1000:
their receptors to nervous system-related disorders, namely schizophrenia and depression; however, TAs have also been linked to other diseases such as migraine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, substance abuse and eating disorders . ... b-PEA has been referred to as the body's 'endogenous amphetamine' ... More direct evidence has been obtained recently for a role of trace amines in ADHD. Urinary PE levels have been reported to be decreased in ADHD patients in comparison to both controls and patients with autism . Evidence for a decrease in PE levels in the brain of ADHD patients has also recently been reported . In addition, decreases in the urine and plasma levels of the PE metabolite phenylacetic acid and the precursors phenylalanine and tyrosine have been reported along with decreases in plasma tyramine .
481:
237:
999:
TAARs as potential drug targets for the treatment of psychiatric disorders The dysregulation of TA levels has been linked to several diseases, which highlights the corresponding members of the TAAR family as potential targets for drug development. In this article, we focus on the relevance of TAs and
906:
moreover, studies on rodents show that brain PEA biosynthesis and metabolism greatly increases following amphetamine administration at therapeutic doses. There is also evidence that pharmacological depletion of PEA blocks the stimulant effects of amphetamine, suggesting that endogenous PEA plays an
827:
Manor I, Magen A, Keidar D, Rosen S, Tasker H, Cohen T, Richter Y, Zaaroor-Regev D, Manor Y, Weizman A (July 2012). "The effect of phosphatidylserine containing Omega3 fatty-acids on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial, followed by
204:
were called "nervous" tics. The relationship between ADHD and TS is the subject of scores and scores of journal reviews, and is basically not covered here, and the contentious relationship isn't adequately covered in the faulty info from the NIH factsheet. There is scant coverage of the serious
728:
Manor, I; Magen, A; Keidar, D; Rosen, S; Tasker, H; Cohen, T; Richter, Y; Zaaroor-Regev, D; Manor, Y; Weizman, A (Jul 2012). "The effect of phosphatidylserine containing Omega3 fatty-acids on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial,
769:
Vaisman N, Kaysar N, Zaruk-Adasha Y, Pelled D, Brichon G, Zwingelstein G, Bodennec J (May 2008). "Correlation between changes in blood fatty acid composition and visual sustained attention performance in children with inattention: effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids containing phospholipids".
1012:
Nielsen, JA (7 Nov 1983). "Differential effects of d-amphetamine, beta-phenylethylamine, cocaine and methylphenidate on the rate of dopamine synthesis in terminals of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic neurons and on the efflux of dopamine metabolites into cerebroventricular perfusates of rats".
205:
amount of information known about the neuropsych profile associated with ADHD, and the
Treatment section is cursory at best. Prognosis also needs a lot more beef. To work this article up, someone needs to get hold of several dozen good reviews, and the article will need to depend on
796:
Hirayama S, Terasawa K, Rabeler R, Hirayama T, Inoue T, Tatsumi Y, Purpura M, Jäger R (March 2013). "The effect of phosphatidylserine administration on memory and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial".
165:
for GA as well). I'd just like some input from others on potential improvements to style, citations, and scope/coverage. I plan to use the feedback from this review as, more or less, a to-do list for when I'm ready to work on the article.
633:
Chavez B, Sopko MA, Ehret MJ, Paulino RE, Goldberg KR, Angstadt K, Bogart GT (June 2009). "An update on central nervous system stimulant formulations in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".
126:
213:
had bad information on their factsheet pages, and this has been discussed several times at WT:MED-- ditch them-- there are so many high-quality secondary reviews that sources like that shouldn't be used.
196:
I just took a very quick glance, and think it is going to take a sustained effort to bring this article close to FA standards. Sometime since the last time I looked, some poorly sourced text calling
122:
107:
1428:
Karoum, F (Sep–Oct 1997). "Effects of the administration of amphetamine, either alone or in combination with reserpine or cocaine, on regional brain beta-phenylethylamine and dopamine release".
154:
99:
233:
I expect to have my work cut out for me, but have a ton of relevant reviews and meta-analyses on ADHD or stimulants for ADHD that I plan to use from work on other articles.
668:
Kidd PM (September 2007). "Omega-3 DHA and EPA for cognition, behavior, and mood: clinical findings and structural-functional synergies with cell membrane phospholipids".
755:
900:– metabolism is reduced compared to healthy individuals. It is well documented that urinary excretion of PEA increases following administration of amphetamine and
982:
Miller, GM (Jan 2011). "The emerging role of trace amine-associated receptor 1 in the functional regulation of monoamine transporters and dopaminergic activity".
300:
This section is mostly just for my convenience for reference and as a pre-formatted source list. I plan to use some/all of these later (this list will expand):
115:
76:
1072:
Parker, EM (Apr 1988). "Comparative effects of amphetamine, phenylethylamine and related drugs on dopamine efflux, dopamine uptake and mazindol binding".
1318:
Zametkin, AJ (Mar 1985). "Stimulants, urinary catecholamines, and indoleamines in hyperactivity. A comparison of methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine".
944:
changes in trace amines, in particular PE , have been identified as a possible factor for the onset of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) .
92:
261:
228:
190:
1725:
457:
158:
1558:
Borison, RL (15 Oct 1975). "Brain 2-phenylethylamine as a major mediator for the central actions of amphetamine and methylphenidate".
583:
44:
1487:
Borison, RL (Nov 1974 15). "Biosynthesis of brain 2-phenylethylamine: influence of decarboxylase inhibitors and D-amphetamine".
69:
927:
Berry, MD (Jan 2007). "The potential of trace amines and their receptors for treating neurological and psychiatric diseases".
1377:
Zametkin, AJ (Sep 1984). "Urinary phenethylamine response to d-amphetamine in 12 boys with attention deficit disorder".
871:
62:
50:
1259:
Kusaga, A (Sep 2002). "Increased urine phenylethylamine after methylphenidate treatment in children with ADHD".
910:(Note to self: Update the text of the struck-out clauses to current evidence on humans from these reviews)
224:
1637:
1586:
1515:
1456:
1397:
1346:
1287:
1202:
1143:
1092:
1041:
749:
17:
1707:
254:
183:
904:, and that urinary excretion of these drugs is highly correlated with urinary excretion of PEA;
599:
Reddy DS (October 2013). "Current pharmacotherapy of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder".
889:
Every primary source in this paragraph could be replaced with one of the following 3 reviews:
1680:
1673:
1626:
1575:
1504:
1445:
1386:
1335:
1276:
1242:
1191:
1132:
1081:
1030:
991:
965:
936:
845:
810:
779:
738:
711:
677:
651:
616:
580:
528:
512:
503:
494:
472:
463:
431:
417:
403:
382:
373:
359:
350:
336:
327:
215:
197:
1567:
1496:
1437:
1327:
1268:
1183:
1022:
956:
Grandy, DK (Dec 2007). "Trace amine-associated receptor 1-Family archetype or iconoclast?".
897:
837:
802:
703:
643:
608:
453:
1654:
1603:
1544:
1528:
1473:
1414:
1363:
1304:
1219:
1160:
1109:
1058:
901:
1331:
1174:
Baker, GB (1 Jan 1991). "Phenylethylaminergic mechanisms in attention-deficit disorder".
480:
153:
I've listed this article for peer review because I plan to work on this for FA once the
893:
1719:
1694:
1571:
1500:
1441:
1187:
1026:
241:
170:
612:
206:
841:
707:
541:
305:
209:, with multiple sub-articles. "Rare" disorder, "nervous" tics ... the NIH has
731:
European psychiatry : the journal of the
Association of European Psychiatrists
694:
Brown CM, Austin DW (2011). "Autistic disorder and phospholipids: A review".
1683:
1676:
1448:
1279:
1245:
1135:
994:
968:
939:
848:
813:
782:
741:
714:
680:
654:
619:
531:
515:
506:
497:
475:
466:
434:
420:
406:
385:
376:
362:
353:
339:
330:
1629:
1578:
1507:
1389:
1338:
1194:
1084:
1033:
861:
See the first three sources in the next section (expand the collapse tab)
896:(PEA) – an endogenous amphetamine homologue with analogous dopaminergic
449:
1272:
806:
647:
573:
1619:
Yakubutsu, seishin, kodo = Japanese journal of psychopharmacology
270:
Notes (to self) by Seppi333 on potential sources for inclusion
201:
162:
892:
In individuals with ADHD, there is significant evidence that
490:
RCT's on this topic published after the most recent review:
304:
Relevant general material on ADHD or ADHD stimulants from
1074:
The
Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics
907:
important role in mediating the effects of amphetamines.
141:
134:
103:
277:
Please add new comments/sections above this section.
446:(I expect to write at most a paragraph on this)
575:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp.
487:check article ADHD coverage for applicability)
159:finish editing this article and GA nominate it
70:
8:
754:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
150:This peer review discussion has been closed.
297:Note to self:convert month and year to date
877:
696:Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids
567:Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "
312:Material on ADHD from Molecular Neuropharm
284:
77:
63:
32:
28:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
919:
559:
35:
1650:
1646:
1635:
1599:
1595:
1584:
1540:
1536:
1524:
1513:
1469:
1465:
1454:
1410:
1406:
1395:
1359:
1355:
1344:
1300:
1296:
1285:
1215:
1211:
1200:
1156:
1152:
1141:
1105:
1101:
1090:
1054:
1050:
1039:
747:
729:followed by an open-label extension".
200:a "rare" (not) disorder crept in, and
1235:No to hattatsu. Brain and development
1125:No to hattatsu. Brain and development
7:
1332:10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790260045005
872:Talk:Amphetamine/Archive 4#Treatment
234:
320:ADHD treatment in specific groups:
1379:The American journal of psychiatry
24:
929:Reviews on recent clinical trials
1442:10.1097/00045391-199709000-00009
1430:American journal of therapeutics
571:". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).
524:Insufficiency of DHA/EPA alone:
479:
430:Meta-analytic systematic review
235:
958:Pharmacology & therapeutics
458:and transporter phosphorylation
1320:Archives of general psychiatry
613:10.1358/dot.2013.49.10.2008996
1:
1123:Matsuishi, T (May 1999). "".
346:Children & Young adults:
1572:10.1016/0024-3205(75)90147-2
1501:10.1016/0024-3205(74)90185-4
1188:10.1016/0006-3223(91)90207-3
1027:10.1016/0024-3205(83)90674-4
842:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.05.004
262:21:04, 18 January 2014 (UTC)
229:14:29, 18 January 2014 (UTC)
191:21:43, 17 January 2014 (UTC)
708:10.1016/j.plefa.2010.09.007
444:Supplemental phospholipids:
1742:
1726:February 2014 peer reviews
1617:Hirano, M (Dec 1989). "".
1233:Kusaga, A (May 2002). "".
828:an open-label extension".
984:Journal of neurochemistry
544:neuromodulation and ADHD
452:w/ DHA/EPA - effect on
161:(I'll probably work on
1523:Check date values in:
1176:Biological psychiatry
316:Outlined references:
18:Knowledge:Peer review
1261:Annals of neurology
306:Amphetamine#medical
1645:Unknown parameter
1594:Unknown parameter
1535:Unknown parameter
1464:Unknown parameter
1405:Unknown parameter
1354:Unknown parameter
1295:Unknown parameter
1210:Unknown parameter
1151:Unknown parameter
1100:Unknown parameter
1049:Unknown parameter
471:Potential review?
450:Phosphatidylserine
1690:
1689:
1668:
1667:
1273:10.1002/ana.10302
807:10.1111/jhn.12090
772:Am. J. Clin. Nutr
648:10.1345/aph.1L523
298:
198:Tourette syndrome
142:Watch peer review
87:
86:
1733:
1702:
1698:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1633:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1582:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1511:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1452:
1436:(9–10): 333–42.
1425:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1342:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1283:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1198:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1139:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1088:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1037:
1021:(19): 1899–907.
1009:
1003:
1002:
979:
973:
972:
953:
947:
946:
924:
898:pharmacodynamics
882:Adhd & TAAR1
878:
862:
859:
853:
852:
824:
818:
817:
793:
787:
786:
778:(5): 1170–1180.
766:
760:
759:
753:
745:
725:
719:
718:
691:
685:
684:
665:
659:
658:
642:(6): 1084–1095.
636:Ann Pharmacother
630:
624:
623:
596:
590:
589:
564:
511:RCT w/ PS alone
483:
454:protein kinase C
296:
285:
280:
249:
245:
240:
239:
238:
221:
178:
174:
139:
130:
111:
79:
72:
65:
47:
33:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1716:
1715:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1644:
1634:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1593:
1583:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1534:
1522:
1512:
1495:(10): 1837–48.
1486:
1485:
1481:
1463:
1453:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1404:
1394:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1353:
1343:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1294:
1284:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1209:
1199:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1150:
1140:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1099:
1089:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1048:
1038:
1011:
1010:
1006:
981:
980:
976:
955:
954:
950:
926:
925:
921:
902:methylphenidate
883:
875:
867:
866:
865:
860:
856:
830:Eur. Psychiatry
826:
825:
821:
799:J Hum Nutr Diet
795:
794:
790:
768:
767:
763:
746:
727:
726:
722:
693:
692:
688:
667:
666:
662:
632:
631:
627:
607:(10): 647–665.
598:
597:
593:
586:
566:
565:
561:
290:
279:
274:
272:
247:
243:
236:
219:
176:
172:
155:amphetamine FAC
145:
120:
97:
91:
83:
51:Manual of Style
43:
31:
22:
21:
20:
12:
11:
5:
1739:
1737:
1729:
1728:
1718:
1717:
1688:
1687:
1679:
1672:
1671:Uncategorized:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1609:
1566:(8): 1331–43.
1550:
1479:
1420:
1369:
1310:
1251:
1225:
1166:
1115:
1080:(1): 199–210.
1064:
1004:
990:(2): 164–176.
974:
964:(3): 355–390.
948:
918:
917:
913:
894:phenethylamine
885:
884:
881:
876:
874:
868:
864:
863:
854:
836:(5): 335–342.
819:
788:
761:
737:(5): 335–342.
720:
702:(1–2): 25–30.
686:
676:(3): 207–227.
670:Altern Med Rev
660:
625:
591:
584:
558:
557:
553:
552:
551:
550:
549:
538:
537:
536:
535:
534:
522:
521:
520:
519:
518:
509:
500:
493:RCT+extension
488:
469:
441:
440:
439:
438:
437:
425:
424:
423:
411:
410:
409:
392:
391:
390:
389:
388:
379:
369:Comorbid SUD:
367:
366:
365:
356:
344:
343:
342:
333:
314:
313:
309:
308:
299:
292:
291:
288:
283:
281:
275:
271:
268:
267:
266:
265:
264:
152:
147:
146:
144:
90:
85:
84:
82:
81:
74:
67:
59:
56:
55:
54:
53:
48:
38:
37:
30:
25:
23:
15:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1738:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1656:
1639:
1631:
1628:
1625:(4): 335–48.
1624:
1620:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1588:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:Life sciences
1554:
1551:
1546:
1530:
1517:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1489:Life sciences
1483:
1480:
1475:
1458:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1399:
1391:
1388:
1385:(9): 1055–8.
1384:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1348:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1289:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1204:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1145:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1094:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1043:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:Life sciences
1008:
1005:
1001:
996:
993:
989:
985:
978:
975:
970:
967:
963:
959:
952:
949:
945:
941:
938:
934:
930:
923:
920:
916:
912:
911:
908:
903:
899:
895:
890:
887:
886:
880:
879:
873:
869:
858:
855:
850:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
823:
820:
815:
812:
808:
804:
800:
792:
789:
784:
781:
777:
773:
765:
762:
757:
751:
743:
740:
736:
732:
724:
721:
716:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
690:
687:
682:
679:
675:
671:
664:
661:
656:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
629:
626:
621:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
595:
592:
587:
585:9780071481274
582:
578:
574:
570:
563:
560:
556:
547:
546:
545:
543:
539:
533:
530:
526:
525:
523:
517:
514:
510:
508:
505:
501:
499:
496:
492:
491:
489:
486:
482:
477:
474:
470:
468:
465:
461:
460:
459:
455:
451:
448:
447:
445:
442:
436:
433:
429:
428:
426:
422:
419:
415:
414:
412:
408:
405:
401:
400:
398:
397:
396:
393:
387:
384:
380:
378:
375:
371:
370:
368:
364:
361:
357:
355:
352:
348:
347:
345:
341:
338:
334:
332:
329:
325:
324:
322:
321:
319:
318:
317:
311:
310:
307:
303:
302:
301:
294:
293:
287:
286:
282:
278:
269:
263:
259:
258:
252:
251:
250:
232:
231:
230:
226:
222:
218:
212:
208:
207:summary style
203:
199:
195:
194:
193:
192:
188:
187:
181:
180:
179:
167:
164:
160:
157:closes and I
156:
151:
143:
138:
137:
133:
128:
124:
119:
118:
114:
109:
105:
101:
96:
95:
89:
88:
80:
75:
73:
68:
66:
61:
60:
58:
57:
52:
49:
46:
45:Copying check
42:
41:
40:
39:
34:
29:
26:
19:
1709:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1670:
1653:suggested) (
1638:cite journal
1622:
1618:
1612:
1602:suggested) (
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935:(1): 3–19.
601:Drugs Today
542:Trace amine
104:visual edit
915:References
555:References
456:signaling
413:Efficacy:
323:Athletes:
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548:3 Reviews
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399:Safety:
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169:Thanks,
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335:Review
326:Review
255:Insert
220:Georgia
184:Insert
127:history
108:history
94:Article
36:Toolbox
1525:|date=
1697:Seppi
485:Note:
395:Stims
289:Notes
244:Seppi
217:Sandy
173:Seppi
136:Watch
16:<
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225:Talk
211:long
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