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anything to do with waterproofing. Similarly, aerodynamics may have no or minimal influence here, but I do not know. When I examined the well-formed trouser feathers on a cockatoo years ago, I assumed that they were for heat insulation. When I looked at the photographs of the ibis genus on
Commons, I also thought that they would be mainly for heat insulation. Knowing the human anatomy for heat circulation in the limbs (which is not covered well on the Wiki), I thought that evolution would not miss an opportunity to use the heat-exchange capacity of the bear skin of the lower limbs of ibises for heat auto-regulation. I guess that the proximal parts of the lower limb would necessarily be warmer and would benefit most from the heat insulation of trouser feathers in a cold invironment. I guess that the trouser feathers would help to support a temperature gradient along the tibial portion of a bird's leg, and so assist heat auto-regulation, both in cooling the bird when hot and minimising heat loss when cold.
209:
phalanx 1 of digit I, 330530; j . pedal phalanx 1 of digit II, 330529; j . pedal phalanx 1 of digit III, 330532; j . pedal phalanx 2 of digit III, 330533; j . pedal phalanx 1 of digit IV, 330535. Marais de l'Ermitage: Anterior part of mandible, 1872; 1. quadrate, 1913; sacrum, 1918; fragment of pelvis, r. side, 1912; 1. scapula, 1909; 1. p. humerus, 1908; r. p. ulna, 1806; ulna, s., 1910; p. radius, 1871; 3 d. radii, 1808, 1875, 1911; r. carpometacarpus, 1809; 3 r. d. tibiotarsi, 1804, 1805, 1807; 1. tibiotarsus, 1867; 1. d. tibiotarsus, 1868; r. and 1. tarsometatarsi, same individual, 1801, 1803; r. j . tarsometatarsus, 1870; 1. tarsometatarsus, 1802; 1. j . tarsometatarsus, 1869; 2 pedal phalanges 1 of digit II, 1873, 1874.
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1468:
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period. I like how you have indicated partially bare temples! With a lack of an
Harderian gland, the fur would perhaps look unkempt and somewhat bristly. Like modern rodents and opossums the tail and feet would have been scaly in addition to having sparse hair. It think visible scales would look cool too, emphasising the transitional nature of the critter. It may have had copious whiskers, with sensory hairs on the shoulders, feet and other places.
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sizes started with the parts associated with smell. The rest of the brain followed later. We can thus fairly safely say that the nose were extremely important in early mammals. Being small insectivores, they likely used their nose much like small mammalian insectivores still do, nosing around in the undergrowth to find small prey. If so, a naked nose without either hair or scales seem a fair guess.
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This would be bad for feathers and would lead to a lot of heat loss and could be lethal on a cold night especially when food is in short supply. Body feathers are seamless with leg feathers giving the appearance of well-formed trousers and keep water and cold out. These are guesses. What else could they be for? Also, evolution is driven by overall average success as well and fatalities.
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3254:
It provides no such information, but that is only because it can't, just like your paper, which I think oversteps what it should do: inference with no basis. The fossils and papers leave two possible choices, choosing one for this is not original research. As for tyrannosaur fingers, as I said, it is
2966:
the clade that you point to has been somewhat arbitrarily selected by one author as where spurs first appeared. That is pretty far from some random cynodont, I'd say. Furthermore, I just showed you a paper that does not rule moganucodonts out of having spurs at all, but if it hadn't been possible and
1805:
The wiskers are good, the drawing (at least to me) seem to indicate the hairline of the fur stop right at the rhinarium. We do not really know where the critter had fur. Comparing to extant mammals of the same size, the feet would be hairless (even more than in your reconstruction), the tail would at
759:
I think you're the one who is misunderstanding. As you can see on the image on the right, the feathers do not even reach the ankle/tibio-tarsal articulation. And the drawing has the "pants" even closer to this joint than the extant species. The tibiae are also drawn somewhat short, perhaps this is an
199:
I will fix those issues, and if you look at the image there, I've shortened the legs below the ankle (not the knee, but I'm sure you are aware). As for leg morphology, not much is known, and modern restorations vary a lot. Hume restores the legs very short and thick, whereas a restoration from Probst
118:
It is standing, not walking, so the bend isn't as evident as in those photos, but it should be clear that the ankle is directed backwards, and that the lower leg continues forwards, in a bend. As for leg robustness, you should remember the turkey comparison, which we have discussed at length, I guess
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against the spur, just an arbitrary choice by the author, and your own persistence. I've showed you a paper with a different conclusion (which is that there is no evidence for either). This discussion is one sided and "going nowhere" because you ignore the paper I linked to. Take also the example of
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There's an important issue here as to how
Knowledge's emphasis on verifiability applies to paleontological reconstructions. Nothing in the standards at the head of this page prohibits introducing features for which there is no evidence for or against, even features that are obviously maladaptive. In
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condition may be what we see in echidnas, in which case it may represent the primitive mammalian condition, and pinnae only evolving after the formation of the middle ear as Smokey suggested. I'm not sure though, echidnas are really strange. Perhaps the "C" figure could be something to go by? "D" is
1891:
Honestly, I don't have any good answers for you. Shrews use high frequency sounds, yet they have very small pinnae. The otherwise very similar marsupial mice have large pinnae. Monitremes have next to nothing, then again they are all very specialised. The small ones you have given it looks OK to me,
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it did have fur, then it would be one layer only (no wolly under-fur and covering guard-hairs) like on shrews and opossums. The fur would likely also be short like you have drawn, but lacking from tail too, in addition the feet and possibly the snout, this being a tropical critter from a fairly warm
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I think it looks better with some trouser feathers. You have a look at some more ibis trouser feathers on
Commons and see what you think. Cockatoos have flat (not fluffy) feathers surrounding the upper legs. In cockatoos it looks to me like the trouser feathers keep the legs warm. In the last image,
78:
I agree, the limbs are are quite robust compared to living species, but Hume restores them even more so in one of his images. As for webbing, Dubois considered them land birds, and their habitat was forests, there is some discussion of this in the article. Modern restorations show the toes unwebbed,
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strengthen the standards to exclude this case? Perhaps you have another proposal, but the answer seems obvious to me: a prominent feature in the artistic reconstruction of an animal makes a claim that the animal had the feature in question and, just as
Knowledge policy requires that such a claim in
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The diagram to which I tried to direct Petter shows the ectotympanic beneath the center of the mandible, so that's where a tympanum would have to be, and any pinnae would need to be close by. An animal with pinnae under the chin would look rather odd, but that would be the logical place to put them
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Of course, we can't be sure just how hairless the nose was, but hairlessness in the groups I mention is an aid in making the nose sensitive both to smell and touch. We know from some CT-scan work that the initial growth in the mammalian brain from the smallish reptilian size to the larger mammalian
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Why is it written above in the examples that the representation of herbaceous plants with triassic / jurassic animals banned? ("Example: Dinosaurs from the
Triassic or Jurassic depicted walking on grass, which did not exist at that time.") These existed at least since the Devonian. And thousands of
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I've not "missed" the point, I'm just raising another point, which is that if relatives that actually live in wetlands don't have it, and if such a feature is also found in other birds where it is unrelated to rain, I don't see what it would have to do with rain in the first place. Especially since
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I think that your reply would tend to show that you have missed the point. I think that the key feature of the trouser feathers is that they prevent water going upwards between the leg and the body feathers. Getting water between main body feathers would be much more serious, than getting legs wet.
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The third finger in tyrannosaurs is the exact same issue. They don't randomly appear or reappear, it has to do with phylogenetic placement. Basal tyrannosaurs have three, derived ones don't. But for taxa in between with no preserved hands, we have no way of knowing. Just like here. If there was an
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and other early mammaliaforms? I think I read somewhere that pinnae are only useful for amplifying high-frequency sounds, but cynodonts/mammaliaforms weren't able to hear at high frequencies because their middle ear bones were still associated with supporting the jaw and therefore not very good at
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Those are very "grassy" colours. The problem with the picture is that the vegetation seem a monoculture, which is what you find in some modern day grassy prairies. I am not a palaeobotanist, but I think the monospecies plains is a
Neogene phenomenon. If the image is adjustable, I would fiddle with
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It doesn't say all herbaceous plants, just grasses (which first appeared at the very end of the
Cretaceous). I don't know a ton about plants, but ferns were common during the Triassic/Jurassic and their root systems have probably been preserved in sediments. The same goes for other common Mesozoic
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trouser feathers grow out of the top of the leg and surround the top of the leg and are directed downwards to look closely applied to the legs. From a distance the "trousers" can look almost seamless. I do not know where the trouser feather grow from in an ibis; however looking at this image again
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rationale is that it is redundant, since it is so similar to the living species? I personally don't see why it hurts, though, the taxobox is empty anyway. Maybe it would be better with a clearer sense of scale, so it isn't just identifiable as that species (and not a normal fossa) by the caption.
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I think that the new illustration looks a lot better with some trouser feathers. If it helps, the "trouser" feathers on a cockatoo are not fluffy. Think of little feathers, which are as well formed as wing feathers, that are closely applied to the top of the legs. Also, on a cockatoo, some of the
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should be represented with pinnae, that a pinna is compatible with an uncoiled cochlea, please take a look at the position of its ectotympanic in Figure 2.2a of the Manley & Sienknecht paper when thinking about where to put them. A pinna would have to be close to the tympanum, which would be
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I have had some time to take my bearings and focus on the issue. Please excuse my sloppy language earlier calling the visible joint a "knee". You might be correct that the trouser feathers have no or minimal effect on waterproofing and that the main drivers for their evolution may not have been
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MATERIAL.âGrotte des
Premiers Francais: r. d. j . tarsometatarsus, 1993-37. Grotte de l'Autel: r. coracoid, 330510; 1. p. coracoid, 330527; r. carpometacarpus 330511; r. d. j . tibiotarsus, 330513; r. j . tarsometatarsus, 330512; r. d. j . tarsometatarsus, 330514; metatarsal I, 330536; j . pedal
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Judged on the reason for removal, it wasn't removed for being specifically wrong: "revert image: sources for the art aren't clear, and this species was basically a larger version of its living relative, which is already depicted -- please discuss on talk page before adding again" I guess the
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It is a very nice illustration. I think the fur looks good, and I like the small spur! The only thing I'm not too sure about is the shape of the snout. It seems a bit broad, almost rodent-like, and Morgie was by all accounts more shrew-like. Yet it was not a shrew (despite me putting in the
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If you have some other way of strengthening the standards, please explain. To me, there is very little difference between exhibiting a prominent feature in paleoart and claiming, in text, that the feature was present. The verification policy should apply in either
492:, I would be surprised if there were no feathers growing from the top of its legs. In summary, I guess there is no anatomical reason why you should not extend the trouser feathers downward a little, so that they are a bit longer without being particularly fluffy.
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genus? I guess bear skin on the
Reunion Ibis would have been black, going on extant species of its genus, but I do not know how extensive the bare skin would have been. Was the bear skin confined to a small rim of bear skin around the eyes or was it a large area?
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but unlike the echinas, antedating the migration of the angular and articular into the cranium. I suggest that this diagram, not information on echidnas, be used in placing Morganucodon's ear unless, as Petter suggests, the problem is avoided by hiding the ear.
2342:. These authors' view is that pinnae (external ears) did not develop until the Cretaceous, after the divergence of the monotremes from the therian lineage. Thus, pinnae were not secondarily lost in Monotremata; no monotreme ancestor had pinnae, and neither did
181:. The image still looks like it will fall forward. Feathers on the tail may present a visual mass, but they are not very heavy. Are the position of the "knees" based on any measurements? The ibis could run fast. Would it need lower knees? see the road runner
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contact with water than birds that habitually live in low wetlands (like regular ibises do), regardless of how much it rained. And my point was, that not even the latter have much feathering on the lower legs, though they should have, following that logic.
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is unknown. I believe it's phylogenetic position right now is close to the sister group of two-fingered tyrannosauroids, so whether it had two or three fingers is not knowable without further fossil finds or a refinement of its phylogenetic position.
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Would there be safe grounds for illustrating it gliding down from where it could have climbed up to, perhaps from a rocky structure. It seems that a lot of wing sub-fossils are available. The illustration might be useful to show its wings.
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I can't find skeletal restorations of either to compare with, but I see you've made a skeletal yourself, based on the fossils, so I guess if those are accurate, this image will be too. And yup, feel free to create such missing articles!
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It simply says "Presence of the extratarsal spur in morganucodontans (Jenkins and Parringâton 1976) has not been demonstrated as yet since the tarsals are incompletely known in this group." Seems a bit arbitrary to draw the line there.
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I have no idea where he gets that red head from, though, not mentioned by any contemporaries. As for "my" image, I've now made the pants less fluffy, and more even, like the Australian congener. The legs are a bit more slender also.
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Probably way to late, but with the hindfoot up in the air, and one of the front feet poking below the one sitting flat to the imaginary surface, the whole skeleton looks out of balance. Could the most forward foot be raised a bit?
2520:(Indiana University Press, 2013), p. 218. In her view, the spur was acquired after the Morganucodonta branched off but prior to the appearance of the Docodonta. Following her cladogram and using boldface for groups with the spur:
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Interesting, I never knew about the Harderian glands! (Also thanks for the link, I could never get my hands on Kemp's book). As for the head, I intended it to be tilted a bit as if the animal were looking up or down at something.
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Cool! In relation to Rutiodon, it appears the head and neck is a bit too big and long? And I'm not sure, but I don't think I've seen a crocodile with the tail bent that much so close to the base? Usually the "line" is smoother.
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I think that the centre of gravity is above the front of the foot, so it looks balanced. I would guess that the bird was not very heavy, if it could fly a little, so would it need very study legs? Would a bustard be equivalent?
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Hmm, that diagram is completely hypothetical, made before soft tissue was published. The only actual tail outline available shows asymmetrical lobes, with the lower one being larger. That of course doesn't rule out that there
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Well, there isn't enough wing material to show it properly, and we have no idea how the wing feathers looked like, so I think it would be too much guesswork. The current folded wings are much safer, when it comes to accuracy.
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Echidnas? A pinna is only useful if it's near a tympanum, which would have to be mandibular prior to the migration of the articular/malleus into the cranium. Isn't the echidna's tympanum cranial? If so, it's a poor model for
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Ouch, sorry I did not catch the insectivorous bit. As an insectivore it has too big belly (the first version were better in that regard). I am a bit confused over the heavy legs. It must have been a very unusual insectivore.
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It has a professional and presentable look about it. I think that the "knees" look too high and perhaps the legs and toes look too broad, but I have not measured the sub-fossils. Perhaps slight webbing between toes? see
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I guess that you would need to think about a 17th century turkey, because subsequent domestication is likely to have modified the turkey a lot. It might be best to consider wild turkeys or old illustrations of turkeys.
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I haven't heard of such, at least. It seems kind of illogical to keep rain away from the top of the legs only. And rain doesn't seem to have much evolutionary pressure, being irregular and non-lethal most of the time.
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herbivorous but insectivorous based on its dentition (small pointed teeth in the jaws and on the palate). Do you think I should re-shrink the belly, or would the size shown now still be reasonable for an insectivore?
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I think that you have probably misunderstood something, because the tibial portion of a birds leg is above the tibio-tarsal articulation and all the extant ibises have trouser feathers on that part of the leg. See
538:
Well, the sources specifically state its habitat was not wetlands, so it is atypical for an ibis in that way. And even regular ibises, that do live inwetlands, do not have feathers that extend far down the legs.
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3159:. Its position makes it possible that it could have either two or three fingers on each hand. But because the forelimbs are unknown, the choice is arbitrary. It has been depicted in both ways by professionals.
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very relevant, Appalachiosaurus has recently been restored with both large three fingered hand,s as well as small, two fingered hands, again based on nothing but phylogenetics and lack of complete fossils.
967:
It is similar for the African Scared Ibis juveniles which have more feathers on the neck than the adults - there are some images of them on Commons. It did not know it applied to the Malagasy Sacred Ibis.
1769:. If you want to change anything about the critter, I would suggest trying to see if could prolong the soft part of the nose a bit, and perhaps make it hairless, like the shrew and many small marsupials.
2179:
Did you see figure 3.7? I couldn't figure how to make Google books open at the right page. I think the ear on your illustration may sit a bit high, and it may perhaps not have had such a pointy tip.
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The paper says it was a herbivore. I think it would have had a somewhat larger belly to hold the guts necessary to digest plants. All herbivores, even skinny ones like antelopes, have roomy bellies.
2069:
A possible solution could be to put some more fur there, obscuring the pinnae/ear slits. Smaller shrews mostly have their ears obscured by fur, there's no reason the same could not be the case in
61:
1806:
best have very sparse hairs combined with rodent/oppossum-type of scales, and the snout would likely have very short hairs or more likely be completely naked as in the Asian house shrew or a
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the colour a bit (darker green) and ad a bit of other obvious growth. If you look at the two plant pictures I linked to, you will see some examples of the "not quite grass" grass lookalikes.
804:
Apparently, it rains a lot in Reunion, but I do not know how this would have affected the evolution of its feathers. I suspect that an element of waterproofing would be involved somewhere.
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That is a great improvement! The nose is perfect! I like the hint of scales on the tail, very neat! I would perhaps consider having the skin a tad lighter, to emphasize the hairless snout.
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Well, no one knows the exact size, since the fossils are so scrappy. I have seen no modern source that even attempts to make a size estimate, so I think it would be too speculative.
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is not a major new structure; some basal tyrannosauroids had them and some didn't. The extratarsal spur is a major new structure and should be associated with an organisms like
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a reconstruction depicted in an encyclopedia, though, the reader can be expected to think that there is evidence for any prominent feature shown. Putting an extratarsal spur on
1465:. I think the belly might have been even more pronounced, not necessarily bigger, but differently distributed. I may be off though, early archosauromorph were strange critters.
4147:, and the bones of the tail and the ribs, although the tail is more horizontal; the form of the bones in the coracoid, limbs, neck, back and hips are from the new skeleton of
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1089:) and clubmosses, which at a distance can look quite grassy. Particularly small, herbaceous horsetails and efedras filled the ecological niche today occupied by grasses.
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lacks a nose horn, and has a "swelling" there, like all other basal (= non-pachyrhinosaurin, non-centrosaurin) centrosaurines. According to this recent (but not formal)
1226:
I've straightened out and lengthened the tail a bit. My original reasoning behind the bendy tail was that phytosaurs seem to have thinner tails than crocodilians (see
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Thanks, you're right about making the snout lighter, will also match the other naked areas better. I think I'll just shrink the ear a bit? Is in the right position?
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Does the illustration need the size of the bird included in the image description on Commons? Dubois said the ibis was a big as a big goose. How big is a big goose?
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This means that practically all our mosasaur restorations are now incorrect. So anyone up to fixing them with me? Our only accurate restoration can be found in the
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My point is that the feature is uncertain in Morganucodon, so therefore the condition in echidnas is not necessarily what determines how the restoration should be.
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Well, again, that's where we need to look at close relatives for answers. No ibis has feathers extending that far down. Even what I've drawn is stretching it.
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What to do with the turkey comparison then? Would imply legs that are more robust than those of an ibis, no? Julian Hume's version has very short, thick legs:
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Manley, G. A.; Sienknecht, U. J. (2013). "The evolution and development of middle ears in land vertebrates". In Puria, S.; Fay, R. R.; Popper, A. N. (eds.).
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and the skull of animal. I'm aware that this Knowledge don't have an article of this genus, but I can translate from the Spanish version. Any thoughts? --
2320:. I'll be in a university library in a week or so and will see what I can find. Perhaps others with better access can do the literature research earlier?
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I have made the hands, feet and tail less hairy, made the snout longer and narrower, and less hairy. Is it ok (may not show up yet because of the cache)?
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There certainly are areas in which an artist has to make an arbitrary choice: fur color, for example. In an encyclopedia, however, I feel strongly that
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been recently reconstructed with three clawed fingers on each hand? I thought that it was now agreed that all tyrannosauroid theropods had two fingers.
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Encyclopedias have a duty to be conservative, not associating major new structures with organisms unless there are reliable sources. A third finger on
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features like that spur should be included only when there is a reliable source that affirms their presence. The paper to which you linked, which I am
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if they're included at all. I prefer the view of Manley & Sienknecht, that pinnae didn't develop until the Cretaceous and were therefore absent in
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An external ear (if any) has to be near an eardrum, which in turn needs to be associated with the reflected lamina of the angular bone, a jaw bone in
1772:
I must say I am extremely thankful for guys like the two of you taking the time to make all these wonderful illustrations of obscure extinct animals!
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Amazing! The scaling is really beautifully done! This is possibly one of the best and most believable depiction of a near-mammal synapsid I've seen!
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Yes, are photos, but in fact is only a osteoderm, but in ventral and dorsal views. There are from this article: Busbey, A. (1986). New material of
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Fixed some more, can be seen among my uploaded files. The rest are harder to fix, since they have other inaccuracies as well or have backgrounds.
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I tried, is a bit complicated, didn't look good. Who knows, maybe older grass will be discovered one day.Until then, it could be "proto-grass"...
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Well, the point is, nothing of the leg is known above the feet, so there's not much we can do, other than basing it on previous reconstructions.
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I updated a while back, Petter? I'm pretty sure it's an improvement over the first version I made, but maybe it is too modern mammal like too?
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for which reliable sources are available and with others for which phylogenetic bracketing is available, not with any organism more basal.
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Fossils have been discovered with an extratarsal spur, probably homologous to the spur of the male platypus. Such a spur should appear in
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Since this isn't up for GA or FA or something like that, I don't think it's such a pressing issue at present, so I'm ok with waiting.
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Interesting. When I make this change (could Petter endorse?), it'll be the only earless depiction of Morganucodon I have ever seen.
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the article text be verifiable, so a source must be available (though not necessarily provided) when the claim is made in paleoart.
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I agree with FM. Also, the head does not seem to be at quite the same angle as the body, but it could be twisting it's neck a bit.
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I did not mention wetlands. I said "walked over wet vegetation". Vegetation becomes wet when it rains. It rains a lot of Reunion.
469:. There is a difference between the two turkey species, of course, but it is the North American one that is mentioned, I imagine.
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And reading contemporaneous accounts. I see the problem. Some ducks run fast too. This type of duck with short legs can run fast:
3872:, it has been made by a project in the Catalonian wikipedia, but here has been reverted. Could be used or it must be modified?--
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obviously full pinnae. I have tried to get my hands on the article th efigure is adapted from, but haven't had any luck so far.
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Cool, though it would look better if you gave a little more space for the elements that almost touch the borders of the image!
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Fixed both (along with other issues). Seems we have to remove the photo, though (or move it to a section discussing the horn).
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is more closely related to extant monotremes, which do not have these structures, than to therian mammals, many of which do.
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only to make the point that the standards at the top of this page are inadequate. Surely you agree that extratarsal spurs in
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no published sources seem to propose rain has been an important factor in shaping the plumage of any bird that I know of.
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was a very small animal and the closets known relative of mammals, so in my mind at least fur is not out of the question.
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Here is Eurazhdarcho, the "small" romanian pterosaur (I drew the frog for size reference). Is this restoration accurate?
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On this note (and I don't mean to hijack this section or anythig), do you have any comments on this Morganucodon image
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4004:. The idea is that it will be part of a future expansion of the article (currently in process). What do you think? --
2446:@ FunkMonk: Petter seems to be on Wikibreak (no contributions for two weeks). Do you suggest looking elsewhere for a
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small palaeoroots of such herbaceous plants are to be found in a lot of continental jurassic sediments, for example.
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Below the joint? Again, I think it's best to base it on relatives, and in those the pants stop well above the joint.
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Looks nice. But if the legs are sprawled, I'm not sure the right hind leg would be visible at all from that angle?
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Not below the joint. I guess, enough to keep water out when it walked over wet vegetation and for heat insulation.
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Hmm, since this is a whale, the tail seems quite wrong, the tail fluke seems to be oriented as if it was a shark?
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specimens apparently do not have entirely naked heads, but feathers in almost the same arrangement as I've drawn:
3918:, it seems like now it's actually based on known skeletal elements. Shouldn't we delete/modify its restorations?
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have the same type of caudal fin? I thought that it varies between the mosasaur subfamilies, like is show here:
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to the degree that only the shade of green indicate it isn't "regular grass" to the casual observer), efedras (
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If the standards are strengthened in the manner I propose, however, extratarsal spurs must not be depicted on
2073:, particularly as it presumably was a burrowing animal. The hair would stop debris from clogging up the ears.
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Furthermore, judged on the wildly differing style of his other uploads, I'd say it is a copyright violation:
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I think it's a bit too uncertain and hypothetical for this particular taxon to say anything that definitive.
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I'll go as far within the reasonable, based on closely related species, sources and published restorations.
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Oh, I forget the tail. Anyway, the image certainly is a copyright violation; the original author is here:
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I noted that it was beside the point. Matt's rebuttal is quite sufficient; no corroboration is necessary.
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1875:; perhaps it could hear over 10 kHz, which would be sufficient to give pinnae some use. Asian elephants (
1236:), but they probably still had big caudofemoralis muscles like living crocodilians. The head and neck of
101:. Also, legs should be under centre of gravity. In your first image it looks like it will fall forwards.
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301:. I am trying to think of birds that are equivalent. I do not know enough about it. I am only guessing.
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None of the following is important, but I wonder how far you might want to go with your illustrations:
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I've only made the outline, not made it match the texture yet, will do when the outline is approved.
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200:& Brial 2002 shows the legs very slender. Here is a list of the known elements from a 1999 paper:
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What about some "trouser" feathers, feathers around the top of the legs. Parrots have these too, see
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had such a spur. But how can such a hypothesis even be supported at this point? What's the evidence?
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Thanks, when you say hairless, do you mean that there are hair on incorrect places of the nose now?
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But how would that affect it visually? It's not a penguin or some such, so my guess is very little.
4403:
Done; I can upload the image (by the way, is there enough space for the skeleton in the article of
4338:
Ok, the new version has been uploaded; I hope that the new posture of the limbs be more accurate.--
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It looks great, a major improvement over the original drawing! To my eyes, this one look the part!
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I am not sure if length of trousers is related to their effectiveness in keeping water out or not.
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41:, any thoughts? Based on the fossils, modern restorations, and modern species. Could be coloured.
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Bacground is nice! It has an awfully short body compared to a modern herbivorous reptile like an
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to anyone interested in the evolution of ears. Those with appropriate access rights can read it
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and I believe that is the reason. I await your reply on those issues, but I will fix the knees.
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exhibits external ears. The absence of these non-skeletal elements is implied by the fact that
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1956:. Reduced? Primitive? The only relevant thing I could find is Vaughan, Ryan & Czaplewski's
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Not sure where you got that idea, but plenty of basal tyrannosauroids had three digits, incl.
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As this discussion seems to be going nowhere in this forum, I am continuing the discussion at
2878:
But how can such a hypothesis even be supported at this point? What's the evidence? See also:
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Aren't they? Those scales are a bit overdone I'd say. But the ear is interesting. I think the
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I think it looks much more natural now. The smoother curve seems to balance the head as well.
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until such time as the fossil record provides the relevant evidence. Currently, it does not.
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In your drawing, what is the evidence for the ruff of feathers on its chest below its neck?
4140:, but adding all the teeth; the proportions and the position of the bones are based in the
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Well, I think its safe to say that a bird that lived in mountainous forests on RĂŠunion had
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Cool, I think black outline would make it much clearer, though, is it too late for that?
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I've elongated the finger. However, aren't azhdarchid wing fingers usually very short? --
31:
1611:, usually thought a pre-requite for a proper mammalian-style pelage. In the other hand,
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Dubois says it has feet like a Turkey. See these turkeys which has slightly webbed feet;
4083:
Yup, and in general, never base anything too closely on something that is copyrighted!
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or shall we wait? We do want someone with access to the Manley & Sienknecht paper.
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How about the new version? Now the snout is lighter, and the ear is lower and rounder.
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I don't think domesticated turkeys are that different from wild ones. See this article
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2039:, not the echidna family. But which of my claims do you regard as overly definitive?
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What is known about the feather covering on the head and neck and any bare skin? The
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It even seems the Platecarpus image is incorrect now, the upper fin is too large...
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3694:, as far I known, is the only leontiinid with a complete skeleton. To compare with
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A 2010 paper indicated that mosasaurs had bilobed tail fins and rather rigid bodies
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are pretty big, about the same length as the trunk in some complete skeletons (see
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actual argument involved here, I could follow you, but you haven't presented one.
4037:(Crocodylia: Sebecosuchidae) from the Miocene of La Venta Formation of Colombia.
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would be inappropriate, though nothing in the standards excludes them. How would
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contravenes that expectation. Would it be proper to show an extratarsal spur in
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Looks good, in any case. What is the body and the rest of the skull based on?
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You right, so I can remove it or make a linear drawing of the osteoderm... --
3062:
The choice of Docodonta as the most basal clade represented with the spur is
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Ok, thanks, I'll try to have an updated version here for review before soon.
1599:
The pelage is a feature that need careful consideration. According to Kemp's
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Here's a modification I made of a PD image on Commons, does it look alright?
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1175:
It's been a very long while since I've drawn something, so here's something.
2268:
Peter Brown, you mentioned a different ear placement. Where would that be?
2193:
Ah, didn't see that. And wow, those are some heavy scales on Thrinaxodon!
1906:
1765:
for comparison in the article). The best reconstruction I have found is a
3148:
Lol, why? I think you're taking this too far, and I don't really see any
3070:
skeleton is available with the spur, and phylogenetic bracketing between
1189:
942:
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the ear is shown, it has to be in the jaw so as to be near the eardrum.
1187:) and the proportions of the rest of the body are based on skeletons of
421:
Only affiliations that have been proposed are mentioned in the article,
4421:
Seems to be plenty of space somewhere under history or classification.
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Don't know much about plants myself, but grass was brough up here too.
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The skeletal should be alright, but we can't use copyrighted photos!
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2035:
Sorry, what is your point? I presume that "this particular taxon" is
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Such evidence is entirely lacking in the case of the Morganucodonta.
2927:? No, because only the skull is known. Similar reasoning applies to
1867:
No, nonmammalian cynodonts had no use for pinnae; see my discussion
4097:
I'll have in account, in any case I've not upload the image yet. --
490:
File:Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus) W IMG 1431.jpg
179:
File:Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus) W IMG 1431.jpg
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/Special:ListFiles/Strongilocentrotus
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Thanks! I read more of the paper and it turns out the author says
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It seems these feathers disappear with age. So perhaps this was a
721:
317:
3078:
provides evidence that all other Docodonts had the spur as well.
2298:
Figure 3A on p. 436, reconstructs the position of the eardrum in
1995:
Also, echidnas don't have pinnae, just long slits behind the eyes
945:
trait in the RĂŠunion bird, since no sources mention naked heads.
133:
I just saw your reply, and added web and moved the legs forward:
4324:
Sure, I'll upload a new version. And thanks for the comment.--
4253:
I've uploaded a version with sharper lines, it looks better?--
2863:. Unless there is a competing source, it ought to be removed.
4174:
3910:
It has been implied by phylogeny for quit some time now that
3702:
3655:, a leontiinid notoungulate, mostly based in the skeleton of
3450:, and the former point has now been confirmed by soft tissue.
1757:
I thought it best to make a new entry for FunkMunk's Morgie.
398:
genus. Has anyone suggested that the Reunion Ibis was in the
3611:
Heh, I fixed it earlier today, no ears as far a I can see.
2962:
I don't think those are comparable at all. Morganucodon is
1557:, with generalized cynodont/mammaliaform body proportions.
62:
File:Flickr - don macauley - Threskiornis aethiopicus 2.jpg
3563:
had been more variation, there's just no evidence for it.
2098:
Figure 3A on p. 436, shows the position of the eardrum in
1103:
Interesting, could the plants in this Daspletosaurus image
4137:
The skull is based in the reconstruction by Ralph Molnar
3718:
I think it's good! Now we only need the article, hehe...
58:
File:Threskiornis_aethiopicus_-London_Zoo,_England-8a.jpg
2007:, the latter should also be represented without pinnae.
1879:), which certainly have pinnae, are limited to 10.5 kHz.
4281:
All right then, I'll continue working in the article.--
2967:
somewhat likely, they would hardly had mentioned them.
2316:. There are surely better sources, though, specific to
1338:
Well, relatively short at least, look here for example
2363:
The Middle Ear: Science, Otosurgery, and Technology
64:. Can you draw it walking to show "knees" bending?
2905:last July, thereby advancing the hypothesis that
2880:http://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app51-001.html
1892:but you really the opinion of someone else here.
1693:I like the tilt, it gives it a more lively look!
3974:Where should it be exactly? Got a photo/source?
2335:
4176:in a SVG version. I hope this will be useful.--
4173:I've submitted a new version of the image here
4019:Are the osteoderms photos? If so, from where?
3364:underwater, based on the figures in this paper
4435:Ok, I put it in the classification section.--
3103:is defective in that the spur is not present.
2508:
8:
1178:The skull is based on figures in the paper (
3736:is done, and yes, it includes the image. --
1810:(now there's a primitive looking critter!).
1248:), so I don't think I've drawn it too big.
119:it must be an indication of the thickness.
394:has red skin on its face, but that is the
3868:Another image of a mammal, this time the
2940:I propose that the standards be updated.
1310:I think the wing finger could be longer?
3701:and a reconstrution made by Paula Couto
3240:ignoring, provides no such affirmation.
1561:has a photo of the bottom of the skull.
1447:And I gave it some veggies to munch on.
60:. Look which way the "knees" bend; see
4151:; the foot and hand bones are based in
3996:I've made a skeletal reconstruction of
276:How about these "pants" and leg length?
2396:
2385:
1083:field horsetails can be quite "grassy"
2312:; it even tentatively identifies the
7:
2133:I'll give it a shot at some point.
1960:, page 50. I hope this helps a bit.
1848:Would external pinnae be present in
914:I thought that might be the reason.
3780:Someone has uploaded this image of
2752:
2729:
2706:
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1601:The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
1067:plants like cycads and horsetails.
254:File:Mandarin_Duck_(4482350550).jpg
38:Here's something I threw together.
18:Knowledge:WikiProject Palaeontology
4358:image with all the known elements
4039:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3750:Good job, now you know the drill!
3431:showing crescent-shaped tail fluke
28:
3698:, here is a photo of the fossils
1767:bronze-model from the Smithsonian
1553:based on figures of the skull in
1341:, your new image matches better.
3175:Beside the point, but where has
2512:'s extratarsal spur is unsourced
1379:the long-necked archosauromorph
2516:See Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska in
2290:. So, where was the angular in
1603:(page 118), no animal south of
1087:again only the colour looks off
183:File:Roadrunner DeathValley.jpg
3635:19:26, 15 September 2013 (UTC)
3621:19:16, 15 September 2013 (UTC)
3606:19:11, 15 September 2013 (UTC)
3517:20:10, 18 September 2013 (UTC)
3501:19:43, 15 September 2013 (UTC)
3485:12:29, 15 September 2013 (UTC)
3467:16:03, 10 September 2013 (UTC)
2474:20:09, 18 September 2013 (UTC)
2460:21:37, 18 September 2013 (UTC)
2430:adjacent to the ectotympanic.
2336:Manley & Sienknecht (2013)
1954:nice picture of an echidna ear
224:That is a lot to think about.
1:
4445:08:23, 23 December 2013 (UTC)
4431:14:39, 22 December 2013 (UTC)
4417:09:40, 22 December 2013 (UTC)
4399:00:31, 17 December 2013 (UTC)
4385:23:58, 16 December 2013 (UTC)
4371:23:52, 16 December 2013 (UTC)
4348:09:40, 22 December 2013 (UTC)
4334:21:01, 19 December 2013 (UTC)
4319:10:31, 18 December 2013 (UTC)
4291:08:22, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
4277:17:49, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
4263:10:27, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
4249:22:25, 23 November 2013 (UTC)
4214:22:19, 23 November 2013 (UTC)
4200:11:26, 23 November 2013 (UTC)
4186:07:10, 23 November 2013 (UTC)
4169:00:27, 17 November 2013 (UTC)
4121:14:39, 16 November 2013 (UTC)
4107:17:48, 13 November 2013 (UTC)
4093:14:39, 16 November 2013 (UTC)
4079:17:28, 13 November 2013 (UTC)
4065:17:23, 13 November 2013 (UTC)
4051:17:28, 13 November 2013 (UTC)
4029:16:14, 13 November 2013 (UTC)
4014:23:38, 12 November 2013 (UTC)
2901:You introduced the spur into
2440:14:32, 9 September 2013 (UTC)
2421:04:33, 9 September 2013 (UTC)
2356:21:09, 8 September 2013 (UTC)
2003:used as a model organism for
934:By complete chance, juvenile
3984:15:52, 15 October 2013 (UTC)
3969:15:35, 15 October 2013 (UTC)
3943:15:33, 14 October 2013 (UTC)
3928:15:54, 11 October 2013 (UTC)
3335:15:50, 15 October 2013 (UTC)
3320:15:26, 15 October 2013 (UTC)
3265:15:33, 14 October 2013 (UTC)
3224:11:22, 10 October 2013 (UTC)
3189:01:34, 10 October 2013 (UTC)
3080:There is published evidence.
1707:Uploaded, how does it look?
1549:is a sketch of the cynodont
95:File:Meleagris_ocellata1.jpg
3898:05:49, 8 October 2013 (UTC)
3882:01:43, 8 October 2013 (UTC)
3845:18:00, 5 October 2013 (UTC)
3828:10:19, 5 October 2013 (UTC)
3811:10:16, 5 October 2013 (UTC)
3796:01:56, 5 October 2013 (UTC)
3760:06:04, 3 October 2013 (UTC)
3746:00:20, 3 October 2013 (UTC)
3728:20:37, 2 October 2013 (UTC)
3714:17:40, 2 October 2013 (UTC)
3687:10:05, 2 October 2013 (UTC)
3671:23:53, 1 October 2013 (UTC)
3573:20:32, 4 October 2013 (UTC)
3554:20:29, 4 October 2013 (UTC)
3531:20:30, 1 October 2013 (UTC)
3409:00:15, 15 August 2013 (UTC)
3395:00:11, 15 August 2013 (UTC)
3377:23:08, 14 August 2013 (UTC)
3250:22:09, 9 October 2013 (UTC)
3169:20:09, 9 October 2013 (UTC)
3129:17:51, 7 October 2013 (UTC)
3074:and multituberculates like
2977:12:35, 6 October 2013 (UTC)
2950:23:46, 5 October 2013 (UTC)
2893:19:07, 4 October 2013 (UTC)
2873:18:33, 4 October 2013 (UTC)
2518:In Pursuit of Early Mammals
2495:22:37, 3 October 2013 (UTC)
2371:10.1007/978-1-4614-6591-1_2
2330:16:30, 25 August 2013 (UTC)
2278:18:54, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
2143:01:44, 14 August 2013 (UTC)
1433:Looks good with the belly.
4471:
3209:. The number of digits in
2425:Petter, if you think that
2127:19:12, 9 August 2013 (UTC)
2083:18:40, 9 August 2013 (UTC)
2065:17:31, 9 August 2013 (UTC)
2049:17:06, 9 August 2013 (UTC)
2031:16:07, 9 August 2013 (UTC)
2017:15:30, 9 August 2013 (UTC)
1991:02:57, 9 August 2013 (UTC)
1131:13:52, 10 April 2013 (UTC)
1116:11:25, 10 April 2013 (UTC)
1099:09:24, 10 April 2013 (UTC)
1077:00:38, 10 April 2013 (UTC)
770:03:38, 13 March 2013 (UTC)
299:File:Kori_Bustard_SMTC.jpg
4389:Oops, I'll edit that :)--
3649:Hi, I made this image of
3590:Image:Pseudotribos BW.jpg
3425:Modern reconstruction of
3385:Looks good to me so far.
2770:
2757:
2750:
2734:
2727:
2711:
2704:
2689:
2682:
2649:
2632:
2625:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2576:
2569:
2555:
2548:
2535:
2528:
2250:06:45, 30 July 2013 (UTC)
2236:06:41, 28 July 2013 (UTC)
2222:06:30, 28 July 2013 (UTC)
2203:23:39, 27 July 2013 (UTC)
2189:23:34, 27 July 2013 (UTC)
2175:23:09, 27 July 2013 (UTC)
1970:20:50, 27 July 2013 (UTC)
1938:19:21, 27 July 2013 (UTC)
1923:17:17, 27 July 2013 (UTC)
1902:16:35, 27 July 2013 (UTC)
1863:14:07, 27 July 2013 (UTC)
1844:13:45, 27 July 2013 (UTC)
1830:13:36, 27 July 2013 (UTC)
1797:11:21, 27 July 2013 (UTC)
1782:19:40, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
1731:06:43, 30 July 2013 (UTC)
1717:21:03, 29 July 2013 (UTC)
1703:19:41, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
1689:22:23, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
1655:09:42, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
1638:09:07, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
1586:02:48, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
1571:22:07, 24 July 2013 (UTC)
1533:16:34, 21 July 2013 (UTC)
1507:14:48, 21 July 2013 (UTC)
1484:13:54, 21 July 2013 (UTC)
1457:00:31, 20 July 2013 (UTC)
1443:16:56, 19 July 2013 (UTC)
1429:15:12, 19 July 2013 (UTC)
1412:13:58, 19 July 2013 (UTC)
1397:12:54, 19 July 2013 (UTC)
1351:13:44, 27 June 2013 (UTC)
1334:12:13, 27 June 2013 (UTC)
1320:22:08, 19 June 2013 (UTC)
1305:18:10, 18 June 2013 (UTC)
1272:20:52, 19 June 2013 (UTC)
1258:16:13, 19 June 2013 (UTC)
1219:10:39, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
1203:00:24, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
1147:21:02, 17 July 2013 (UTC)
1062:17:57, 7 April 2013 (UTC)
1042:17:37, 7 April 2013 (UTC)
1018:21:58, 7 March 2013 (UTC)
1000:21:21, 7 March 2013 (UTC)
978:19:43, 7 March 2013 (UTC)
955:00:53, 7 March 2013 (UTC)
924:17:32, 6 March 2013 (UTC)
910:13:59, 6 March 2013 (UTC)
888:11:08, 6 March 2013 (UTC)
870:14:04, 6 March 2013 (UTC)
851:11:08, 6 March 2013 (UTC)
832:14:02, 6 March 2013 (UTC)
814:11:08, 6 March 2013 (UTC)
691:22:57, 8 March 2013 (UTC)
672:23:43, 7 March 2013 (UTC)
658:13:10, 7 March 2013 (UTC)
643:01:18, 7 March 2013 (UTC)
628:01:10, 7 March 2013 (UTC)
611:00:47, 7 March 2013 (UTC)
596:00:31, 7 March 2013 (UTC)
582:21:52, 6 March 2013 (UTC)
563:21:35, 6 March 2013 (UTC)
549:20:01, 6 March 2013 (UTC)
534:17:32, 6 March 2013 (UTC)
520:14:02, 6 March 2013 (UTC)
502:11:08, 6 March 2013 (UTC)
479:13:59, 6 March 2013 (UTC)
458:11:08, 6 March 2013 (UTC)
439:13:59, 6 March 2013 (UTC)
413:11:08, 6 March 2013 (UTC)
382:13:59, 6 March 2013 (UTC)
364:11:08, 6 March 2013 (UTC)
344:23:13, 5 March 2013 (UTC)
311:23:04, 5 March 2013 (UTC)
288:22:33, 5 March 2013 (UTC)
266:22:32, 5 March 2013 (UTC)
248:22:21, 5 March 2013 (UTC)
234:22:15, 5 March 2013 (UTC)
219:22:08, 5 March 2013 (UTC)
195:22:02, 5 March 2013 (UTC)
173:21:01, 5 March 2013 (UTC)
145:21:50, 5 March 2013 (UTC)
129:21:41, 5 March 2013 (UTC)
111:21:46, 5 March 2013 (UTC)
89:21:32, 5 March 2013 (UTC)
74:21:23, 5 March 2013 (UTC)
51:21:00, 5 March 2013 (UTC)
4204:There is the image... --
3625:Thanks. Darn cache. . .
3428:Platecarpus tympaniticus
2294:? I have mentioned that
1383:based on the figures in
726:Threskiornis aethiopicus
4361:, what do you think? --
1416:Makes sense, how's this
1230:describing the tail of
900:has something similar.
185:. Knees look too high.
115:How about the legs now?
4229:
3865:
3444:
3432:
1910:
1668:
1607:had a lipid.secreting
1472:
1373:
1292:
1106:pass for any of that?
727:
322:
4228:
4035:Sebecus cf. huilensis
3864:
3438:
3424:
2999:File:Probelesodon.jpg
2925:File:Probelesodon.jpg
2903:File:Morganucodon.jpg
2857:File:Morganucodon.jpg
2334:I strongly recommend
1909:
1871:. Opinions differ on
1853:transmitting sounds.
1667:
1470:
1372:
1291:
725:
321:
3957:File:Gobiconodon.jpg
3856:Cryptoprocta spelaea
3786:... Is it useful? --
3360:is a restoration of
3101:File:Gobiconodon.jpg
936:Malagasy Sacred Ibis
3382:I guess this is it?
4230:
3866:
3445:
3443:with bi-lobed tail
3433:
3417:Mosasaur tail fins
3304:Appalalachiosaurus
3283:Appalalachiosaurus
2859:shows the spur on
1911:
1669:
1473:
1374:
1293:
728:
323:
99:this one on Flickr
4354:Also I've made a
3281:In my comment on
2853:
2852:
2844:
2843:
2835:
2834:
2826:
2825:
2817:
2816:
2808:
2807:
2799:
2798:
2790:
2789:
2781:
2780:
2671:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2537:Sinoconodontidae
2388:cite encyclopedia
1763:Asian house shrew
898:Straw-necked Ibis
4462:
4144:by Felipe Elias
3211:Appalachiosaurus
3177:Appalachiosaurus
3156:Appalachiosaurus
2753:
2730:
2707:
2692:Multituberculata
2685:
2628:
2622:Australosphenida
2601:
2594:
2572:
2567:(spur acquired)
2551:
2531:
2524:
2448:WP:Third Opinion
2404:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2383:
2306:Probainognathian
2106:Probainognathian
2093:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4459:
3994:
3953:
3908:
3859:
3778:
3647:
3587:
3419:
3355:
3066:"arbitrary". A
2854:
2845:
2836:
2827:
2818:
2809:
2800:
2791:
2782:
2672:
2663:
2557:Morganucodonta
2514:
2394:
2384:
2380:
2360:
2112:and, also like
2091:
1952:Edit: Here's a
1949:
1877:Elephas maximus
1755:
1609:harderian gland
1544:
1367:
1326:El fosilmanĂaco
1297:El fosilmanĂaco
1286:
1173:
1028:
1026:Mezosoic plants
425:and (formerly)
392:Madagascar Ibis
35:
26:
25:
24:
22:Paleoart review
12:
11:
5:
4468:
4466:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4311:Petter Bøckman
4306:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4041:, 61: 20-27.--
3993:
3988:
3987:
3986:
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3945:
3907:
3902:
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3900:
3858:
3853:
3852:
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3850:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3777:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3768:
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3766:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3586:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3534:
3533:
3519:
3504:
3503:
3488:
3487:
3439:Resoration of
3418:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3354:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3099:Incidentally,
3090:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2981:
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2979:
2955:
2954:
2953:
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2935:
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2912:
2911:
2910:
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2846:
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2838:
2837:
2833:
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2829:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2820:
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2814:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2748:Tribosphenida
2745:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2714:Eutriconodonta
2710:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2522:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2406:
2405:
2378:
2281:
2280:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2242:Petter Bøckman
2214:Petter Bøckman
2181:Petter Bøckman
2160:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2075:Petter Bøckman
1993:
1962:Petter Bøckman
1948:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1930:Petter Bøckman
1894:Petter Bøckman
1889:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1822:Petter Bøckman
1814:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1800:
1799:
1774:Petter Bøckman
1754:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1723:Petter Bøckman
1695:Petter Bøckman
1662:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1630:Petter Bøckman
1619:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1613:Brasilitherium
1594:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1551:Brasilitherium
1543:
1540:Brasilitherium
1536:
1525:Petter Bøckman
1520:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1476:Petter Bøckman
1404:Petter Bøckman
1366:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1285:
1280:
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1278:
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1172:
1165:
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1160:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1123:Petter Bøckman
1091:Petter Bøckman
1045:
1044:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1003:
1002:
987:
986:
985:
984:
983:
982:
981:
980:
958:
957:
931:
930:
929:
928:
927:
926:
891:
890:
875:
874:
873:
872:
854:
853:
837:
836:
835:
834:
817:
816:
801:
800:
799:
798:
797:
796:
795:
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790:
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787:
786:
785:
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781:
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693:
505:
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484:
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444:
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416:
415:
387:
386:
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384:
367:
366:
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348:
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346:
316:
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313:
291:
290:
273:
272:
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269:
268:
206:
205:
204:
203:
202:
201:
163:Any thoughts?
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
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150:
149:
148:
147:
34:
29:
27:
15:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4467:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4157:Stratiosuchus
4154:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3776:
3773:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3652:
3645:
3642:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3491:Now updated.
3490:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3442:
3437:
3430:
3429:
3423:
3416:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3362:Batrachomimus
3359:
3353:
3352:
3351:Batrachomimus
3348:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3081:
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2996:
2993:I introduced
2992:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2964:right outside
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2533:
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2511:
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2467:
2463:
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2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2389:
2381:
2379:9781461465904
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
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2349:
2345:
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2333:
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2319:
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2311:
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2297:
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2239:
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2229:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2097:
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2084:
2080:
2076:
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2066:
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2054:
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2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1974:
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1972:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
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1946:
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1908:
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1899:
1895:
1878:
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1846:
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1837:
1833:
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1823:
1818:
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1816:
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1804:
1803:
1802:
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1794:
1790:
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1779:
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1764:
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1631:
1626:
1623:
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1602:
1598:
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1583:
1579:
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1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1492:was probably
1491:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1233:Mystriosuchus
1229:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
988:
979:
975:
971:
966:
965:
964:
963:
962:
961:
960:
959:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
937:
933:
932:
925:
921:
917:
913:
912:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:
893:
892:
889:
885:
881:
877:
876:
871:
867:
863:
858:
857:
856:
855:
852:
848:
844:
839:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
820:
819:
818:
815:
811:
807:
803:
802:
771:
767:
763:
758:
757:
756:
755:
754:
753:
752:
751:
750:
749:
748:
747:
746:
745:
744:
743:
742:
741:
740:
739:
738:
737:
736:
735:
734:
733:
732:
731:
730:
729:
724:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
674:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:
659:
655:
651:
646:
645:
644:
640:
636:
631:
630:
629:
625:
621:
616:
615:
614:
613:
612:
608:
604:
599:
598:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:
583:
579:
575:
570:
566:
565:
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:
550:
546:
542:
537:
536:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:
507:
506:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
485:
480:
476:
472:
468:
465:
464:
463:
462:
459:
455:
451:
446:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:
418:
417:
414:
410:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:
369:
368:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:
345:
341:
337:
332:
329:
328:
327:
326:
325:
324:
320:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
294:
293:
292:
289:
285:
281:
278:
275:
274:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:
249:
245:
241:
237:
236:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:
221:
220:
216:
212:
198:
197:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
175:
174:
170:
166:
162:
160:
159:
146:
142:
138:
135:
132:
131:
130:
126:
122:
117:
114:
113:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:
90:
86:
82:
77:
76:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
54:
53:
52:
48:
44:
40:
37:
36:
33:
30:
23:
19:
4404:
4355:
4307:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4038:
4034:
3997:
3995:
3990:
3954:
3949:
3911:
3909:
3904:
3867:
3855:
3781:
3779:
3774:
3696:Huilatherium
3695:
3691:
3656:
3651:Huilatherium
3650:
3648:
3644:Huilatherium
3643:
3594:Pseudotribos
3593:
3588:
3583:Pseudotribos
3581:
3560:
3538:
3446:
3441:P. saturator
3440:
3426:
3361:
3356:
3349:
3308:Castorocauda
3307:
3303:
3282:
3237:
3233:
3210:
3206:
3203:Dryptosaurus
3202:
3198:
3194:
3176:
3154:
3149:
3139:
3079:
3076:Catopsbaatar
3075:
3072:Castorocauda
3071:
3068:Castorocauda
3067:
3063:
3025:Morganucodon
3024:
3002:
2995:Probelesodon
2994:
2963:
2929:Morganucodon
2928:
2921:Morganucodon
2920:
2907:Morganucodon
2906:
2861:Morganucodon
2860:
2855:
2771:
2758:
2736:
2735:
2725:(spur lost)
2713:
2712:
2691:
2690:
2651:
2650:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2621:
2609:Pseudotribos
2608:
2607:
2606:
2578:
2577:
2556:
2536:
2517:
2515:
2510:Morganucodon
2509:
2483:Morganucodon
2482:
2427:Morganucodon
2426:
2365:. pp. 7â29.
2362:
2344:Morganucodon
2343:
2318:Morganucodon
2317:
2310:Morganucodon
2309:
2299:
2296:Kemp (2007),
2292:Morganucodon
2291:
2288:Morganucodon
2287:
2208:
2114:Morganucodon
2113:
2110:Morganucodon
2109:
2099:
2096:Kemp (2007),
2071:Morganucodon
2070:
2037:Morganucodon
2036:
2005:Morganucodon
2004:
2000:
1979:Morganucodon
1978:
1945:Morganucodon
1944:
1912:
1890:
1876:
1873:Morganucodon
1872:
1850:Morganucodon
1849:
1771:
1759:
1756:
1751:Morganucodon
1749:
1624:
1612:
1605:Morganucodon
1604:
1559:This article
1550:
1545:
1538:
1521:
1493:
1489:
1471:Green iguana
1462:
1380:
1375:
1361:
1294:
1283:Eurazhdarcho
1237:
1231:
1188:
1174:
1167:
896:The related
679:Bird anatomy
568:
423:Threskiornis
399:
395:
207:
32:RĂŠunion Ibis
4153:Baurusuchus
4142:Baurusuchus
3961:Peter Brown
3950:Gobiconodon
3912:Avaceratops
3905:Avaceratops
3870:giant fossa
3783:Makaracetus
3775:Makaracetus
3627:Peter Brown
3598:Peter Brown
3539:Platecarpus
3455:Platecarpus
3312:Peter Brown
3242:Peter Brown
3181:Peter Brown
3121:Peter Brown
2942:Peter Brown
2865:Peter Brown
2772:Metatheria
2737:Vincelestes
2652:Monotremata
2487:Peter Brown
2452:Peter Brown
2432:Peter Brown
2348:Peter Brown
2322:Peter Brown
2301:Chiniquodon
2209:Thrinaxodon
2119:Peter Brown
2101:Chiniquodon
2041:Peter Brown
2009:Peter Brown
1983:Peter Brown
1223:How's this?
3999:Langstonia
3991:Langstonia
3692:Scarrittia
3658:Scarrittia
3216:MMartyniuk
3207:Eotyrannus
3195:Yutyrannus
1555:this paper
1385:this paper
1228:this paper
427:Geronticus
400:Lophotibis
396:Lophotibis
3457:article.
3401:Smokeybjb
3369:Smokeybjb
3234:prominent
2759:Eutheria
2579:Docodonta
2397:|ref=harv
2314:ear canal
1958:Mammalogy
1855:Smokeybjb
1709:Smokeybjb
1681:Smokeybjb
1563:Smokeybjb
1499:Smokeybjb
1490:Pamelaria
1449:Smokeybjb
1421:Smokeybjb
1389:Smokeybjb
1381:Pamelaria
1363:Pamelaria
1250:Smokeybjb
1195:Smokeybjb
1069:Smokeybjb
4423:FunkMonk
4377:FunkMonk
4269:FunkMonk
4241:FunkMonk
4192:FunkMonk
4113:FunkMonk
4085:FunkMonk
4057:FunkMonk
4021:FunkMonk
3976:FunkMonk
3935:FunkMonk
3890:FunkMonk
3820:FunkMonk
3803:FunkMonk
3752:FunkMonk
3720:FunkMonk
3679:FunkMonk
3613:FunkMonk
3565:FunkMonk
3523:FunkMonk
3509:FunkMonk
3493:FunkMonk
3477:FunkMonk
3459:FunkMonk
3387:FunkMonk
3327:FunkMonk
3257:FunkMonk
3161:FunkMonk
3150:argument
2969:FunkMonk
2885:FunkMonk
2466:FunkMonk
2413:FunkMonk
2395:Invalid
2270:FunkMonk
2228:FunkMonk
2195:FunkMonk
2167:FunkMonk
2135:FunkMonk
2057:FunkMonk
2023:FunkMonk
1999:If they
1915:FunkMonk
1836:FunkMonk
1789:FunkMonk
1647:FunkMonk
1578:FunkMonk
1435:FunkMonk
1343:FunkMonk
1312:FunkMonk
1264:FunkMonk
1238:Rutiodon
1211:FunkMonk
1190:Rutiodon
1139:FunkMonk
1108:FunkMonk
1054:FunkMonk
1010:FunkMonk
947:FunkMonk
943:neotenic
902:FunkMonk
862:FunkMonk
824:FunkMonk
762:FunkMonk
664:FunkMonk
635:FunkMonk
603:FunkMonk
574:FunkMonk
541:FunkMonk
512:FunkMonk
471:FunkMonk
431:FunkMonk
374:FunkMonk
336:FunkMonk
280:FunkMonk
240:FunkMonk
211:FunkMonk
165:FunkMonk
137:FunkMonk
121:FunkMonk
81:FunkMonk
43:FunkMonk
20: |
4437:Rextron
4409:Rextron
4405:Sebecus
4391:Rextron
4363:Rextron
4356:Sebecus
4340:Rextron
4326:Rextron
4283:Rextron
4255:Rextron
4206:Rextron
4178:Rextron
4161:Rextron
4149:Sebecus
4099:Rextron
4071:Rextron
4043:Rextron
4006:Rextron
3874:Rextron
3837:Rextron
3788:Rextron
3738:Rextron
3734:article
3706:Rextron
3663:Rextron
3546:Rextron
3142:WP:OR/N
2636:Bishops
1808:moonrat
1169:Protome
1034:Igel 14
992:Snowman
970:Snowman
916:Snowman
880:Snowman
843:Snowman
806:Snowman
760:issue.
683:Snowman
650:Snowman
620:Snowman
588:Snowman
555:Snowman
526:Snowman
494:Snowman
450:Snowman
405:Snowman
356:Snowman
303:Snowman
258:Snowman
226:Snowman
187:Snowman
103:Snowman
66:Snowman
3205:, and
3199:Dilong
1463:Iguana
1376:Here's
4267:Yup!
3920:Rnnsh
3561:could
3537:Even
3399:Yep!
3045:case.
2308:like
2108:like
16:<
4441:talk
4427:talk
4413:talk
4407:?)--
4395:talk
4381:talk
4367:talk
4344:talk
4330:talk
4315:talk
4287:talk
4273:talk
4259:talk
4245:talk
4210:talk
4196:talk
4190:Ok!
4182:talk
4165:talk
4155:and
4117:talk
4103:talk
4089:talk
4075:talk
4061:talk
4047:talk
4025:talk
4010:talk
3980:talk
3965:talk
3939:talk
3924:talk
3916:link
3894:talk
3878:talk
3841:talk
3824:talk
3807:talk
3792:talk
3756:talk
3742:talk
3732:The
3724:talk
3710:talk
3683:talk
3667:talk
3631:talk
3617:talk
3602:talk
3569:talk
3550:talk
3527:talk
3513:talk
3497:talk
3481:talk
3463:talk
3405:talk
3391:talk
3373:talk
3357:Here
3331:talk
3316:talk
3261:talk
3246:talk
3220:talk
3185:talk
3165:talk
3125:talk
2973:talk
2946:talk
2889:talk
2869:talk
2491:talk
2470:talk
2456:talk
2436:talk
2417:talk
2401:help
2375:ISBN
2352:talk
2340:here
2326:talk
2304:, a
2274:talk
2246:talk
2232:talk
2218:talk
2199:talk
2185:talk
2171:talk
2139:talk
2123:talk
2104:, a
2079:talk
2061:talk
2045:talk
2027:talk
2013:talk
1987:talk
1966:talk
1934:talk
1919:talk
1898:talk
1869:here
1859:talk
1840:talk
1826:talk
1793:talk
1778:talk
1727:talk
1713:talk
1699:talk
1685:talk
1651:talk
1634:talk
1582:talk
1567:talk
1546:Here
1529:talk
1503:talk
1480:talk
1453:talk
1439:talk
1425:talk
1408:talk
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