the statement in the source that he was "instrumental in founding the first French society for the elimination of the slave trade." Clarified that he became a corresponding member of the British movement against the slave trade. 821:

You’ve said in the lead that his views reflected prevailing Virginia planter views of the day. Did his practices, that you describe in the lead’s second paragraph, likewise reflect prevailing practices at comparable Virginia plantations of the day, or were there substantial

5245:"Privately, Washington considered plans in the mid 1790s to free all the slaves he controlled, but they could not be realized because of his failure to secure his own financial security and the refusal of his family to cooperate." Is "could not" too strong? Maybe "were not". 4724:

I understand the need for caution in conflating fact with opinion, but the sources on which I've based that sentence are pretty clear in their assertions, it's not for us to second guess them, and there are no other sources that I know of which dispute what they are saying.

2006:"Slavery was introduced into the British colony of Virginia when the first Africans were transported to Point Comfort in 1619" - for such an important and academic discussion about slavery, I don't think you should use passive voice. Also, was it really British back in 1619? 1035:, “When a Knowledge (XXG) article is large, it is often written in summary style. This template is used after the heading of the summary, to link to the subtopic article that has been summarized....Use of this template should be restricted to the purposes described above.” 1885:

labeling people groups "black" is erroneous as the people described as "black" have a brown skin color." I just quoted that from its lead, but it makes me think that you should use African-American consistently, or some other wording, like "people of African descent". ♫

1400:

that discussion of a "paradox" looks odd if it's only in the opening paragraph. So, regardless of what is done with the opening paragraph, I recommend paraphrasing the following material (already provided above) in the body of the article (with the two footnotes):

4129:

I did wonder why you picked up on the year. From memory, the abolitionist tendency began agitating for the end of the slave trade as soon as it was permitted per the terms of the agreement, i.e. 1807, but the law stopping it did not come into effect until 1808.

1163:

as president in the "As President" section ("He had a keen sense both of the fragility of the fledgling Republic and of his place as a unifying figure, and he was determined not to endanger either by confronting an issue as divisive and entrenched as slavery".

2667:- repugnance feels like a strong word here, especially when you say later "The historians Philip D. Morgan and Peter Henriques are skeptical of Wiencek's conclusion and believe there is no evidence of any change in Washington's moral thinking at this stage" 4896:

Washington's own words as written in the will: "To emancipate them during her life, would...be attended with such insuperable difficulties on account of their intermixture by Marriages with the dower Negroes, as to excite the most painful sensations..."

4926:

The law did not set any age limits on emancipation, only that males under 21 and females under 18 and anyone over 45 had to be supported by the person who freed them. The sources don't make an issue of the fact that they remained enslaved until age 25.

2456:"Thus it was that Judge, an especially talented seamstress, and Hercules escaped in 1796 and 1797 respectively and eluded recapture." - you mentioned Hercules earlier as the chef. Is it worth mentioning that occupation again here? Might be worth it, IDK 1486:

My concern here is that the first sentence leans towards the wider question of how the Revolution fought in the name of liberty preserved slavery rather than the contradictions in Washington's attitudes towards the institution. I suggest the following:

4659:"a statement that presaged Washington's emancipation of his slaves in his will a decade later." Isn't this opinion? Washington's inconsistent words and actions re slavery are clear but you seem to be drawing a connection here as a matter of fact. 4303:

The lead is possibly too long but the article is very large. I can't see much that can be removed here but if you can, go ahead. It's important to keep in mind however, that the lead should properly summarise the article. Perhaps consider losing

1595:

institution to disillusion with it, but retained slaves anyway. The article reflects that, and now the consensus appears to be that the Founding Father sentence I proposed properly introduces the article, per MOS guidelines. I'm going with that.

5277:

The source is not very expansive on this. It simply says ", racial slavery and the necessary police powers had been written into law...In 1705 Virginia gathered up the random statutes of a whole generation and baled them into a 'slave code'..."

435:

That GW & slavery co-existed is self-evident and doesn't need stating. I think we should avoid trying to shoe-horn the title in just so that there's something to bold. That's how I ended up with the now rejected first sentence, and anyway

1105:

material about the paradox of fighting for liberty while engaging in slavery. It’s an interesting article, I just don’t think it’s the best of the best. But I will wait and see what happens before definitely opposing the gold star. Cheers.

3162:

The original wording reflected the fact that there were one or two artisans employed somewhere other than the main residence (if memory serves, carpenters at the Dogue Run mill), but this is a level of detail that does not need covering.

852:

limited exceptions such as X, Y, and Z (i.e. remove run-of-the-mill stuff from the second paragraph and only include the stuff Washington did differently). Both the run-of-the-mill stuff and the aberrations could go in the article body.

1071:

I think this article has a lot of FA potential. My comments so far have focused on the lead. I have to bow out for a while at least, so I hope other editors will go ahead and make suggestions regarding the body of the article. Take

3022:

As this hasn't been adequately explained yet, either link Mount Vernon in the lead or change to 'his family's estate'. My preference would be to do both say something like, "...317 slaves at his family's estate, Mount Vernon". Or

4754:

My ignorance of the early American political system (and indeed, the system generally) is probably showing through here. Reworded to "He was president of a government that passed...", but happy to hear of any better alternative.

569:

Fair enough, but my objection to the wording still stands. What about "It is the paradox of George Washington and slavery that the man who successfully fought a war in the name of liberty owned slaves his entire adult life."?

3511:

Ha ha, yes. Good point. Reworded to state "listed" rather than "controlled". The six were mentioned to avoid the eagle-eyed doing maths and pointing out that the numbers don't add up, but I've moved that into a footnote now.

2363:"There is evidence to suggest that white overseers – working in close proximity to slaves under the same demanding master and physically and socially isolated from their own peer group, a situation that drove some to drink – 2551:

Maybe it's a britishism, but "lash out" does not mean to whip someone, it means to lose one's temper in an aggressive manner, either by striking someone or ranting at them. Is there an equivalent phrase in American English?

1026:

There is currently a hatnote containing three links: “Main articles: George Washington, Slavery in the colonial United States, and Slavery in the United States”. It would be better to work these links into the lead. Per

599:

Seems that between us we've come up with quite a neat solution. Thanks for that. I'm not sure the short first para has any basis in guideline, and don't see the problem in merging the current first two paras, but meh.

3676:

The source does not explicitly say, but my assumption was that shorn wool is easier to steel than wool still attached to the sheep, and the washing of wool gave more opportunity for theft than the washing of sheep.

1123:, the lead summarises the most important details of the article. The guidelines on length are vague, and in a c.9,400-word article there is inevitably much ground to cover. Washington is not linked on first use per 2344:

Don't see that as necessary. The point is the genuine affection, with Lee provided only as an example, not about Washington's relationship with Lee. I think that level of detail is best left to the article on Lee.

1708:

No, I think I read it the same way once or twice during reading through. Amended to read "by feigning illness, and by running away." The "by" reinforces the comma in separating the items in the list. Work for you?

5329:"From the late 1760s, Washington became increasingly radicalized against the North American colonies' subservient status within the British Empire". "radicalized against" sounds odd to me. I suggest "opposed to". 1422:

As to whether the lead should be re-jiggered, I agree that it would be nice to get a link to GW in the lead sentence, as long as we also use the title in bold per usual Knowledge (XXG) practice, maybe like this:

863:

I'm not sure I understand what you're driving at here. The narrative in the main body about the slave condition, in the "Slavery at Mount Vernon" section, represents approximately one third of the article. Per

2431:"betray the level of resistance" - this wording also feels needlessly complex. IDK, it doesn't sit well with me; you want the wording to be strong and engaging, but you don't want to confuse the reader either. 1311:

I will have another scan through the sources I have, but from memory, very little mention is made in the secondary sources of any comparison between Washington and other Virginia/Founding-Father slaveholders.

4633:"and how willing the antislavery faction was to sacrifice abolition on the altar of national unity" This seems a bit flowery. And are we talking about abolition of slavery, or abolition of the slave trade? 2882:"As of late 2017, an archaeological project begun in 2014 has identified, without disturbing the contents, sixty-three burial plots in addition to seven plots known before the project began." - any update? 1784:

prose, IMO. How about "Washington's first doubts about slavery were entirely economic, prompted by his transition from tobacco to grain crops in the 1760's which left him with a costly surplus of slaves."

3236:

I like to re-link things in the main body, so probably would add a link to 'slavery' here but up to you. If you're not the sort who does this, consider whether the link to 'Mount Vernon' needs removing.

4549:"The output of seamstresses dropped off when Martha was away, and spinners found they could slacken by playing the overseers off against Martha. " Is the first Martha meant to be George, or Washington? 5007:"He became a leading figure in antislavery movements in France and Great Britain." When? Lafayette had a lot on his plate starting not long after 1786 and I'm not aware he spent much time in Britain. 3926:

The sources are not clear, though there are implications that African-Americans served alongside whites in mixed-race regiments and Wiencek quotes a primary source that explicitly states they did so.

1752:

I replaced surfeit with surplus throughout. Is that also enough to clarify what changed about the economics? I'm hesitant to expand on that in the lead as it would be too much, I think, for the lead.

454:

Okay, I agree. The rule says, “If the article's title does not lend itself to being used easily and naturally in the opening sentence, the wording should not be distorted in an effort to include it.“

2940:

Thanks for the replies! The article is really looking to be in good shape, and it won't take me much to support. There are just a few points that still don't sit well with me, which I replied to. ♫

2926:

Thanks again. I appreciate you taking the time out of your day to provide feedback. I've addressed the majority of issues you've raised in this second tranche, though in some cases with a pushback.

1609:

Much appreciated. I wonder whether the first sentence needs a comma or two - after "slaveowner" and "slavery" is what I'd suggest personally. I think the lead is a lot stronger than what it was. ♫

2961:

Thanks so much for all of your hard work on this significant historic article. I hope my comments weren't too arduous or pedantic, but I truly believe they helped the article, and so I'm happy to

2600:, so a president hitting someone with their boots is worth noting, even if it requires a few extra words. I'd rather the article be specific, if possible, than use the more generic "lash out". ♫ 2582:

The slaves received both harsh words and more physical rebukes, but a hefty clip round the ear or a pair of boots being launched at the head is not a flogging, which has a very specific meaning.

2566:

If by "lash out" you include striking someone, then that would be notable, and contradictory to GW not flogging the slaves. You could say "did on occasion verbally berate when they failed..." ♫

3503:

I don't think he controlled the dead ones. Presumably we don't know the actual number of dead so deducting them isn't an option. Perhaps we can reword slightly? Again, as yet, no suggestions.

2115:"In 1671, Virginia counted 6,000 white indentured servants among its 40,000 population but only 2,000 blacks, up to a third of whom in some counties were free." - this should be two sentences 2817:

OK. The original is technically correct, but the single "her" is not wrong, and it's only a matter of time before someone else removes it thinking it is a duplicate word error, so removed.

4481:

To quote the source, "...the slaves received at most only one blanket per year." Thompson discusses the ambiguity in the primary sources surrounding whether blankets were issued annually.

2367:." - the "there is evidence" doesn't sit well with me (seems vague/peacock-y), and the last part (in bold) just feels like it's out of a history book written in the 1800s. The article on 2737:

There's one instance of the indefinite article - "...a Continental Army that was more integrated..." - which is, I believe, a perfectly legitimate construction (and an elegant one IMO).

1849:

Yea, it's an issue with the term. Is "blacks" really the best term to make it non-biased and encyclopediac? Later in the article you say the much more appropriate "African Americans". ♫

1090:

Unfortunately it looks as though this candidate is headed for the archive bin for lack of reviewers. But thanks for your input; it has generated improvements. Take care & stay safe.

4474:"Washington provided slaves with a blanket each fall at most, which they used for their own bedding and which they were required to use to gather leaves for livestock bedding." at most? 1701:"and as another source of income, feigning illness and running away." - I'm probably reading this wrong, but how can feigning illness be another source of income? The wording is unclear 4806:"the estate had grown by only 10 percent to some 8,000-acre (3,200 ha)" Is this a reference to what he owned (some of which was operated by tenant farmers) or what he himself operated? 793:

what you mean about the second para in the lead though - I was never quite happy with that myself. I will look into reworking it to be a little more summary and a little less detail.

237:

The papers had all come into government possession by 1849, and the Library of Congress released microfilm reproductions in 1964 and digitised images on its website in 1998 (source:

5132:

chapter. I don't see what more I can add to the article on this aspect that isn't already there. I've spent the best part of the day looking into this, and I'm not sure the article

4867:

Reworded to "Washington declared in a letter to his friend and neighbor Alexander Spotswood that he was "...principled agt. selling Negroes, as you would Cattle in the market...""

3856:

rebellion was won. Whilst that paradox is not central to this article, it would be remiss not to mention Washington's contribution to it. So yes, I think the quotes are important.

728:. I recall reading that James Madison equipped his slaves with umbrellas, and if Washington did anything unusual like that, then it would be more suitable for this article's lead. 4376:

Thank you for the thorough review. I'm very happy for the support, but even if you had chosen to oppose, your input has materially improved the article, for which I am grateful.

1160:

imperatives remained an important consideration with regard to Washington's personal position as a slaveholder and his efforts to free himself from his dependency on slavery.");

3691:

Mmmm, okay. I thought sheep were always washed before because it's easier to wash wool while it's still on the sheep. Happy to let it stand though. BTW I think you mean steal,

2616:

The details have always been there in the footnote at the end of the sentence, but I've expanded the sentence now to read "but he did on occasion lash out in a flash of temper

5063:

I suppose so. The issue with "expressed repugnance" with "expressed his repugnance" is the latter implies he felt it. Compare "expressed sadness" vs. "expressed his sadness".

4531:

I don't see that implication myself, even after it's been pointed out. Not sure how to address this. Maybe "and some of Lawrence's slaves are known to have been christened."?

4506:

Good catch. Deleted the reference to Harris. To explain, the tales were in circulation before Harris published them (and in fact he learned of them as a teenager from slaves)

5270:"The institution was rooted in race with the Virginia Slave Codes of 1705". Rooted in race because the code said that only Africans could be slaves? If so, you should say so. 525:

Food for thought: “George Washington and slavery paired a man known for advancing human freedom with its antithesis....”. This is the central contradiction of this article.

4705:"Recognizing his public and symbolic role as figurehead for the revolution and the new nation, he realized that to speak out on such a sensitive issue would be foolhardy." 970:

The external links give only one link to mountvernon.org but it might be very useful to list and briefly describe the relevant web pages at mountvernon.org. For example,

2157:

Struggling to see what's wrong with the original wording. Will come back to this, but I will say that "inherited slaves through inheritance" is not, IMO, an improvement.

4985:

Reworded to "Washington's attempts to disentangle himself from slavery..." (based on the source which words it as: "attempts to extricate himself from the institution")

497:

It’s kind of tedious to dwell on the first couple sentences, but it usually turns out to be worth it. We can come back to it, maybe others will be able to cut the knot.

2494:

Attributed quote to Washington. The quote is there as a window on Washington's attitude to slavery, that he saw their diligent acquiescence to slavery as their duty.

3826:

It is unambiguously clear from the source that Washington is referring to the colonials as slaves of the British, not to the institution of slavery in the colonies.

3962:"They represented less than three percent of all American forces mobilized, though in 1778 they provided between six and thirteen percent of the Continental Army" 1625:

I did consider commas, but I don't think they work. Certainly, commas after slaveowner and slavery would create a parenthetical clause where none should exist.

1308:

As much as I enjoy dramatised documentaries designed for popular consumption, I don't think they're the kind of high quality, scholarly source expected at FAC;

40: 3448:

I've clarified the leasing by rewording the sentence to state "He leased Mount Vernon from Lawrence's widow two years after his brother's death in 1752..."

5497:

Hi, I don't think we've ever archived a nom for want of a source review and I wasn't planning to set a precedent now -- let's see what turns up... Cheers,

4524:"and some of the Mount Vernon slaves are known to have been christened before Washington acquired the estate." This implies he put an end to such things. 4449:"In 1799, nearly three-quarters of the slaves, over half of that quantity female, worked in the fields. " I might say " ... over half of them female ..." 1981:"Politically, Washington was concerned that such a divisive issue as slavery should not threaten national unity,"- how come you link slavery again here? 837:

by sale. Those are already covered in the article. I'll check through the sources tomorrow to see if there's anything that can be added on that subject.

5140:

its preponderance in the sources. Can you clarify your concerns about the "repugnance" example? I'm not sure I understand what you're getting at there.

2046:

deliberate act of commerce. I would also note that the source also uses the passive voice: "...the first Africans were brought to Jamestown in 1619..."

1194:

It's unfortunate that I cannot convince you that the article is worthy of a star, but I do appreciate the time you've given to reviewing it. Thank you.

5220:"His public words and deeds at the end of the American Revolutionary War betrayed no antislavery sentiments." It would be helpful to add the date here. 3573:

Do the sources consider this to be unusual thing to do? I provide my car with costly servicing and fuel but only because I want it to continue working.

1525:

The statement about slavery being ingrained into colonial Virginia is, I think, worth keeping, and can be moved to the the start of the next sentence.

241:), so failing the above, is there a license relating to a government-published document owned by the government, even if not originally created by it? 2266:

Thank you. Appreciate your input. I've responded above and made changes to the article accordingly. There are some points I need to think on further.

666: 330: 293:

OK. I've replaced the LoC lic tag with PD-old-70 and added a statement about the assumption of authorship to the Commons info. Thanks for your help.

5653: 5623: 5608: 5586: 5568: 5553: 5520: 5506: 5492: 5473: 5451: 5433: 5411: 5393: 5375: 5346: 5320: 5287: 5261: 5236: 5204: 5186: 5163: 5149: 5122: 5104: 5075: 5058: 5027: 4994: 4965: 4936: 4906: 4876: 4847: 4822: 4793: 4764: 4734: 4699:"Washington's cautiousness...stemmed from his sense of his own leadership positions and from the divisive nature of slavery in the young republic." 4676: 4650: 4620: 4606: 4590: 4565: 4540: 4515: 4490: 4465: 4440: 4415: 4385: 4370: 4348: 4287: 4265: 4217: 4182: 4139: 4124: 4106: 4070: 4038: 4005: 3991: 3949: 3935: 3895: 3881: 3865: 3850: 3835: 3802: 3777: 3752: 3718: 3704: 3686: 3653: 3589: 3555: 3538: 3521: 3490: 3457: 3427: 3395: 3381: 3345: 3331: 3313: 3299: 3267: 3253: 3221: 3186: 3172: 3157: 3143: 3129: 3095: 3081: 3067: 3040: 2994: 2976: 2951: 2935: 2918: 2898: 2871: 2855: 2826: 2812: 2796: 2771: 2746: 2717: 2703: 2683: 2645: 2629: 2611: 2591: 2577: 2561: 2532: 2503: 2472: 2447: 2418: 2404: 2388: 2354: 2328: 2300: 2275: 2259: 2229: 2196: 2182: 2166: 2136: 2106: 2073: 2055: 2040: 2023: 1997: 1972: 1956:"The first indication of moral doubt appears during efforts to sell some of his slaves in 1778, when Washington expressed" - inconsistency of tense 1947: 1914: 1896: 1875: 1860: 1844: 1809: 1793: 1778: 1761: 1734: 1718: 1692: 1667: 1634: 1620: 1604: 1589: 1572: 1549: 1534: 1477: 1462: 1440: 1375: 1321: 1295: 1274: 1258: 1203: 1173: 1136: 1114: 1099: 1081: 1062: 1044: 1015: 1001: 983: 949: 926: 912: 898: 881: 846: 831: 816: 802: 783: 764: 737: 712: 698: 679: 624: 609: 594: 579: 564: 549: 534: 520: 506: 492: 477: 463: 449: 430: 415: 400: 376: 360: 342: 302: 284: 250: 222: 207: 181: 166: 148: 108: 90: 30: 17: 4361:

I don't see why these last two minor quibbles need hold up my support however. Although my support is conditional on a successful source review.--

2596:

The physical rebuke by Washington is certainly notable. Even if it's not a "flogging", it's still a physical assault. Hell, we have an article on

1835:

Not sure what the issue is here. If it's the use of the term, then I've been very careful throughout to replicate the terms used in the sources.

5113:

That's it for right now. I do feel you might want to look things over with an eye to my comment re closet abolitionist narrative just above.--

1498: 1494: 1242: 238: 747:

sources, most notably Thompson's work and the Mount Vernon website. To exclude that aspect from this article would be a failure to meet the

234:, on whose website it is published). As such, can we make the assumption that the author is Washington, in which case PD-old-70 would apply? 5634: 5604: 5549: 4978:"and Washington's unsuccessful efforts to free his own slaves in the mid 1790s." He didn't try very hard to actually free them immediately. 4406:

Some heirs are named in the article, but only those relevant to the subject, and only at the end of the article when they become relevant.

2523:

These are the overseers words. Isn't the strong inference that these are the overseers' words enough? Do we really need to spell it out?

5600: 5545: 4949:"The able-bodied slaves were cut loose and left to support themselves and their families." Cut loose? That's an odd synonym for "freed". 2542:

Washington did not himself flog slaves, but he did on occasion lash out in a flash of temper when they failed to perform as he expected.

2238:"but continued to acquire them, mostly through natural increase and occasionally in settlement of debts." - natural increase feels wrong 4716:"He was not about to risk this role in what he certainly regarded as a quixotic attempt to challenge the South's peculiar institution." 157:

Estate map doubled in size, alt text added, dead source link resurrected and date of original memorial added to image info on Commons.

1245:

and slaveowner who became uneasy with the institution of slavery but provided for the emancipation of his slaves only after his death.

2171:

I think it's the lack of the oxford comma and the "inherited slaves again" that doesn't sit well with me, but it's not a big deal. ♫

4357:

I think the article is focussed. It is long and I've looked at ways of cutting it down but all seems to be relevant, in my opinion.

351:

Fair point. I will work on this. Leads are always difficult to get right, and it will take some time. Can you bear with me please?

1405:“ow is it that the Revolution preserved slavery? George Washington, the slaveholder who led the war for liberty, personifies that 5296:"among them the tales of Br'er Rabbit which, with their origins in Africa" I am doubtful about this. According to the article on 5177:

I think the article sums up this difficult topic well, as well as chronicling Washington's ever-inconsistent words and actions.--

4112: 2463:

I'm working on the principle that we don't duplicate links or full names after the first instance, so why do it for professions.

751:(1b. comprehensive), and the coverage in the main body of the article is significant enough to warrant coverage in the lead, per 383:

I've recast the lead to better introduce the topic. It means losing the bolded title usually included in that sentence, but per

971: 4399:"Martha for the Custis heirs" I think these were her children (at least at that time) I might at some point say who they were. 3386:

On a second reading, I agree with you. I don't know why but that wasn't how it sounded in my head when I initially read it.--

1348: 789: 771: 725: 540:

appropriate to state in the very first sentence of an article on this topic that GW was known for advancing human freedom.

2187:

Always been an Oxford comma person myself, but for some reason I stopped using them in WP articles. I've put one in here.

1683:"comparable to general practise at the time but not always adequate" does not apply to the medicalcare, hence separation. 72: 3972:, 3% of all forces but during 1778 it could've been as high as 13% (and therefore very much lower than 3% in other years) 2393:

Yea, I think you should make it wordier, I didn't get it immediately that "chargers" were the ones who were in charge. ♫

2688:

This could be a case where it would be more useful to directly quote the historian. "Historian Henry Weincek wrote that

4702:"...Washington knew that the eminence of his public positions made it imprudent for him to speak openly about slavery." 2665:

The historian Henry Wiencek concludes that the repugnance Washington felt at this cruelty in which he had participated

134:

File:List_of_George_Washington's_taxable_property_in_Truro_Parish_Virginia_including_slaves_1788.jpg needs a US PD tag

1228:

his entire adult life. He became uneasy with an institution that was ingrained in the economic and social fabric of

2755:"But there is no indication Washington ever favored an immediate end to slavery." - don't start sentence with "But" 3624:. I think perhaps 'on carts' is better or may be 'with horse and cart', as it's the horse that's doing the moving. 3362:"Agricultural land required labor to be productive, and in the 18th-century American south that meant slave labor" 231: 5355:"provided materiel and financial support in French efforts to suppress the Saint Domingue slave revolt in 1791" " 3304:

Bing! Of course. I don't know why I didn't consider that scenario. Worth some extra explaining though, I think.--

1988:

The two links are to different articles, the first on slavery in the colonies, the second on slavery in the USA.

1866:

why I was fastidious in using the term used by the source (and which is why African-American is sometimes used).

1568: 1473: 1436: 1254: 1110: 1077: 1040: 1011: 979: 922: 894: 857: 827: 779: 733: 708: 675: 620: 590: 560: 530: 502: 473: 459: 426: 411: 372: 338: 5014:

The source does not answer the question "When?" Lafayette's leadership of the French movement against the slave

4777:" the antislavery North" Given that slavery was legal as far north as New York, this seems a sweeping statement. 2839:"Such reports were colored by the innate racism of the well-educated" - is "colored" really the right term here? 2692:

or whatever the quote is. Otherwise, the "repugnance" isn't the worst term to use here, I won't make a stink. ♫

3479: 2220:

Agreed; horribly constructed sentence. Per MOS:NUMERAL, though, two-word numbers can be spelled or enumerated.

4018:"The first indication of a shift in Washington's thinking on slavery... ...in correspondence of 1778 and 1779" 275:

It would be fair to assume the author died over 100 years ago, which would probably be the simplest solution.

3732:'"...in a spate of livestock theft and ruled that slaves who nevertheless kept dogs without authorization..." 5596: 5541: 2971: 2946: 2913: 2866: 2807: 2698: 2640: 2606: 2572: 2399: 2254: 2177: 2131: 2068: 2035: 1891: 1855: 1804: 1773: 1729: 1615: 1584: 4020:

This suggest that the two quotes made in 1774 weren't an indication of a change in attitude towards slavery

3408:"Washington inherited slaves from Lawrence, acquired more as part of the terms of leasing Mount Vernon,..." 2787:

No. Object pronoun followed by possessive adjective (if it was male it would be "promise him his freedom")

2090:"Those who accepted Christianity became "Christian servants" with time-limited servitude" - why the quotes? 1409:.” Wiencek, Henry. An Imperfect God; George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America, p. (2013). 139:

File:Slave_Memorial_-_Mt._Vernon,_Virginia_-_Stierch.jpg should include the date of the original memorial.

5429: 5389: 4159:"...provided material and financial support in French efforts to suppress the Saint Domingue slave revolt" 1540:

wider issue to Washington's personal position, but his work is squarely focused on the personal position.

1338:, and figured I should review someone else's article. I'm an American, getting that bias out of the way. 239:

https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/george-washingtons-papers/

4719:"...he was acutely aware how fragile it all was and how easily the slavery controversy could destroy it." 99:

subject, supplemented with information from general histories that cover the subject in varying degrees.

2597: 1291: 3964:. I think I understand what's being said here but I had to read it more than once. Are we saying that 3282:. I don't understand how Washington could lease land in 1754, that he apparently didn't own until 1761. 1351:, was also a slaveowner." Short, sweet, unambiguous, and undramatic. The second sentence is good though 5301: 3134:

I thought the others might have been employed as general handymen, fixing outbuildings for example.--

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Were they integrated or did they serve in separate regiments as they did in the American Civil War?

1249:

The current opening paragraph is seven sentences long, instead of two as I propose. Maybe an RFC?

5627: 2860:

That's much better, since "colored" is an archaic term for people of African descent in the US. ♫

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This would be followed by a paragraph break. And here is the first sentence in the article now:

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Re-worded to "Able-bodied slaves were freed and left to support themselves and their families."

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I did not see that at all. Removed "his" from the three places where this wording was used

3280:"He leased Mount Vernon two years after Lawrence's death in 1752 and inherited it in 1761" 2245:

I can think of no alternative way to express this, and it's the term used in the sources.

1335: 276: 199: 140: 4747:"He presided over an administration that passed a resolution in 1790" Congress passed it. 4086:"...plus clauses that guaranteed the transatlantic slave trade for at least twenty years" 3709:

The ability to spell correctly is one of the first casualties of a poor night's sleep :)

3110:"Some three-quarters of the slaves labored in the fields, while most of the remainder..." 2291:"For Washington..." changed to "In Washington's view..." to clearly attribute the quote. 5626:

has been promoted, but there may be a delay in bot processing of the close. Please see

2147:"where some forty percent of the population" - I believe this should be written as "40%" 2371:

even says that the term is archaic. The "their charges" specifically seems out of place

2062:

OK, that's fine then. The article is about GW, not explicitly about the slave trade. ♫

1880:

Yea, I'm sorry to be a stickler, but it doesn't sit right with me. Even the article on

1468:

sentence that briefly introduces Washington by stating one of his main accomplishments.

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I personally think it reads better with the single "her", but I won't make a fuss. ♫

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Just noting I've seen that there's a request for a source review at WT:FAC. Cheers,

2762:

Nothing wrong with starting a sentence with "But", unless it's done too many times.

5178: 5155: 5114: 4598: 1881: 3501:"In 1786, he controlled 216 slaves... Six were listed as dead or incapacitated..." 3372:

I think not. "...and in the 18th-century American south..." is not parenthitical.

2438:

Reworded to "indicate the resistance displayed by the slaves against the system."

2122:

Don't see this myself. Where are you suggesting the split, at "but" or at ", up"?

5641: 4362: 4279: 4116: 3997: 3941: 3873: 3842: 3696: 3581: 3530: 3387: 3337: 3305: 3259: 3244:

Slavery isn't linked because the hatnote immediately above serves that purpose.

3178: 3149: 3135: 3112:

If only 'most' of the remainder, what were the remainder of the remainder doing?

3073: 1931:

You mention the "exigencies" of war, when "needs" would be five characters fewer

57: 172:

fact that the document is held by the Library of Congress. Is that acceptable?

3692: 3050:

I think 'practise', even when used as a verb, is 'practice' in Am Eng (para 3)

2310: 4326:

but her dower slaves were passed to her grandchildren and remained in bondage

3872:

It's only a paradox if you believe liberty was the reason for going to war.--

2485:

on both male and female slaves if they did not "do their duty by fair means."

4556:

Awkward prose. Martha both times, but changed the second instance to "her".

3607:

Are we talking about Washington's family home or the slaves main residence?

3120:

Unnecessarily pedantic of me in the lead. Simplified by removing "most of".

384: 5573:

Although not stated explicitly above, the ES provided with this SR states "

4813:

Clarified by rewording to state "...the Mount Vernon estate had grown..."

4097:

The agreement was not to attempt to halt the trade for at least 20 years.

325:

I will start with just a few comments, and maybe later will comment more.

5311:

The stories were being told by slaves long before Harris published them.

4162: 3438:"... and inherited slaves again on the death of Lawrence's widow in 1761" 1232:, and ultimately provided for the emancipation of his slaves in his will. 1120: 865: 752: 4339:

the article and therefore warrants the summary it receives in the lead.

2780:" but refused to promise her her freedom after his death" - double word? 1563:

practicing slavery, or at least how he dealt with that apparent paradox.

1427:

successfully led a war in the name of liberty, but it is the paradox of

1220:

successfully led a war in the name of liberty, but it is the paradox of

4431:

Added and cited to primary source (secondary does not date the quote).

3571:"Washington provided them with good, sometimes costly medical care...." 1214:

Just for the record, here are the first two sentences that I propose:

391:, this requirement is not set in stone. How does that look to you now? 1382:

Hi, thanks for pinging me. Of course, here's what the lead says now:

3743:

Forgot to report back on this one earlier. Not necessary and removed

2620:

when they failed to perform as he expected." Does that work for you?

1501:

but provided for the emancipation of his slaves only after his death.

1053:

Hatnotes removed and their links now embedded in the lead narrative.

807:

I've trimmed the detail from the sentences you've cited. Any better?

3290:

The vagaries of English; Washington was the lessee, not the lessor.

39:

Subsequent comments should be made on the article's talk page or in

3322:

accomplishes that extra explaining, or do you think it needs more?

230:

The list is part of the collection of Washington's papers (source:

4111:

Okay, it's just a very neat coincidence that 1807 is the year the

3668:

How does washing sheep before shearing prevent the theft of wool?

2846:

Don't see the issue myself, but changed to "influenced" anyway.

2730:

You vary between "the" Continental Army and "a Continental Army"

2481:"He opposed the use of the lash" - link lash here? Or whip? IDK 198:

by LOC, not held by them. Is the authorship of the list known?

667:

Knowledge (XXG):Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Opening_paragraph

331:

Knowledge (XXG):Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Opening_paragraph

3996:

Again, I don't see what can be done to make things clearer.--

3204:

If it's now been linked earlier, remove link to Mount Vernon.

4255:

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/freedman

3468:"... making him one of the largest slaveholders in the area" 2409:

Replaced "their charges" with "the slaves they supervised".

3886:

A discussion I have no intention of going anywhere near :)

3364:. I think that needs a (paranthetical) comma after 'south'. 3318:

Presumably the clarification mentioned below about leasing

3644:

All good points. All addressed with edits to the article.

1358:

Other than the unnecessary "also", I'm inclined to agree.

5511:

OK. Thanks. I'll hang tight and hope something turns up.

5252:

I don't think it too strong and would prefer to keep it.

2907:

have any questions, and thanks for the replies so far. ♫

1497:

and slaveowner who became uneasy with the institution of

227:

After a little more digging, I have found the following:

5591:

Yes, I meant to be clear that the source review passed.

4424:

I might say when Jefferson made the quote-box quotation.

3818:

indicating that he is against slavery in all it's forms.

3580:

Sorry, should have read the following sentences first.--

3148:

I see now that this is all explained in the main body.--

5574: 1902: 872:

2a, it is a requirement to summarise that in the lead.

65: 4597:

Up to the years as president. All looks good so far.--

3940:

Okay, I don't see how anything can be improved here.--

3841:

Washington had anti-slavery sentiments at that time.--

3410:

Acquired how? Did he buy more at the lessee's request?

3177:

Agreed. Not a level of detail required in the lead.--

2889:

Just checked the source, and no, nothing after 2017.

2248:

That's fine then if it's the term used in sources. ♫

724:

describes the typical condition of slaves during the

421:

slaves in his will.” Then bold the first four words.

788:Not quite sure what you're getting at with linking 5577:". Is there anything more required on this front? 5300:the character is first recorded in the stories of 5661:The above discussion is preserved as an archive. 4198:"...that betrayed a continuing prioritisation..." 3470:. Can we define area better? Do we mean Virginia? 1559:will.” So, my advice would be to leave it as-is. 974:should definitely be in the external links, IMHO. 903:Done, insofar as the sources identify this info. 5304:, a late nineteenth century defender of slavery. 4838:Washington specifically marked it as "Private". 1418:The Challenge of the American Revolution (1978). 41:Knowledge (XXG) talk:Featured article candidates 5136:the "closet abolitionist" narrative so much as 2365:indulged in carnal relations with their charges 43:. No further edits should be made to this page. 4696:To quote the sources, first Kenneth Morgan... 468:I gave this another try. Feel free to revert. 5667:No further edits should be made to this page. 5640:template in place on the talk page until the 5195:This one really had me searching. Thank you. 4233:"Five freedwomen were listed as remaining..." 4173:Not sure that it matters, but changed anyway 29:The following is an archived discussion of a 8: 4253:No, I think the concatenation is valid. See 3982:conclusions of research by modern scholars. 1431:that he owned slaves his entire adult life." 3546:Thank you. Appreciate you looking at this. 2029:writing stronger, being in active voice. ♫ 18:Knowledge (XXG):Featured article candidates 4235:I think freed women is two separate words. 3734:Is the word 'nevertheless' necessary here? 665:As for the rest of the opening paragraph, 367:Sure, take your time, there’s no deadline. 2708:In that case, then, I'll leave it as is. 2674:It's the word that Wiencek himself uses. 129:File:GW-painting.jpg: source link is dead 4243:"...illegal to teach freedpeople to..."' 3622:"...small enough to be moved with carts" 1334:I came here because I have an FAC up on 119:Suggest scaling up the estate map and ad 5088:Footnote 2 seems to be formatted oddly. 4784:Removed the anti/proslavery adjectives 3614:"Other slaves at the main residence..." 2618:with verbal abuse and physical violence 1387:emancipation of his slaves in his will. 3336:No, no further action required here.-- 2544:- what does lash out, if not flogging? 1448:Thanks for dropping by again. How the 972:this description of his changing views 3695:is something entirely different :) -- 2690:Washington felt a sense of repugnance 7: 3636:I think 'smoky' is preferred Am Eng. 1798:Yea I think that's much stronger. ♫ 1495:Founding Father of the United States 1243:Founding Father of the United States 3072:I think you mean Americanized :) -- 4200:Prioritization in Am Eng, I think. 1767:explain the sequence/narrative. ♫ 1514:a requirement, at least half way. 24: 4113:Abolition of the Slave Trade Act 2598:a president getting hit by shoes 1828:, free or slave," - ehh, really? 1824:"he initially refused to accept 124:Some images are missing alt text 2514:impudence and refusing to work. 194:That tag is intended for works 5531:Source review by Mike Christie 3634:"...the interiors were smokey" 1349:President of the United States 1305:To address your other points: 790:History of slavery in Virginia 772:History of slavery in Virginia 726:History of slavery in Virginia 1: 5442:Thank you. Much appreciated. 4611:Thank you. Much appreciated. 2487:- why the quote? Who said it? 1429:George Washington and slavery 1322:21:09, 23 February 2020 (UTC) 1296:17:59, 23 February 2020 (UTC) 1016:16:57, 23 February 2020 (UTC) 1002:11:36, 23 February 2020 (UTC) 984:08:44, 23 February 2020 (UTC) 950:13:10, 24 February 2020 (UTC) 927:10:02, 25 February 2020 (UTC) 913:15:47, 24 February 2020 (UTC) 899:13:19, 24 February 2020 (UTC) 882:13:10, 24 February 2020 (UTC) 847:22:29, 23 February 2020 (UTC) 832:22:12, 23 February 2020 (UTC) 817:21:18, 23 February 2020 (UTC) 803:21:10, 23 February 2020 (UTC) 784:16:39, 23 February 2020 (UTC) 765:11:36, 23 February 2020 (UTC) 738:08:44, 23 February 2020 (UTC) 713:16:57, 23 February 2020 (UTC) 699:11:36, 23 February 2020 (UTC) 680:08:44, 23 February 2020 (UTC) 595:22:32, 28 February 2020 (UTC) 580:11:31, 28 February 2020 (UTC) 565:02:39, 27 February 2020 (UTC) 550:09:27, 26 February 2020 (UTC) 535:10:02, 25 February 2020 (UTC) 521:13:09, 24 February 2020 (UTC) 507:13:00, 24 February 2020 (UTC) 493:09:42, 24 February 2020 (UTC) 478:02:13, 24 February 2020 (UTC) 464:16:26, 23 February 2020 (UTC) 450:16:19, 23 February 2020 (UTC) 431:16:08, 23 February 2020 (UTC) 416:15:57, 23 February 2020 (UTC) 401:14:50, 23 February 2020 (UTC) 377:15:30, 23 February 2020 (UTC) 361:11:36, 23 February 2020 (UTC) 343:08:44, 23 February 2020 (UTC) 303:18:40, 16 February 2020 (UTC) 285:18:35, 16 February 2020 (UTC) 251:14:51, 16 February 2020 (UTC) 223:12:56, 16 February 2020 (UTC) 208:12:51, 16 February 2020 (UTC) 182:09:20, 16 February 2020 (UTC) 167:09:20, 16 February 2020 (UTC) 149:19:27, 15 February 2020 (UTC) 109:10:47, 15 February 2020 (UTC) 91:10:47, 15 February 2020 (UTC) 73:George Washington and slavery 5154:I've addressed that there.-- 5635:featured article candidates 2213:, ditto "seventy-one" later 1413:every hour of the day. The 321:Comments by Anythingyouwant 31:featured article nomination 5684: 5654:05:43, 20 April 2020 (UTC) 5609:12:04, 19 April 2020 (UTC) 5587:11:40, 19 April 2020 (UTC) 5569:11:31, 15 April 2020 (UTC) 5554:10:10, 15 April 2020 (UTC) 5521:12:45, 14 April 2020 (UTC) 5507:12:41, 14 April 2020 (UTC) 5493:12:35, 14 April 2020 (UTC) 5474:06:09, 13 April 2020 (UTC) 5452:07:33, 10 April 2020 (UTC) 5205:07:32, 10 April 2020 (UTC) 5187:00:28, 10 April 2020 (UTC) 5164:00:28, 10 April 2020 (UTC) 5076:07:30, 10 April 2020 (UTC) 4245:Again, two words, I think. 3762:Link Philadelphia (para 3) 3605:"At the main residence..." 2125:Ehh it's fine actually. ♫ 1330:Support from Hurricanehink 1275:05:41, 20 April 2020 (UTC) 1259:00:11, 20 April 2020 (UTC) 1100:10:01, 23 March 2020 (UTC) 1082:21:15, 22 March 2020 (UTC) 5434:21:49, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 5412:19:52, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 5394:19:03, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 5376:19:52, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 5347:19:52, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 5321:19:52, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 5288:19:52, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 5262:19:52, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 5237:19:52, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 5150:17:57, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 5123:08:13, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 5105:13:23, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 5059:09:05, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 5028:15:01, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 4995:14:48, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 4966:13:22, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 4937:13:19, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 4907:14:34, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 4877:14:29, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 4848:13:31, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 4823:12:56, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 4794:14:22, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 4765:14:14, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 4735:14:03, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 4677:12:49, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 4651:09:17, 9 April 2020 (UTC) 4621:08:59, 8 April 2020 (UTC) 4607:23:53, 7 April 2020 (UTC) 4591:08:59, 8 April 2020 (UTC) 4566:08:59, 8 April 2020 (UTC) 4541:08:59, 8 April 2020 (UTC) 4516:08:59, 8 April 2020 (UTC) 4491:08:59, 8 April 2020 (UTC) 4466:08:59, 8 April 2020 (UTC) 4441:08:59, 8 April 2020 (UTC) 4416:08:59, 8 April 2020 (UTC) 4386:19:21, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 4371:19:00, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 4349:19:21, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 4288:19:00, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 4266:17:36, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 4218:17:37, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 4183:17:36, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 4140:12:50, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 4125:11:09, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 4107:09:35, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 4071:09:35, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 4039:09:35, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 4029:Answered above, I think. 4006:11:09, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 3992:09:35, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 3950:11:09, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 3936:09:35, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 3896:17:36, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 3882:17:20, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 3866:12:50, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 3851:11:09, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 3836:09:35, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 3803:08:47, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 3778:08:47, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 3753:12:35, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 3719:12:50, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 3705:11:09, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 3687:08:47, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 3654:11:48, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 3590:11:16, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 3556:09:58, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 3539:08:25, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 3522:09:58, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 3491:09:58, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 3458:09:58, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 3428:09:58, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 3396:10:50, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 3382:09:58, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 3346:19:47, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 3332:11:07, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 3314:10:50, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 3300:09:58, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 3268:10:50, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 3254:09:58, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 3222:09:58, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 3187:19:47, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 3173:11:07, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 3158:10:56, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 3144:10:50, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 3130:09:58, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 3096:11:07, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 3082:10:50, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 3068:09:58, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 3041:09:58, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 2995:13:28, 7 April 2020 (UTC) 2977:13:24, 7 April 2020 (UTC) 2965:it for FAC. Great job! ♫ 2952:18:40, 6 April 2020 (UTC) 2936:15:58, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2919:14:47, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2899:15:58, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2872:18:40, 6 April 2020 (UTC) 2856:15:58, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2827:19:48, 6 April 2020 (UTC) 2813:18:40, 6 April 2020 (UTC) 2797:15:58, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2772:15:58, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2747:15:58, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2718:19:48, 6 April 2020 (UTC) 2704:18:40, 6 April 2020 (UTC) 2684:15:58, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2646:13:24, 7 April 2020 (UTC) 2630:13:12, 7 April 2020 (UTC) 2612:13:05, 7 April 2020 (UTC) 2592:19:48, 6 April 2020 (UTC) 2578:18:40, 6 April 2020 (UTC) 2562:15:58, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2533:15:58, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2504:15:58, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2473:15:58, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2448:15:58, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2419:19:48, 6 April 2020 (UTC) 2405:18:40, 6 April 2020 (UTC) 2389:15:58, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2355:15:58, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2329:15:58, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2301:15:58, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2276:10:24, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2260:14:47, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2230:10:24, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2197:17:17, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2183:14:47, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2167:10:24, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2137:14:47, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2107:10:24, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2074:18:40, 6 April 2020 (UTC) 2056:16:13, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2041:14:47, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 2024:10:24, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 1998:10:24, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 1973:10:24, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 1963:Now consistently tensed. 1948:10:24, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 1915:19:48, 6 April 2020 (UTC) 1897:18:40, 6 April 2020 (UTC) 1876:16:03, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 1861:14:47, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 1845:10:24, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 1810:18:40, 6 April 2020 (UTC) 1794:18:21, 6 April 2020 (UTC) 1779:14:47, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 1762:10:24, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 1735:14:47, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 1719:10:24, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 1693:10:24, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 1668:10:24, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 1635:19:48, 6 April 2020 (UTC) 1621:18:40, 6 April 2020 (UTC) 1605:16:55, 5 April 2020 (UTC) 1590:14:32, 5 April 2020 (UTC) 1573:21:56, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 1550:10:48, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 1535:10:48, 4 April 2020 (UTC) 1478:16:47, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 1463:16:10, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 1441:15:40, 3 April 2020 (UTC) 1376:16:18, 2 April 2020 (UTC) 1281:Comments from JohnWickTwo 1204:10:38, 6 April 2020 (UTC) 1174:10:38, 6 April 2020 (UTC) 1137:10:38, 6 April 2020 (UTC) 1115:20:32, 5 April 2020 (UTC) 1063:14:54, 2 March 2020 (UTC) 1045:20:34, 1 March 2020 (UTC) 625:21:52, 3 March 2020 (UTC) 610:14:52, 2 March 2020 (UTC) 5664:Please do not modify it. 3480:Fairfax County, Virginia 3258:That seems reasonable.-- 1522:) 10:48, 4 April 2020 ( 940:about general practice. 36:Please do not modify it. 4278:Okay, live and learn.-- 4191:Posthumous emancipation 3564:Slavery at Mount Vernon 1938:Use "demands" instead. 1505:This complies with the 3012:some comments though: 2097:The source uses them. 1390: 1247: 1234: 1222:Washington and slavery 440:advises against that. 5366:Indeed. Much better. 3785:Link Potomac (para 4) 3478:Replaced "area" with 1383: 1236: 1215: 889:article. That’s all. 5302:Joel Chandler Harris 4161:Do you perhaps mean 2634:Much appreciated! ♫ 4392:Comments by Wehwalt 4047:Confederation years 3811:American Revolution 1658:Agreed & done. 1230:his native Virginia 232:Library of Congress 5575:Source review pass 5420:No more comments. 5215:Comments by Dudley 4710:...then Twohig... 4115:came into force.-- 4079:Presidential years 3031:Good catch. Done. 1723:Yea that works. ♫ 1398:User:Hurricanehink 4208:Yep. Good catch. 3598:Living conditions 2974: 2949: 2916: 2869: 2810: 2701: 2643: 2609: 2575: 2402: 2257: 2180: 2134: 2071: 2038: 1894: 1858: 1807: 1776: 1732: 1618: 1587: 1511:MOS:LEADPARAGRAPH 1491:George Washington 1425:George Washington 1345:George Washington 1239:George Washington 1218:George Washington 94: 5675: 5666: 5639: 5633: 5630:, and leave the 5384:More to follow. 5359:French efforts"? 4053:Link manumission 2970: 2945: 2912: 2865: 2806: 2697: 2639: 2605: 2571: 2398: 2369:Carnal knowledge 2253: 2176: 2130: 2067: 2034: 1890: 1854: 1803: 1772: 1728: 1614: 1583: 1507:MOS:LEADSENTENCE 1365: 79: 64:) 20 April 2020 48:The article was 38: 5683: 5682: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5662: 5637: 5631: 5533: 5462: 5217: 4394: 4335:But up to you. 3529:More to come.-- 3009: 1565:Anythingyouwant 1470:Anythingyouwant 1433:Anythingyouwant 1362:Anythingyouwant 1359: 1336:Cyclone Chapala 1332: 1283: 1251:Anythingyouwant 1107:Anythingyouwant 1074:Anythingyouwant 1037:Anythingyouwant 1008:Anythingyouwant 976:Anythingyouwant 919:Anythingyouwant 891:Anythingyouwant 854:Anythingyouwant 824:Anythingyouwant 776:Anythingyouwant 730:Anythingyouwant 705:Anythingyouwant 672:Anythingyouwant 617:Anythingyouwant 587:Anythingyouwant 557:Anythingyouwant 527:Anythingyouwant 499:Anythingyouwant 470:Anythingyouwant 456:Anythingyouwant 423:Anythingyouwant 408:Anythingyouwant 369:Anythingyouwant 335:Anythingyouwant 323: 76: 34: 22: 21: 20: 12: 11: 5: 5681: 5679: 5670: 5669: 5657: 5656: 5644:goes through. 5616: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5437: 5436: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5397: 5396: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5361: 5360: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5337:independence. 5331: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5306: 5305: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5190: 5189: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5168: 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2461: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2429: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2395:Hurricanehink 2392: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2250:Hurricanehink 2247: 2246: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2207: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2173:Hurricanehink 2170: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2127:Hurricanehink 2124: 2123: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2088: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2064:Hurricanehink 2061: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2031:Hurricanehink 2027: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2014:suggestions? 2012: 2011: 2010: 2009: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1887:Hurricanehink 1883: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1851:Hurricanehink 1848: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1822: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1800:Hurricanehink 1797: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1769:Hurricanehink 1765: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1725:Hurricanehink 1722: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1611:Hurricanehink 1608: 1607: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1580:Hurricanehink 1576: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1416: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1394:User:Factotem 1392:I agree with 1389: 1388: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1337: 1329: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1125:MOS:BOLDAVOID 1122: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1033:Template:Main 1030: 1025: 1024: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1004: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 990: 989: 988: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 968: 951: 947: 943: 938: 928: 924: 920: 916: 915: 914: 910: 906: 902: 901: 900: 896: 892: 887: 886: 885: 884: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 862: 861: 859: 855: 850: 849: 848: 844: 840: 835: 834: 833: 829: 825: 820: 819: 818: 814: 810: 806: 804: 800: 796: 791: 787: 786: 785: 781: 777: 773: 768: 767: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 745: 744: 743: 742: 739: 735: 731: 727: 722: 721: 714: 710: 706: 702: 701: 700: 696: 692: 687: 686: 685: 684: 681: 677: 673: 668: 664: 663: 626: 622: 618: 613: 612: 611: 607: 603: 598: 597: 596: 592: 588: 583: 582: 581: 577: 573: 568: 567: 566: 562: 558: 553: 552: 551: 547: 543: 538: 537: 536: 532: 528: 524: 523: 522: 518: 514: 510: 509: 508: 504: 500: 496: 495: 494: 490: 486: 481: 480: 479: 475: 471: 467: 466: 465: 461: 457: 453: 452: 451: 447: 443: 439: 438:MOS:BOLDAVOID 434: 433: 432: 428: 424: 419: 418: 417: 413: 409: 404: 403: 402: 398: 394: 390: 389:MOS:BOLDAVOID 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 365: 364: 363: 362: 358: 354: 350: 349: 348: 347: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 327: 326: 320: 304: 300: 296: 292: 291: 290: 289: 286: 282: 278: 274: 273: 272: 271: 270: 269: 268: 267: 266: 265: 264: 263: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 233: 229: 228: 226: 224: 220: 216: 211: 210: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 192: 191: 190: 189: 188: 183: 179: 175: 170: 168: 164: 160: 156: 155: 154: 153: 150: 146: 142: 138: 137: 133: 132: 128: 127: 123: 122: 118: 117: 116: 115: 111: 110: 106: 102: 93: 92: 88: 84: 78: 77: 74: 71: 68: 66: 63: 59: 55: 51: 44: 42: 37: 32: 27: 26: 19: 5663: 5660: 5620:Closing note 5619: 5534: 5463: 5426:Dudley Miles 5421: 5386:Dudley Miles 5356: 5298:Br'er Rabbit 5174: 5137: 5133: 5015: 4360: 4324: 4311: 4297: 4296: 4242: 4241: 4232: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4197: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4158: 4157: 4152:As president 4151: 4150: 4085: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4017: 4016: 3969: 3968:the war, on 3965: 3961: 3960: 3915: 3914: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3784: 3761: 3733: 3731: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3633: 3632: 3629: 3621: 3613: 3610: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3528: 3500: 3499: 3467: 3466: 3437: 3436: 3407: 3406: 3361: 3360: 3319: 3279: 3278: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3203: 3109: 3108: 3049: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3004: 2962: 2960: 2905: 2689: 2664: 2617: 2541: 2512: 2484: 2364: 1882:Black people 1825: 1538: 1524: 1504: 1490: 1449: 1428: 1421: 1414: 1406: 1391: 1385: 1384: 1347:, the first 1344: 1333: 1284: 1248: 1238: 1237: 1221: 1216: 992:Yep. Added. 822:differences? 749:FAC criteria 324: 195: 114:Image review 113: 112: 97: 80: 49: 47: 35: 28: 5402:Thank you. 3007:from Ykraps 1578:the FAC. ♫ 1288:JohnWickTwo 703:Looks good. 5559:Thank you 5460:Coord note 3966:throughout 3693:steel wool 3662:Resistance 3230:Background 2311:Whitsunday 1450:Revolution 1029:WP:Hatnote 277:Nikkimaria 200:Nikkimaria 141:Nikkimaria 5628:WP:FAC/ar 5624:candidate 4226:Aftermath 3418:As above 2211:WP:MOSNUM 385:MOS:FIRST 5646:Ian Rose 5622:: This 5601:contribs 5579:Factotem 5561:Factotem 5546:contribs 5513:Factotem 5499:Ian Rose 5485:Factotem 5481:Ian Rose 5466:Ian Rose 5444:Factotem 5404:Factotem 5368:Factotem 5339:Factotem 5313:Factotem 5280:Factotem 5254:Factotem 5229:Factotem 5197:Factotem 5142:Factotem 5138:reflects 5097:Factotem 5068:Factotem 5051:Factotem 5020:Factotem 4987:Factotem 4958:Factotem 4929:Factotem 4899:Factotem 4869:Factotem 4840:Factotem 4815:Factotem 4786:Factotem 4757:Factotem 4727:Factotem 4669:Factotem 4643:Factotem 4613:Factotem 4583:Factotem 4558:Factotem 4533:Factotem 4508:Factotem 4483:Factotem 4458:Factotem 4433:Factotem 4408:Factotem 4378:Factotem 4341:Factotem 4258:Factotem 4210:Factotem 4175:Factotem 4163:materiel 4132:Factotem 4099:Factotem 4063:Factotem 4031:Factotem 3984:Factotem 3928:Factotem 3888:Factotem 3858:Factotem 3828:Factotem 3795:Factotem 3770:Factotem 3745:Factotem 3711:Factotem 3679:Factotem 3646:Factotem 3548:Factotem 3514:Factotem 3483:Factotem 3450:Factotem 3420:Factotem 3374:Factotem 3324:Factotem 3292:Factotem 3246:Factotem 3214:Factotem 3165:Factotem 3122:Factotem 3088:Factotem 3060:Factotem 3033:Factotem 3023:similar. 3005:Comments 3003:Support 2987:Factotem 2928:Factotem 2891:Factotem 2848:Factotem 2819:Factotem 2789:Factotem 2764:Factotem 2739:Factotem 2710:Factotem 2676:Factotem 2622:Factotem 2584:Factotem 2554:Factotem 2525:Factotem 2496:Factotem 2465:Factotem 2440:Factotem 2411:Factotem 2381:Factotem 2347:Factotem 2321:Factotem 2293:Factotem 2268:Factotem 2222:Factotem 2189:Factotem 2159:Factotem 2099:Factotem 2048:Factotem 2016:Factotem 1990:Factotem 1965:Factotem 1940:Factotem 1907:Factotem 1868:Factotem 1837:Factotem 1786:Factotem 1754:Factotem 1711:Factotem 1685:Factotem 1660:Factotem 1627:Factotem 1597:Factotem 1542:Factotem 1527:Factotem 1516:Factotem 1455:Factotem 1368:Factotem 1314:Factotem 1267:Ian Rose 1196:Factotem 1166:Factotem 1129:Factotem 1121:MOS:LEAD 1092:Factotem 1055:Factotem 994:Factotem 942:Factotem 905:Factotem 874:Factotem 870:WP:WIAFA 866:MOS:LEAD 839:Factotem 809:Factotem 795:Factotem 757:Factotem 753:MOS:LEAD 691:Factotem 602:Factotem 572:Factotem 542:Factotem 513:Factotem 485:Factotem 442:Factotem 393:Factotem 353:Factotem 295:Factotem 243:Factotem 215:Factotem 174:Factotem 159:Factotem 101:Factotem 83:Factotem 54:Ian Rose 50:promoted 5605:library 5550:library 5479:Thanks 5422:Support 5179:Wehwalt 5175:Support 5156:Wehwalt 5134:accepts 5115:Wehwalt 4599:Wehwalt 4298:General 3970:average 2963:Support 2516:- ditto 1499:slavery 1415:paradox 1407:paradox 1006:Thanks. 917:Thanks. 511:Agreed 196:created 5095:Fixed 4363:Ykraps 4280:Ykraps 4117:Ykraps 3998:Ykraps 3942:Ykraps 3874:Ykraps 3843:Ykraps 3697:Ykraps 3616:Ditto. 3582:Ykraps 3531:Ykraps 3388:Ykraps 3338:Ykraps 3306:Ykraps 3260:Ykraps 3179:Ykraps 3150:Ykraps 3136:Ykraps 3074:Ykraps 2319:Done. 1826:blacks 1493:was a 1241:was a 1226:slaves 58:FACBot 5227:Done 5016:trade 4581:Done 4456:Done 4061:Done 3793:Done 3768:Done 3212:Done 2309:Link 1903:Fixed 1552:UTC) 1072:care. 16:< 5650:talk 5597:talk 5583:talk 5565:talk 5542:talk 5517:talk 5503:talk 5489:talk 5470:talk 5448:talk 5430:talk 5408:talk 5390:talk 5372:talk 5343:talk 5317:talk 5284:talk 5258:talk 5233:talk 5201:talk 5183:talk 5160:talk 5146:talk 5119:talk 5101:talk 5072:talk 5055:talk 5024:talk 4991:talk 4962:talk 4933:talk 4903:talk 4873:talk 4844:talk 4819:talk 4790:talk 4761:talk 4731:talk 4673:talk 4647:talk 4617:talk 4603:talk 4587:talk 4562:talk 4537:talk 4512:talk 4487:talk 4462:talk 4437:talk 4412:talk 4382:talk 4367:talk 4345:talk 4284:talk 4262:talk 4214:talk 4179:talk 4136:talk 4121:talk 4103:talk 4089:say? 4067:talk 4035:talk 4002:talk 3988:talk 3946:talk 3932:talk 3892:talk 3878:talk 3862:talk 3847:talk 3832:talk 3799:talk 3774:talk 3749:talk 3715:talk 3701:talk 3683:talk 3650:talk 3586:talk 3552:talk 3535:talk 3518:talk 3487:talk 3454:talk 3424:talk 3392:talk 3378:talk 3342:talk 3328:talk 3320:from 3310:talk 3296:talk 3264:talk 3250:talk 3218:talk 3183:talk 3169:talk 3154:talk 3140:talk 3126:talk 3092:talk 3086:: ) 3078:talk 3064:talk 3037:talk 3016:Lead 2991:talk 2972:talk 2947:talk 2932:talk 2914:talk 2895:talk 2867:talk 2852:talk 2823:talk 2808:talk 2793:talk 2768:talk 2743:talk 2714:talk 2699:talk 2680:talk 2641:talk 2626:talk 2607:talk 2588:talk 2573:talk 2558:talk 2529:talk 2500:talk 2469:talk 2444:talk 2415:talk 2400:talk 2385:talk 2351:talk 2325:talk 2297:talk 2272:talk 2255:talk 2226:talk 2193:talk 2178:talk 2163:talk 2132:talk 2103:talk 2069:talk 2052:talk 2036:talk 2020:talk 1994:talk 1969:talk 1944:talk 1911:talk 1901:OK. 1892:talk 1872:talk 1856:talk 1841:talk 1805:talk 1790:talk 1774:talk 1758:talk 1730:talk 1715:talk 1689:talk 1664:talk 1631:talk 1616:talk 1601:talk 1585:talk 1569:talk 1546:talk 1531:talk 1520:talk 1509:and 1474:talk 1459:talk 1437:talk 1396:and 1372:talk 1343:as " 1318:talk 1292:talk 1271:talk 1255:talk 1200:talk 1170:talk 1133:talk 1119:Per 1111:talk 1096:talk 1078:talk 1059:talk 1041:talk 1012:talk 998:talk 980:talk 946:talk 923:talk 909:talk 895:talk 878:talk 868:and 858:talk 843:talk 828:talk 813:talk 799:talk 780:talk 761:talk 734:talk 709:talk 695:talk 676:talk 621:talk 606:talk 591:talk 576:talk 561:talk 546:talk 531:talk 517:talk 503:talk 489:talk 474:talk 460:talk 446:talk 427:talk 412:talk 397:talk 387:and 373:talk 357:talk 339:talk 329:Per 299:talk 281:talk 247:talk 219:talk 204:talk 178:talk 163:talk 145:talk 105:talk 87:talk 62:talk 56:via 5642:bot 5603:- 5548:- 5357:for 2975:) 2950:) 2917:) 2870:) 2811:) 2702:) 2644:) 2610:) 2576:) 2403:) 2258:) 2181:) 2135:) 2072:) 2039:) 1895:) 1859:) 1808:) 1777:) 1733:) 1619:) 1588:) 52:by 5652:) 5638:}} 5632:{{ 5607:) 5599:- 5585:) 5567:) 5552:) 5544:- 5519:) 5505:) 5491:) 5472:) 5450:) 5432:) 5424:. 5410:) 5392:) 5374:) 5345:) 5319:) 5286:) 5260:) 5235:) 5203:) 5185:) 5162:) 5148:) 5121:) 5103:) 5074:) 5057:) 5026:) 4993:) 4964:) 4935:) 4905:) 4875:) 4846:) 4821:) 4792:) 4763:) 4733:) 4675:) 4649:) 4619:) 4605:) 4589:) 4564:) 4539:) 4514:) 4489:) 4464:) 4439:) 4414:) 4384:) 4369:) 4347:) 4286:) 4264:) 4216:) 4181:) 4138:) 4123:) 4105:) 4069:) 4037:) 4004:) 3990:) 3948:) 3934:) 3894:) 3880:) 3864:) 3849:) 3834:) 3801:) 3776:) 3751:) 3717:) 3703:) 3685:) 3652:) 3588:) 3554:) 3537:) 3520:) 3489:) 3456:) 3426:) 3394:) 3380:) 3344:) 3330:) 3312:) 3298:) 3266:) 3252:) 3220:) 3185:) 3171:) 3156:) 3142:) 3128:) 3094:) 3080:) 3066:) 3039:) 2993:) 2934:) 2897:) 2854:) 2825:) 2795:) 2770:) 2745:) 2716:) 2682:) 2628:) 2590:) 2560:) 2531:) 2502:) 2471:) 2446:) 2417:) 2387:) 2353:) 2327:) 2299:) 2274:) 2228:) 2195:) 2165:) 2105:) 2054:) 2022:) 1996:) 1971:) 1946:) 1913:) 1905:. 1874:) 1843:) 1792:) 1760:) 1717:) 1691:) 1666:) 1633:) 1603:) 1571:) 1548:) 1533:) 1476:) 1461:) 1439:) 1374:) 1320:) 1294:) 1273:) 1257:) 1202:) 1172:) 1135:) 1127:. 1113:) 1098:) 1080:) 1061:) 1043:) 1014:) 1000:) 982:) 948:) 925:) 911:) 897:) 880:) 860:) 845:) 830:) 815:) 801:) 782:) 763:) 736:) 711:) 697:) 678:) 623:) 608:) 593:) 578:) 563:) 548:) 533:) 519:) 505:) 491:) 476:) 462:) 448:) 429:) 414:) 399:) 375:) 359:) 341:) 301:) 283:) 249:) 221:) 206:) 180:) 165:) 147:) 107:) 89:) 67:. 33:. 5648:( 5595:( 5581:( 5563:( 5540:( 5515:( 5501:( 5487:( 5468:( 5446:( 5428:( 5406:( 5388:( 5370:( 5341:( 5315:( 5282:( 5256:( 5231:( 5199:( 5181:( 5158:( 5144:( 5117:( 5099:( 5070:( 5053:( 5022:( 4989:( 4960:( 4931:( 4901:( 4871:( 4842:( 4817:( 4788:( 4759:( 4729:( 4671:( 4645:( 4615:( 4601:( 4585:( 4560:( 4535:( 4510:( 4485:( 4460:( 4435:( 4410:( 4380:( 4365:( 4343:( 4328:. 4315:. 4304:- 4282:( 4260:( 4212:( 4177:( 4165:? 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