1427:
Due to the large number of anonymous users who were involved in this episode, and the difficulty of determining whether they were sockpuppets (violating 3RR) or meatpuppets (not violating 3RR), it may not be feasible to frame all of the remedies at this time. It may be necessary to re-open this case
714:
This action has not, to the best of my knowledge, been previously taken. Acceptance of this statement of principle would create the precedent. I researched previous ArbCom rulings and did not find any case involving a pattern of disruptive and abusive behavior by anons, and so did not find any case
243:
It is the policy of
Knowledge (XXG) that issues as to content should normally be determined by editorial consensus. Although one dictionary definition of consensus is unanimous agreement, that is not the usage of the term in Knowledge (XXG). Consensus has never been understood in Knowledge (XXG) to
479:
The
Arbitration Committee has ruled in the past that it is not always necessary to determine whether accounts or IP addresses with no editorial history in Knowledge (XXG) that appear to be sockpuppets are in fact sockpuppets or are persons recruited to maintain the appearance of consensus or to game
763:
I think a better choice than this might be certain editors are required to log in to edit certain articles and they may be blocked if it is found that they are puposefully (purposefully should be included since people do many times accidentally get logged out) editing while logged out to hide their
1170:
Indeed, I believe this specific proposal to be overblown - if it were applied, it would mean that even minor "formatting" edits (which I frequently do on various articles) would be outlawed - definitely NOT a good idea! I believe a better idea would be to simply place the
Kennedy pages on patrol -
658:
Bans, either for a period of time or indefinitely, are a remedy for habitually disruptive behavior by editors with user accounts. Bans are not an appropriate remedy for abusive behavior from IP addresses. In cases of habitually disruptive behavior by anonymous editors, the ArbCom has the duty to
622:
Some arbitration cases involving user conduct violations with respect to particular articles or topics may not initially identify all of the disruptive editors against whom action must be taken. In such cases, the ArbCom may have a duty to re-open the case after it is closed in order to include
1180:
Seems like a really bad idea, because it would not only be difficult to enforce since it would mean having to revert every single IP address edit to the article and it would also treat logged out editors unfairly just for not having an account which is against the wikipedia philosophy.
550:
Knowledge (XXG) has a tradition of allowing "anonymous" editing from IP addresses, but also has a tradition of encouraging editors to create user accounts. In some situations, such as determining consensus, user accounts are given more weight than IP addresses.
1489:
Any administrator may block any IP address for a period of time from which edits are being made anonymously, in violation of the 2RR rule or in violation of probation, to the
Kennedy articles. Such a block should normally be initially for 24 hours.
1032:
were used as sockpuppets on 22 September, based on the fact that the timing of the use of these two accounts, previously used only once, is such that it would have been unlikely that meatpuppets could have been requested to comment so quickly.
35:
586:
The ArbCom has the duty when necessary to identify habitually disruptive editors, such as those who engage in personal attacks and show disrespect for consensus, and to take measures to minimize their impact on
Knowledge (XXG).
31:
697:
The ArbCom may impose a prohibition against anonymous editing of articles that have been repeatedly disrupted by anonymous editors. This prohibition may be imposed for a period of time or indefinitely.
959:
What information is this based upon? All we know for fact is that the anon IP recruited meatpuppets who used named accounts; where's the evaluation of other anon IPs that seem to be socks? --
21:
1454:
Any administrator may block any IP address for a period of time from which edits are being made anonymously to the
Kennedy articles. Such a block should normally be initially for 24 hours.
30:
This is a page for working on
Arbitration decisions. It provides for suggestions by Arbitrators and other users and for comment by arbitrators, the parties and others. After the analysis of
1211:, and any other members of the Kennedy family are limited to two reverts in 24 hours. For enforcement of this rule, all anonymous edits shall be considered to be made by the same user.
366:
I am not convinced that the multiple IPs represent sockpuppets. I suspect, rather, that they are meatpuppets: people mobilized to act on behalf of another through an external forum.
212:
In the development of an encyclopedia, decisions as to what material is appropriate for inclusion in any particular article within the encyclopedia requires judgment by the editors.
981:
During a content dispute on 22 September, in particular, the ArbCom finds that there was a pattern of the use either of sockpuppets or of meatpuppets to evade the 3RR rule.
1158:
I think this is not a good idea; it punishes the entire class of anonymous editors because of the bad actions of a single editor. It's killing a fly with a hand grenade. --
1070:
Note: All remedies that refer to a period of time, for example to a ban of X months or a revert parole of Y months, are to run concurrently unless otherwise stated.
377:
444:
Knowledge (XXG) is the product of an electronic community of editors who collaborate in the development of an encyclopedia and participate in a shared culture.
306:
Unwarranted allegations of vandalism are personal attacks. Deletion of material that is the subject of a content dispute as to relevance is not vandalism.
275:
Personal attacks by editors against other editors are not permitted in
Knowledge (XXG). Insulting or hostile edit summaries may be personal attacks.
1256:
All anonymous editors of articles on members of the
Kennedy family shall be treated as being on probation and personal attack parole for one year.
34:
here and development of proposed principles, findings of fact, and remedies, Arbitrators will place proposed items they have confidence in on
17:
1411:
The ArbCom may re-open this case at any time in order to consider remedies against any additional identified editors or anonymous editors.
380:, where the anon explicitly invites his friends (none of whom ahve ever edited Knowledge (XXG) before) to come in and vote on his RFC. --
838:
articles, multiple anonymous IP addresses were used, many of which had no edit history except with respect to the articles in question.
341:, while not normally prohibited, is discouraged. The use of sockpuppets to create the appearance of consensus is strongly discouraged.
1432:
1270:
1225:
1190:
1175:
1165:
1137:
1010:
966:
953:
773:
758:
740:
719:
423:
411:
387:
370:
480:
the system. Such accounts or IP addresses, known as meatpuppets, are sometimes treated in the same way as actual sockpuppets.
924:
articles, the ArbCom finds that there was a pattern of the use of multiple anonymous IP addresses to evade the 3RR rule.
1130:
Absolutely not, as per jpgordon and 69.117.6.210, and also because anonymous editors are not second-class citizens.
949:
This is quite probably false, given that the multiple anon IPs are probably meatpuppets instead of sockpuppets.
881:
articles, there was a pattern of personal attacks on talk pages and in edit summaries by anonymous editors.
516:
338:
1267:
1222:
1134:
1172:
1029:
1429:
716:
1301:
IP address 24.147.97.230 shall be placed on probation and personal attack parole for one year.
1263:
No; this treats all anonymous editors as second-class citizens; a more narrow remeedy is needed.
1162:
1025:
963:
737:
420:
384:
1218:
No; this treats all anonymous editors as second-class citizens; a more narrow remedy is needed.
1264:
1219:
1131:
1007:
950:
519:
to "game the system" to evade
Knowledge (XXG) policy, such as the 3RR rule, is not permitted.
367:
749:
I looked for one and I think there's one somewhere but I couldn't find a precedent for this.
1208:
1120:
921:
878:
835:
1183:
1159:
960:
766:
751:
734:
417:
404:
381:
177:
Knowledge (XXG) is an encyclopedia. An encyclopedia is a compendium of knowledge.
1336:
Anonymous editor 24.147.97.230 is banned for three weeks for personal attacks.
1204:
1116:
917:
874:
831:
1171:
and any anonymous IP that triggers an uproar would be blocked accordingly. --
1123:, and any other members of the Kennedy family is prohibited indefinitely.
1297:
Anonymous editor 24.147.97.230 on personal attack parole and probation
1006:
The use of meatpuppets to "evade" 3RR is not prohibited by policy.
1525:
Place here items of evidence (with diffs) and detailed analysis
416:
Exactly. So no suspicion is necessary; facts are in evidence. --
733:
Could someone please point to the precedent for this power? --
1111:
Anonymous editing of articles on the Kennedy family forbidden
378:
Knowledge (XXG):Requests for comment/24.147.97.230#Response
693:
Prohibitions against anonymous editing of certain articles
1199:Anonymous reverts on the Kennedy family restricted
618:Need to re-open cases involving multiple editors
1252:Anonymous edits on Kennedy family on probation
1024:The ArbCom finds in particular that the users
715:where a reasonable remedy had been devised.
8:
402:That's more meatpuppetry than sockpuppetry.
1485:Administrative blocks (alternate version)
376:Why is any suspicion necessary? Just see
18:Knowledge (XXG):Requests for arbitration
916:During content disputes concerning the
873:During content disputes concerning the
830:During content disputes concerning the
795:1) {text of proposed finding of fact}
659:devise some other appropriate remedy.
1428:in the future to add other editors.
1332:Anonymous editor 24.147.97.230 banned
1203:All anonymous reverts to articles on
7:
208:Judgment by editors in encyclopedias
42:Motions and requests by the parties
1376:1) {text of proposed enforcement}
173:Knowledge (XXG) is an encyclopedia
28:
1115:Anonymous editing of articles on
142:1) {text of proposed principle}
826:Multiple anonymous IP addresses
440:Knowledge (XXG) as a community
85:Proposed temporary injunctions
1:
1271:13:34, 27 November 2005 (UTC)
1226:13:34, 27 November 2005 (UTC)
1191:20:19, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
1176:21:58, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
1166:04:39, 17 November 2005 (UTC)
1138:13:32, 27 November 2005 (UTC)
1080:1) {text of proposed remedy}
774:20:09, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
759:07:51, 27 November 2005 (UTC)
741:02:39, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
720:12:30, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
582:Habitually disruptive editors
412:20:07, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
244:mandate unanimous agreement.
1433:21:12, 1 December 2005 (UTC)
1011:19:02, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
967:19:18, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
954:17:17, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
424:19:36, 1 December 2005 (UTC)
388:15:27, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
371:22:31, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
1407:Possible Re-Opening of Case
977:Evading 3RR on 22 September
1606:
654:Bans and anonymous editors
786:Proposed findings of fact
1566:Comment by Arbitrators:
1534:Comment by Arbitrators:
1494:Comment by Arbitrators:
1458:Comment by Arbitrators:
1415:Comment by Arbitrators:
1380:Comment by Arbitrators:
1340:Comment by Arbitrators:
1305:Comment by Arbitrators:
1260:Comment by Arbitrators:
1215:Comment by Arbitrators:
1127:Comment by Arbitrators:
1084:Comment by Arbitrators:
1037:Comment by Arbitrators:
985:Comment by Arbitrators:
928:Comment by Arbitrators:
885:Comment by Arbitrators:
842:Comment by Arbitrators:
799:Comment by Arbitrators:
702:Comment by Arbitrators:
663:Comment by Arbitrators:
627:Comment by Arbitrators:
591:Comment by Arbitrators:
555:Comment by Arbitrators:
523:Comment by Arbitrators:
484:Comment by Arbitrators:
448:Comment by Arbitrators:
345:Comment by Arbitrators:
310:Comment by Arbitrators:
279:Comment by Arbitrators:
248:Comment by Arbitrators:
216:Comment by Arbitrators:
181:Comment by Arbitrators:
146:Comment by Arbitrators:
98:Comment by Arbitrators:
55:Comment by Arbitrators:
373:(recused on this case)
128:Proposed final decision
1450:Administrative blocks
22:Regarding Ted Kennedy
1575:Comment by parties:
1543:Comment by parties:
1521:Analysis of evidence
1503:Comment by parties:
1467:Comment by parties:
1424:Comment by parties:
1389:Comment by parties:
1367:Proposed enforcement
1349:Comment by parties:
1314:Comment by parties:
1279:Comment by parties:
1234:Comment by parties:
1146:Comment by parties:
1093:Comment by parties:
1046:Comment by parties:
1020:Specific sockpuppets
994:Comment by parties:
937:Comment by parties:
894:Comment by parties:
851:Comment by parties:
808:Comment by parties:
711:Comment by parties:
672:Comment by parties:
636:Comment by parties:
623:additional editors.
600:Comment by parties:
564:Comment by parties:
532:Comment by parties:
493:Comment by parties:
457:Comment by parties:
354:Comment by parties:
319:Comment by parties:
288:Comment by parties:
257:Comment by parties:
225:Comment by parties:
190:Comment by parties:
155:Comment by parties:
107:Comment by parties:
64:Comment by parties:
1584:Comment by others:
1552:Comment by others:
1512:Comment by others:
1476:Comment by others:
1441:Comment by others:
1398:Comment by others:
1358:Comment by others:
1323:Comment by others:
1288:Comment by others:
1243:Comment by others:
1155:Comment by others:
1102:Comment by others:
1055:Comment by others:
1003:Comment by others:
946:Comment by others:
903:Comment by others:
860:Comment by others:
817:Comment by others:
730:Comment by others:
681:Comment by others:
645:Comment by others:
609:Comment by others:
573:Comment by others:
502:Comment by others:
466:Comment by others:
363:Comment by others:
271:No personal attacks
199:Comment by others:
164:Comment by others:
133:Proposed principles
116:Comment by others:
73:Comment by others:
1561:General discussion
541:Comment by others:
328:Comment by others:
297:Comment by others:
266:Comment by others:
234:Comment by others:
36:/Proposed decision
1188:
1072:
1064:Proposed remedies
771:
756:
546:Anonymous editing
511:Gaming the system
409:
1597:
1209:Rosemary Kennedy
1186:
1182:
1121:Rosemary Kennedy
1068:
922:Rosemary Kennedy
879:Rosemary Kennedy
869:Personal attacks
836:Rosemary Kennedy
769:
765:
754:
750:
407:
403:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1563:
1531:
1523:
1487:
1452:
1430:Robert McClenon
1409:
1374:
1369:
1334:
1299:
1254:
1201:
1184:
1113:
1078:
1066:
1022:
979:
914:
871:
828:
793:
788:
767:
752:
717:Robert McClenon
695:
656:
620:
584:
548:
513:
477:
442:
405:
335:
304:
273:
241:
210:
175:
140:
135:
130:
92:
87:
49:
44:
26:
25:
24:
12:
11:
5:
1603:
1601:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1268:(spill yours?)
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1223:(spill yours?)
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1178:
1168:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1135:(spill yours?)
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1077:
1074:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
991:
990:
989:
988:
978:
975:
974:
973:
972:
971:
970:
969:
943:
942:
941:
940:
934:
933:
932:
931:
913:
910:
909:
908:
907:
906:
900:
899:
898:
897:
891:
890:
889:
888:
870:
867:
866:
865:
864:
863:
857:
856:
855:
854:
848:
847:
846:
845:
827:
824:
823:
822:
821:
820:
814:
813:
812:
811:
805:
804:
803:
802:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
782:
781:
780:
779:
778:
777:
776:
744:
743:
727:
726:
725:
724:
722:
708:
707:
706:
705:
694:
691:
689:
687:
686:
685:
684:
678:
677:
676:
675:
669:
668:
667:
666:
655:
652:
651:
650:
649:
648:
642:
641:
640:
639:
633:
632:
631:
630:
619:
616:
615:
614:
613:
612:
606:
605:
604:
603:
597:
596:
595:
594:
583:
580:
579:
578:
577:
576:
570:
569:
568:
567:
561:
560:
559:
558:
547:
544:
543:
542:
538:
537:
536:
535:
529:
528:
527:
526:
512:
509:
508:
507:
506:
505:
499:
498:
497:
496:
490:
489:
488:
487:
476:
473:
472:
471:
470:
469:
463:
462:
461:
460:
454:
453:
452:
451:
441:
438:
437:
436:
435:
434:
433:
432:
431:
430:
429:
428:
427:
426:
393:
392:
391:
390:
360:
359:
358:
357:
351:
350:
349:
348:
334:
331:
330:
329:
325:
324:
323:
322:
316:
315:
314:
313:
303:
300:
299:
298:
294:
293:
292:
291:
285:
284:
283:
282:
272:
269:
268:
267:
263:
262:
261:
260:
254:
253:
252:
251:
240:
237:
236:
235:
231:
230:
229:
228:
222:
221:
220:
219:
209:
206:
205:
204:
203:
202:
196:
195:
194:
193:
187:
186:
185:
184:
174:
171:
170:
169:
168:
167:
161:
160:
159:
158:
152:
151:
150:
149:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
122:
121:
120:
119:
113:
112:
111:
110:
104:
103:
102:
101:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
79:
78:
77:
76:
70:
69:
68:
67:
61:
60:
59:
58:
48:
45:
43:
40:
27:
15:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1602:
1593:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1192:
1187:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
996:
995:
993:
992:
987:
986:
984:
983:
982:
976:
968:
965:
962:
958:
957:
955:
952:
948:
947:
945:
944:
939:
938:
936:
935:
930:
929:
927:
926:
925:
923:
919:
911:
905:
904:
902:
901:
896:
895:
893:
892:
887:
886:
884:
883:
882:
880:
876:
868:
862:
861:
859:
858:
853:
852:
850:
849:
844:
843:
841:
840:
839:
837:
833:
825:
819:
818:
816:
815:
810:
809:
807:
806:
801:
800:
798:
797:
796:
790:
785:
775:
770:
762:
761:
760:
755:
748:
747:
746:
745:
742:
739:
736:
732:
731:
729:
728:
723:
721:
718:
713:
712:
710:
709:
704:
703:
701:
700:
699:
692:
690:
683:
682:
680:
679:
674:
673:
671:
670:
665:
664:
662:
661:
660:
653:
647:
646:
644:
643:
638:
637:
635:
634:
629:
628:
626:
625:
624:
617:
611:
610:
608:
607:
602:
601:
599:
598:
593:
592:
590:
589:
588:
581:
575:
574:
572:
571:
566:
565:
563:
562:
557:
556:
554:
553:
552:
545:
540:
539:
534:
533:
531:
530:
525:
524:
522:
521:
520:
518:
510:
504:
503:
501:
500:
495:
494:
492:
491:
486:
485:
483:
482:
481:
474:
468:
467:
465:
464:
459:
458:
456:
455:
450:
449:
447:
446:
445:
439:
425:
422:
419:
415:
414:
413:
408:
401:
400:
399:
398:
397:
396:
395:
394:
389:
386:
383:
379:
375:
374:
372:
369:
365:
364:
362:
361:
356:
355:
353:
352:
347:
346:
344:
343:
342:
340:
332:
327:
326:
321:
320:
318:
317:
312:
311:
309:
308:
307:
301:
296:
295:
290:
289:
287:
286:
281:
280:
278:
277:
276:
270:
265:
264:
259:
258:
256:
255:
250:
249:
247:
246:
245:
238:
233:
232:
227:
226:
224:
223:
218:
217:
215:
214:
213:
207:
201:
200:
198:
197:
192:
191:
189:
188:
183:
182:
180:
179:
178:
172:
166:
165:
163:
162:
157:
156:
154:
153:
148:
147:
145:
144:
143:
137:
132:
127:
125:
118:
117:
115:
114:
109:
108:
106:
105:
100:
99:
97:
96:
95:
89:
84:
82:
75:
74:
72:
71:
66:
65:
63:
62:
57:
56:
54:
53:
52:
46:
41:
39:
37:
33:
23:
19:
1591:
1524:
1488:
1453:
1410:
1375:
1335:
1300:
1265:Mindspillage
1255:
1220:Mindspillage
1202:
1173:69.117.6.210
1132:Mindspillage
1114:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1030:FishingGuy99
1023:
1008:Kelly Martin
980:
951:Kelly Martin
915:
872:
829:
794:
696:
688:
657:
621:
585:
549:
514:
478:
443:
368:Kelly Martin
336:
305:
274:
242:
211:
176:
141:
123:
93:
80:
50:
29:
1205:Ted Kennedy
1117:Ted Kennedy
918:Ted Kennedy
912:Evading 3RR
875:Ted Kennedy
832:Ted Kennedy
517:sockpuppets
515:The use of
475:Meatpuppets
339:sockpuppets
337:The use of
333:Sockpuppets
956:(recused)
1013:(recused)
302:Vandalism
239:Consensus
32:/Evidence
1529:Template
1372:Template
1185:Jtkiefer
1160:jpgordon
1076:Template
961:jpgordon
791:Template
768:Jtkiefer
753:Jtkiefer
735:jpgordon
418:jpgordon
406:Jtkiefer
382:jpgordon
138:Template
90:Template
47:Template
20: |
764:edits.
1026:Labgal
1189:----
772:----
757:----
410:----
16:<
1163:∇∆∇∆
1028:and
964:∇∆∇∆
920:and
877:and
834:and
738:∇∆∇∆
421:∇∆∇∆
385:∇∆∇∆
94:1)
51:1)
1207:,
1119:,
38:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.