1144:
escaped, and Iercne fell beheaded."; AU 853.2 "Amlaib, son of the king of
Lochlann, came to Ireland, and the foreigners of Ireland submitted to him, and he took tribute from the Irish"; 856.6 "Horm, chief of the dark foreigners, was killed by Rhodri son of Mervyn, king of Wales."; 867.7 "The dark foreigners won a battle over the northern Saxons at York, in which fell Aelle, king of the northern Saxons."; 875.3 "The Picts encountered the dark foreigners in battle, and a great slaughter of the Picts resulted."; 877.5 "A skirmish at Loch Cuan between the fair heathens and the dark heathens, in which Albann, king of the dark heathens, fell." AU 851.3 refers directly to the "dark heathens" (see above note) and 853.2 does not. The footnote may refer to the latter in error?
580:
168:
52:
497:
234:
963:
955:
947:
687:Ó Corráin (1979) has argued that the "evidence in favour of the identification of Imar and Inguar consists of three points: the identity of the names, the absence of any mention of Imar in the Irish annals between 864 and the Irish account of the siege of Dumbarton in 870, and the subsequent close connections between the dynasties of Dublin and York...The evidence against is the paucity of contemporary reference to Inguar in England and the contradictory nature of what little evidence there is."
939:
1115:"To take but one example, if Ivarr of Dublin is identical with Inguar, how are we to give any credence to Smyth's reconstruction of Brompton (p. 229) which shows Ivarr in East Anglia in 871 when we know from contemporary Irish sources that Ivarr of Dublin was besieging Dumbarton for four months in 870 and returned to Ireland in early 871 with the takings?... Taken all together, the genuine material on Inguar in contemporary English sources is slight."
684:(but not including an Amlaib or Óisle) and is also believed to have died childless. Nor is there any indication in the Irish annals that Ragnar Lodbrok had any Irish connections. Once again "There is nothing new in the suggestion that Ímar of Dublin and Igwar/Ingwar/Iuuar of English history are identical. It has frequently been put forward....and has equally frequently been rejected or treated as a mere possibility".
867:. The connections are that the Norse sources make Rognvald a grandson of another "Ímar"— Ívarr Upplendingajarl— and that like Rognvald, a close relative of Ragnall's called Ímar dies in battle in Scotland, in the latter's case Ímar ua Ímair (d. 904). It is unlikely that the Raghnall, son of Albdan recorded in 869 could be the same individual as Ragnall ua Ímair (
350:
914:
and sets them apart from the "immigrant" myths of the House of
Yngling. In the protohistoric period, although it is clear that Rognvald Eysteinsson of Møre receives Orkney from King Harald, Rognvald immediately passes the earldom on to his brother Sigurd, suggesting a degree of independence from the
816:
or the Earls of Orkney must surely fail and if his kinship with Amlaib is also accepted the same would apply to the latter. As
Downham (2007) has suggested, "while medieval writers seem to have been as interested as modern historians about Ívarr’s origins, it is perhaps wiser to accept that we do not
725:
in a footnote after the statement "were led by Ivarr and his associates", which provide convincing evidence of the conflict between the two camps of the dark and fair but in these sources, only "Albann, king of the dark heathens" is mentioned by name from amongst the "associates" in conjunction with
466:
means "white" (or "fair") not "flat-nosed". Furthermore, the
Icelandic sources which document Ketill do not hint at his being active in Ireland. A further difficulty with the Caittil/Ketill connection is that the latter was the father-in-law of Olaf the White (see below), yet Caittil is recorded as
401:
having been compiled at an uncertain date, possibly as early as the 11th century. Nonetheless, Ó Corráin (1998) accepts his existence, arguing of an entry about
Gofraid for 873 that "we may infer from this that he may have been in his sixties when he died." He also states that "it is likely that the
1143:
These are: AU 852.3 "The complement of eight score ships of fair-haired foreigners came to Snám
Aignech, to do battle with the dark foreigners; they fought for three days and three nights, but the dark foreigners got the upper hand and the others abandoned their ships to them. Stain took flight, and
203:
hypothesis is based on the early Irish literature. This claims that that a substantial part of
Scotland—the Northern and Western Isles and large areas of the coastal mainland—were conquered by the Vikings in the first quarter of the 9th century and that a Viking kingdom was set up there earlier than
191:
The traditional explanation is the earldom hypothesis. This assumes a period of Norse expansion into the
Northern Isles and the creation of an aristocratic dynasty that lasted well into the Medieval period, which exerted considerable influence in western Scotland and Mann into the 11th century. This
393:
suggests an ancestry for
Gofraid noting of a date c. 871-872 that "In this year, i.e. the tenth year of the reign of Áed Findliath, Ímar son of Gothfraid son of Ragnall son of Gothfraid Conung son of Gofraid and the son of the man who left Ireland, i.e. Amlaib, plundered from west to east, and from
299:
as the saga seems to reflect the concerns and biases of the period during which it was written rather than the time in which the story is set. In addition, Harald's expedition to the
British Isles is not recorded in Irish sources although significant expeditions by other Norse leaders of the period
842:
and Raghnall tarried there with his youngest son. But his elder sons,with a great host, which they collected from every quarter, came on to the British Isles, being elated with pride and ambition, to attack the Franks and Saxons. They thought that their father had returned to Lochlann immediately
709:
meaning "dark foreigners" and "fair foreigners" are terms used in the Irish Annals to denote rival groups of Vikings, the distinction sometimes made between the former as Danes and the latter as Lochlanns is questionable, especially at this early date. Nonetheless, Ivar the Boneless is clearly a
281:
also known as "Sigurd the Mighty". However, Sigurd's line barely survived him. His son Gurthorm ruled for a single winter after his father's death and died childless. Rognvald's son Hallad inherited the title but, unable to constrain Danish raids on Orkney, he gave up the earldom and returned to
1079:"In the sixth year of the reign of Máel Sechlainn, Amlaib Conung, son of the king of Lochlann, came to Ireland, and he brought with him a proclamation of many tributes and taxes from his father, and he departed suddenly. Then his younger brother Ímar came after him to levy the same tribute."
820:
On his death in 873, Ímar is described as "King of the Norwegian Vikings of the whole of Ireland and Britain". However in all previous occasions the annals where Amlaib and he appear together, the former is recorded first. This suggests that Amlaib was already dead by then.
127:
The lack of contemporary written evidence and the contradictory nature of the later sources has led to different interpretations of the process by which this colonisation took place and of the origins of some of the key figures involved. The sources for information about the
909:
from the Norwegian kings yet at the same time place them in the Scandinavian (and specifically Norwegian) rather than the Scottish cultural zone. For example, the saga provides a mythological ancestry for the earls of Orkney. Unusually, this traces their descent from Nordic
148:
provide supplementary material. The English and Irish sources are more contemporary, but may have "led to a southern bias in the story", especially as these archipelagos became largely Norse-speaking during this period. Dates should be regarded as approximate throughout.
990:
has also been suggested as the origin of Laithlin. Ó Corráin (1998) states that "there is, then, no good historical or linguistic evidence to link Lothlend/Laithlind with Norway, and none to link the dynasty of Dublin to the shadowy history of the Ynglings of Vestfold."
598:Ímar's progeny included Bárid (d. 881), Sichfrith (d. 888) and Sitriuc (d. 896). Ímar's grandsons played an important role in 10th century Britain and Ireland although their relationship to both one another and their grandfather is unknown. Ímar's descendents include:
2272:. (1860) Three fragments, copied from ancient sources by Dubhaltach MacFirbisigh; and edited, with a translation and notes, from a manuscript preserved in the Burgundian Library at Brussels. Dublin Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society. Retrieved 15 Nov 2011.
717:
More specifically, it has been stated that these dark Vikings "who are first mentioned in 851 were led by Ivarr". The notion that Ivar is an associate of some kind both of Amlaib (rather than his brother) and of "Asl and Halfdan" has also been suggested.
204:
the middle of the century. Essentially a variant of the earldom hypothesis, there is little archaeological evidence in its favour, although it is clear that extensive Viking incursions on the Irish coasts were supported by a presence of some kind in the
1124:"The dark heathens came to Áth Cliath, made a great slaughter of the fair-haired foreigners, and plundered the naval encampment, both people and property. The dark heathens made a raid at Linn Duachaill, and a great number of them were slaughtered."
855:(although the Norse sagas claim that Halfdan was Rognvald's grandfather). This entry strengthens the idea of a relationship between "Lochlann" and Orkney, but no indication is given of any specific connection between Albdan and Gofraid and his kin.
163:
Scholarly interpretations of the period "have led to widely divergent reconstructions of Viking Age Scotland" especially in the early period and Barrett (2008) has identified several competing theories, none of which he regards as proven.
327:
These annals provide rather laconic entries by comparison with the engaging stories of the Norse sagas but have the advantages of being written down much closer to the time of the events they describe and of providing dates for them.
887:
for 893: "A great dissension amongst the foreigners of Áth Cliath and they became dispersed, one part following the son of Ímar and another part Sichfrith the Earl" that it is "tempting" to identify this latter individual as
467:
battling Amlaib. Jennings and Kruse (2009) treat the connection more sympathetically, pointing out for example that although he is not known to have been active in Ireland itself, that Kettill's two daughter's, Thorunn and
837:
the sons of Albdan, King of Lochlann, expelled the eldest son, Raghnall, son of Albdan, because they feared that he would take the kingdom of Lochlann after their father; and Raghnall came with his three sons to
726:
the "dark" grouping. Downham goes on to note that the heirs of Ímar are identified as leaders of the dark group, although this does not occur until 917, more than fifty years after the arrival of the Great Army.
904:
provides a very full account for the latter. The underlying political and cultural intentions of the writers of this saga are hard to unravel, but they seem to include a desire to distinguish the Orcadian
1133:
Downham calls him a "brother or associate" and Woolf states that "Amlaib also seems to have been working in close collaboration with Ímar" implying a non-kin relationship. Etchingham calls him "associate
410:
Connections between some of the Lochlanns and Uí Ímar referred to in the Irish annals and the Earls of Orkney and their forebearers have been suggested, with varying degrees of controversy.
1041:
Barret (2008) suggest a "late, mid-ninth-century" date for Viking settlement and raids "launched from bases in Atlantic Scotland" but notes a variety of other options suggested by scholars.
1013:
Separate Danish and Norwegian ancestry for the Uí Ímair and the Earls of Orkney respectively. (Smyth (1989) discusses both. Downham 2007 for the former and Thomson (2008) for the latter.)
970:
Attempts have also been made in the modern era to link the Kings of Lochlainn with historical figures in Norway. For example Smith (1977) suggested that Amlaib could be identified with
397:
Furthermore, according to Downham (2007) "none of these details can be relied upon" as "there is no contemporary evidence to support the statement that father was called Gofraid" the
192:
version of events is essentially as told by the Norse sagas and is supported by some archaeological evidence although it has been criticised for exaggerating Orcadian influence in the
923:. When Torf-Einarr Rognvaldarson takes up the challenge of the earlship he eventually revenges the death of his father by killing King Harald's son Halfdan, sacrificing him to
295:
The simplicity of the tale may be misleading. Many scholars believe that the story of Harald Hårfagre's interest in the islands is apocryphal and based on the later voyages of
673:
in 865 that "it is now generally agreed that they arrived in Britain directly from Ireland where Ivarr, the senior partner by 865, had been active for at least a decade."
978:
and half-brother of Halfdan the Black), but speculation of this nature has not received much support. Carl Marstrander and others have argued that Laithlin derives from
523:, and both led expeditions to the British Isles. However, Aud does not appear in the Irish sources and there are various problems with the connection. For example, the
277:
received Orkney and Shetland from Harald as an earldom as reparation for the death of his son Ivar in battle in Scotland, and then passed the earldom on to his brother
451:
who had strong associations with the Hebrides and whose descendents were also active in the Northern Isles according to the Norse traditions. Woolf (2007) notes that
479:
Amlaib had two sons, Oistin (d. 875) and Carlus (d. 868) although no later descendents are recorded in Irish sources. He has also been identified as a saga character—
2649:
345:
went from Erin to Lochlann to wage war on the Lochlanns, and to aid his father Goffridh, for the Lochlanns had made war against him, his father having come for him.
116:
of Scotland respectively. Both houses were of Scandinavian origin, and by the end of the ninth century AD, these settlers had effectively conquered the indigenous
382:
and latterly in Ireland itself. In addition to Amlaib, Gofraid had at least two other children, Amlaib's brothers Ímar, the eponymous founder of the Uí Ímair, and
552:(aka Thorfinn "Skullsplitter") whose descendants were Earls of Orkney after him and by extension, that Amlaib's father was a progenitor of the rulers of both the
1016:
A common Danish ancestry for both houses based on an association of Ímar with Ivar and of Ragnall ua Ímair with Rognvald Eysteinsson. (Suggestion by Woolf 2007).
124:
communities, who had previously controlled these territories. However, the origins and relationships of these two houses to one another are variously described.
883:
tend to oscillate between members of the Ui Imair and the Norse Earls of Orkney and other vassals of the Norwegian crown. Woolf (2007) notes of an entry in the
3374:
3586:
863:
The possibility that Ragnall ua Ímair, grandson of Ímar, represents the historical prototype of Rognvald Eysteinsson of Møre has recently been suggested by
3383:
2672:
17:
935:
may well have been originally written in Orkney itself, it makes no attempt whatever to link the earls with any aspect of pre-Viking society there.
549:
3679:
2778:
3601:
579:
292:, Rognvald's son by a slave, then conquered the isles c. 891 and founded a dynasty that controlled the islands for centuries after his death.
2773:
2713:
2179:
2157:, 'Fair Foreigners' and 'Dark Foreigners': the identity and provenance of Vikings in ninth-century Ireland" in Sheehan and Ó Corráin (2010).
167:
1003:
Norwegian ancestry for both houses. (Thomson (2008) for Orkney and Ó Corráin (1979) and Etchingham (2010) for the Norse-Gaels of the west.)
2991:
2642:
142:, which was written in the early 13th century by an unknown Icelandic scribe and should be treated with care. Other Norse texts such as
2317:
880:
374:"Lochlanns" seems to have been a generic description for Norwegian-based warriors and/or insular forces of Norse descent based in the
3550:
2608:
2531:
2518:
2444:
2343:
2330:
2300:
2112:
2086:
762:
leaders in Dublin are the sons of Amlaib and Ímar including Barid mac Ímair who ruled until 881 and who was at loggerheads with the
519:, whose name is similar to the Irish "Oistin". In Irish and Icelandic sources both Amlaib and Olaf are associated with Dublin and
3616:
1020:
The diagrams at right indicate some simplified forms of the options for the possible descent of the Uí Ímair and Earls of Orkney.
471:
married individuals with strong Irish connections and that it is not impossible for an individual to have more than one nickname.
3367:
786:
3669:
808:
that Ímar and Ivar are different individuals with the former having Norwegian ancestry and being the progenitor of the Uí Ímair.
603:
3591:
2635:
2621:
2595:
2580:
2564:
2509:
2496:
2483:
2467:
2431:
2389:
2376:
2286:
2258:
2215:
2099:
2070:
Beuermann, Ian "Jarla Sogur Orkneyja. Status and Power of the Earls of Orkney According to Their Sagas" in Crawford, Barbara
2065:
402:
father of Amlaíb (Óláfr) and Ímar (Ívarr) is Gothfraidh (Guðrøðr) and that he is a historical person and dynastic ancestor."
3525:
900:
The Irish sources have little to say about the Scandinavian origins of either the Uí Ímair or the Earls of Orkney, but the
2763:
333:
51:
1088:"The king had three sons: Amlaib, Ímar, and Óisle. Óisle was the least of them in age, but he was the greatest in valor."
661:), also known as Ingvar. The latter is referred to in late 11th century Icelandic saga material as a son of the powerful
2809:
3684:
211:
As Ó Corráin (1998) notes, "when and how the Vikings conquered and occupied the Isles is unknown, perhaps unknowable".
3360:
2189:
1063:
Amlaib lacks a patronymic in Irish sources and is often referred to as "Amlaib Conung". The name "Conung" is from the
2905:
2718:
538:
2941:
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607:
3699:
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3248:
3006:
2738:
2733:
2263:
2230:
496:
233:
3316:
3268:
2768:
2472:
548:
and thus related to the Ynglings. It would also make Amlaib the great-grandfather of Grelaug, who married Earl
394:
south to north." However, this reference to "his genealogical ascent is a construct without historical value".
3689:
729:
Etchingham (2010) takes the opposite view, suggesting that after the death of the Lochlainn Thorir in 848 the
520:
2352:
3530:
2844:
920:
246:
136:
from the 8th to the 11th century are almost exclusively Irish, English or Norse. The main Norse text is the
3652:
45:
3647:
3490:
3074:
2788:
2743:
793:
More recently Downham has called into question the ethnic "stereotypes" associated with these two groups.
700:
3674:
1106:"The most cruel of them all was Ingvar, the son of Lodbrok, who everywhere tortured Christians to death."
3621:
3192:
3148:
2753:
2658:
851:. If accepted, this would identify Raghnall as Rognvald Eysteinsson of Møre and make him the brother of
560:. This connection between Amlaib and Olafr has "frequently been proposed and frequently been rejected".
265:
expeditions carried out against Norway and the coasts of mainland Scotland. In response, Norwegian king
158:
3480:
3035:
311:
recounts other tales of Rognvald Eysteinsson and makes him the father of Ganger-Hrólf, identified with
27:
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3520:
3387:
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270:
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89:
59:
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847:"Albdan" is probably a corruption of the Norse Halden, or Halfdane, and this may be a reference to
770:
599:
468:
3449:
2829:
1097:"Ímar and Amlaib inflicted a rout on Caitil the Fair and his Norse-Irish in the lands of Munster."
623:
3540:
3535:
3459:
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3228:
3133:
3028:
2748:
2574:
2129:
1699:
889:
677:
666:
642:
278:
266:
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2996:
2275:
274:
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3123:
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2255:
2212:
2176:
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2109:
2096:
2083:
2062:
986:
fjord although here too "there is considerable uncertainty about this derivation." Hlathir in
971:
911:
848:
812:
If the Ímar/Ivar connection is accepted, then any attempt to link the former to the Norwegian
654:
619:
545:
525:
516:
316:
63:
3485:
3416:
3233:
3171:
3095:
3001:
2946:
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813:
508:
420:
67:
2875:
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3311:
3283:
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3253:
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3218:
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2971:
2553:
2514:
Marsden, John (2008) "Somerled and the Emergence of Gaelic Scotland". Edinburgh. Birlinn.
2141:"‘Hiberno-Norwegians’ and ‘Anglo-Danes’: anachronistic ethnicities and Viking-Age England"
1637:
852:
681:
631:
456:
444:
358:
284:
238:
138:
84:
2525:
Manx Kingship in Its Irish Sea Setting, 1187–1229: King Rognvaldr and the Crovan Dynasty.
1574:, Real Sociedad Vascongada de Amigos del País (Comisión de Vizcaya). Bilbao. pp. 235-263.
782:
611:
269:("Harald Fair Hair") annexed the Northern Isles (comprising Orkney and Shetland) in 875.
2118:
Duffy, Seán (1992). "Irishmen and Islesmen in the Kingdom of Dublin and Man 1052–1171".
721:
However, the former suggestion is problematic. Downham quotes various references to the
3637:
3341:
3306:
3197:
3051:
3041:
2819:
2814:
2697:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2456:
2042:
2027:
662:
627:
615:
583:
544:
Were the Amlaib/Olaf identification to be correct, this would make him a descendent of
529:
has Olaf killed in battle in Ireland, but no Irish source refers to the battle and the
504:
500:
489:
480:
176:
133:
113:
93:
80:
915:
Norwegian crown. Then, whether for historical, literary or political purposes, Sigurd
714:
Danish force and it has been suggested that he may also have attacked Dublin in 851.
3545:
3352:
3336:
3321:
3293:
3176:
3161:
3113:
2976:
2589:
West Over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300
2394:
737:
hegemony was restored by Amlaib and Ímar. He also notes other evidence such as that:
591:
338:
3331:
3156:
2986:
2804:
2758:
2549:
2250:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (2008) "The Vikings and Ireland" in Brink, Stefan (ed) (2008)
2170:
425:
144:
2870:
2723:
987:
230:
islands provide a straightforward description of the origin of the Norse earldom.
1006:
Separate ancestry for both houses including an association of Amlaib Conung with
245:
is said to have killed Hálfdan Longlegs in revenge for the slaying of his father
2824:
2220:
2160:
1570:
Bilbao, Jon (1982) “Sobre la leyenda de Jaun Zuria, primer señor de Vizcaya” in
928:
733:/Danes were briefly triumphant in Dublin 851-2 but that the Norwegian/Laithlinn/
670:
639:
363:
289:
242:
109:
2615:
The Conversion of Britain: Religion, Politics and Society in Britain c. 600–800
2463:
Edinburgh. Birlinn. 2008 reprint – originally published by Thomas D. Morrison.
2368:
Woolf, Alex "The Age of the Sea-Kings: 900–1300" in Omand, Donald (ed.) (2006)
931:, further emphasising the independent nature of the relationship. Although the
3118:
2961:
2348:
864:
564:
2545:. Volume 1. Douglas, Isle of Man. The Manx Society. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
3438:
3301:
3166:
3128:
3068:
2951:
1064:
983:
755:
in 877, thus revenging the death of Amlaib's son Ausile at his hands in 875;
437:
301:
121:
2326:. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Viking Congress. Dublin. Four Courts Press.
2542:
Chronica regnum Manniae et insularum: The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys
2165:. CELT. Translation by Joan Newlon Radner (c.1977). Retrieved 15 Nov 2011.
349:
3596:
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2552:(2000). "Hebridean sea kings: The successors of Somerled, 1164–1316". In
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Ballin Smith, Beverley, Taylor, Simon and Williams, Gareth (eds) (2007)
2453:. The Edinburgh History of Scotland, Volume 1. Edinburgh. Mercat Press.
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3138:
3103:
3022:
2931:
2057:
Barrett, James H. "The Norse in Scotland" in Brink, Stefan (ed) (2008)
429:
2106:
Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014
515:
This Olaf married Aud, daughter of Ketil Flatnose and they had a son,
208:, even if the date the latter became prominent is far from certain.
2936:
2461:
The History of the Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland 1493–1625.
950:
Yngling ancestry for Earls of Orkney, relationship to Ímar less clear
839:
635:
568:
463:
383:
367:
262:
254:
227:
180:
44:"WP:ORIGINS" redirects here. For the origins of Knowledge (XXG), see
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Last of the Free: A History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland
892:
indicating dynastic struggles between these two houses in Dublin.
587:
578:
534:
495:
348:
312:
232:
166:
117:
50:
919:
then dies an apparently absurd death at the hands of the Pictish
924:
455:
was a popular name at this period, it is not clear whether the
3356:
2631:
563:
It has also been suggested that Olaf may be the same person as
2353:
The origins and ancestry of Somerled: Gofraid mac Fergusa and
1010:, and additional possible links back to the House of Yngling.
1054:
specifies that Ivar Rognvaldsson was killed in the Hebrides.
805:
that Ivar (who is Danish) is the progenitor of the Uí Ímair.
699:
refer to the Heathen Army as "Black Gentiles" and although
443:
and some historians have considered him to be identical to
2240:
No. 83 pp. 283–323. Irish Historical Studies Publications.
2045:. CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts. (English translation)
2490:
The Orkneys and Schetland in Blaeu's Atlas Novus of 1654
829:
In 869 internal strife in Lochlann was recorded in the
96:. These island fiefdoms were known to the Norse as the
35:
751:
are responsible for the death of Haldan, chief of the
999:
There are thus numerous possible variants including:
879:
From the mid-9th to late 11th centuries the recorded
2436:
Graham-Campbell, James and Batey, Colleen E. (1998)
2245:
Vikings in Ireland and Scotland in the Ninth Century
187:" was shipwrecked there with a fleet of fifty ships.
3630:
3574:
3468:
3425:
3394:
3292:
3211:
3185:
3147:
3094:
3015:
2924:
2858:
2797:
2706:
2665:
2414:
Early Sources of Scottish History: A.D. 500 to 1286
2280:
Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkney
462:even represents this Norse name and that Caittil's
2233:(Mar 1979) "High-Kings, Vikings and Other Kings".
493:as "the greatest warlord in the Western Isles".
2322:Sheehan, John and Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (2010)
2294:Scandinavian Kings In The British Isles 850-880
2076:Ideology and Power in the Viking and Middle Age
744:is not used of the Dublin leadership after 853;
653:Ímar has been identified as the saga character
1640:. clandonaldeurope.org. Retrieved 27 Nov 2011.
62:, one of the several supposed burial sites of
3368:
2643:
2438:Vikings in Scotland: An Archaeological Survey
801:The options for Ímar and Ivar are therefore:
8:
2036:History of the Archbishops of Hamburg–Bremen
183:. According to tradition "Prince Breacan of
18:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Scottish Islands
2604:. St Andrews. St Andrews University Press.
1702:. The History Files. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
942:Separate Norwegian ancestry for both houses
3375:
3361:
3353:
2650:
2636:
2628:
2602:Scandinavian Scotland – Twenty Years After
2311:Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland 80-1000 AD
2385:. Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press.
2188:Jennings, Andrew and Kruse, Arne (2009) "
2032:Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum
1808:
1806:
503:, the site of a 9th-century siege by the
2558:Alba: Celtic Scotland in the middle ages
1881:
1879:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1700:"In the Footsteps of Ivarr the Boneless"
1341:
1339:
1241:
1239:
974:, King of Vestfold, (who was the son of
961:
953:
945:
937:
88:were the principal ruling elites of the
1902:
1900:
1473:
1471:
1431:
1429:
1224:Woolf (2007) pp. 107–108 & 286–289
1156:
1034:
2779:Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland
2572:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1410:
1408:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
958:Separate Danish and Norwegian ancestry
896:Predecessors and connections to Norway
2108:. Edinburgh. Dunedin Academic Press.
1649:Adam of Bremen (1959) I xxxvii (§ 39)
7:
2324:The Viking Age: Ireland and the West
2190:From Dál Riata to the Gall-Ghàidheil
1860:Ó Corráin (1998) p. 37, quoting the
676:This Ivar had 11 brothers including
319:and the post-1066 kings of England.
288:"everyone thought was a huge joke."
2556:; McDonald, Russell Andrew (eds.).
2451:Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom
2278:and Edwards, Paul Geoffrey (1981).
2034:in Francis J. Tschan (tr.) (1959)
881:rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles
226:This series of tales based in the
24:
773:is described as king of both the
2992:Port an Eilean Mhòir boat burial
2906:Scottish–Norwegian War (1262-66)
1486:Jennings and Kruse (2009) p. 128
2539:(ed) and Rev. Goss (tr) (1874)
2383:From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070
2194:Viking and Medieval Scandinavia
1215:Ó Corráin (1998) various pages.
436:may be a Gaelicisation of the
282:Norway, which according to the
257:made the islands of Orkney and
2550:Sellar, William David Hamilton
2488:Irvine, James M. (ed.) (2006)
2440:. Edinburgh University Press.
2355:The Annals of the Four Masters
2335:Thomson, William P. L. (2008)
2313:. Edinburgh University Press.
2169:Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004).
2095:. Leicester University Press.
2014:Smyth (1989) p. 152 following.
1942:Beuermann (2011) pp. 128, 136
982:, the Norse tribal area about
817:know what these really were."
531:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
432:by Ímar and Amlaib. The name
406:Connections between the houses
362:, which was built of oak from
1:
2420:. Edinburgh. Oliver and Boyd.
2162:Fragmentary Annals of Ireland
1951:Beuermann (2011) pp. 124, 154
1400:Fragmentary Annals of Ireland
1388:Fragmentary Annals of Ireland
1376:Fragmentary Annals of Ireland
1272:Thomson (2008) p. 30 quoting
665:. Woolf (2007) writes of the
567:the mythical "White Lord" of
424:briefly record that in 857 a
334:Fragmentary Annals of Ireland
2492:. Ashtead. James M. Irvine.
2243:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1998)
2091:Crawford, Barbara E. (1987)
2754:Ingibjörg the Earls'-Mother
2527:Dublin. Four Courts Press.
2523:McDonald, R. Andrew (2007)
2423:Brink, Stefan (ed.) (2008)
2296:. Oxford University Press.
1969:Ó Corráin (1979) pp. 296-97
1933:Beuermann (2011) pp. 116-17
1885:O'Donovan (1860) pp. 158-59
1747:Downham (2007) pp. xv-xviii
1188:Barrett (2008) pp. 419, 422
921:Máel Brigte the Bucktoothed
875:Hints of dynastic struggles
590:a legendary burial site of
3729:
3294:Associated clans and septs
2579:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1197:Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 51
638:and their descendents the
428:was defeated in battle in
261:the headquarters of their
156:
66:, legendary ninth-century
46:History of Knowledge (XXG)
43:
25:
3708:
2774:Margaret, Queen of Norway
2734:Gormflaith ingen Murchada
2600:Woolf, Alex (ed.) (2007)
2479:. Edinburgh. Mainstream.
2337:The New History of Orkney
2309:Smyth, Alfred P., (1989)
2292:Smyth, Alfred P. (1977).
2150:pp. 139–69 ISSN 0076-5864
1756:Woolf (2007) p. 107 fn36
1610:Woolf (2007) pp. 141, 144
1513:Crawford (1987) pp. 57-58
630:of Mann and thus also of
3526:Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó
2769:Margaret, Maid of Norway
2719:Bethóc, Prioress of Iona
2235:Irish Historical Studies
2175:. Edinburgh: Canongate.
1924:Beuermann (2011) pp. 153
1906:Woolf (2007) pp. 300–303
1522:Ó Corrain (1979) p. 297
1477:Woolf (2007) pp. 295–296
1465:Smyth (1977) pp. 116–126
1285:Muir (2005) pp. 9, 15-21
1070:and simply means "king".
691:Dark and fair foreigners
237:The old light beacon on
3531:Echmarcach mac Ragnaill
2845:Thorbjorn Thorsteinsson
2764:Máel Muire ingen Amlaíb
2254:. Abingdon. Routledge.
2061:. Abingdon. Routledge.
1996:Etchingham (2010) p. 83
1987:Ó Corráin (1979) p. 296
1960:Ó Corráin (1979) p. 283
1833:Etchingham (2010) p. 87
1812:Etchingham (2010) p. 86
1738:Ó Corráin (1979) p. 323
1729:Ó Corráin (1979) p. 319
1720:Ó Corráin (1979) p. 314
1711:Ó Corráin (1979) p. 294
1667:Ó Corráin (1979) p. 296
1628:Woolf (2005) pp. 13-14
1561:Ó Corráin (1979) p. 298
1531:Woolf (2007) pp. 281-82
1322:Saga of Harald Fairhair
825:Raghnall, son of Albdan
769:in the next generation
550:Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson
337:record of the Norseman
253:During the 9th century
3700:Dubhghall mac Ruaidhrí
3658:Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill
2789:Ragnhildis Olafsdottir
2503:The Vikings in History
2449:Duncan, A.A.M. (1989)
2372:. Edinburgh. Birlinn.
2339:. Edinburgh. Birlinn.
2139:Downham, Clare (2009)
2104:Downham, Clare (2007)
2005:Ó Corráin (1998) p. 10
1782:Downham (2007) p. xvii
1495:Crawford (1987) p. 192
1444:Ó Corráin (1998) p. 37
1366:Ó Corráin (1998) p. 34
1233:Ó Corráin (1998) p. 25
1206:Murray (1966) pp. 71–2
967:
966:Common Danish ancestry
959:
951:
943:
871:between 914 and 923.)
845:
626:; probably the later
595:
512:
371:
347:
250:
241:, the island on which
188:
75:
3653:Somairle mac Dubgaill
3622:Aonghus mac Somhairle
3617:Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson
3193:Scottish island names
3016:Artifacts and culture
2693:Mormaers of Caithness
2659:Scandinavian Scotland
2617:. Pearson Education.
2505:. London. Routledge.
2427:. London. Routledge.
2393:Parameter error in {{
2360:Mediaeval Scandinavia
2145:Mediaeval Scandinavia
2093:Scandinavian Scotland
2078:. The Northern World
1978:Ó Corráin (1998) p. 4
1583:Downham (2007) p. 259
1552:Crawford (1987) p. 54
1435:Downham (2007) p. 240
1423:Downham (2007) p. 253
1414:Ó Corráin (1998) p. 3
1345:Ó Corráin (1998) p. 2
1312:Thompson (2008) p. 26
1303:Thompson (2008) p. 24
1263:Thomson (2008) p. 29.
1254:Thomson (2008) p. 24.
1172:Barrett (2008) p. 412
965:
957:
949:
941:
835:
602:, who was a ruler of
582:
539:Causantín mac Cináeda
521:Cerball mac Dúnlainge
499:
352:
343:
236:
170:
159:Scandinavian Scotland
153:Historical background
54:
3670:Guðrøðr Rǫgnvaldsson
3648:Dubgall mac Dubgaill
3612:Ragnall mac Somairle
3607:Dubgall mac Somairle
3521:Murchad mac Diarmata
3388:Kingdom of the Isles
3212:Battles and treaties
2866:Kingdom of the Isles
2784:Ragnhild Eriksdotter
2739:Gunnhild Gormsdóttir
2729:Cacht ingen Ragnaill
2501:Logan, F. D. (1992)
2282:. Penguin Classics.
2231:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh
2227:. London. Heinemann.
2172:The Scottish Islands
2153:Etchingham, Colmán "
1894:Crawford, pp. 53-54.
1851:Downham (2007) p. 16
1800:Woolf (2007) p. 108
1572:Amigos del País, hoy
1294:Thomson (2008) p. 27
995:Summary of proposals
533:has Amlaib dying in
487:), described in the
447:, a prominent Norse
315:the ancestor of the
271:Rognvald Eysteinsson
247:Rögnvald Eysteinsson
173:Gulf of Corryvreckan
90:Kingdom of the Isles
60:Hadeland Folkemuseum
3685:Haraldr Guðrøðarson
3643:Donnchadh of Argyll
3566:Sigurðr Jórsalafari
3551:Lǫgmaðr Guðrøðarson
3536:Gofraid mac Sitriuc
3501:Lagmann mac Gofraid
3496:Thorfinn the Mighty
3476:Ragnall mac Gofraid
3081:St Magnus Cathedral
2957:Cubbie Roo's Castle
2901:Davidian Revolution
2744:Helga Moddansdóttir
2714:Aud the Deep-Minded
2381:Woolf, Alex (2007)
2205:Orkney in the Sagas
1915:Woolf (2007) p. 284
1873:Woolf (2007) p. 110
1842:Downham (2009) p. 1
1791:Downham (2007) p. 4
1690:Woolf (2007) p. 113
1619:Duffy (1992) p. 106
1601:Downham (2007) p. 4
1592:Woolf (2007) p. 301
1163:Woolf (2007) p. 275
781:as are his kinsmen
659:Ivarr inn beinlausi
614:(d. 927) who was a
469:Aud the Deep-Minded
104:and are today the
3680:Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson
3602:Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson
3541:Fingal mac Gofraid
3481:Amlaíb mac Sitriuc
3460:Gofraid mac Arailt
3075:Sen dollotar Ulaid
3029:Chronicles of Mann
2749:Ingeborg of Norway
2560:. Tuckwell Press.
2410:Anderson, Alan Orr
2082:. Brill. Leiden.
2043:"Annals of Ulster"
2021:General references
1681:Woolf (2007) p. 71
1658:Woolf (2006) p. 95
968:
960:
952:
944:
890:Sigurd Eysteinsson
843:after setting out.
831:Fragmentary Annals
787:Amlaíb mac Gofraid
678:Halfdan Ragnarsson
667:Great Heathen Army
643:Lords of the Isles
596:
513:
399:Fragmentary Annals
391:Fragmentary Annals
372:
279:Sigurd Eysteinsson
251:
189:
76:
3715:
3714:
3638:Óláfr Guðrøðarson
3587:Óláfr Guðrøðarson
3582:Domnall mac Taidc
3455:Maccus mac Arailt
3433:Olaf Guthfrithson
3350:
3349:
3317:Macaulay of Lewis
2850:Thorstein the Red
2798:Other notable men
2613:Yorke, B. (2006)
2269:Annals of Ireland
2203:Muir, Tom (2005)
2181:978-1-84195-454-7
1355:Annals of Ireland
1333:Muir (2005) p. 54
976:Gudrød the Hunter
972:Olaf Geirstad-Alf
849:Halfdan the Black
655:Ivar the Boneless
649:Ivar the Boneless
546:Halfdan Hvitbeinn
517:Thorstein the Red
317:Dukes of Normandy
94:Earldom of Orkney
64:Halfdan the Black
3720:
3695:Eóghan of Argyll
3675:Haraldr Óláfsson
3592:Guðrøðr Óláfsson
3486:Sigurd the Stout
3377:
3370:
3363:
3354:
3007:St Magnus Church
3002:Scar boat burial
2947:Brough of Birsay
2840:Sweyn Asleifsson
2835:Ragnall ua Ímair
2652:
2645:
2638:
2629:
2584:
2578:
2570:
2554:Cowan, Edward J.
2425:The Viking World
2398:
2306:
2276:Pálsson, Hermann
2252:The Viking World
2185:
2136:
2059:The Viking World
2054:
2052:
2050:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1862:Annals of Ulster
1858:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1825:
1822:Annals of Ulster
1819:
1813:
1810:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1769:
1766:Annals of Ulster
1763:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1709:
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1553:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1504:Muir (2005) p. 8
1502:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1454:Annals of Ulster
1451:
1445:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1403:
1397:
1391:
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1277:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1245:Muir (2005) p. 6
1243:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1189:
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1164:
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1145:
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1135:
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1125:
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1107:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1061:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1039:
885:Annals of Ulster
859:Ragnall ua Ímair
814:House of Yngling
771:Ragnall ua Ímair
723:Annals of Ulster
697:Annales Cambriae
634:, the rulers of
622:; his successor
600:Ragnall ua Ímair
537:at the hands of
421:Annals of Ulster
38:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3704:
3690:Magnús Óláfsson
3626:
3570:
3561:Magnús berfœttr
3515:Ímar mac Arailt
3507:Haakon Ericsson
3464:
3444:Ketill Flatnose
3421:
3390:
3381:
3351:
3346:
3288:
3284:Treaty of Perth
3207:
3181:
3143:
3090:
3063:Orkneyinga saga
3057:Manx runestones
3011:
2997:Rubha an Dùnain
2972:Kirkwall Castle
2942:Bishop's Palace
2920:
2854:
2793:
2702:
2688:Lords of Argyll
2678:Earls of Orkney
2661:
2656:
2571:
2567:
2548:
2457:Gregory, Donald
2406:
2404:Further reading
2401:
2392:
2370:The Argyll Book
2303:
2291:
2264:O'Donovan, John
2182:
2168:
2117:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2018:
2013:
2009:
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1995:
1991:
1986:
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1977:
1973:
1968:
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1959:
1955:
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1946:
1941:
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1932:
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1328:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1274:Orkneyinga Saga
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
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1101:
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1092:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1008:Olafr inn hviti
997:
933:Orkneyinga Saga
902:Orkneyinga Saga
898:
877:
861:
853:Harald Finehair
827:
799:
693:
682:Ubbe Ragnarsson
651:
632:Clann Somhairle
577:
485:Olafr inn hvíti
477:
445:Ketill Flatnose
416:
408:
341:that in 871 he:
325:
297:Magnus Barelegs
285:Orkneyinga Saga
267:Harald Hårfagre
239:North Ronaldsay
224:
221:Orkneyinga saga
217:
161:
155:
139:Orkneyinga Saga
85:Earls of Orkney
49:
42:
41:
34:
30:
22:
21:
20:
12:
11:
5:
3726:
3724:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3655:
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3645:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3625:
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3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3546:Gofraid Crobán
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3511:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3436:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3357:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3279:Treaty of 1098
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3198:Northern Isles
3195:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3071:
3066:
3059:
3054:
3052:Lewis chessmen
3049:
3044:
3042:Galloway Hoard
3039:
3032:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2891:Outer Hebrides
2888:
2883:
2878:
2876:Gall-Ghàidheil
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2820:Olaf the White
2817:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2683:Crovan dynasty
2680:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2611:
2598:
2585:
2565:
2546:
2534:
2521:
2512:
2499:
2486:
2470:
2454:
2447:
2434:
2421:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2379:
2366:
2346:
2333:
2320:
2318:978-0748601004
2307:
2301:
2289:
2273:
2261:
2248:
2241:
2228:
2218:
2201:
2186:
2180:
2166:
2158:
2151:
2137:
2128:(43): 93–133.
2115:
2102:
2089:
2068:
2055:
2039:
2028:Adam of Bremen
2024:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1896:
1887:
1875:
1866:
1853:
1844:
1835:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1793:
1784:
1770:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1692:
1683:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1467:
1458:
1446:
1437:
1425:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1326:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1174:
1165:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1136:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1056:
1043:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1004:
996:
993:
897:
894:
876:
873:
860:
857:
826:
823:
810:
809:
806:
798:
795:
791:
790:
767:
756:
745:
692:
689:
663:Ragnar Lodbrok
650:
647:
628:Crovan dynasty
616:King of Dublin
586:Carragh Bhan,
584:Standing stone
576:
573:
501:Dumbarton Rock
490:Eyrbyggja Saga
481:Olaf the White
476:
473:
415:
412:
407:
404:
324:
321:
223:
218:
216:
213:
157:Main article:
154:
151:
134:Northern Isles
114:Northern Isles
56:Halvdanshaugen
40:
39:
31:
26:
23:
15:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3725:
3710:^ Speculative
3707:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3450:Amlaíb Cuarán
3448:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3417:Amlaíb Conung
3415:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3373:
3371:
3366:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3177:Old Norwegian
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3114:Law Ting Holm
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2977:Linton Chapel
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:Páll Bálkason
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:Notable women
2705:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:List of kings
2671:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2641:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2609:9780951257371
2607:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:9781846820472
2530:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2519:9781904607809
2517:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2473:Hunter, James
2471:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2445:9780748606412
2443:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2344:9781841586960
2342:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2331:9781846821011
2329:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2302:0-19-821865-6
2299:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2266:(translator)
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2221:Murray, W. H.
2219:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2113:9781903765890
2111:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2087:9789004205062
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1638:"The History"
1634:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1357:(1860) p. 195
1356:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1140:
1137:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
994:
992:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
964:
956:
948:
940:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
913:
908:
903:
895:
893:
891:
886:
882:
874:
872:
870:
866:
858:
856:
854:
850:
844:
841:
834:
832:
824:
822:
818:
815:
807:
804:
803:
802:
796:
794:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
765:
761:
757:
754:
750:
746:
743:
740:
739:
738:
736:
732:
727:
724:
719:
715:
713:
708:
707:
703:
698:
690:
688:
685:
683:
679:
674:
672:
669:that invaded
668:
664:
660:
656:
648:
646:
644:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
624:Amlaíb Cuarán
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
593:
592:Godred Crovan
589:
585:
581:
574:
572:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
527:
522:
518:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
492:
491:
486:
482:
474:
472:
470:
465:
461:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:
413:
411:
405:
403:
400:
395:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
369:
365:
361:
360:
356:
353:The 30m long
351:
346:
342:
340:
336:
335:
329:
322:
320:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
298:
293:
291:
287:
286:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
248:
244:
240:
235:
231:
229:
222:
219:
214:
212:
209:
207:
202:
197:
195:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
165:
160:
152:
150:
147:
146:
141:
140:
135:
131:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
86:
82:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
47:
37:
33:
32:
29:
19:
3665:Óspakr-Hákon
3631:13th century
3575:12th century
3469:11th century
3426:10th century
3157:Middle Irish
3073:
3061:
3036:Darraðarljóð
3034:
3027:
2987:Old Scatness
2805:Caittil Find
2759:Isabel Bruce
2614:
2601:
2588:
2557:
2541:
2537:Munch, P. A.
2524:
2502:
2489:
2476:
2460:
2450:
2437:
2424:
2417:
2413:
2397:}}: checksum
2382:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2336:
2323:
2310:
2293:
2279:
2267:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2234:
2225:The Hebrides
2224:
2209:The Orcadian
2208:
2207:. Kirkwall.
2204:
2197:
2193:
2171:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2125:
2119:
2105:
2092:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2058:
2047:. Retrieved
2035:
2031:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1890:
1869:
1861:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1796:
1787:
1765:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1695:
1686:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1579:
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1557:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1518:
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1491:
1482:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1440:
1419:
1399:
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1375:
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1354:
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1329:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1299:
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1281:
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1268:
1259:
1250:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1168:
1159:
1139:
1134:(brother?)".
1129:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1067:
1059:
1051:
1046:
1037:
1019:
1007:
998:
969:
932:
916:
906:
901:
899:
884:
878:
868:
862:
846:
836:
830:
828:
819:
811:
800:
792:
783:Sitric Cáech
778:
774:
763:
759:
752:
748:
741:
734:
730:
728:
722:
720:
716:
711:
710:leader of a
705:
701:
696:
694:
686:
675:
658:
652:
612:Sitric Cáech
597:
562:
557:
553:
543:
530:
524:
514:
488:
484:
478:
459:
452:
440:
433:
426:Caittil Find
419:
417:
414:Caittil Find
409:
398:
396:
390:
388:
379:
375:
373:
359:Skuldelev II
357:
344:
332:
330:
326:
323:Irish annals
309:Heimskringla
308:
306:
294:
283:
252:
225:
220:
215:Main sources
210:
198:
193:
190:
162:
145:Heimskringla
143:
137:
126:
101:
97:
79:
77:
55:
3395:9th century
3274:Vestrajǫrðr
3249:Isle of Man
2925:Archaeology
2825:Olvir Rosta
2358:" (pdf) in
2349:Woolf, Alex
2038:. New York.
1052:Landnámabók
929:blood-eagle
797:Conclusions
671:East Anglia
640:Clan Donald
604:Northumbria
526:Landnámabók
370:circa 1042.
364:Glendalough
290:Torf-Einarr
243:Torf-Einarr
110:Isle of Man
3327:MacDougall
3322:Mac Coitir
3224:Brunanburh
3119:Lunnasting
2622:0582772923
2596:9004158936
2566:1862321515
2510:0415083966
2497:0954457129
2484:1840183764
2468:1904607578
2432:0415333156
2390:0748612345
2377:1841584800
2287:0140443835
2259:0415333156
2216:0954886224
2200:. Brepols.
2100:0718511972
2066:0415333156
1541:Landnambok
1276:chapter 5.
1024:References
865:Alex Woolf
565:Jaun Zuria
558:Norðreyjar
376:Norðreyjar
112:) and the
108:(plus the
102:Norðreyjar
36:WP:ORIGINS
3556:Ingimundr
3439:Gebeachan
3342:MacDonald
3312:Somhairle
3186:Etymology
3167:Old Norse
3129:Sandsting
3069:Ounceland
2962:Earl's Bu
2952:Camas Uig
2871:Dál Riata
2810:Ingimundr
2591:. Brill.
2575:cite book
2143:. (pdf)
1152:Footnotes
1065:Old Norse
988:Trøndelag
984:Stavanger
840:Innsi Orc
833:because:
779:Finngaill
760:Finngenti
749:Finngenti
735:Finngaill
712:Scaldingi
706:Finngaill
554:Suðreyjar
507:brothers
438:Old Norse
380:Suðreyjar
122:Dalriadan
98:Suðreyjar
3597:Somerled
3337:Macruari
3307:Uí Ímair
3244:Epiphany
3229:Clontarf
3203:Hebrides
3149:Language
3134:Tingwall
3109:Dingwall
3096:Althings
3086:Udal law
3047:Hogbacks
2982:Maeshowe
2967:Jarlshof
2911:Scotland
2896:Shetland
2881:Lochlann
2815:Ljótólfr
2698:Uí Ímair
2351:(2005) "
2155:Laithlin
2133:30007421
2074:(2011)
2049:13 March
1324:, c. 24.
980:Rogaland
917:inn ríki
775:Dubgaill
764:Dubgenti
753:Dubgenti
742:Dubgaill
731:Dubgaill
702:Dubgaill
535:Pictavia
511:and Ímar
505:Uí Ímair
449:sea-king
355:longship
302:Tuirgeis
300:such as
259:Shetland
206:Hebrides
201:Lochlann
194:Suðreyar
185:Lochlann
175:between
132:and the
130:Hebrides
106:Hebrides
92:and the
83:and the
81:Uí Ímair
72:Vestfold
70:king of
28:Shortcut
3402:Gofraid
3386:of the
3332:MacLeod
3264:Skyhill
3259:Renfrew
3172:Pictish
3139:Tynwald
3124:Nesting
3104:Delting
3023:Birlinn
2932:Bornish
2859:History
2475:(2000)
2459:(1881)
2412:(1922)
2247:. CELT.
2223:(1966)
1068:konungr
618:and of
460:Caittil
434:Caittil
430:Munster
255:Vikings
118:Pictish
68:Yngling
3384:Rulers
3234:Dollar
2937:Birsay
2916:Norway
2886:Orkney
2724:Bjaðǫk
2666:Rulers
1402:FA 401
1390:FA 347
912:giants
636:Argyll
620:Jórvík
569:Biscay
509:Amlaib
475:Amlaib
464:byname
457:Gaelic
453:Ketill
441:Ketill
368:Dublin
339:Amlaib
263:pirate
228:Orkney
181:Scarba
3491:Gilli
3254:Largs
3239:Barry
3219:Bauds
2130:JSTOR
2072:et al
1824:877.5
1768:851.3
1456:857.1
1378:FA239
1029:Notes
927:as a
907:jarls
588:Islay
384:Óisle
366:near
313:Rollo
304:are.
16:<
3411:Ivar
3407:Ímar
3302:Gunn
3269:Tara
3162:Norn
2619:ISBN
2606:ISBN
2593:ISBN
2581:link
2562:ISBN
2529:ISBN
2516:ISBN
2507:ISBN
2494:ISBN
2481:ISBN
2465:ISBN
2442:ISBN
2429:ISBN
2395:ISBN
2387:ISBN
2374:ISBN
2341:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2315:ISBN
2298:ISBN
2284:ISBN
2256:ISBN
2213:ISBN
2177:ISBN
2121:Ériu
2110:ISBN
2097:ISBN
2084:ISBN
2063:ISBN
2051:2009
1050:The
925:Odin
785:and
777:and
758:the
747:the
704:and
695:The
680:and
608:Mann
606:and
575:Ímar
556:and
418:The
389:The
331:The
307:The
275:Møre
199:The
179:and
177:Jura
171:The
120:and
100:and
78:The
2192:".
1543:279
869:fl.
645:.
378:or
273:of
58:at
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2573:{{
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2211:.
2196:.
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2126:43
2124:.
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2030:.
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1878:^
1805:^
1773:^
1672:^
1470:^
1428:^
1407:^
1338:^
1238:^
1177:^
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571:.
541:.
386:.
196:.
3517:^
3509:^
3503:^
3446:^
3435:^
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3409:(
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249:.
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