766:
and opinion. Consequently, some judgment and comparison of sources is needed in order to identify reliable sources. Reliable sources respect truth; a source that is commonly untruthful is not reliable. A source may be partly or more or less reliable. Concurrence of possibly reliable sources may help in identifying reliable sources, and editors should seek it. Conflict between truth as a criterion and reliable sourcing as a criterion may nevertheless be a matter of opinion. Reliable sourcing and truth ought to coincide, at least to some degree; such is to be sought by
Knowledge (XXG) editors. Knowledge (XXG) should avoid untruth, even if it appears in otherwise apparently nearly reliable sources. Only reliably sourced material should be posted in Knowledge (XXG) articles.
439:(100% true or 100% false) only in certain technical contexts, such as mathematics or programming languages. In most other contexts, there are more than truths and lies under the sun: there are half-truths, lack of context, words with double or unclear meanings, logical fallacies, cherry-picked pieces of information to lead the reader to a predetermined conclusion, inadvertent reuse of someone else's lies, and even misunderstandings. A statement may fail to adequately convey the state of affairs regarding some topic, without that statement being an actual lie.
523:, thus making Knowledge (XXG) into a primary source, Knowledge (XXG) couldn't have accepted it. Knowledge (XXG) does not know, nor does it have the resources to verify, if either one is correct or incorrect, or to set apart an unpublished but revolutionary theory from a common fringe one. That's why it relies on verifiability rather than truth. Pasteur would have been required to explain his theory in the regular scientific field, and have it checked and approved by peers. Only then would Knowledge (XXG) add changes concerning his discovery.
584:
capital of the United States, and it's named after George
Washington (1722–1799), the first president...", then that's just a mistake. But if we have an article written by some famed historian, stating something like "New historical evidence would date the birth of George Washington to 1722, ten years before it was usually known", then it would be a different thing... regardless of whether such a hypothetical claim was true or not.
779:" is a fact. But there are many things to consider before one can have a complete understanding of the topic: What was the context? Who supported promotion of the slogan? Who opposed it? What was the reception among society? Which events motivated it? What were the results? The omission of such context can itself make something seem better or worse than it really was.
571:
that theory, but not to describe the modern state of knowledge on the topic. There are a few immortal authors whose works are never outdated, but they are rare. Even books just a few years old may be missing new, important information. In fact, because a book requires time to be edited and printed, in rare cases it may already be out of date when it is first released.
49:
123:
336:
was even worse than the usual (low) standards for that genre. You might be wrong – your religious beliefs might be incorrect, your philosophy might be misguided, the oven might still be turned on, and the film might be better than you thought it was – but when you make these claims, you are speaking
812:
among them. However, it is important to remember that continuity is a consequence, not a preexisting condition. If two episodes, movies in a saga or comic books say contradictory things, then the "truth" is simply that they said contradictory things, and a good continuity was not achieved. It is not
541:
In many cases, if something appears in a reliable source, it may be used and attributed where needed, but reliable sources are not infallible. There are examples where material should not be reported in
Knowledge (XXG)'s voice, because what is verifiable is that the source expresses a view, not that
291:
This policy was then re-written in July 2012 to clarify these principles, but the core message remains the same: Any material added to
Knowledge (XXG) must have been published previously by a reliable source. Unless you have verified it beforehand with a reliable source, you may not add content just
615:
Works of fiction about real historical peoples or events must never be used as sources for historical fact, no matter how accurate they may be. Fiction needs to have a beginning, a chain of events, an ending, well-defined characters, etc.; something that reality rarely has. Even more, they may need
570:
In some cases, publication in a reliable source is not sufficient to establish that a view is significant. Reliable sources may be outdated or disputed by other sources. Books from before
Pasteur would state the theory of spontaneous generation to be a fact; they are still useful sources to explain
550:
is supreme" than "Our opinion is that the hypnotoad is supreme, but there are others who disagree with us." It is the task of the
Knowledge (XXG) editor to present opinions as opinions, not as facts stated in Knowledge (XXG)'s voice; this is one reason Knowledge (XXG)'s voice should be neutral. The
331:
The second meaning – something believed to be true – is used in religion, moral philosophy, and many everyday matters, such as when you genuinely believe that you turned off the oven after taking out the pie, but you decide against getting up to verify your belief, or when everyone agrees that this
180:
The phrase was removed from the verifiability policy in 2012 (but remains in a historical footnote). The revised wording clarified that "content is determined by previously published information rather than the beliefs or experiences of its editors. Even if you're sure something is true, it must be
160:
The phrase "the threshold for inclusion is verifiability, not truth" meant that verifiability is a necessary condition (a minimum requirement) for the inclusion of material, though it is not a sufficient condition (it may not be enough). Sources must also be appropriate, and must be used carefully,
795:
Articles about works of fiction have two different perspectives that should be considered. First, the real-world perspective about the creation and reception of the work of fiction. In this perspective, which must not be omitted, "truths" are as relative as for social sciences. We have facts, like
765:
By "natural science" is here meant a science such as geology, anatomy, or physics. In natural sciences, there is a degree of factuality that is hard to dispute, as well as more disputable attempts at factuality. Besides factuality, natural sciences also have conventions or customs, and speculation
583:
topic, making a brief reference to something beyond their area of expertise), or if the text that breaks the mainstream knowledge is provided on purpose or as a mere passing-by comment. For example: George
Washington was born in 1732. Let's consider a tour guide who says, "Washington, D.C., is the
423:
is not always something as clear and unquestionable as we may desire. In many cases, such as in many questions related to social sciences, there is no "truth" but simply opinions and assumptions. Which is the best political system? Was this or that government a good or bad one? There are no "true"
804:
from Star Wars). For any information beyond a direct description of the work's contents, it is tempting for fans to see things from here and there, draw connections, relate things and draw conclusions, but that is original research. Where one fan arrives at a conclusion, another fan takes other
409:
In our time, it can be argued that the burden long borne by the word truth has shifted to the word fact. If truth has come to be regarded as subjective – the realm of the personal – we still see reasonable people of widely disparate backgrounds recognizing facts for what they are. They are the
578:
Even the most reliable sources commit mistakes from time to time, such as misspelling a name or getting some detail wrong. Such mistakes, when found, should be ignored, and not be employed to describe a non-existent dispute. To know where we have a dispute and where a simple mistake, consider
442:
In other cases, accuracy itself is under dispute: a certain question may indeed have a true answer, but nobody knows what it is yet, so a lack of complete information leads to people supporting a variety of possible answers. For example, the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations, or the
774:
There are fewer universal facts in social sciences (and none at all in some fields). History has more facts than sociology, and psychology has more facts than political science; regardless, as said earlier, we must distinguish between facts, opinions, facts about opinions, and opinions about
595:
is mistaken. Many sources say George
Washington was born in 1732 on the 11th of February, whereas many more-modern sources say he was born in 1732 on the 22nd of February (some say both). The two dates are both 100% correct. The sources just rely on differing date-keeping systems
211:
Prior to July 2012, the policy read, "The threshold for inclusion in
Knowledge (XXG) is verifiability, not truth." Written more verbosely, this means "The threshold for inclusion in Knowledge (XXG) is verifiability. The threshold for inclusion in Knowledge (XXG) is not truth."
782:
As history is about things that took place in the past, there's a temptation to think it is composed entirely of truths. It isn't. History is the politics of the past, just as today's politics is tomorrow's history. While historical facts certainly exist (like the fact that
796:
dates of publication; opinions, like information about any meaning or message contained in the work; facts about opinions, like who believes the work has a certain meaning; and opinions about opinions, like beliefs about people who believe the work has a certain meaning.
775:
opinions. Only facts (including facts about opinions, but not the opinions themselves) have a truth value, and even then, it's much less clear than for mathematics and logic. For example, "The administration of president 'Whoever' promoted the slogan 'resistance is futile
405:"Truth" has a tendency to be subjective, so there will be disagreement over whose version of "truth" is factual and can be included here. Here we prioritize facts over subjective truths. If a truth is verifiably and demonstrably real, we often describe it as "fact":
173:, which holds that we include all significant views on a subject. Citing reliable sources, for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, gives readers the chance to check for themselves that the most appropriate sources have been used, and used well (see
834:
721:
The field of mathematics is strongly based in logic; most, but not all, mathematical operations provide statements whose truth, falsehood, or unknowability is beyond dispute under certain assumptions of axiomatic consistency. 2 + 2 = 4 is true under
799:
The second perspective is the plot. Highly complex fictional works aren't just limited to creating characters, but also fictional universes, fictional technologies, fictional artifacts, perhaps even fictional scientific laws or phenomena (such as
319:
normally used by the natural sciences and in legal contexts. This first kind of true statement may not accord with facts, but it does accord with the facts as they are currently understood, even though there is a chance that the scientific idea
168:
Knowledge (XXG)'s articles should be intelligent summaries and reflections of current published knowledge within the relevant fields, an overview of the relevant literature. The
Verifiability policy is related to another core content policy,
692:
Knowledge (XXG) editors are not indifferent to truth, but as a collaborative project written primarily by amateurs, its editors are not making judgments as to what is true and what is false, but what can be verified in a reliable source and
515:
theory to be true, and they were mistaken. Even so, if Knowledge (XXG) had existed before Pasteur, it would have treated it as an accepted theory because the majority of experts (scientists in the relevant fields) thought it was true.
189:
verifiability. Knowledge (XXG) does not try to impose "the truth" on its readers, and does not ask that they trust something just because they read it in Knowledge (XXG). We empower our readers. We don't ask for their blind trust.
483:
Are you sure that's the case? Many times, when everybody considers something to be one way but you find somewhere else that "everybody is mistaken" and things were actually some other way, it's more likely you have found a
393:
the former. Hence we write articles from the perspective that the Earth is, objectively, 4.5 billion years old, while describing the common beliefs in much younger ages, in contexts where this is relevant. The era of
382:, take nobody's word for it. The Truth that heavier objects fall faster than light ones, taught by Aristotelians for over a thousand years, was blown away in a few decades by experiments that show it not to be true.
555:
that already describes the dispute and cite it as a reference. Tertiary sources may also help to confirm that there is a legitimate dispute to begin with, and not just a fringe theory against a universally accepted
805:
details and arrives to the opposite one. So, the truth on questions such as "Who would win, the Hulk or the Thing?" is the boring but accurate "Whomever the writer decides according to the narrative of the story."
891:
574:
Reliable sources may express speculation, or a source for a significant view may include in it views that are not significant. In these cases, criteria other than those described in our policy on sources are
227:
include it under any circumstances. Merely meeting the absolute minimum standard for inclusion is not sufficient. Material may be verifiable, but still banned by several other content policies, including
496:. If there's an almost universally accepted viewpoint and a tiny minority one, the minority opinion may be ignored in favor of the viewpoint held by the majority, and the majority viewpoint will be
524:
927:
344:, in its modern meaning, is a statement that is consistent with empirically established reality or proven with evidence. This meaning is actually relatively new. Its genesis is the Latin
704:, looking for more modern sources which contain updated information, if they have access to such sources, is preferable to removing the inaccurate material immediately, unless they have
362:. From the middle of the 16th century it began to be more generally used to describe a thing that was testably true, and this usage is inextricably linked to the development of the
271:: It is not good enough for information to be true, and it is definitely not good enough for you to (perhaps wrongly) believe it to be true. Knowledge (XXG) values accuracy, but it
181:
verifiable before you can add it". That we have rules for the inclusion of material does not mean Wikipedians have no respect for truth and accuracy, just as a court's reliance on
685:
who is making claims that they have found truth. If there is more than one set of facts or explanations for the facts in the article, there's a guideline for that where
385:
Many long and bitter edit wars have had their genesis in the difference between the two types of truth – truth versus Truth. Knowledge (XXG) policies mandate that we
994:
447:, could be true or false. There is indeed a factual answer (either there are extraterrestrial civilizations, or there are not), but we are not 100% certain of it.
402:
period. While there will be one verifiable and objective "truth", there can be many versions of subjectively believed "Truth", and whose "Truth" gets to win here?
787:
occurred), the opinions and perspectives about the presidency of Abraham Lincoln or Richard Nixon are as diverse as they are about Barack Obama or Donald Trump.
135:. Editors may not add content solely because they believe it is true, nor delete content they believe to be untrue, unless they have verified beforehand with a
519:
And in this hypothetical scenario, what if Pasteur fixed the article on spontaneous generation after proving it was wrong? Because he was using his own
241:
493:
674:
492:
to such minority ideas, and represent instead the current state of understanding of a topic. If there's indeed an accuracy dispute between scholars,
219:: This word has multiple meanings, and the relevant one is "The point at which an action is triggered, especially a lower limit." This means the
497:
429:
547:
199:
921:
896:
237:
68:
It contains the advice or opinions of one or more Knowledge (XXG) contributors. This page is not an encyclopedia article, nor is it one of
536:
203:, "Where it is inaccurate it is at least definitively inaccurate. In cases of major discrepancy it's always reality that's got it wrong."
69:
563:
quotations or other material. Source material should be summarized in context to make sure it is represented fairly and accurately, and
849:
686:
616:
to twist things for narrative purposes, or add new features where the original lacks them. So, if you want to write an article about
489:
229:
170:
162:
460:
153:". "Verifiability" was used in this context to mean that material added to Knowledge (XXG) must have been published previously by a
886:
822:
754:
682:
520:
233:
669:
content that some editor(s) believes should belong in the Knowledge (XXG) article in the form of an encyclopedic summary that is
949:
193:
Sometimes we know for sure that the reliable sources are in error, but we cannot find replacement sources that are correct. As
157:. Editors may not add information to articles simply because they believe it to be true, nor even if they know it to be true.
321:
410:
building blocks of demonstrable reality. They are the beyond denial, beyond the debate on competing cable TV news channels.
881:
485:
284:
262:
746:
837:
to improve the policy on original research. The phrase with its explanation was moved to the Verifiability policy in
358:
assisted the criminal after the commission of the act; this developed into something closer to the modern meaning –
901:
871:
853:
670:
666:
154:
146:
136:
132:
61:
876:
808:
When there are many different stories set in a same fictional universe, it is usually desirable to have a good
354:
244:, and by editorial judgment about whether this article is an appropriate place for presenting that information.
432:. We must not present a fact as an opinion, nor an opinion as a fact; and so on for the other categories.
512:
359:
916:
254:
223:
for including information in Knowledge (XXG) is verifiability. If the information is not verifiable, you
73:
35:
801:
625:
367:
911:
813:
acceptable to seek details from here and there and make up an explanation so everything fits in place.
648:
552:
466:
83:
17:
809:
424:
answers to such questions, without rigorously defining and agreeing on the terms (what does it mean,
250:: In Knowledge (XXG)'s sense, material is verifiable if it can be directly supported by at least one
906:
546:
Most sources do not state their opinions as opinions, but as facts: we are more likely to find "The
735:
731:
701:
694:
560:
57:
601:
865:
564:
31:
621:
609:
503:
However, representing a majority viewpoint as such does not equal considering it true, and it
436:
363:
292:
because you believe it is true, nor may you delete content that you may believe to be untrue.
182:
705:
976:
597:
325:
251:
185:
does not mean the court does not respect truth. Knowledge (XXG) values accuracy, but it
757:, such as proposed theories, must be described, cited and attributed as anything else.
742:
700:
If editors come upon some information which seems dubious, and it is supported only by
444:
988:
726:(if the latter are assumed to be consistent, which cannot be proven), as is 2 = 256.
605:
375:
194:
76:. Some essays represent widespread norms; others only represent minority viewpoints.
784:
741:
There are many other sciences that make extensive use of mathematics, such as most
723:
315:
Facts established by inquiry, or a verifiably accurate statement is the meaning of
617:
727:
275:
verifiability. You are allowed and encouraged to add material that is verifiable
371:
677:. This process involves editors who are not making claims that they have found
665:
Knowledge (XXG) doesn't reproduce verbatim text from other sources. Rather, it
608:
during the 1750s, when Washington was a young adult. See the first sentence of
131:
Any material added to Knowledge (XXG) must have been published previously by a
630:
395:
975:
In Context Toolbox. (2017 March 20). Gale: A Cengage Company. Retrieved from
333:
174:
579:
whenever the author is really an expert on the topic (and not an expert on
507:
possible that "everybody" is indeed actually mistaken. For example, before
149:, previously defined the threshold for inclusion in Knowledge (XXG) as "
508:
892:
Knowledge (XXG):Otto Middleton (or why newspapers are dubious sources)
374:, with experimental verifiability as exemplified by the motto of the
279:
true; you are absolutely prohibited from adding any material that is
261:
determined by whether the material has already been supplied with an
488:. The stance of Knowledge (XXG) on such things is to avoid giving
430:
facts, opinions, facts about opinions, and opinions about opinions
420:
930:, an essay on particularly obvious or uncontroversial statements
841:. It remained in both policies until July 2012, when the phrase
341:
868:, a real example on Knowledge (XXG) of this ideology being used
954:
117:
43:
689:(Knowledge (XXG)'s term for versions of truth) are included.
527:; it does not publish what its editors just believe is true.
928:
Knowledge (XXG):You don't need to cite that the sky is blue
924:, an essay on limiting false information on Knowledge (XXG)
525:
Knowledge (XXG) only reports what the reliable sources say
530:
977:
http://assets.cengage.com/training/HS_01_Judge_Info.pdf
845:
842:
838:
830:
826:
656:
474:
300:
Truth has two meanings that are not always separated:
105:
98:
91:
428:, for a government to be "good"?). Instead, there are
817:
History of this phrase on the English Knowledge (XXG)
950:"Facts come to the rescue in the age of gaslighting"
161:and must be balanced relative to other sources per
612:for how to deal with conflicting sources properly.
551:best way to describe a dispute is to work with a
426:in exact detail, defined as an objective standard
337:with a genuine, honest belief in your statement.
30:"WP:TRUTH" redirects here. For other essays, see
751:as far as it is based only on basic mathematics
730:is false under these assumptions. The value of
407:
27:Essay on Knowledge (XXG)'s verifiability policy
638:to describe the plot of such works of fiction.
398:politics is, in fact, a resurgence of the pre-
712:Meaning of "truth" in different subject areas
531:"If it's written in a book, it must be true!"
242:Knowledge (XXG):Biographies of living persons
8:
825:as a summary of the Verifiability policy in
285:even if the un-verifiable material is True™
238:Knowledge (XXG):What Knowledge (XXG) is not
634:as a source. However, they may be used as
304:that which is in accordance with fact, and
995:Knowledge (XXG) essays about verification
856:in a footnote with a link to this essay.
922:Knowledge (XXG):Verifiable but not false
897:Knowledge (XXG):Truth, not verifiability
461:Knowledge (XXG):Knowledge (XXG) is wrong
145:Knowledge (XXG)'s core sourcing policy,
70:Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines
940:
537:Knowledge (XXG):Tertiary-source fallacy
18:Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability not truth
163:Knowledge (XXG)'s policy on due weight
833:during a months-long discussion of a
624:as a source. If you want to edit the
348:, a thing which is done. In law, the
230:Knowledge (XXG):Neutral point of view
7:
887:Knowledge (XXG):No original research
823:Knowledge (XXG):No original research
821:This phrase was originally added to
234:Knowledge (XXG):Copyright violations
200:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
494:it is described without taking part
866:Verifiability, not truth in action
604:); the changeover happened in the
542:the view is necessarily accurate.
283:-verifiable, with zero exceptions—
74:thoroughly vetted by the community
25:
749:. The same rule applies to them,
591:like a mistake, doesn't mean the
370:replaced eternal Truths, taught
352:was originally the crime, so an
322:might eventually become obsolete
121:
47:
41:Essay on editing Knowledge (XXG)
948:Elving, Ron (October 2, 2022).
882:Knowledge (XXG):But it's true!
1:
902:Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability
872:Knowledge (XXG):Truth matters
643:Editors are not truth-finders
147:Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability
877:Knowledge (XXG):Amnesia test
681:, but that they have found
511:, everybody considered the
326:other evidence might appear
1011:
646:
534:
464:
458:
81:
29:
917:Knowledge (XXG):The Truth
311:that is accepted as true.
257:source. Verifiability is
221:absolute minimum standard
36:Knowledge (XXG):The Truth
912:Knowledge (XXG):Accuracy
355:accessory after the fact
151:verifiability, not truth
129:This page in a nutshell:
907:Knowledge (XXG):Correct
687:multiple points of view
559:It is important not to
852:. It still remains in
513:spontaneous generation
412:
717:Logic and mathematics
706:good reasons to do so
697:in Knowledge (XXG).
626:Battle of Thermopylae
368:scientific revolution
360:just the facts, ma'am
296:Fact, truth and Truth
171:Neutral point of view
72:, as it has not been
32:Knowledge (XXG):Truth
753:. Statements beyond
628:article, do not use
435:Besides, truth is a
850:a 30-day discussion
829:. It was coined on
732:Chaitin's constant
724:Peano's postulates
602:Gregorian calendar
567:should be avoided.
755:mere calculations
747:physical sciences
695:otherwise belongs
610:George Washington
521:original research
498:described as fact
389:the latter while
364:scientific method
183:rules of evidence
143:
142:
116:
115:
16:(Redirected from
1002:
979:
973:
967:
966:
964:
962:
945:
791:Fictional topics
778:
761:Natural sciences
675:reliable sources
659:
657:WP:!TRUTHFINDERS
606:British Colonies
587:Just because it
477:
380:nullius in verba
125:
124:
118:
108:
101:
94:
51:
50:
44:
21:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
999:
985:
984:
983:
982:
974:
970:
960:
958:
947:
946:
942:
937:
862:
831:8 December 2004
819:
793:
776:
772:
770:Social sciences
763:
743:formal sciences
719:
714:
663:
662:
655:
651:
645:
636:primary sources
598:Julian calendar
553:tertiary source
539:
533:
481:
480:
473:
469:
463:
457:
417:
298:
263:inline citation
209:
155:reliable source
137:reliable source
133:reliable source
122:
112:
111:
104:
97:
90:
86:
78:
77:
48:
42:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1008:
1006:
998:
997:
987:
986:
981:
980:
968:
939:
938:
936:
933:
932:
931:
925:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
861:
858:
818:
815:
792:
789:
771:
768:
762:
759:
718:
715:
713:
710:
661:
660:
652:
647:
644:
641:
640:
639:
622:Madonna's film
613:
585:
576:
572:
568:
557:
532:
529:
506:
479:
478:
470:
465:
456:
449:
445:life on Europa
416:
413:
328:in a lawsuit.
313:
312:
305:
297:
294:
289:
288:
266:
245:
208:
205:
141:
140:
126:
114:
113:
110:
109:
102:
95:
87:
82:
79:
67:
66:
54:
52:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1007:
996:
993:
992:
990:
978:
972:
969:
957:
956:
951:
944:
941:
934:
929:
926:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
867:
864:
863:
859:
857:
855:
851:
847:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
816:
814:
811:
806:
803:
797:
790:
788:
786:
780:
769:
767:
760:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
716:
711:
709:
707:
703:
702:dated sources
698:
696:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
658:
654:
653:
650:
642:
637:
633:
632:
627:
623:
620:, do not use
619:
614:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
573:
569:
566:
562:
561:"cherry-pick"
558:
554:
549:
545:
544:
543:
538:
528:
526:
522:
517:
514:
510:
504:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
486:fringe theory
476:
475:WP:TRUSTMEBRO
472:
471:
468:
462:
454:
450:
448:
446:
443:existence of
440:
438:
437:boolean value
433:
431:
427:
422:
414:
411:
406:
403:
401:
397:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
376:Royal Society
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:
351:
347:
343:
338:
335:
332:summer's big
329:
327:
323:
318:
310:
306:
303:
302:
301:
295:
293:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
267:
264:
260:
256:
253:
249:
248:Verifiability
246:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
222:
218:
215:
214:
213:
206:
204:
202:
201:
196:
195:Douglas Adams
191:
188:
184:
178:
176:
172:
166:
164:
158:
156:
152:
148:
138:
134:
130:
127:
120:
119:
107:
103:
100:
96:
93:
89:
88:
85:
80:
75:
71:
65:
63:
62:Verifiability
59:
53:
46:
45:
37:
33:
19:
971:
959:. Retrieved
953:
943:
820:
807:
798:
794:
785:World War II
781:
773:
764:
750:
740:
720:
699:
691:
683:someone else
678:
664:
635:
629:
592:
588:
580:
565:undue weight
540:
518:
502:
490:undue weight
482:
452:
441:
434:
425:
418:
408:
404:
399:
390:
386:
384:
379:
372:didactically
353:
349:
345:
339:
330:
316:
314:
308:
299:
290:
280:
276:
272:
268:
258:
247:
224:
220:
216:
210:
198:
192:
186:
179:
167:
159:
150:
144:
128:
55:
839:August 2005
455:the truth!"
207:Definitions
99:WP:NOTTRUTH
56:This is an
961:October 3,
935:References
848:following
827:March 2005
810:continuity
736:unknowable
671:verifiable
667:summarizes
575:necessary.
535:See also:
459:See also:
396:post-truth
391:reflecting
324:, or that
802:the Force
728:2 + 2 = 5
618:Eva Perón
548:hypnotoad
340:The word
334:teen film
309:or belief
269:Not truth
255:published
217:Threshold
197:wrote of
84:Shortcuts
989:Category
860:See also
649:Shortcut
467:Shortcut
419:Because
415:Why not?
387:describe
273:requires
252:reliable
225:must not
187:requires
92:WP:TRUTH
846:dropped
600:versus
581:another
509:Pasteur
451:"But I
307:a fact
64:policy.
60:on the
593:source
366:. The
346:factum
106:WP:VNT
835:draft
734:Ω is
679:truth
673:from
589:looks
556:idea.
421:truth
317:truth
175:below
58:essay
963:2022
854:WP:V
745:and
453:know
400:fact
350:fact
342:fact
34:and
955:NPR
843:was
631:300
277:and
259:not
177:).
991::
952:.
738:.
708:.
505:is
500:.
378::
281:un
240:,
236:,
232:,
165:.
965:.
777:'
596:(
287:.
265:.
139:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.