Knowledge (XXG):Reference desk/Archives/Science/2010 February 1

2003:

the ice to melt, it would start to boil. On a larger body, the water vapor would form an atmosphere, the pressure of which would gradually increase until there was an equilibrium between liquid water and water vapor. But Europa has insufficient gravity to keep that water vapor as an atmosphere - so rather than the pressure building up to maintain that equilibrium, the oceans would keep on boiling until they were all gone. If there are liquid oceans there - they are locked below a thick layer of ice which (being a solid) is only sublimating away very slowly. Outgassing (of a sort) is one of two proposed mechanisms to explain the cracked appearance - yet super-smooth surface of the moon. It is thought that the surface ice may occasionally crack due to tidal forces from nearby Jupiter. The pressure in the oceans beneath the ice would force geyser's of water to be forced up through the crack - only to freeze as soon as it reached the surface. This mechanism would continually force water from the liquid oceans, up through cracks - across the surface. Because warm water from the ocean is likely to slowly melt the underside of the ice - undermining it and causing more cracks - there would be a slow recycling of water through the ice sheets. This seems to be the most likely explanation for the observations of Europa - but there is another plausible theory that there is no liquid water - but merely slowly flowing ice beneath a brittle surface layer.

1885:: If you had a steel bar and heated up one end with the same thermometer at the other end, then because steel is opaque to infrared light, the heat would have to travel from one end to the other by conduction...a much slower process in which the jiggling of a hot atom at one end knocks into another atom next door and sets that jiggling too - and atom-by-atom, the jiggling spreads from the heat source to the thermometer. The speed at which that happens varies dramatically from one material to another. At one extreme, metals like steel conduct heat fairly quickly (although nothing like as fast as the speed of light). At the other extreme, materials such as aerogel or the stuff they make space-shuttle heat tiles out of conduct heat incredibly slowly. Everything depends on the structure and constituents of the material. The speed of conduction is nothing like the speed of sound. Sound travels through steel bar at hundreds of miles per hour - but when you stick a metal teaspoon into a near-boiling cup of coffee - it might take several seconds for the heat from one end of a six foot chunk of steel to be noticable at the other end. 3177:- and remember that "inert mass" includes all kinds of structural things like pipes, tubes, aerodynamic control surfaces, and more "connective tissue" than you probably expect. (Every part of the rocket has to be held in place). Extremely small rockets can't ammortize this overhead mass very well. Extremely large rockets suffer from an excessive requirement for structural support. The result is a "sweet spot" in terms of total rocket size, as evidenced above. This is more about engineering details than pure physics - but there's a theoretical limit too. Even an infinitely staged rocket can't beat certain physics, based on the efficiency of your rocket motor's combustion (in particular, the energy-per-mass of propellant, which is related by the 2930:

pieces and launch each piece using a 1 ton launcher and the cost in fuel and motors would be exactly 1000 times as much as for launching 1 ton. Then, because all of the 1000 rockets are identical and with identical payloads - they would go up at the same speed/acceleration. That means that you could launch them all simultaneously and they would stay together. So you can bolt them all together and pretend that they were just one large rocket - and now you don't have to cut your payload into bits. In reality, there would be some parts such as control circuitry and many redundant systems that would not need to be duplicated 1000 times - so in practice, it's a little better than linear.

1470:

current, to generate the same power. The result of integrating the square of the current over time, to find the mean of the power-contribution, is called (or RMS). So an ac current of the same RMS as a dc current will dissipate the same amount of power along thw wire, and will generate the same amount of heating-up. The result of the RMS integral is dependant upon the waveform of the ac current. For sine (cosine) waves, the RMS value is sqrt(2)/2 (=~0.7071...) of the amplitude. For example, in incandescent light-bulbs, you need an ac amplitude of current, which is larger (times the inverse RMS amount) than a constant dc current, to produce the same amount of heat (and light). --

329:

of the wheel. Tie the other end of the rope to a nice strong nail hammered into the south pole of the moon. As the earth spins, so the generator turns at roughly one revolution per day (actually, not quite that because the moon orbits the earth once a month). You'll keep generating power until the earth eventually stops spinning - an event that would be very slightly hastened by doing this. (Actually, since the moon does set below the horizon even at the south pole, you might need to erect a very tall tower and mount your generator on top of that to ensure you have a continual path for the rope.) There are of course some trivial engineering issues to deal with!

1891:: If you put a hot body into a room that's full of air - and put one thermometer six feet to the left of it and a second thermometer six feet above it - then the first thermometer will take a lot longer to register the temperature rise than the second one. That's because as the air around your heat source warms up, it expands. It's density gets lower...the air becomes "lighter". This lighter, warmer air tries to float on top of the denser air - just like a piece of wood floats on water. As the air rises upwards, it reaches the thermometer above the heat source quite soon - but that warm air has to be replaced by cool air from around the sides - so the 3858:.That writer says he did a distance ride and let the horse set the pace and decide when to stop for the night. The load was 190 pounds on an 1100 pound horse, and he covered 24 miles per day for 58 days out of a 5.5 month period. After a 40 mile day, he rested for two days. Another answer was 10-15 miles carrying 200 pounds. They say the load must not be more than 20% of the horse's weight. How much did you say your horse weighs that has to carry 300 pounds? Other answers there say 3428:

that a development cost. Upon launch, if there is a launch failure, you're going to want to fix the problem on future rockets, so there will be development costs there for incremental improvements. There will also be the inevitable engineer's burning desire to improve this 40-year-old design, with all the improvements in materials science and rocket engineering that have transpired. If I know engineers, they're going to say "start from scratch" when this is proposed.

399:

lunar antipodeal nail could be purchased at Home Depot for approximately 50 cents and I was planning to repurpose the spare generator out of my 1963 Mini Cooper - so relatively little loss of life would be entailed in those phases of the construction project. Rewiring the major world-wide power grids to run off 12 volts with a positive ground will have to be someone else's problem because I have to talk NASA into lending me one of those million dollar space-hammers. :-)

1906:

the chimney, you feel a cool draft from the colder air in the rest of the room. However, heat from the fire is also warming up the walls and floor of your house by conduction - and you get some warmth that way too. Figuring out the results of those three things complicates the answer to the point where we can't give you any kind of measure of speed without knowing precisely what materials and distances are involved.

3460:

catastrophic failures!) Even if you have a perfect schematic, what about assembly? You need dozens, if not hundreds, of skilled engineers, technicians, machinists, and a huge variety of hard-to-find, specialized skill-sets. Hiring those people, either full-time or contractually, is not free. Are these enough reasons why a Black Arrow, or indeed any rocket, can't be built with "zero development cost"?

1139:. This clearly is very uncommon and requires a specific set of circumstances (i.e. isn't something that occurs in the 'wild' if that has any meaning for humans) and tumour types and isn't associated with sexual intercourse nor blood transmission but Ariel never said it was. Transplanted organs can of course also effectively transmit cancer although I don't know if you'd call that a transmittable cancer. 2142:, which didn't mention any lasting injuries. For future reference, 95 is correct, this would probably belong better on the Entertainment desk; and also for future reference I do recommend a news site like Google News for "what happened yesterday" questions like this; it's faster than coming here to Knowledge (XXG), asking, and then waiting several hours for someone like me to go Google it for you. 3974:. Briefly, the DoD maintains large stockpiles of certain drugs (particularly antidotes for chemical or biological weapons) which have limited peacetime use. As it would be extremely costly to replace these drugs upon their nominal expiry dates, SLEP was established to determine if properly-stored drugs might be safely and effectively retained for longer periods. From the outline document: 3052:, with 3.9% efficiency to LEO, and it's many times larger than any of the above. So basically, economy of scale doesn't apply from a size standpoint. As such, you're probably not going to make one ten-thousand class launcher; instead, you'll launch ten thousand generic ones (or one thousand ten-class launchers, or something else that really will let you use economies of scale). — 1957:

about a new thermal contact could transfer as fast as the phonons do, i.e. at the speed of sound, but in practice most materials are limited by the internal scattering of phonons and measurable diffusion takes much longer. The other issue with your discussion was the choice to use a steel bar. Heat conduction in steel, like all metals, is totally dominated by the propagation of

3553:

program, the current workforce was unable to duplicate the characteristics of the batches made in the 1970s and 1980s, according to a March report by the Government Accountability Office. 'I don't know how this happened that we forgot how to make fogbank,' Coyle said. 'It should not have happened, but it did.'" Rockets have similar national security and technical issues.

1251:

Several standing committees were set up and the Medical Committee became a leading authority on medical films in the UK and published several catalogues of appraisals of films on specialist medical topics. The SFA, together with the French Institut de Cinematographie Scientifique, established the International Scientific Film Association in October 1947.

2960:

close to zero - so you need lots of redundancy. A one in one hundred chance of a 1 ton launch vehicle getting off the ground would translate into a near certainty of failure for a 1000 ton launcher made up of 1000 one ton launchers. Hence you need more thrust to take account of that expected failure rate. But in theory, it's a linear thing.

1591:

where water can pick up momentum or build up pressure). You'l also want to consider whether you're talking about natural flooding (where water passes a bank and more or less gradually fills the surrounding region) or catastrophic flooding (where the failure of a natural or man-made containment wall releases huge quantities of water rapidly). --

259:... whether the energy was created or has always been there is irrelevant for this discussion). Presently, that energy takes the form of rotational kinetic energy in the planetary rotation of the Earth. If you could actually build a device that could be spun by the Earth, you would be ever-so-slightly slowing down the enormous planetary-sized 3979:

SLEP data are not generalizable unless storage conditions are identical and verifiable. Even within the SLEP, products known to have been stored under adverse conditions (i.e., high temperature or low temperatures) by SLEP Participates are excluded from the program, unless they are marked and tested separately from “normal” stocks.

742:

collecting solar energy has some sort of effect of depleting the sun, the energy is already there either way, either you collect it and use it or you don't and it just goes to waste. As for your second point, I thought that if you go to the trouble of attaching a gear to the earth you'd want to get a little more then megawatts.

963:); that is, is it more viable or likely that the person will become infected as a result of intercourse? Further, why or why not would this happen? As much as this may seem like a facetious question, I am genuinely curious and would appreciate any insight that can be offered, whether it is theoretical or concrete. Thank you, 360:

all, you might be better off to forget the generator and use a conductive wire instead of rope - generating electricity directly from the motion of the wire through the magnetic field. You'd need two wires - one from the north pole and one from the south with a wire running across the lunar surface to complete the circuit.)

263:; and you could extract energy from it. It's not perpetual motion - there's a finite (but really, really huge) amount of energy to extract. However, the impracticality of building such a device makes it less attractive than harnessing other natural energy reservoirs (tidal motions have already been brought up). 2602:

when rotten, but it also tastes bitter when fresh), and I had a taste on the syrup before deciding it didn't taste of and was sticky enough that it would have not enough free water for any bacteria to live in it. If you are not in really dire need of food, throw away whatever you're in doubt of being harmful.

1486:

wires are underground and there are small cracks in the insulation. There is also electrolytic action causing ferrous metal underground to lose metal when copper is nearby, but that should not depend on AC versus DC current in the copper, as long as the circuit has a return path and is not just unipolar.

3862:

over several days. Other accounts I have read say the horse will break down or go lame after a few days at such a pace. In wartime, a messenger might ride a horse literally to death to get a message through, so extreme values of milage covered might not be sustainable. Keeping the weight carried to a

2002:

I don't know about "when" Europa warms up - that seems unlikely to happen before the sun turns into a red giant...and even then, not for long. Anyway - what prevents all of the oceans from boiling off into space is precisely because there is all of that ice there. If the planet warmed up enough for

1905:

So the answer to your question is fairly complex. In many situations, the transfer of heat from one place to another depends on all three of these mechanisms. If you light a fire in your fireplace, you are immediately warmed by the thermal radiation - but as the hot air produced by the fire goes up

1250:

The Scientific Film Association was constituted on 20 November 1943 to promote the use of the scientific film in order to achieve the widest possible understanding and appreciation of scientific method and outlook. Active members included eminent film makers such as Sir Arthur Elton and Edgar Anstey.

1207:

However as explained by Ludwings, this isn't really a transmittable cancer at least by the definition used in both of the earlier linked articles. Rather the virus is transmittable which when it infects a human can eventually (along with a whole host of other changes) lead to cancer in a small number

3617:

How far can a horse travel in one day over flat terrain such as the American Midwest without wearing it out (it must be able to travel roughly the same distance for many days in a row) presuming it has 300 lbs or rider and equipment? I am sure that various breeds would have different results, so am

3492:

Well, there was a bunch of stuff commonly manufactured fifty years ago which is not manufactured now. And if your rockets happens to need any of that stuff - which is fairly likely - then you do have to rediscover how to make it. And I agree that all things being equal, that is well possible. But it

3427:

That program had 2 successful launches and 2 failures, according to the infobox. It would be possible to take the plans and go and make one and launch it, yes; but there would be the cost of building whatever ground control facilities are necessary to communicate with the thing. You might consider

3156:

exist. They usually explode on impact, too. (Not commonly a design goal for orbital launchers and certainly not for manned rockets!) Generally, if you want to guarantee safety of the payload, it's considered a bad idea to burn through your structural elements. I've never heard of "glass carbon",

1961:

electrons. So the idea of atoms bumping into each other, though an appropriate image for phonons in insulators, is not the right image to use for metals at all where essentially all the work is done by electrons bumping into each other. This difference is also why thermal conductivity of metals is

1956:

in most solids can be estimated as the speed of sound in the material (typically a few km/s) times the phonon mean free path (typically several angstroms). I assume the original poster knew something about this or else he wouldn't have mentioned the speed of sound. So, in principle the information

937:

to not do people's homework for them, but to merely aid them in doing it themselves. Letting someone else do your homework does not help you learn how to solve such problems. Please attempt to solve the problem yourself first. If you need help with a specific part of your homework, feel free to tell

745:

As for ariel's point, that's extremely counter intuitive, I'm really struggling to model in my head how that would work, it's like a plane taking off on a conveyor belt:) If you are "extracting" energy, how can you be accelerating the moon? I get that the earth is rotating a lot faster then the moon

600:

All joking aside, I don't see any reason a gyroscope running perpendicular to the earth's axis wouldn't feel some force from the earth's turn. The force would be incredibly weak, so actually constructing a device so frictionless that it would turn is probably impossible, but I don't think there are

471:

suggestion was correct, the objection to it was wrong. The only problem is that to get a significant amount of energy the pendulum would have to be miles high. The winds in winter storms, it might be worth noting, are powered by the same mechanism -- that is, they draw their energy mainly from the

398:

That won't be a problem because, sadly, eclipse-lovers and anyone who even knows where to find a lunar calendar will have died during the three centuries of enforced labor required to hand-make half a million kilometers of bungee cord and an antarctic generator tower several hundred miles tall. The

328:

Oh come on! It's easy! Buy a simple electrical generator with a large wheel welded to it's input shaft. Take it to the South Pole and bolt it firmly though the ice and into the bedrock beneath with the input shaft pointing straight up and the wheel laying horizontally. Tie a long rope to one side

4001:

It's also worth noting that an "emergency stockpile" needs to satisfy a different set of practical conditions than a normal supply - whether it's food, medication, or anything else. In the event of cataclysmic chemical warfare, I think most people would be willing to make exceptions about antidote

2929:

You are wrong. It IS linear with the amount of stuff you want to lift. Here is a thought experiment: Imagine you have a launch vehicle that can get 1 ton up to the required orbit with a certain amount of fuel. Now you want to launch a 1000 ton object. Well, you could cut it up into 1000 one ton

2601:

would like to be liable if you get stomach cramps or worse) I have to tell you that we cannot answer your question. But I can tell you what I did in a similar situation (which is not even original research, I did not research, I just did it). I used the sugar, threw away the cocoa (it tastes bitter

1986:

When Europa warms up I thouhgt this is possible Europa can end up back to watery globe. The surface is made of white ice which is thick layers of oxygen. If scinetist think Europa is once cover with oceans when gravity is too low how can they keep a substantial atmosphere? Isn't Europa even smaller

1895:

of heat through the air is messed up by that air flow and the thermometer off to the side may never show a temperature increase at all! This convection effect relies on the materials being free to move around - so you don't see convection in a steel bar - but you do see it in water, mercury, air,

1674: 1485:

I would expect more electrolytic effects from wires carrying DC than AC, unless the insulation is perfect. With AC, the metal removed in one half cycle might be returned in the other half cycle, but with DC there should be a continuous deposition of metal, provided there is leakage current, as when

982:

the cancer was generated by an underlying sexually transmitted disease (e.g. gonorrhea or HPV) you might catch that particular disease, and that disease might (eventually) induce cancer in you as well, but there is no necessary, direct, or causal relationship implied there. relax, you're relatively

382:

SteveBaker, you've solved the energy problems of the earth. Except that people who like eclipses and use a lunar calendar would object since as you transfer momentum to the moon it will get farther and farther away. (You are lucky the moon and earth rotate in the same direction, otherwise you might

344:

Now this could work. It would do rather interesting things to the orbit of the moon. Especially if you don't lengthen the rope. (But you could never actually make the earth stop spinning, the best you could do would be to have it spin at the same rate as the orbit of the moon. But I think you could

3978:

It is important to note that products tested under this program are maintained under tightly managed, controlled conditions at a limited number of locations. Extrapolation of these data to drugs stored by others would be inappropriate. Storage conditions may vary widely across the population and

3881:

The hundred-miles-per-day number for the Mongol armies was actually due to their wise use of their horses. They would often have 3-4 horses per rider, so each rider could change rides multiple times in the journey; an individual horse may ride 100 miles with a rider on one day, and then the horse

2761:

None of the things you mentioned will spoil, but you might have bugs in them, and the taste might be bad. But from a safety point of view, I would be comfortable eating them. The popcorn will almost certainly not pop, and the cocoa might taste bad. The sugar and corn syrup will be fine. But please

726:

You would actually accelerate the moon, not decelerate it. The earth and the moon both rotate/orbit in the same direction. So if you slow one down, you must speed the other up. So you would raise the orbit of the moon. This is why eclipse lovers are so mad at SteveBaker, with the moon farther away

711:

That's true in theory - but if you are really concerned about it as a practical matter then you should be out there protesting tidal power stations because those are having the exact same effect. For an identical amount of power generated, my "generator + rope + nail" approach would cause exactly

642:

Angular momentum would be conserved. The object you accelerated would now have angular momentum. Earth would have less angular momentum. Energy and momentum are both conserved, but the process of the transfer can be used to do productive work (accelerating something you want accelerated, like a

3936:

Inspired by the "best by XXX date" discussion above: I've been told the US military purchases prescription and/or over-the-counter drugs in bulk that have expired, because the prices are at rock bottom (believable) and because the Army's doctor-accountants have a table of dates and drugs telling

1609:

Historical information about previous floods in the city may be helpful (perhaps to confirm whether your model has validity). A google search throws up links to photographs of previous floods. You may be able to estimate how high the water was at the stated locations but I didn't find an aerial

1309:

and several other significant references. I don't think you'd have a hard time establishing notability. So yeah - I think Knowledge (XXG) needs an article about this. As others have pointed out - you need to be sure that there are a good number of references for the article in general - and in

359:

I think it would be hard to get the rope really tight enough that the elliptical orbit of the moon would be a problem, and the rope doesn't need to be tight for this to work. But to assuage your concerns, I'd be prepared to spend the extra to buy bungee cord. (In truth - if you could do this at

3986:

In other words, the information that the DOD has collected may not be applicable to pharmaceuticals stored and handled outside the military. There's also no program for purchase of expired drugs, as the military cannot rely on outside organizations to have stored and handled the drugs properly.

2959:

No doubt that below the size of an effective present-day launch vehicle, things might get unlinearly worse - but above the present size shouldn't be a problem in principle. Of course, the practical issues are a problem. If you have 1000 rockets, the probability of them all working perfectly is

1590:

Further, you'd need to estimate flood points and try to work out a flow pattern. rising water does not create floods; floods are created when water passes the lowest point on the river bank, and how it flows from there will determine damage patterns (damage will be more extensive, for instance,

797:

I have heard about rotational magnetic bearings. But has anyone invented an (unpowered) linear magnetic bearing, which could do away with wheels without the costs of electromagnetic levitation? And don't cheat by using high temperature superconductors floating above liquid nitrogen-this has its

3446:

I think the OP is underestimating the difficulty of looking at a rocket schematic, and actually building a rocket. It's not exactly like a Lego set. Material costs are high. Rockets are built from weird stuff (exotic metal alloys, dangerous chemicals, toxic fuels and oxidizers). Many of the

3097:

No - a balloon won't get you above the top of the atmosphere - and it won't get you the orbital speed you need so even if you could get up to the right altitude, the payload would just fall back to earth again. So you still need a rocket or something similar to get you up to orbit. However, a

2736:

So I assume it has some kind of personal, memorable value. I encountered this from personal experience, in a time when Germans socialists where on top and I didn't know if I'll ever get a job again, thus valuing any left food twice as high (not wanting to be in need to beg the apparatchniki for

1778:

It depends on what your medium is. If it is transparent to infra-red radiation then a solid object immersed in the medium will be heated most rapidly by electromagnetic radiation (although the medium itself is not heated this way becqause it does not absorb the e.m. radiation). If the medium is

1469:

Wires get corroded by heating-up. They heat-up since they have a typical resistance per unit length (depending on the material), so when current flows through them, it disspates power in them given by P=I²•R (where I is the current). Note that AC current must have a larger amplitude than the DC

1031:

Uh... those refer to dogs and tasmanian devils... and (excuse me) apparently to Syrian hamsters as well. There is no known pattern of a transmissible cancers in humans, or even in primates. assuming that the OP is not a tasmanian devil, canid, or Syrian hamster (and has not been using Syrian

696:

If you used the moon as an anchor you would of course decelerate the moon and consequently lower the orbit, and probably also slow the earth's rotation, which is something we probably don't want to do. You might be able to get an arbitrarily large amount of energy before we had cataclysmic side

681:

the earth. I guess technically you are also transferring just once to the moon, but you can collect almost all the rotational momentum of the earth, by giving the moon a huge orbit with lots of momentum. With a gyroscope or pendulum you can't give that much - they are not able to hold that much

3941:

expiration dates — or, at least, the dates past which soldiers will start to keel over if they take the drugs. (Less believable.) The theory is that the drug companies are incentivized to label drugs with the nearest possible palatable expiration date not for product effectiveness reasons or

3552:

about another program having trouble following some blueprints. To refurb some not so very old nuclear warheads: "The component, known by the code word "fogbank," is thought to be made of an exotic material and is crucial...When it came time to make new batches of fogbank for the refurbishment

3459:

are much lower than the total project cost. Testing is often dangerous and/or destructive. (If you had a re-usable rocket, you'd be in great shape!) But a huge number of elements - even things you wouldn't expect - are "consumable". This means you need one item per test, (not even counting

3195:

I have to admit that I am a bit startled that I can't find neither the (an??) article about glass carbon nor on flopping. From my memory, glass carbon is a from of carbon (supposedly) based on fullerenes that is "glassy" (none-crystalline), gaining its optimal strength at somewhat over 3000°C.

619:

It would feel a force. But you can only collect the energy once, after that the force would move (accelerate) the gyroscope, and there would no longer be a force. The only reason a foucault pendulum turns is that they work really hard to make sure there is no force at the joint (frictionless).

508:

Hmmm - so we could build a vast, elliptical train track - with the major axis of the ellipse running north-south. The train would be loaded with bowling balls which we'd release from the side of the train on the southern leg of the journey - picking them up again on the northern leg after the

741:

I don't know if I agree with that Steve. Aren't you extracting power that is there either way, except that when you don't harvest it, the waves just crash and dissipate as "heat" and noise and what not. I can't see how it would effect the moon. I would think it would be similar to saying that

3637:

work. I googled on the phrase "typical speed of a draft horse" and there was exactly one hit, which said that at one time many cities set their speed limit to 6 mph because that was the typical speed of a draft horse. I don't know how many hours a day a horse could walk under the specific

108:

When I was younger I said to my mom that we could create a good energy source using the earth's rotation. All I need was a gear which the earth could spin using its rotation much like the gears in clock work. This spinning gear would then be used to generate electricity. My mom said it was

760:

Ok, I think I got it, it's much easier to visualize if you place yourself on the moon and if the initial condition is that the moon starts as a stationary object. ignoring the gravity that would cause it to crash into the earth of course. But that makes it easy to see why the moon will be

3647:

it says wagon trains took 4-6 months to cover 2,000 miles, and that's only 11 to 17 miles a day; but the wagons were heavy enough that they used slower animals than horses. Plus the logistics of operating a wagon train must have been more difficult than a single animal. --Anonymous,

2691:

Old popcorn loses the internal moisture needed to explode into steam and make it pop, so the size of the popped kernals should decrease and the number of unpopped kernals should increase in very old popcorn. We cannot predict other harmful effects such as fungus or insect infestation.

1513:, UK. The premise is unrealistic, but I want what follows from it to be as plausible as possible. So I'm seeking tips on how I could model what flooding would look like in this town: I'd like to be able to produce a map showing which parts of the city are still above the flood level. 164:

You can only do that once. After that the pendulum is spinning at the same rate as the earth, and you can no longer extract any energy. It would be a violation of conservation of angular momentum if you could constantly extract energy from the rotation of the earth by slowing it down.

1173:. However, as I assume the questioner is a man, he won't actually catch cervical cancer (not having a cervix), but apparently can get cancer of the penis. You're at most risk of catching an STD if you don't use a condom. It's possible cervical cancer could be classified as an STD. -- 2870:

if a trillionaire was inspired by a successful government rocket launch and decided, I wanna get a payload that's ten thousand times heavier up into orbit, would they need a rocket system that is ten thousand times as massive? (ie a linear relationship). Or would it be more/less?

3533:

points out) the rocket only had a 50% success rate - so you already know that there's going to have to be a certain amount of redesign. But without being able to talk with the original designers, it would be an uphill struggle to turn these things to a solid launch vehicle.

1737:, which depends on bulk movements of the medium. In many situations radiation does not play a significant role and diffusion is the main factor. "Conduction" is the same thing as diffusion here, and it does not go at the speed of sound -- its speed drops off with distance. 557:

Because to move the balls north on the return trip you would have to spend energy in the train to speed them up against the (reverse) coriolis effect. And conservation of angular momentum also says no, since you have nowhere to transfer the momentum of the rotating earth.

1755:

I'm afraid I couldn't get it. Let me rephrase the question: What is the time required to cause an infinitesimal or tiny change in temperature provided that a significant change has taken place at a given distance of known medium (with its characteristics involving heat

1628:

Another variable you need is the percolation/drainage capability of any area - and that's complex since drainage capabilities of any area will be affcted by the drainage capability of another area (e.g. if both discharge into a common and limited drainage channel).

3942:

liability reasons, but because consumers and pharmacies will throw out the old Tylenol to go buy more Tylenol. (I'm pretty sure the expiration date is not something consumers really look at when comparing Tylenol v. Advil.) True about the Army? False? Lunacy?

2164:

Ah, this is our world today and I don't have much capacity to complain about but, please all of you think twice, is the state of health or injury of any human being really a matter of entertainment? I think, yes, in the world as it is, it is, but it should not.

1009:(we actually have a page on that). There is no reason to assume it could not happen to humans too - and in fact the page lists one case where it happened. Especially if the lag/incubation period is very long it would be very hard to figure out the correlation. 3509:

enthusiasts would be a lot richer. "Classic aerospace engineering" is a little more expensive than repairing an original Mini-Cooper! You could start with that, and once you've totally mastered it, start working your way up the ladder of vehicle complexity.

1135:

I don't think Ariel is referring to Devil facial tumour disease being transmissible to humans. Rather some surgeons have had tumours that have been transmitted via accidential implantation on an injury site with the article linking to this specific reference

1844:

will radiate on any frequency (albeit and notably not at the same intensity) any change in temperature will reach any other body at the speed of light. The energy exchanged in this way will in most cases be negligible compared to the energy flow by slower

958:

If an individual has sexual intercourse with a cancerous cell (e.g. a mutated cell cluster or cancerous tissue as detected in a biopsy), will they contract cancer? Does it matter if the disease that the cell carries is a sexually transmitted disease (e.g.

3047:

Now, of those, the Titan (the least efficient) is also the largest. The Atlas (most efficient) is also the smallest. It's also got a large payload range specified, so I'm more suspicious of that estimate being high. Anyway, we can finally consider the

3882:

may have spent a day resting, and a few days catching up without a rider, and at a more leisurely pace. Besides being good riders and horsemen, the Mongols were also master logisticians, able to get the most out of their horses without ruining them. --

3061:

Addressing the rider question: Given the above, you could expect to launch a 1 kg payload to LEO with about 50 kg of rocket, if everything scaled well. 500 kg of rocket should work out fine as a theoretical minimum launch vehicle. Poking through our

2892:

Depending on the distance you want to go and the time you have (if a trillonnaire, plenty or none ?), fuel may put you off terrestrial gravity and then you just have to let solar winds or ionic propulsion take the relay with very much less load costs.

2048:

would cause many parts of the solar system to be destroyed, including (according to one documentary) all of the gases of Jupiter, leaving only its core, which it erroneously claims will be smaller than Europa (which is not possible, given the size of

2624:

This is why we have "use before..." dates - are there any of those on these products? I would be surprised if any of the things you mentioned would be a problem - providing no moisture got into them - and no rodent chewing/droppings are evident.

1875:: If you had a hot body and a thermometer separated by some distance in a hard vacuum - then such heat as would be transferred from one to the other would happen via infrared radiation (mostly) and that travels at the speed of light (because it 3836:

Looks like a good ballpark guess then would be between 20 and 40 miles a day. Not sure if it can be done for 10+ days in a row, but it seems like this might be one of the areas of human knowledge that has been reduced in the last 100+ years.

2444:

Are you asking if it has gone bad? Popcorn will basically not go bad IF it has not been exposed to moisture or bugs. But you should be able to tell by looking at it if it has gone bad—with over a decade of time, it has either probably gone

1813:

Then at what (slowly) speed will the heat transfer by conduction and convection occur? This question will help me save the time asking another question about a maximum theoretical possible speed for sound if it will be the same, thanks in

2449:

bad (it will be able to carry out a conversation with you), or it is just fine to eat. Note that this may vary depending on any flavoring or coating on the popcorn—if it has all sorts of synthetic butter stuff on it, I don't know whether

1713:

Can we say that heat is transferred at the speed of electromagnetic waves throughout a medium? I understood it is transferred by conduction, for instance at the speed of sound, but isn't there a radiation contributing factor through this

3528:

It's incredibly difficult to take someone else's plans and turn it into a workable thing. There will always be ambiguities - and situations where you really need to ask the designer "why did you do it like that?" - and in this case (as

2944:

You are right, it is linear from the equation. I got it wrong in memory and was too convinced to read the article I've linked for a check. It probably is not linear with very small weights as the hull weight is not linear (so I think).

509:

coriolis effect had moved them across the width of the track. Recovering the kinetic energy from the bowling balls and using this to power the train itself is a mere engineering detail that will be left as an exercise for the reader.

198:

Perhaps a gyroscope in a vacuum cylinder spinning on frictionless magnetic bearings at one of the earth poles would stay still as the Earth turned, allowing the difference in rotation to turn gears to speed up the rotation and turn a

2524:

That being said, popcorn costs a dollar or two (US currency) per pound. Unless you're talking about a huge quantity (e.g., your father stockpiled shelves of the stuff), it's probably wiser just to toss it and buy a new package.

3395:

Is there any reason why, if the engineering plans and other details survive, that a Black Arrow could not simply be built, giving a working launch vehicle with zero development costs? Obviously a launch site would be needed too.

1648:

The OS 1:25 000-scale map for the city has contour intervals of 5 metres. Cambridge is as rugged and mountainous as a pancake, so there ain't that many of them. Does anyone know of a resource showing contours at a finer level of

1652:

The point about percolation is well taken. Can I make the blanket assumption that the broader the scale of the storm (i.e., the greater the size of the area that's getting rained on), the worse drainage at any one point will

1896:

etc. Even within liquids, the runnier the liquid, the faster the convection currents can move. The amount of convection in (say) treacle is far less than (say) in water. I suppose that the rate of convection might be

3196:

Flopping is a mostly undesirable effect of uncontentious burning of rocket fuel leading to yet undesirable pressure fluctuations that could (warning: original thinking!) be used to throw off burnt stages of the rocket.

1920:

Just to add to Steve's reply, in a thin column of air (or other fluids), the descending cool air can't move to the side of the ascending warm air, and thus inhibits free convection. This is one of the methods in

2510:

Assuming this is a commercial product, it probably has a relatively long shelf life. at any rate, or popcorn to go bad it needs to absorb moisture, and if it absorbs any significant amount of moisture is won't

246:

Well, I'm not quite clear on Trevor Loughlin's idea. But, it's possible to harness energy that's stored in the form of Earth's rotation - actually netting more energy than you expend to collect it. You aren't

1656:

Ludwigs2, just to clarify, by "flood point" you mean the spot(s) at which the river breaks its banks? That seems like an area where Frumpo's suggestion of gathering data on earlier floods would be helpful.

3715:

I think 60/day is pretty generous -- 6 mph is a trotting pace, not sustainable indefinitely, plus the horse will need several hours each day to graze. I would guess 30-50/day is a more reasonable range.

1092:

being transmissible to humans and I would think the amount of research that has been done on it is a reason to assume that would have been noticed if it were possible. However research into dog to human

2242:

So isn't it illegal to inflict such injuries to anyone, or to promote or endorse such doings? Why aren't all those rubbernecks paying attention and money to see such incidents simply going to prison?

712:

the same amount of slowing of spin and lunar orbit degradation as tidal power stations are actually doing in practice TODAY! (Trust me: the effect of extracting power this way would be negligable.)

3134:

effcet (what, no article???) to throw off burnt parts of the pipe as to emulate multiple stages of a rocket thrown off. And, of course, set off in a high altitude reached using a hydrogen balloon.

1058:

And a human too, did you miss that part? It's not just theoretically possible, it's actually happened. I never said it was common, I said we don't know. He did ask for even theoretical information.

3968:(still a redlink, unfortunately) is a joint program of the U.S. Department of Defense and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA); it may be the basis for the rumors you heard. Here's the website: 66: 45: 490:

You object to conservation of angular momentum? The winds are not powered by the rotation of the earth, they are powered by the sun. The rotation just effects what direction they will go in.

55: 1287:

Leading or not, if it existed and produced lasting artefacts like catalogues, then I would go ahead and include it. But, as Cuddlyable said, you must provide citations for every claim. --

51: 2294:

If so, why then is there any fuss about any injuries consented? (And if in any countries with national health care, is there any compensation for the non-consent-forced-contributors?)

3493:

is a damned site harder than simply being able to put in an order at your nearest supplier. And that is one of the reasons that "can't be that difficult" is not very well observed. --

2737:

sustenance). My personal advice is: throw away what is clearly rotten, use what can safely be eaten, and await a time where the rest of it clears out to be on one or the other side.

59: 3451:). A huge amount of hassle and red tape goes into this to make sure you aren't building anti-aircraft systems or weapons. (Let me clarify - the cost of this red-tape comes out of 1541:

centimetres per day", how can I figure out what effect that would have on the ground? I'd be very grateful for tips on ways to get started, or on factors I'm missing from my list.

1208:

of people. This compares to a transmittable cancer where the cancerous cells themselves infect the other host. A more complicated case which perhaps illustrates the complexity is

1533:

Can anyone give me pointers on how I could realistically model the flooding of the town, if I had set values for these variables? If I wanted to say "it has rained solidly for

643:

turbine). Why can you transfer angular momentum to the moon, but not to a bowling ball or a turbine? Ariel's objection doesn't seem valid. Again, the engineering details of

251:

any energy - you're just harnessing kinetic energy of Earth's rotation. Presumably, that energy is left over from the formation of the solar system (and by extension, from the

234:

If I understand you correctly, the maximum energy you'd get out of that would be somewhat less than you had to put in to it to get the gyroscope spinning in the first place. --

4002:

potency, side-effect hazard, and other potential pitfalls of extended shelf-life. During non-emergency situations, the level of concern for those issues is much higher.

2762:

check for bugs (look for webs). It's a rare airborne fungus that would be harmful to eat (as opposed to breathe). And bacteria can not live in those things (too dry).

798:

costs-I'm talking about ordinary magnets. Is it theoretically possible? There is no violation of thermodynamics or conservation of energy laws to make it impossible(?)

2706:

I missed one the responses. As executor of my father's estate and the only one who inherited from him after his wife agreed to a certain amount, the food is mine.

3343:

What causes mRNA secondary structure? What impact did the presence of secondary structure in the mRNA have on the scanning and initiation steps of translation?

1779:

opaque to infra-red radiation then a thin layer near its surface is heated rapidly by e.m. radiation but the bulk of the medium has to be heated more slowly by

1187:

As an aside, HPV infection is also associated with oropharyngeal cancers – cancers of the mouth and throat – which again are of concern to both women and men.

3794:. They pretty much pushed the horse to its limit, and by some calculations they still covered more ground per day than even a modern mechanized army can. 25: 452:

to "steal" energy from other planets orbital momentum, rather than their rotational energy. The energy is not free - it causes the planet's orbit to slow.

3173:

in a lot of ways. The easiest way is to cut down on your safety factor. This is rarely desirable. Ultimately, as has been pointed out, you want to see

1254:

There is no mention of the SFA in Knowledge (XXG) but one note of an Italian who was an ISFA member. Do you think that I should prepare a possible entry?

85:

The page you are currently viewing is an archive page. While you can leave answers for any questions shown below, please ask new questions on one of the

2057:

does not do it first, but it's possible that its entire orbit around Jupiter would be disrupted, sending it into the planet or being swept out to space–

2874:

In general, how massive a rocket system (rocket system including fuel) do you need to get x pounds of weight up into orbit? (ie what is the formula).

3795: 2996:

But I would like to hitch-hike the question and add my own: how small (weight and dimensions) can a rocket be to enter near earth orbit from earth?

1220: 3863:

minimum would be important, and a 150 pound rider with 50 pounds of tack and cargo would be more successful than your 300 pound load. See also the

3063: 3015: 2196:

Good one! I suggested the Entertainment desk not because injuries are hilarious, but because Melvin is the Light Heavyweight World Champion of

3018:

provides a good starting point. Considering low earth orbit only, here's some common systems and their efficiency (payload over launch mass):

3350: 2381: 2139: 3693: 3241:

and I can't find "flopping" any more but it's what I remember as name for it when I first heard of that effect. The other thing is spelled

3197: 3135: 3080: 2997: 2946: 2914: 2878: 2738: 2648: 2603: 2295: 2243: 2166: 2113: 1854: 1337: 1310:

particular that all potentially controversial statements are individually tagged with a specific reference. I look forward to reading it!

425: 300:

The gyro would not be spinning horizontally like a top, it would be at right angles to the Earth-dynamo axis. Would this make a difference?

184: 3638:

conditions you're talking about, but I imagine it would be most of the daylight hours, so 60 miles (100 km) would be my ballpark estimate.

21: 3854:

which says 8 mph, 100 miles per day. Another says that a horse might go 100 miles in a day in a grueling endurance ride, but would need

3823: 3554: 3478: 3322: 3246: 2832: 2097: 1448: 1201: 899: 3447:

things you need to acquire to build one, including the metals, chemicals, electronics, and software, are controlled by the government (

1223: 37: 3599: 3397: 2894: 2851: 2021: 1988: 1381: 140:. It's unlikely that you'd be able to extract much. Essentially, you'd be tapping off the reservoir of angular momentum (or rather, 110: 2438: 2723: 2678: 2568: 2489: 2430: 934: 283:

No, i's not impractical. It's impossible unless you can transfer the momentum somewhere. With tides the momentum goes to the moon.

3957:

There has been some research done by a number of organizations into extending the permissible shelf life of some pharmaceuticals.

3215:

goes by many names. I've never heard it called "flopping" but I've heard "chugging", "luffing", "chuffing", "burn instability," "

2595:(after ec) Answering quite formally, we are not to give legal (that stuff is owned by your father, ain't it?) nor medical advice ( 1836:

The question you phrased is probably not the question you want to be answered. As any (as far as I know) medium is transparent to

2410:

For the longest time I didn't know it was there. It was in the back of a cabinet. I've never bought popcorn, so it must be his.

2112:

Does this question has any scientific aspect? (Mind you, you're asking this on the Science Reference desk, not on a news desk.)

1952:. Phonons do travel at the speed of sound in the material, but most materials are opaque to thermal phonons. As a result the 933:

Welcome to Knowledge (XXG). Your question appears to be a homework question. I apologize if this is a misevaluation, but it is

892:

Is it possible to determine the composition of a mixture of CaC2O4 and CaCO3 using Thermal Gravimetric Analysis? If so, how?

4011: 3996: 3951: 3915: 3897: 3876: 3846: 3831: 3813: 3773: 3755: 3725: 3701: 3672: 3627: 3607: 3598:

The unused latest rocket is in a museum somewhere for inspection - pity it wasnt/isnt filled up with juice and fired off.

3588: 3562: 3543: 3519: 3500: 3486: 3469: 3437: 3420: 3405: 3381: 3358: 3330: 3302: 3254: 3232: 3205: 3190: 3143: 3121: 3107: 3092: 3074: 3056: 3005: 2983: 2974:

Agreed. If my math is correct, if your rockets were 99.93% reliable, you would have just under a 50/50 shot at success.

2969: 2954: 2939: 2922: 2902: 2886: 2859: 2840: 2771: 2746: 2731: 2701: 2686: 2656: 2634: 2611: 2576: 2534: 2497: 2463: 2389: 2345: 2303: 2265: 2251: 2221: 2174: 2151: 2121: 2105: 2077: 2058: 2029: 2012: 1996: 1971: 1934: 1915: 1862: 1823: 1796: 1765: 1746: 1723: 1700: 1686: 1666: 1636: 1619: 1600: 1581: 1557: 1550: 1495: 1479: 1456: 1407: 1389: 1369: 1345: 1319: 1296: 1282: 1263: 1235: 1196: 1182: 1148: 1110: 1067: 1041: 1018: 992: 972: 947: 924: 907: 877: 851: 826: 807: 770: 755: 736: 721: 706: 691: 656: 629: 610: 589: 567: 548: 533: 518: 499: 481: 461: 433: 392: 369: 354: 338: 322: 309: 292: 272: 241: 225: 208: 192: 174: 153: 131: 118: 3965: 1945:

Steve, your description of the conduction microphysics is incomplete. Thermal conduction in most solids is mediated by

1094: 938:

us where you are stuck and ask for help. If you need help grasping the concept of a problem, by all means let us know.

1089: 1002: 86: 17: 3906:, also known for their expert horsemanship. Comanche war parties would have several times as many horses as people. 3178: 1032:

hamsters in some fairly perverted way) I see no reason to alarm him/her over the risk of transmissible cancers. --

914: 3746:

in a day, so I would imagine a rider on horseback could manage much further, even without the benefit of a road.

1165:

It would have to be a mighty big cell to have sexual intercourse with it! As for human transmissible cancers, see

3761: 1475: 803: 746:

is orbiting, but isn't the whole point "not" to accelerate anything but instead extract that force as "energy"?

305: 204: 141: 3992: 3969: 3657: 3354: 3281:

Your trillionaire would be better thinking outside the box and coming up with an innovative launch method that

3201: 3139: 3001: 2950: 2918: 2742: 2652: 2607: 2385: 2336:

This is not really the place to soapbox about the morality or moral hazard of boxing. Please do it elsewhere.

2299: 2247: 2170: 2117: 2062: 1967: 1858: 1505:

For a creative project I'm imagining a scenario in which unprecedented rainfall causes disastrous flooding in (

1192: 943: 3697: 3667: 2882: 2072: 1341: 1259: 429: 188: 3482: 3250: 3842: 3827: 3623: 3603: 3558: 3401: 3326: 3117: 3088: 2979: 2866:

to get to orbit, is the weight of the rocket fuel you need linear with the weight of the payload you get up?

2836: 2261: 2101: 1682: 1452: 1385: 903: 3346: 2093: 2020:. It must be said somewhere in our article if somebody could find it. That's what solarview website said.-- 1333: 895: 3947: 3662: 3584: 3433: 3130:(what, no article on that? Did I get the spelling wrong?) filled with oxidizing rocket fuel and using the 2898: 2855: 2217: 2147: 2067: 2025: 1992: 1819: 1761: 1719: 1357: 799: 301: 200: 114: 3223:

this to happen, it's generally an undesirable effect that can lead to poor performance and even damage.

1255: 3497: 2715: 2670: 2560: 2481: 2422: 1633: 1577: 1403: 1278: 1106: 921: 847: 319: 238: 128: 2850:

Some dangerous microbes also live in anaerobic environments. That's why canned foods can be dangerous.

647:

to couple a turbine to Earth's rotation are left to the reader; but I think it's definitely feasible.

3549: 2643:"Best before" dates are set very restrictive, to protect the selling company from lawsuit. It's not a 1380:

Do wires carrying DC get corroded more or less easily than those carrying AC, or are they the same? --

3958: 3649: 3539: 3103: 2965: 2935: 2630: 2050: 2008: 1911: 1471: 1315: 1006: 717: 585: 544: 514: 457: 365: 334: 3859: 3855: 3852: 2377: 1395:

Yes where dissimilar metals are in contact e.g. aluminium cable to brass or copper connectors. This

3988: 3867:

website. Its "Hall of Shame" exposes many lies about speed and distance, and cases of horse abuse.

3769: 3751: 3298: 1963: 1953: 1792: 1696: 1662: 1546: 1365: 1231: 1188: 1178: 1144: 939: 814: 606: 3972: 3127: 216:

See what I wrote above. You can only do that once, because you need to conserve angular momentum.

3890: 3838: 3806: 3721: 3619: 3411:

Are you counting the cost of the engineers needed to build it? Rocket scientists aren't cheap.

3113: 3084: 2975: 2644: 2526: 2257: 1930: 1742: 1729:

There are three important ways heat is transferred: radiation, which goes at the speed of light;

1678: 1592: 1443: 1033: 984: 968: 873: 477: 2208:

belong there too, unless, I suppose the questioner is asking about the details of the fighter's

2138:

and typed "Melvin Manhoef", and 25 stories were found about this weekend's fight. I only read

1216: 124:

The difficulty of finding something to mount this gear to, such that the earth will spin it. --

3943: 3580: 3530: 3429: 3377: 2341: 2213: 2209: 2143: 1850: 1815: 1784: 1757: 1715: 1439: 1435: 1398:

reports "5% of total corrosion costs in USA, from electrified DC transit system operations".

766: 751: 702: 468: 137: 2178: 3872: 3819: 3494: 2767: 2707: 2697: 2662: 2661:

The popcorn is not in its original container. Neither is the sugar. I could check the cocoa.

2552: 2473: 2414: 2041: 2017:

Hang on. Europa was once thought to have watery surface in the history billion of years ago

1630: 1615: 1573: 1529:?season (drains clogged with leaves in autumn? Water table higher at certain times of year?) 1491: 1399: 1306: 1274: 1102: 1063: 1014: 918: 843: 822: 732: 687: 625: 563: 529: 495: 421: 388: 350: 316: 288: 235: 221: 170: 125: 1644:

Many thanks all - this is exactly the sort of thing I was after. Some follow-up questions:

4007: 3535: 3515: 3465: 3416: 3228: 3186: 3174: 3099: 2961: 2931: 2910: 2626: 2459: 2004: 1958: 1907: 1561: 1311: 1292: 1212:

which usually compromises the immune system can also greatly increase the risk of cancers

1170: 1137: 713: 652: 581: 540: 510: 453: 361: 330: 268: 149: 2053:). The shedding of the sun's outer layers would be sufficient to disrupt the ice if the 3911: 3765: 3747: 3311: 3294: 3290: 3071: 3053: 2131: 2045: 1922: 1900:

by the speed of sound...but I don't think so. At any rate, it's not usually that fast.

1788: 1692: 1658: 1542: 1361: 1353: 1227: 1174: 1140: 839: 449: 3786:

As a tangent, to this day the fastest army in history, over long distances, is likely

1270: 677:. The reason you can transfer to the moon is that it's in orbit around the earth, not 3883: 3799: 3739: 3717: 3689: 3365: 3286: 3242: 3238: 3212: 1980: 1926: 1738: 1565: 964: 869: 473: 3681:

As a hint explaining the joke just before that. --Anon, 11:20 UTC, February 2, 2010.

3822:, not draft horse (speed not power): 300 lbs, 100 miles, rough terrain in one day. 3791: 3644: 3373: 2337: 1569: 1431: 762: 747: 698: 256: 315:

No. How does this differ from spinning a bike wheel then putting the bike down? --

3868: 3743: 3634: 3506: 3388: 3216: 3067: 2804: 2763: 2693: 1611: 1487: 1059: 1010: 818: 728: 683: 621: 559: 525: 491: 384: 346: 345:

get that to any desired slowness you want (very far away moon), just not zero.)

284: 217: 166: 1213: 4003: 3511: 3461: 3412: 3224: 3182: 3170: 2825: 2783:

advice from Ariel and Mr.98 (among others). As an aside to 95.112.190.236 re "

2455: 1846: 1841: 1780: 1734: 1560:

of the area such as the maps with contour lines published for the U.K. by the

1288: 836: 648: 264: 145: 1376:

Do wires carrying DC get corroded more or less easily than those carrying AC?

3907: 3864: 2197: 2054: 1949: 1730: 1510: 960: 865: 524:

I assume this is a joke in reply to Looie496 :) (Since this will not work.)

3692:

today, so I guess it's appropriate. (I'm not the original Anonymous, BTW.)

2018: 74: 3070:

was the smallest actual launch vehicle I saw at 18000kg and 13 m tall. —

1396: 3903: 3158: 3149: 3131: 3049: 3039: 3033: 3027: 2819:(depending on food and storage) 11 years (I have some cake 5 months past 602: 260: 252: 3505:

I'm sure if "1960's technology" equated with "trivial to acquire", then

2454:

stuff goes bad, stale, whatever. I would be a bit wary of that stuff. --

1610:

photograph. Museums and pubs often seem to have photos of floods :-) --

978:

You will not 'catch cancer' by having sex with someone who has cancer.

3576: 3021: 3157:

at least not in the context of a rocket fuel. It's worth noting that

3112:

Er, well, thats why I said really high, and said nothing about orbit.

3164: 2792: 2201: 1946: 2472:

I found a bunch of other stuff too. Sugar, cocoa, pancake syrup ...

1330:

IS THERE ANY INFORMATION ON ZERO HALOGEN FLAME RETARDANT CABLES?

1273:. Have you citations that verify the SFA is a leading authority? 3448: 3369: 697:

effects but ultimately you would crash the moon into the earth.

2913:. The reason is that you need to lift (part of) the fuel, too. 3219:", and "parametric decay instability." I don't think anybody 3079:

So if you wanted to send something really high, best to use a

2205: 1516:

I guess I would need to find values for variables, including:

1209: 1166: 79:

Welcome to the Knowledge (XXG) Science Reference Desk Archives

2200:, which is a form of entertainment. Questions about injured 1305:

Googling the name produces articles about the association in

3098:

balloon is a great way to get really high without orbiting.

3971:. Here's a detailed program description (Word .doc file): 3656:

Anonymous, why did you link to a movie in your signature? ~

3169:

and extreme heat. As for the OP, you can cut down on your

1424: 1420: 3167:, even in the presence of extraordinarily strong oxidizers 2135: 2256:

Presumably these actions are between consenting adults?

1520:

rate of precipitation (how much rainfall per time period)

868:, or at least our WP article would have you believe so. 2791:

between jurisdictions, meaning countries. In Australia '

817:. It's not possible. Rotational ones don't work either. 3319: 136:

You could probably find a way to extract energy from a

2815:

that date, ie. Fruit cake comes to mind, but probably

2134:

page doesn't list any current injuries, and I went to

3126:

Uh me bad for original thinking! I imagine a pipe of

2551:

It's a very small amount. That's why I never saw it.

3798:

notes that they covered up to 100 miles per day. --

3764:useful (it provides some typical daily distances). 1568:, floodwaters will settle within a given elevation 1352:You can find references to them in our articles on 580:Oh, yeah - conservation of angular momentum...duh. 2811:figure. Many foods are perfectly good to eat well 3961:offers a summary of some recent work in the area. 3477:It's 1960's technology. Can't be that difficult. 1987:than Pluto so outgassing should be even likely-- 954:Contracting diseases via intercourse with cells? 3575:Nice story! And we have an article on this: 1840:kind of electromagnetic radiation, and as any 838:. Knowledge (XXG) has a short article on the 8: 2785:'Best before' dates are set very restrictive 1733:, which does not have a definite speed; and 383:just bring the moon crashing down on us.) 3163:because it's reluctant to combust and/or 601:any theoretical problems with the idea. 3796:Mongol military tactics and organization 3762:Horses in the Middle Ages#Transportation 1419:, there should be NO difference between 49: 36: 3618:just looking for a ballpark estimate. 3064:comparison of small lift launch systems 3016:comparison of heavy lift launch systems 2647:test. (Which is well, that is is not.) 1221:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus 420:Steve, have you taken into account the 65: 3742:could easily march 20 miles along the 2877:neitehr is homework question, thanks. 1169:which is responsible for transmitting 448:A vaguely related topic is the use of 183:I guess tidal energy is sort of that. 43: 3285:deliver economies of scale - such as 2787:". The meaning of these terms may be 1962:so much higher than for insulators. 144:, and slowing the earth's rotation. 7: 3738:I was under the impression that the 3648:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00... :-) UTC, 3321:may be of interest to help deskers. 1869:Let's try to break this down a bit. 2181:and current political correctness.) 1438:for relevant info. See the related 1202:File:Cases of HPV cancers graph.png 983:safe. next time use a condom. -- 32: 3790:the all-cavalry Mongol armies of 2413:My father moved out 11 years ago. 1001:Actually we don't know that. See 1564:. Without effective measures of 793:linear permanent magnet bearing? 3339:mRNA and secondary structure... 2376:I'm surprised that there is no 1442:for corrosion prevention. Also 864:It seems it could be done with 727:you don't have a good eclipse. 2406:Can I eat my father's popcorn? 18:Knowledge (XXG):Reference desk 1: 424:of the bungee cord involved? 33: 4012:16:37, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 3997:23:57, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 3966:Shelf Life Extension Program 3952:23:21, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 3916:05:54, 4 February 2010 (UTC) 3898:17:45, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 3877:16:48, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 3847:15:03, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 3832:06:18, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 3814:02:14, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 3774:06:31, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 3756:06:22, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 3726:00:21, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 3702:03:45, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 3673:02:35, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 3628:22:11, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 3608:12:33, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 3589:18:29, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 3563:06:31, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 3544:03:00, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 3520:02:23, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 3501:00:45, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 3487:00:38, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 3470:22:25, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 3438:22:18, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 3421:22:18, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 3406:21:33, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 3382:23:40, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 3359:21:12, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 3331:11:17, 3 February 2010 (UTC) 3303:14:46, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 3255:21:22, 3 February 2010 (UTC) 3233:02:20, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 3206:22:36, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 3191:22:10, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 3144:20:07, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 3122:20:18, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 3108:20:03, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 3093:19:44, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 3075:19:40, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 3057:19:32, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 3006:19:30, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2984:17:35, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 2970:14:25, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 2955:20:23, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2940:19:58, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2923:19:30, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2903:19:25, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2887:19:13, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2860:02:18, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 2841:22:58, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2772:21:11, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2747:21:15, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2732:20:39, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2702:20:36, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2687:20:24, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2657:19:38, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2635:19:30, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2612:19:23, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2577:19:11, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2535:19:08, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2498:19:07, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2464:18:58, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2439:18:48, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2390:21:40, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2346:22:57, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2304:21:53, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2266:21:03, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2252:19:55, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2222:19:18, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2177:(And sorry if this violates 2175:18:39, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2152:18:27, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2122:18:08, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2106:17:53, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 2078:02:53, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 2030:20:40, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 2013:18:28, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1997:17:29, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1972:23:15, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1935:20:26, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1916:18:44, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1863:18:28, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1824:18:04, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1797:17:37, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1766:17:21, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1747:17:01, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1724:16:53, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1701:09:19, 3 February 2010 (UTC) 1687:14:00, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 1667:20:15, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1637:17:37, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1620:16:33, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1601:15:46, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1582:14:27, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1551:13:44, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1496:20:43, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1480:16:39, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1457:15:29, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1408:14:40, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1390:13:32, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1370:14:21, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1346:13:15, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1320:18:59, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1297:12:43, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1283:11:19, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1264:10:35, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1236:14:43, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1215:. This includes for example 1204:is perhaps of interest here. 1197:14:28, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1183:09:09, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1149:14:16, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1111:11:33, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1068:07:43, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1042:07:20, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 1019:07:01, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 993:06:18, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 973:06:00, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 948:04:17, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 925:04:07, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 908:04:04, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 888:Thermal Gravimetric Analysis 878:01:34, 4 February 2010 (UTC) 852:11:45, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 827:06:55, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 808:03:52, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 771:04:22, 4 February 2010 (UTC) 756:03:55, 4 February 2010 (UTC) 737:20:54, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 722:14:30, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 707:03:17, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 692:22:24, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 657:21:58, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 630:20:06, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 611:19:41, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 590:20:21, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 568:20:06, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 549:19:46, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 534:19:24, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 519:19:19, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 500:19:24, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 482:17:11, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 462:12:13, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 434:01:00, 3 February 2010 (UTC) 393:19:28, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 370:19:19, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 355:08:31, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 339:08:09, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 323:03:59, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 310:03:58, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 293:08:31, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 273:03:58, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 242:03:40, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 226:08:31, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 209:03:33, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 193:02:39, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 175:08:31, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 154:02:36, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 132:02:11, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 119:02:09, 1 February 2010 (UTC) 3865:Long Distance Riders' Guild 3318:mentions recently, so this 1673:The Environment Agency has 1526:effect of rainfall upstream 1501:Advice on modelling a flood 1246:Scientific Film Association 1090:Devil facial tumour disease 1003:Devil facial tumour disease 4030: 3179:effective exhaust velocity 1677:of areas likely to flood. 917:, for those interested. -- 915:Thermogravimetric analysis 3902:The same was true of the 1783:in a liquid or gas or by 1097:'s is as yet only in its 142:rotational kinetic energy 3455:) The actual costs of 2405: 1088:I missed any mention of 3856:rest and care afterward 3372:might be a good start. 2086:is melvin manhoef okay? 3239:Combustion instability 3213:Combustion instability 1709:Speed of heat transfer 1691:Cheers AndrewWTaylor. 1523:topography of the area 1358:Low smoke zero halogen 866:Diamegnetic Levetation 87:current reference desk 3932:Drug expiration dates 3633:You're talking about 3148:Rockets that use the 2823:, still very yummy). 2795:' means it should be 3152:as part of the fuel 2179:Knowledge (XXG):NPOV 1007:transmissible cancer 3851:See Yahoo Answers: 3161:is used in nozzles 2829:covers both terms. 1954:thermal diffusivity 2645:Median lethal dose 2210:subdural hematomas 1537:days at a rate of 1444:Galvanic corrosion 1360:. Does that help? 1100: 815:Earnshaw's theorem 472:Earth's rotation. 109:impossible. Why?-- 3704: 3682: 3675: 3531:User:Comet Tuttle 3349:comment added by 2807:' is a much more 2096:comment added by 1440:Sacrificial anode 1436:Electrolytic cell 1336:comment added by 1219:itself caused by 1098: 898:comment added by 469:Foucault pendulum 436: 400: 138:foucault pendulum 93: 92: 73: 72: 4021: 3893: 3886: 3860:25 miles per day 3820:Endurance riding 3818:Why not look at 3809: 3802: 3687: 3680: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3361: 2726: 2718: 2710: 2681: 2673: 2665: 2571: 2563: 2555: 2532: 2529: 2492: 2484: 2476: 2433: 2425: 2417: 2108: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2042:oceans of Europa 1598: 1595: 1556:You will want a 1348: 1217:Kaposi's sarcoma 1039: 1036: 990: 987: 910: 422:tensile strength 419: 397: 75: 34: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4018: 3934: 3891: 3884: 3807: 3800: 3760:You might find 3668: 3663: 3658: 3615: 3393: 3351:137.141.248.112 3344: 3341: 3312:Space elevators 3175:rocket equation 2911:Rocket equation 2868: 2724: 2716: 2708: 2679: 2671: 2663: 2569: 2561: 2553: 2530: 2527: 2490: 2482: 2474: 2431: 2423: 2415: 2408: 2382:124.157.247.221 2091: 2088: 2073: 2068: 2063: 1984: 1959:conduction band 1711: 1596: 1593: 1562:Ordnance Survey 1503: 1472:Shimon Yanowitz 1378: 1354:Trirated cables 1331: 1328: 1248: 1171:cervical cancer 1037: 1034: 988: 985: 956: 935:our policy here 893: 890: 800:Trevor Loughlin 795: 761:accelerating. 302:Trevor Loughlin 201:Trevor Loughlin 106: 101: 30: 29: 28: 12: 11: 5: 4027: 4025: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4014: 3989:TenOfAllTrades 3984: 3983: 3982: 3962: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3919: 3918: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3780: 3779: 3778: 3777: 3776: 3731: 3730: 3729: 3728: 3710: 3709: 3708: 3707: 3706: 3705: 3694:66.178.144.217 3685: 3684: 3683: 3640: 3639: 3614: 3613:horse distance 3611: 3596: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3568: 3567: 3566: 3565: 3525: 3524: 3523: 3522: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3472: 3441: 3440: 3424: 3423: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3334: 3333: 3306: 3305: 3291:space elevator 3278: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3270: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3198:95.112.190.236 3136:95.112.190.236 3066:, the British 3045: 3044: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3011: 3010: 3009: 3008: 2998:95.112.190.236 2994: 2993: 2992: 2991: 2990: 2989: 2988: 2987: 2986: 2947:95.112.190.236 2915:95.112.190.236 2906: 2905: 2879:84.153.232.162 2867: 2864: 2863: 2862: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2844: 2803:eaten after. ' 2775: 2774: 2758: 2757: 2756: 2755: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2750: 2749: 2739:95.112.190.236 2704: 2649:95.112.190.236 2638: 2637: 2621: 2620: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2614: 2604:95.112.190.236 2586: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2579: 2542: 2541: 2540: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2514: 2513: 2512: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2467: 2466: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2394: 2393: 2392: 2378:boxing license 2363: 2362: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2315: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2306: 2296:95.112.190.236 2279: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2244:95.112.190.236 2231: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2167:95.112.190.236 2157: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2132:Melvin Manhoef 2125: 2124: 2114:95.112.190.236 2087: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2051:Jupiter's core 2046:end of the Sun 2035: 2034: 2033: 2032: 1983: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1964:Dragons flight 1940: 1939: 1938: 1937: 1923:double-glazing 1903: 1902: 1901: 1886: 1880: 1866: 1865: 1855:95.112.190.236 1833: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1750: 1749: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1670: 1669: 1654: 1650: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1623: 1622: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1585: 1584: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1502: 1499: 1483: 1482: 1465: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1428:that I know of 1411: 1410: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1338:118.94.161.137 1327: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1269:First look at 1256:Michaelsthgate 1247: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1225: 1205: 1189:TenOfAllTrades 1162: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1113: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1021: 996: 995: 955: 952: 951: 950: 940:TenOfAllTrades 931: 928: 927: 889: 886: 885: 884: 883: 882: 881: 880: 857: 856: 855: 854: 840:Barnett effect 830: 829: 794: 791: 790: 789: 788: 787: 786: 785: 784: 783: 782: 781: 780: 779: 778: 777: 776: 775: 774: 773: 743: 673:You can do it 664: 663: 662: 661: 660: 659: 635: 634: 633: 632: 614: 613: 597: 596: 595: 594: 593: 592: 573: 572: 571: 570: 552: 551: 522: 521: 505: 504: 503: 502: 485: 484: 450:Gravity assist 446: 445: 444: 443: 442: 441: 440: 439: 438: 437: 426:146.74.230.105 408: 407: 406: 405: 404: 403: 402: 401: 375: 374: 373: 372: 326: 325: 298: 297: 296: 295: 278: 277: 276: 275: 231: 230: 229: 228: 196: 195: 185:213.122.48.165 180: 179: 178: 177: 159: 158: 157: 156: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 91: 90: 82: 81: 71: 70: 64: 48: 41: 40: 31: 15: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4026: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3931: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3887: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3839:Googlemeister 3835: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3824:75.41.110.200 3821: 3817: 3816: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3810: 3803: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3784: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3740:Roman Legions 3737: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3713: 3712: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3690:Groundhog Day 3686: 3679: 3678: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3620:Googlemeister 3612: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3573: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3555:75.41.110.200 3551: 3547: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3479:78.144.201.75 3471: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3425: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3390: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3366:RNA structure 3364: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3323:220.101.28.25 3320: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3287:Project Orion 3284: 3280: 3279: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3247:95.112.189.37 3244: 3243:glassy carbon 3240: 3236: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3166: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3114:Beach drifter 3111: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3085:Beach drifter 3082: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2976:Googlemeister 2973: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2872: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2833:220.101.28.25 2828: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2777: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2759: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2734: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2725:contributions 2722: 2719: 2714: 2711: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2689: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2680:contributions 2677: 2674: 2669: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2622: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2570:contributions 2567: 2564: 2559: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2543: 2536: 2533: 2523: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2506: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2491:contributions 2488: 2485: 2480: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2432:contributions 2429: 2426: 2421: 2418: 2411: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2292: 2291: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2258:Googlemeister 2255: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2162: 2161: 2160: 2159: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2098:67.246.254.35 2095: 2085: 2079: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2059:we don't know 2056: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1982: 1981:Europa (moon) 1979: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1708: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1679:AndrewWTaylor 1676: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1599: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1566:Flood control 1563: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1500: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1459: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1449:220.101.28.25 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1326:ELECTRIC WIRE 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1245: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1163: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1043: 1040: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 999: 998: 997: 994: 991: 981: 977: 976: 975: 974: 970: 966: 962: 953: 949: 945: 941: 936: 932: 930: 929: 926: 923: 920: 916: 913: 912: 911: 909: 905: 901: 900:70.68.120.162 897: 887: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 862: 861: 860: 859: 858: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 834: 833: 832: 831: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 811: 810: 809: 805: 801: 792: 772: 768: 764: 759: 758: 757: 753: 749: 744: 740: 739: 738: 734: 730: 725: 724: 723: 719: 715: 710: 709: 708: 704: 700: 695: 694: 693: 689: 685: 680: 676: 672: 671: 670: 669: 668: 667: 666: 665: 658: 654: 650: 646: 641: 640: 639: 638: 637: 636: 631: 627: 623: 618: 617: 616: 615: 612: 608: 604: 599: 598: 591: 587: 583: 579: 578: 577: 576: 575: 574: 569: 565: 561: 556: 555: 554: 553: 550: 546: 542: 538: 537: 536: 535: 531: 527: 520: 516: 512: 507: 506: 501: 497: 493: 489: 488: 487: 486: 483: 479: 475: 470: 466: 465: 464: 463: 459: 455: 451: 435: 431: 427: 423: 418: 417: 416: 415: 414: 413: 412: 411: 410: 409: 396: 395: 394: 390: 386: 381: 380: 379: 378: 377: 376: 371: 367: 363: 358: 357: 356: 352: 348: 343: 342: 341: 340: 336: 332: 324: 321: 318: 314: 313: 312: 311: 307: 303: 294: 290: 286: 282: 281: 280: 279: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 245: 244: 243: 240: 237: 233: 232: 227: 223: 219: 215: 214: 213: 212: 211: 210: 206: 202: 194: 190: 186: 182: 181: 176: 172: 168: 163: 162: 161: 160: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 134: 133: 130: 127: 123: 122: 121: 120: 116: 112: 103: 98: 96: 88: 84: 83: 80: 77: 76: 68: 61: 57: 53: 47: 42: 39: 35: 27: 23: 19: 3977: 3944:Comet Tuttle 3938: 3935: 3889: 3888: 3805: 3804: 3792:Genghis Khan 3787: 3645:Oregon Trail 3616: 3600:89.242.39.49 3597: 3581:Comet Tuttle 3476: 3456: 3453:your budget! 3452: 3430:Comet Tuttle 3398:92.29.34.140 3394: 3342: 3315: 3282: 3220: 3162: 3153: 3128:glass carbon 2895:82.227.17.30 2876: 2873: 2869: 2852:67.243.7.245 2830: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2728: 2720: 2712: 2683: 2675: 2667: 2597: 2596: 2573: 2565: 2557: 2494: 2486: 2478: 2451: 2447:reeeeeaallly 2446: 2435: 2427: 2419: 2412: 2409: 2214:Comet Tuttle 2144:Comet Tuttle 2089: 2044:. Also, the 2022:209.129.85.4 1989:209.129.85.4 1985: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1872: 1837: 1816:Email4mobile 1787:in a solid. 1758:Email4mobile 1756:transfer)?-- 1716:Email4mobile 1712: 1643: 1570:contour line 1538: 1534: 1532: 1515: 1506: 1504: 1484: 1464: 1446: 1432:Electrolysis 1427: 1416: 1382:173.49.13.59 1379: 1329: 1253: 1249: 979: 957: 891: 796: 678: 674: 644: 523: 447: 327: 299: 257:cosmogenesis 248: 197: 111:121.54.2.188 107: 94: 78: 38:Science desk 3744:Roman roads 3635:draft horse 3507:classic car 3495:Tagishsimon 3389:Black Arrow 3345:—Preceding 3314:have got a 3217:oscillation 3068:Black Arrow 2821:best before 2805:Best before 2709:Vchimpanzee 2664:Vchimpanzee 2554:Vchimpanzee 2475:Vchimpanzee 2416:Vchimpanzee 2140:one of them 2136:Google News 2092:—Preceding 1631:Tagishsimon 1574:Cuddlyable3 1400:Cuddlyable3 1332:—Preceding 1275:Cuddlyable3 1103:Cuddlyable3 1101:puppyhood. 1005:which is a 919:Tagishsimon 894:—Preceding 844:Cuddlyable3 317:Tagishsimon 236:Tagishsimon 126:Tagishsimon 3959:This paper 3650:February 2 3536:SteveBaker 3237:Yes, it's 3171:mass ratio 3100:SteveBaker 3014:Well, our 2962:SteveBaker 2932:SteveBaker 2826:Shelf life 2627:SteveBaker 2005:SteveBaker 1908:SteveBaker 1893:conduction 1889:Convection 1883:Conduction 1851:conduction 1847:convection 1814:advance.-- 1785:conduction 1781:convection 1735:convection 1558:relief map 1507:inter alia 1312:SteveBaker 714:SteveBaker 682:momentum. 582:SteveBaker 541:SteveBaker 511:SteveBaker 454:Mitch Ames 362:SteveBaker 331:SteveBaker 104:Earth gear 99:February 1 67:February 2 46:January 31 3937:them the 3766:Astronaut 3748:Astronaut 3295:Gandalf61 2789:different 2380:article. 2206:wrestlers 2198:Cage Rage 2055:expansion 1950:diffusion 1927:CS Miller 1873:Radiation 1789:Gandalf61 1731:diffusion 1714:medium?-- 1693:Gonzonoir 1659:Gonzonoir 1543:Gonzonoir 1511:Cambridge 1417:Otherwise 1362:Gonzonoir 1228:Nil Einne 1175:TammyMoet 1141:Nil Einne 961:gonorrhea 539:Why not? 50:<< 3904:Comanche 3718:Looie496 3652:, 2010. 3548:See ths 3391:awakened 3347:unsigned 3159:graphite 3150:airframe 3132:flopping 3050:Saturn V 3040:Ariane 5 3034:Delta IV 3028:Titan IV 2909:No. See 2094:unsigned 1842:material 1739:Looie496 1334:unsigned 965:Arcendet 896:unsigned 870:CoolMike 474:Looie496 261:flywheel 253:Big Bang 249:creating 56:February 24:‎ | 22:Archives 20:‎ | 3577:FOGBANK 3374:Rckrone 3022:Atlas V 2809:rubbery 2797:used by 2528:Ludwigs 2338:Rckrone 1898:limited 1879:light). 1649:detail? 1594:Ludwigs 1099:infancy 1035:Ludwigs 986:Ludwigs 763:Vespine 748:Vespine 699:Vespine 199:dynamo? 89:pages. 26:Science 3885:Jayron 3869:Edison 3801:Jayron 3688:It is 3498:(talk) 3457:design 3165:ablate 3081:ballon 3042:: 2.7% 3036:: 3.5% 3030:: 2.3% 3024:: 5.4% 2793:Use by 2764:Ariel. 2694:Edison 2598:no one 2202:boxers 1947:phonon 1634:(talk) 1612:Frumpo 1488:Edison 1430:. See 1307:Nature 1060:Ariel. 1011:Ariel. 922:(talk) 819:Ariel. 729:Ariel. 684:Ariel. 622:Ariel. 560:Ariel. 526:Ariel. 492:Ariel. 385:Ariel. 347:Ariel. 320:(talk) 285:Ariel. 239:(talk) 218:Ariel. 167:Ariel. 129:(talk) 4004:Nimur 3788:still 3550:story 3512:Nimur 3462:Nimur 3413:Nimur 3289:or a 3225:Nimur 3221:wants 3183:Nimur 2813:after 2456:Mr.98 1289:Heron 649:Nimur 265:Nimur 146:Nimur 69:: --> 63:: --> 62:: --> 44:< 16:< 4008:talk 3993:talk 3964:The 3948:talk 3939:real 3912:talk 3908:Pfly 3873:talk 3843:talk 3828:talk 3770:talk 3752:talk 3722:talk 3698:talk 3624:talk 3604:talk 3585:talk 3559:talk 3540:talk 3516:talk 3483:talk 3466:talk 3449:ITAR 3434:talk 3417:talk 3402:talk 3378:talk 3370:mRNA 3368:and 3355:talk 3327:talk 3299:talk 3283:does 3251:talk 3229:talk 3202:talk 3187:talk 3181:). 3140:talk 3118:talk 3104:talk 3089:talk 3072:Lomn 3054:Lomn 3002:talk 2980:talk 2966:talk 2951:talk 2936:talk 2919:talk 2899:talk 2883:talk 2856:talk 2837:talk 2799:and 2781:Good 2768:talk 2743:talk 2717:talk 2698:talk 2672:talk 2653:talk 2631:talk 2608:talk 2562:talk 2511:pop. 2483:talk 2460:talk 2452:that 2424:talk 2386:talk 2342:talk 2300:talk 2262:talk 2248:talk 2218:talk 2171:talk 2148:talk 2130:Our 2118:talk 2102:talk 2040:See 2026:talk 2009:talk 1993:talk 1968:talk 1931:talk 1912:talk 1859:talk 1849:and 1838:some 1820:talk 1793:talk 1762:talk 1743:talk 1720:talk 1697:talk 1683:talk 1675:maps 1663:talk 1616:talk 1578:talk 1547:talk 1492:talk 1476:talk 1453:talk 1434:and 1423:and 1404:talk 1386:talk 1366:talk 1356:and 1342:talk 1316:talk 1293:talk 1279:talk 1271:WP:N 1260:talk 1232:talk 1193:talk 1179:talk 1145:talk 1107:talk 1064:talk 1015:talk 969:talk 944:talk 904:talk 874:talk 848:talk 835:See 823:talk 813:See 804:talk 767:talk 752:talk 733:talk 718:talk 703:talk 688:talk 675:once 653:talk 626:talk 607:talk 586:talk 564:talk 545:talk 530:talk 515:talk 496:talk 478:talk 467:The 458:talk 430:talk 389:talk 366:talk 351:talk 335:talk 306:talk 289:talk 269:talk 255:and 222:talk 205:talk 189:talk 171:talk 150:talk 115:talk 3643:At 3579:. 3316:few 2817:not 2801:NOT 2212:. 2204:or 2090:? 2061:. ~ 1853:. 1653:be? 1210:HIV 1167:HPV 1095:STD 645:how 603:APL 60:Mar 52:Jan 4010:) 3995:) 3950:) 3914:) 3892:32 3875:) 3845:) 3830:) 3808:32 3772:) 3754:) 3724:) 3700:) 3626:) 3606:) 3587:) 3561:) 3542:) 3518:) 3485:) 3468:) 3436:) 3419:) 3404:) 3380:) 3357:) 3329:) 3301:) 3293:. 3253:) 3245:. 3231:) 3204:) 3189:) 3154:do 3142:) 3120:) 3106:) 3091:) 3083:. 3004:) 2982:) 2968:) 2953:) 2938:) 2921:) 2901:) 2893:-- 2885:) 2858:) 2839:) 2831:-- 2770:) 2745:) 2700:) 2655:) 2633:) 2610:) 2525:-- 2462:) 2388:) 2344:) 2302:) 2264:) 2250:) 2220:) 2173:) 2150:) 2120:) 2104:) 2028:) 2011:) 1995:) 1970:) 1933:) 1925:. 1914:) 1877:is 1861:) 1822:) 1795:) 1764:) 1745:) 1722:) 1699:) 1685:) 1665:) 1629:-- 1618:) 1580:) 1572:. 1549:) 1509:) 1494:) 1478:) 1455:) 1447:-- 1425:DC 1421:AC 1406:) 1388:) 1368:) 1344:) 1318:) 1295:) 1281:) 1262:) 1234:) 1195:) 1181:) 1147:) 1109:) 1066:) 1017:) 980:If 971:) 946:) 906:) 876:) 850:) 842:. 825:) 806:) 769:) 754:) 735:) 720:) 705:) 690:) 679:on 655:) 628:) 609:) 588:) 566:) 547:) 532:) 517:) 498:) 480:) 460:) 432:) 391:) 368:) 353:) 337:) 308:) 291:) 271:) 224:) 207:) 191:) 173:) 152:) 117:) 58:| 54:| 4006:( 3991:( 3981:" 3946:( 3910:( 3871:( 3841:( 3826:( 3768:( 3750:( 3720:( 3696:( 3669:1 3664:H 3659:A 3622:( 3602:( 3583:( 3557:( 3538:( 3514:( 3481:( 3464:( 3432:( 3415:( 3400:( 3376:( 3353:( 3325:( 3297:( 3249:( 3227:( 3200:( 3185:( 3138:( 3116:( 3102:( 3087:( 3000:( 2978:( 2964:( 2949:( 2934:( 2917:( 2897:( 2881:( 2854:( 2835:( 2766:( 2741:( 2729:· 2721:· 2713:· 2696:( 2684:· 2676:· 2668:· 2651:( 2629:( 2606:( 2574:· 2566:· 2558:· 2531:2 2495:· 2487:· 2479:· 2458:( 2436:· 2428:· 2420:· 2384:( 2340:( 2298:( 2260:( 2246:( 2216:( 2169:( 2146:( 2116:( 2100:( 2074:1 2069:H 2064:A 2024:( 2007:( 1991:( 1966:( 1929:( 1910:( 1857:( 1818:( 1791:( 1760:( 1741:( 1718:( 1695:( 1681:( 1661:( 1614:( 1597:2 1576:( 1545:( 1539:y 1535:x 1490:( 1474:( 1451:( 1402:( 1384:( 1364:( 1340:( 1314:( 1291:( 1277:( 1258:( 1230:( 1191:( 1177:( 1143:( 1105:( 1062:( 1038:2 1013:( 989:2 967:( 942:( 902:( 872:( 846:( 821:( 802:( 765:( 750:( 731:( 716:( 701:( 686:( 651:( 624:( 605:( 584:( 562:( 543:( 528:( 513:( 494:( 476:( 456:( 428:( 387:( 364:( 349:( 333:( 304:( 287:( 267:( 220:( 203:( 187:( 169:( 148:( 113:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge (XXG)

:Reference desk/Archives/Science/2010 February 1 - Knowledge (XXG)

Index