638:. The Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye organized an uprising and was able to rescue him after he was seized in the apartment of Jacob Gens in a fight with Jewish ghetto police. Gens brought in heavies, the leaders of the work brigades, and effectively turned the majority of the population against the resistance members, claiming they were provoking the Germans and asking rhetorically whether it was worth sacrificing tens of thousands for the sake of one man. Ghetto prisoners assembled and demanded the FPO give Wittenberg up. Ultimately, Wittenberg himself made the decision to submit to Nazi demands. He was taken to Gestapo headquarters in Vilnius and was reportedly found dead in his cell the next morning. Most people believed he had committed suicide. The rumour was that Gens had slipped him a
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Infection"). Mortality rates did, indeed, increase in the Vilna Ghetto as compared with before the war. However, due largely to the efforts of the ghetto's Health
Department, the Vilna Ghetto had no major epidemics despite malnourishment, cold, and overcrowding. According to Dr. Lazar Epstein, head of Sanitary-Epidemiological Section of the ghetto's Health Department, the inmates of the ghetto, left to their own devices, could have lived a very long time, certainly to the end of the war, despite the numerous privations.
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Haskole
Library, which was called the "House of Culture". It contained a library of 45,000 volumes, reading hall, archive, statistical bureau, room for scientific work, museum, book kiosk, post office, and sports ground. Groups, such as the Literary and Artistic Union and the Brit Ivrit Union, organized events commemorating Yiddish and Hebrew authors and put on plays in these languages. The popular Yiddish magazine
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for the event) streets, by two
Lithuanians in civilian clothes who had broken into an apartment belonging to Jews. The Lithuanians fled the apartment, then returned with awaiting German soldiers, captured two Jews, accused them of firing on the German soldiers, beat them and then shot them on the spot. Stiklių and Mėsinių (Jatkowa) streets were ransacked by the local
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649:. This was controversial as well because the Germans applied a policy of 'collective responsibility' under which all family members of anyone who had joined the partisans were executed. In the Vilna Ghetto, a 'family' often included a non-relation who registered as a member of the family in order to receive housing and a pitiful food ration.
680:'unproductive' individuals (i.e., who were old, ill, or otherwise considered unfit for labour); most of the prisoners were taken to Ponary and shot. About 20,000 Jews, including 8,000 without papers, remained in the Large Ghetto. The period between January 1942 and March 1943 was known as the time of ghetto "stabilization"; the
420:, and Jews were beaten up. At night, in "retaliation", all Jews were driven out of the neighborhood the Nazis had selected as the future ghetto territory, street by street, and the next day the women and children on remaining streets were seized while the men were at work. Men at workplaces were also seized. Jews were taken to
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who, with the cooperation of his officers and men, was able to shield the Jewish auto-workers from much of the abuse slave laborers were ordinarily subjected to. When the Red Army approached Vilna and the SS came to take over the camp, Plagge gave his workers a covert warning; some workers escaped,
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Murer, Hingst, and
Vilnius mayor Karolis Dabulevičius selected the site for the future ghetto and staged a distant sniping at German soldiers in front of a cinema, from a window on the corner of Stiklių (Glezer, meaning Szklana in Polish) and Didžioji (Wielka, Great Street in Polish, hence the name
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of 1 October 1941, the
Germans ordered the Judenrat to lead the arrests leading to the death of 1,983 people; residents found by the Jewish police lacking work permits were arrested and transferred to German custody. The same month the Germans liquidated the small ghetto, where they had relocated
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The Ghetto
Theatre was a great source of revenue and had a calming effect on the public. A total of 111 performances had been given by January 10, 1943, with a total of 34,804 tickets sold. The theatre was renovated to accommodate a larger audience and be better-looking to public eye. The theatre
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The Vilna Ghetto was called "Yerushalayim of the
Ghettos" because it was known for its intellectual and cultural spirit. Before the war, Vilnius had been known as "Yerushalayim d'Lita" (Yiddish: Jerusalem of Lithuania) for the same reason. The center of cultural life in the ghetto was the Mefitze
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Among all the
European Jewish communities during WWII, the Lithuanian one was the most affected by the Holocaust. Rising to 265,000 individuals in June 1941, it was decimated and lost 254,000, or 95%, of its members during the Nazi occupation of Lithuania. The Green House Museum, a branch of the
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except for some very limited restrictions on the movement and settlement of Jews during the Middle Ages, the area chosen by the Nazis for their ghetto was predominantly and historically inhabited by Jews. The Nazis split the area into two Jewish quarters (Large Ghetto and Small Ghetto), with a
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When the
Germans came to liquidate the ghetto in September 1943, members of the FPO went on alert. Gens took control of the liquidation in order to keep the Nazi forces out of the ghetto and away from a partisan ambush, but helped fill the quota of Jews with those who could fight but were not
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Jewish Vilna was known for its distinguished medical tradition, which inmates of the ghetto managed to maintain to some degree during the
Holocaust. As with most ghettos established by the Germans, a sign was put right outside in front stating: "Achtung! Seuchengefahr" ("Attention! Danger of
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to the west, minus a small number who managed to flee onward to the Soviet Union. The kidnapping and mass murder of Jews in the city commenced before the ghetto was set up by the advancing German forces, resulting in an execution of approximately 21,000 victims prior to 6 September 1941. The
598:, and Kovner. The purposes of the FPO were to establish a means for the self-defence of the ghetto population, to sabotage German industrial and military activities, and to support the broader struggle of partisans and Red Army operatives against German forces. Poet
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others hid in hiding places they had prepared with Plagge's knowledge, from which they subsequently escaped. Two-hundred and fifty Jews at HKP 562 survived the war. They represent the single largest group of Jewish survivors of the Holocaust in Vilnius.
590:, appointed head of the ghetto by the Nazis but originally chief of police, ostensibly cooperated with German officials in stopping armed struggle. The FPO represented the full spectrum of political persuasions and parties in Jewish life. It was led by
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and the ruler of the Vilna Ghetto, was given the responsibility for the starting of this theatre. Performances included poetry readings by Jewish authors, dramatizations of short stories, and new work by the young people of the ghetto.
451:" and spouses of Jews were also forced into the ghetto. The move to the ghetto was extremely hurried and difficult, and Jews were not allowed to use transportation, being able to take only what they were physically able to carry.
277:, at about 6% of the city's population according to contemporary Lithuanian sources. By 1931, the city had 195,000 inhabitants, making it the fifth largest city in Poland with varied industries and new factories, as well as
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464:(yellow pass) Aktion as the Germans delivered 3,000 passes to workers and their families and let 12,000 people on the ghetto. Between 25 and 27 October 1941, 3,781 people who did not have this pass were killed in
511:(1927–1943), a young teen who wrote a diary of his life in the ghetto during 1941 to 1943, mentions a number of these events and his participation in them. He was murdered in the liquidation of 1943, probably at
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and opened in the summer of 1943, in the last week of the ghetto's existence. The play, set in an American saloon during a flood, featured a group of people who banded together during a time of danger and need.
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The two-ghetto arrangement made it easier for the Nazis to control what the victims knew of their fate beforehand, facilitating the Nazis' goal of total extermination. A two-ghetto model was also used in
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and force the rest of the more affluent Jewish residents into the new German-envisioned ghetto, the Nazis staged – as a pretext – the Great Provocation incident on 31 August 1941, led by
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In 2021 a virtual 360-degree tour about the former Vilnius Ghetto was created to present arts, education and creative endeavours within the ghetto in horrifying circumstances.
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476:. Like the other Jewish ghettos Nazi Germany set up during World War II, the Vilnius Ghetto was created both to dehumanise the people and to exploit its inmates as
428:, also known as Ponary (or Ponar), where they were murdered between 1 September and 3 September. 5,000 to 10,000 people were murdered, including ten members of the
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1177:. The Global and the Local: The History of Science and the Cultural Integration of Europe. Krakow: Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności. p. 896.
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On 6–7 September 1941, the Nazis herded the remaining 20,000 Jews into the two ghettos by evicting them from their homes, during which 3,700 were killed.
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ceased and some semblance of normal life resumed. The quiet period continued until 6 August, when the Germans commenced the deportation of 7,130 Jews to
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permitted the inhabitants to display their power through plays and songs; for instance, one of the songs that was sung was called "Endurance".
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480:. Conditions were intended to be extremely poor and crowded, subjecting inhabitants to unsanitary conditions, disease and daily death.
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1547:"Final Days of the Vilna Ghetto - Vilna During the Holocaust - The Jerusalem of Lithuania: The Story of the Jewish Community of Vilna"
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The FPO was demoralized by this chain of events and began to pursue a policy of sending young people out to the forest to join other
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The Jewish population of Vilnius on the eve of the Holocaust was at least 60,000, some estimates say 80,000, including refugees from
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established in a Nazi ghetto. Unlike in other ghettos, the resistance movement in the Vilna Ghetto was not run by ghetto officials.
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602:, a ghetto inmate who later died after being deported to Estonia, penned the words for what became the famous Partisan Hymn,
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432:. The objective was to clear an area for the establishment of a ghetto to imprison all the Jews of Vilnius and its suburbs.
574:(FPO), or United Partisan Organization, was formed on 21 January 1942 in the ghetto. It took for its motto "We will not go
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The area designated for the ghetto was the old Jewish quarter in the center of the city. While Vilna never had a ghetto
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1050:. Vol. II: Ghettos in German-occupied Eastern Europe. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 1147–1152.
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Fleche, Anne. "Ghetto: The Last Performance In the Vilna Ghetto." Theater Journal, Vol. 41, no. 4 (1989): 539-540.
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Testimony of Grzegorz Jaszuński concerning life in the Wilno Ghetto in "Chronicles of Terror" testimony database
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Only several hundred people managed to survive, mostly by hiding in the forests surrounding the city, joining
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Article regarding the last letters from the Vilna Ghetto (from Yisroel & Chava Levovitz) 1943 and 1944
696:, the head of the Vilnius Gestapo, the ghetto was liquidated on 23–24 September 1943 under the command of
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The Last Days of the Jerusalem of Lithuania: Chronicles from the Vilna Ghetto and the Camps, 1939–1944
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The revival of the Vilnius University in 1919: Historical conditions and importance for Polish science
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The Last Days of the Jerusalem of Lithuania: Chronicles from the Vilna Ghetto and the Camps 1939–1944
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Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia
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A small group of Jews remained in Vilna after the liquidation of the ghetto, primarily at the
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From the establishment of the ghetto until January 1942, task groups of German and Lithuanian
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necessarily part of the resistance. The FPO fled to the forest and fought with the partisans.
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Article regarding the Piramont Jewish Cemetery in Vilnius The Times of Israel 16 August 2021
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Feierstein, Daniel. "The Jewish Resistance Movements in the Ghettos of Eastern Europe." In:
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The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945
634:, in response to German threats, tried to turn Wittenberg, head of the FPO, over to the
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Rozka Korczak & Abba Kovner with members of the United Partisan Organization (FPO)
1787:'Stronger Than Iron': The Destruction of Vilna Jewry 1941–1945 – An Eyewitness Account
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1967:
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Beinfield, Solon. "The Culture Life Of The Vilna Ghetto." (1997): Annual 1 Chapter 1.
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595:
473:
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313:
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766:, reminds visitors of massive collaboration, presenting documents and testimonials.
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The Vilna Ghetto was well known for its theatrical productions during World War II.
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Jerusalem of Lithuania: The Rise and Fall of Jewish Vilnius, A Personal Perspective
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886:(1897–?), Generalkommissar of Lithuania, involved in the liquidation of the ghetto
1737:"Franz Murer: Wie der "Schlächter von Wilna" davonkam - DER SPIEGEL - Geschichte"
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killed more than 21,000 Jews living in Vilnius, in a mass extermination program.
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Straszuna Street (the Polish name), now Žemaitijos Street, in the former ghetto
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non-ghetto corridor running down Deutschegasse (Niemiecka or Vokiečių) Street.
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was continued in the ghetto and its essays were presented in public lectures.
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853:(1922–?), SS-Oberscharführer, brought in to liquidate the ghetto after Murer
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was awarded the Order of Merits from Germany for this achievement in 2021.
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Memory and Power in Post-War Europe: Studies in the Presence of the Past
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city since the Polish-Lithuanian borders were delineated in 1922 by the
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camps reduced the ghetto's population from an estimated 40,000 to zero.
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1418:(author), Harshay, Benjamin (editor) and Barbara Harshay (translator).
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417:
403:, Hingst's deputy for Jewish affairs under "provisional directives" of
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192:
1835:
The Jerusalem of Lithuania: The Story of the Jewish Community of Vilna
4433:
1796:. Ed. Eric J. Sterling. (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2005).
998:
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A monument in memory of the Jews of Vilnius who were murdered in the
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forced labour camps. Inmates of HKP 562 repaired automobiles for the
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554:
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In order to pacify the predominantly poorer Jewish quarter in the
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of Jews and Poles. Throughout the summer, German troops and their
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41:
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1519:
Perpetrating the Holocaust: Leaders, Enablers, and Collaborators
1226:
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The Security Policy of Lithuania and the 'Integration Dilemma'
1100:"Icchak Arad: od NKVD do Yad Vashem" (From NKVD to Yad Vashem)
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1858:
707:
in Estonia, killed in the forest of Paneriai, or sent to the
630:
underground, who, under torture, revealed some contacts; the
137:
Imprisonment, mass shootings, forced labor, starvation, exile
782:
recounts the last days of the Vilna Ghetto theatre company.
316:
transferred Wilno to Lithuania in October, according to the
898:(1913–2010), poet, book smuggler, ghetto resistance fighter
703:. The majority of the remaining residents were sent to the
384:
692:; this was finished on 5 September. Following an order of
288:
Lithuanian Nazi policeman with Jewish prisoners, July 1941
1466:. Hanover: University Press of New England, 1987, p. 108.
874:(1912–1994), SS-Oberscharführer, the 'Butcher of Vilnius'
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
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Wooden synagogues in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1803:. (Vilnius: The Vilna Gaon Jewish State Museum, 2002).
1402:
Beinfeld, Solon. "Health Care in the Vilna Ghetto." 12
1398:
1396:
1386:
Beinfeld, Solon, "Health Care in the Vilna Ghetto." 12
218:, street executions, maltreatment, and deportations to
1782:. (Jerusalem: Ahva Cooperative Printing Press, 1980).
399:
of the Vilnius municipality Hans Christian Hingst and
4588:
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regularly carried out the surprise operations called
1735:
SPIEGEL, Johannes Sachslehner, DER (12 March 2018).
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During the approximately two years of its existence
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2016:
1714:"Inside the Vilnius Ghetto: A virtual musical tour"
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1516:Bartrop, Paul R.; Grimm, Eve E. (11 January 2019).
1258:
The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century
865:(1897–1944), librarian, and a diarist of the ghetto
812:Holocaust memorial, Subačiaus Street, near site of
169:
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133:
125:
84:
34:
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829:(1933-), artist who lived in the ghetto as a child
626:In early 1943, the Germans caught a member of the
515:. His diary was discovered in 1944 by his cousin.
375:Map of Vilna Ghetto (small ghetto, in olive-green)
1815:Diary of the Vilna Ghetto, June 1941 – April 1943
1231:The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot
1541:
1539:
941:List of Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland
4091:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
2459:List of Lithuanian Righteous Among the Nations
926:Jewish response to The Forty Days of Musa Dagh
4451:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
2939:
2490:
1936:
1810:. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002).
1789:. (Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House, 2010).
1173:Tylińska, Ewelina (2007). M. Kokowski (ed.).
261:. The predominant languages of the city were
8:
1761:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
892:(1927–1943), writer of a diary in the ghetto
615:
200:
199:, at the time part of the Nazi-administered
27:Ghetto for Jews in Lithuania in World War II
4150:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
1366:. Transaction Publishers. pp. note 7.
1299:. Transaction Publishers. pp. note 9.
4722:Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany
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4133:
3786:
3777:
3764:
3629:
3271:
3254:
2962:
2946:
2932:
2924:
2728:
2689:
2594:
2497:
2483:
2475:
2273:
2020:
1943:
1929:
1921:
1817:. (Israel: Ghetto Fighters' House, 1973).
726:; the camp was commanded by the Wehrmacht
318:Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty
253:(Vilna in Yiddish) was the capital of the
40:
4712:Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied Lithuania
1152:. Princeton University Press. p. 3.
835:(1903–1943), head of police of the ghetto
542:), was produced by the Swedish dramatist
320:. Some two years later, on 26 June 1941,
76:Location of Vilna Ghetto within Lithuania
1801:Spiritual Resistance in the Vilna Ghetto
1794:Life in the Ghettos During the Holocaust
1363:The Complete Black Book of Russian Jewry
1296:The Complete Black Book of Russian Jewry
622:ghettos (marked with red-and-gold stars)
370:
4671:
4595:
2449:Occupation of Lithuania by Nazi Germany
1262:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1033:
952:
790:
2289:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police battalions
1824:. (Okaville, ON: Mosaic Press, 1998).
1754:
1325:Heritage Sites – Places of martyrology
1249:
1247:
1123:. Cambridge University Press. p.
910:(1907–1943), ghetto resistance fighter
859:(1918–1987), ghetto resistance fighter
847:(1922–1944), ghetto resistance fighter
841:(1913–1943), ghetto resistance fighter
395:Horst Schweinberger under orders from
31:
1288:
1286:
129:6 September 1941 to 24 September 1943
7:
3738:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
1422:. New Haven: Yale UP, 2002, p. xxix.
1329:Museum of the History of Polish Jews
355:Lithuanian kidnappers were known in
68:
4543:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
1813:Rudashevski, Yitskhok (1927–1943).
1499:Partisans of Vilna, the Study Guide
972:Remaking of Jewish Vilna, 1914-1918
339:Local Lithuanian leaders advocated
1869:Jewish Partisan Group Near Vilnius
1588:Hielscher, Almut (30 April 2001).
975:. Stanford University. p. ix.
572:Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye
235:sheltering with sympathetic locals
25:
2325:Fareinigte Partizaner Organizacje
1568:The Holocaust in the Soviet Union
1207:. NATO Academic Forum. p. 21
933:(1897–1957), Major, in charge of
868:Ljuba Lewicka (1909–1943), singer
367:1941: Establishment of the ghetto
4674:
4646:
4634:
4622:
4610:
4598:
4106:Polish leaders and intellectuals
3596:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
2517:
2505:
2454:History of the Jews in Lithuania
1859:Chronicles of the Vilnius Ghetto
921:History of the Jews in Lithuania
904:(1903–1984), SS-Hauptscharführer
880:(1912–1944), SS-Hauptsturmführer
805:
793:
534:The last theatrical production,
67:
60:
1849:Gens in response to the concert
1227:"The Jewish Community of Vilna"
363:meaning grabbers or snatchers.
324:entered Vilna, followed by the
4034:Attack on the twentieth convoy
3847:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
1844:Gens in response to resistance
1619:www.encyclopedie.bseditions.fr
1404:Holocaust & Genocide Stud.
1388:Holocaust & Genocide Stud.
1276:– via Internet Archive.
764:Vilna Gaon Jewish State Museum
1:
2513:Jews and Judaism in Lithuania
1679:"Bekanntgabe vom 1. Mai 2021"
4371:Jewish war conspiracy theory
3562:Extermination through labour
1254:Midlarsky, Manus I. (2005).
1198:Miniotaite, Grazina (1999).
582:. This was one of the first
187:established and operated by
4553:Righteous Among the Nations
3239:Righteous Among the Nations
1973:Related articles by country
1665:"Official publication site"
1503:(PDF file, direct download)
1496:Kuperstein, Isaiah (2005).
1115:Müller, Jan-Werner (2002).
977:The city's name is written
711:in German-occupied Poland.
576:like sheep to the slaughter
279:a well respected university
273:population at the time was
4748:
4290:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
4260:Lithuanian Security Police
4179:Reich Security Main Office
3146:Evidence and documentation
2862:Knesses Yisrael (Slabodka)
2705:Choral Synagogue (Vilnius)
2294:Lithuanian Security Police
1952:The Holocaust in Lithuania
1854:partisans on their program
1799:Kostanian-Danzig, Rachel.
1148:Gross, Jan Tomasz (2002).
969:Andrew Noble Koss (2010).
821:People of the Vilna Ghetto
705:Vaivara concentration camp
618:Reichskommissariat Ostland
292:Wilno was a predominantly
203:Reichskommissariat Ostland
185:World War II Jewish ghetto
4717:Jewish Lithuanian history
4506:Books and other resources
4334:
4311:
4145:
4132:
3776:
3763:
3270:
3253:
3038:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
2961:
2890:
2464:Songs of the Vilna Ghetto
2444:
2391:HKP 562 forced labor camp
1958:
1360:Patterson, David (2003).
1293:Patterson, David (2003).
1084:More external sources at
814:HKP 562 forced-labor camp
310:Soviet invasion of Poland
245:Before the German-Soviet
201:
195:in the modern country of
164:HKP 562 forced labor camp
55:
39:
4096:People with disabilities
4029:Aid and Rescue Committee
2823:Great Synagogue of Vilna
2401:Kauen concentration camp
2396:Kailis forced labor camp
2365:Ninth Fort November 1941
1837:an online exhibition by
1590:"Die Pflicht des Majors"
1464:The Holocaust in History
642:in their final meeting.
584:resistance organizations
562:(center, standing) with
345:Lithuanian collaborators
265:and to a lesser extent,
160:Kailis forced labor camp
4237:Order Police battalions
2896:List of Lithuanian Jews
2816:Red Synagogue of Jonava
2103:Franz Walter Stahlecker
4086:Soviet urban residents
3177:International response
3151:Contemporary knowledge
2807:Destroyed / demolished
2360:Kaunas 29 October 1941
1615:"Le ghetto de Vilnius"
1072:"Wybory Icchaka Arada"
753:
623:
616:
567:
376:
352:German-occupied Poland
289:
259:Second Polish Republic
4663:at Knowledge (XXG)'s
4533:Memorials and museums
4471:Reparations Agreement
4466:Holocaust restitution
4044:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
3567:Human experimentation
3406:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
2857:Knesses Beis Yitzchak
1785:Balberyszski, Mendel
1042:Megargee, Geoffrey P.
747:Kiryat Shaul cemetery
740:
614:
558:
374:
287:
110:54.67778°N 25.28306°E
3733:Jewish Ghetto Police
3602:Politische Abteilung
3497:Risiera di San Sabba
3358:Natzweiler-Struthof
2756:Beit Medrash Hagadol
2571:Khmelnytsky Uprising
2227:Bronislovas Paukštys
2146:Shmerke Kaczerginski
2063:Aleksandras Lileikis
1896:(Polish and English)
1879:Partisans in Vilnius
1644:defendinghistory.com
1640:"Green House Museum"
890:Yitskhok Rudashevski
509:Yitskhok Rudashevski
304:in the aftermath of
4511:Days of remembrance
4424:Holocaust survivors
4419:Depopulated shtetls
4270:Rollkommando Hamann
4116:Jehovah's Witnesses
3934:Kamianets-Podilskyi
2996:Bohemia and Moravia
2299:Rollkommando Hamann
2098:Rudolf Joachim Seck
1864:About the Holocaust
1716:. ARTyn Mixed Choir
1683:Der Bundespräsident
1480:Not My Last Journey
1462:Marrus, Michael R.
1321:"Ghetto in Vilnius"
312:in September 1939,
306:Żeligowski's Mutiny
271:Lithuanian-speaking
249:in September 1939,
106: /
4707:History of Vilnius
4494:History and memory
4398:Forced euthanasia
4346:Nazi racial policy
4049:Danish underground
3896:Operation Reinhard
3891:Wannsee Conference
2416:Marcinkonys Ghetto
2222:Petronėlė Lastienė
2186:Yitzhak Wittenberg
2181:Elchonon Wasserman
2093:Adrian von Renteln
2058:Algirdas Klimaitis
2033:Algimantas Dailidė
1900:Vilnius, Lithuania
1505:. New Video Group.
1486:, 2017, pp. 85–86.
1278:1941 Vilna ghetto.
908:Yitzhak Wittenberg
884:Adrian von Renteln
754:
624:
592:Yitzhak Wittenberg
568:
484:1942: Quiet period
377:
290:
247:invasion of Poland
115:54.67778; 25.28306
4727:1942 in Lithuania
4586:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4429:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
4376:Jewish emigration
4366:Hitler's prophecy
4361:Haavara Agreement
4307:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4295:Ypatingasis būrys
4192:Sicherheitsdienst
4128:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4067:
4066:
3987:Bielski partisans
3759:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3590:Totenkopfverbände
3249:
3248:
2921:
2920:
2852:Kelm Talmud Torah
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2677:
2676:
2549:Paneriai massacre
2472:
2471:
2431:Švenčionys Ghetto
2338:
2337:
2309:Ypatingasis būrys
2265:
2264:
2176:Abraham Sutzkever
2151:Zelig Kalmanovich
2024:Perpetrators and
1889:Vilnius Partisans
1576:978-0-8032-2059-1
1551:www.yadvashem.org
1529:978-1-4408-5897-0
1406:67 (1998): 66–67.
1390:67 (1998): 66–67.
1373:978-1-4128-2007-3
1306:978-1-4128-2007-3
1184:978-83-60183-42-7
1159:978-0-6910-9603-2
1098:Piotr Zychowicz,
1070:Piotr Zychowicz,
1057:978-0-253-35599-7
937:forced labor camp
896:Abraham Sutzkever
878:Rudolf Neugebauer
694:Rudolf Neugebauer
657:1943: Liquidation
389:Einsatzkommando 9
302:League of Nations
177:
176:
173:About 55,000 Jews
150:Ypatingasis būrys
16:(Redirected from
4739:
4687:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4667:
4651:
4650:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4603:
4602:
4594:
4478:Holocaust denial
4456:Nuremberg trials
4446:Postwar violence
4401:
4336:
4313:
4275:Special Brigades
4265:Nederlandsche SS
4232:Police Regiments
4156:
4134:
3994:Ghetto uprisings
3982:Jewish partisans
3929:Harvest Festival
3901:Holocaust trains
3787:
3778:
3765:
3630:
3526:
3504:
3486:
3467:
3449:
3272:
3255:
2963:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2925:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2844:
2729:
2723:
2700:Kaunas Synagogue
2690:
2685:
2630:Chabad-Lubavitch
2595:
2590:
2554:Jewish partisans
2521:
2514:
2509:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2476:
2355:Kaunas June 1941
2274:
2021:
1974:
1964:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1922:
1820:Shneidman, N.N.
1780:Ghetto in Flames
1767:
1766:
1760:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1585:
1579:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1493:
1487:
1484:Yedioth Ahronoth
1473:
1467:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1413:
1407:
1400:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1337:. Archived from
1317:
1311:
1310:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1261:
1251:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1206:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1122:
1112:
1106:
1096:
1090:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1038:
1022:
976:
957:
809:
797:
768:Rachel Kostanian
690:Heinrich Himmler
688:on the order of
647:Jewish partisans
621:
605:Zog nit keyn mol
397:Gebietskommissar
381:Vilnius Old Town
341:ethnic cleansing
275:a small minority
255:Wilno Voivodship
231:Soviet partisans
206:
205:
121:
120:
118:
117:
116:
111:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
89:Vilnius Old Town
71:
70:
64:
44:
32:
21:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4680:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4666:sister projects
4665:
4657:
4645:
4635:
4633:
4623:
4621:
4611:
4609:
4597:
4589:
4587:
4574:
4489:
4405:
4399:
4388:Madagascar Plan
4381:Kindertransport
4330:
4329:
4299:
4241:
4213:
4198:Ordnungspolizei
4154:
4141:
4120:
4063:
4015:
3968:
3939:Maly Trostenets
3910:Mass executions
3905:
3875:
3813:
3772:
3747:
3717:
3676:
3614:
3576:
3535:
3524:
3502:
3484:
3465:
3447:
3435:
3392:
3266:
3245:
3165:
3156:Hidden children
3134:
2992:Czechoslovakia
2957:
2952:
2922:
2917:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2886:
2842:
2828:
2801:
2721:
2714:
2683:
2673:
2588:
2582:
2522:
2512:
2503:
2473:
2468:
2440:
2426:Šiauliai Ghetto
2411:Lukiškės Prison
2379:
2334:
2313:
2261:
2257:Jan Zwartendijk
2252:Chiune Sugihara
2200:
2196:Wolf Durmashkin
2131:Alexander Bogen
2118:
2112:
2038:Erich Ehrlinger
2025:
2012:
1972:
1962:
1954:
1949:
1874:Kurzbiographien
1831:
1778:Arad, Yitzhak.
1775:
1770:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1562:
1558:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1474:
1470:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1435:
1431:Marrus, p. 121.
1430:
1426:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1394:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1341:on June 6, 2013
1319:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1274:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1105:, July 12, 2008
1097:
1093:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1025:
968:
965:Hebrew language
958:
954:
949:
917:
823:
816:
810:
801:
798:
788:
759:
698:Oberscharführer
659:
578:," proposed by
553:
500:
491:
486:
460:was called the
422:Lukiškės Prison
406:Reichskommissar
393:Oberscharführer
369:
335:Einsatzgruppe B
327:Einsatzkommando
322:the German Army
243:
191:in the city of
162:
114:
112:
108:
105:
100:
97:
95:
93:
92:
91:
80:
79:
78:
77:
74:
73:
72:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4745:
4743:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4688:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4643:
4631:
4619:
4607:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4483:trivialization
4475:
4474:
4473:
4463:
4461:Eichmann trial
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4356:Nuremberg Laws
4353:
4348:
4342:
4340:
4339:Early elements
4332:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4320:Early elements
4317:
4316:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4255:Arajs Kommando
4251:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4226:Einsatzgruppen
4221:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4176:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4153:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4139:Responsibility
4137:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3978:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3918:Einsatzgruppen
3913:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3887:
3885:
3882:Final Solution
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3784:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3743:Ústredňa Židov
3740:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3708:Theresienstadt
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3627:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3593:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3547:Einsatzgruppen
3543:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3353:Mittelbau-Dora
3350:
3341:
3336:
3334:Kraków-Płaszów
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
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3250:
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3224:Rescue of Jews
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2882:Tomchei Tmimim
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2737:
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2733:Still standing
2726:
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2710:Vilnius Kenesa
2707:
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2304:TDA battalions
2301:
2296:
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2284:Einsatzgruppen
2280:
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2266:
2263:
2262:
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2224:
2219:
2217:Anna Borkowska
2214:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2191:Jacob Wygodzki
2188:
2183:
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2100:
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2090:
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2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2043:Joachim Hamann
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
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1965:
1959:
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1830:
1829:External links
1827:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1806:Kruk, Herman.
1804:
1797:
1790:
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1670:
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1535:
1528:
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1476:Asael Lubotzky
1468:
1455:
1433:
1424:
1408:
1392:
1379:
1372:
1352:
1334:Virtual Shtetl
1312:
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1218:
1190:
1183:
1165:
1158:
1140:
1133:
1107:
1103:Rzeczpospolita
1091:
1082:, 12-07-2008.
1080:Rzeczpospolita
1063:
1056:
1044:, ed. (2009).
1032:
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664:Einsatzgruppen
658:
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544:Henning Berger
522:, the head of
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48:Julian Klaczko
46:Vilna Ghetto (
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4744:
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4732:The Holocaust
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4351:Nazi eugenics
4349:
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4341:
4337:
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4322:
4319:
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4280:Topf and Sons
4278:
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4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
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4250:
4248:
4247:Collaborators
4244:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4207:
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4202:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4185:Referat IV B4
4183:
4182:
4181: (RSHA)
4180:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4172:Schutzstaffel
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:Organizations
4157:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
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4101:Romani people
4099:
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4082:
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4054:Working Group
4052:
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4047:
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4039:Kastner train
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3826:Kristallnacht
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3609:Sanitätswesen
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3572:Death marches
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3404:
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3398:Extermination
3395:
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3379:
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3373:Sachsenhausen
3371:
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3322:
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3314:Herzogenbusch
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3289:Bergen-Belsen
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3276:Concentration
3273:
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3256:
3252:
3240:
3237:
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3212:United States
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3141:
3137:
3129:
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3052:and colonies
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2956:
2955:The Holocaust
2949:
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2900:
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2797:
2796:
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2790:
2789:
2788:Trakai Kenesa
2785:
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2773:
2769:
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2608:
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2602:
2600:
2598:Denominations
2596:
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2591:
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2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:Kaunas Ghetto
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2534:The Holocaust
2532:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2508:
2500:
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2493:
2488:
2486:
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2375:Švenčionėliai
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2330:Paper Brigade
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2250:
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2240:
2238:
2237:Antanas Poška
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2171:Ephraim Oshry
2169:
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2161:Rozka Korczak
2159:
2157:
2156:Vitka Kempner
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2139:
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2136:Josef Glazman
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2078:Jonas Noreika
2076:
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2068:Hinrich Lohse
2066:
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2054:
2051:
2049:
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2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:collaborators
2022:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1968:The Holocaust
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1961:
1960:
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1953:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1932:
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50:Street), 1941
49:
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38:
33:
30:
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4702:Vilna Ghetto
4686:from Commons
4681:
4661:Vilna Ghetto
4660:
4563:Yizkor books
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4171:
3916:
3864:in Lithuania
3824:
3722:
3712:
3607:
3600:
3589:
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3229:by Catholics
3098:Soviet Union
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2732:
2719:
2539:Vilna Ghetto
2538:
2516:
2510:
2436:Vilna Ghetto
2435:
2406:Kovno Ghetto
2350:Jäger Report
2277:Perpetrators
2247:Anton Schmid
2212:Kazys Binkis
2141:Jay M. Ipson
2126:Chaim Yellin
2108:Martin Weiss
2088:Helmut Rauca
2053:Bruno Kittel
1963:Main article
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1773:Bibliography
1745:. Retrieved
1740:
1730:
1718:. Retrieved
1708:
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1682:
1673:
1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1643:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:
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1597:. Retrieved
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1522:. ABC-CLIO.
1518:
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1416:Kruk, Herman
1411:
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1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1339:the original
1332:
1324:
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1221:
1209:. Retrieved
1200:
1193:
1174:
1168:
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1086:Yitzhak Arad
1083:
1076:Yitzhak Arad
1066:
1045:
1036:
1014:
1006:
994:
986:
978:
971:
963:is from the
961:Vilna Ghetto
960:
955:
902:Martin Weiss
851:Bruno Kittel
787:
784:
777:
774:Joshua Sobol
772:
760:
713:
701:Bruno Kittel
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308:. After the
291:
244:
228:
209:
189:Nazi Germany
181:Vilna Ghetto
180:
178:
35:Vilna Ghetto
29:
18:Wilno Ghetto
4569:Never again
4400:(Action T4)
4326:Remembrance
4111:Homosexuals
4081:Soviet POWs
4009:Częstochowa
3557:Gas chamber
3368:Ravensbrück
3309:Gross-Rosen
3304:Flossenbürg
3187:Philippines
3119:Yugoslavia
3078:Netherlands
3006:Sudetenland
2242:Ona Šimaitė
2232:Karl Plagge
2166:Abba Kovner
2117:Victims and
2083:Mike Pasker
2073:Franz Murer
1743:(in German)
1741:Der Spiegel
1685:(in German)
1594:Der Spiegel
1564:Yitzak Arad
931:Karl Plagge
872:Franz Murer
863:Herman Kruk
857:Abba Kovner
845:Hirsh Glick
731:Karl Plagge
724:German Army
709:death camps
600:Hirsh Glick
580:Abba Kovner
560:Abba Kovner
505:Folksgezunt
489:Health care
478:slave labor
462:Gelb Schein
401:Franz Murer
331:death squad
113: /
4696:Categories
4558:Yad Vashem
4538:Uniqueness
4393:Nisko Plan
4166:Nazi Party
3974:Resistance
3944:Ninth Fort
3809:Vel' d'Hiv
3581:Nazi units
3519:Westerbork
3509:Amersfoort
3363:Neuengamme
3344:Mauthausen
3324:Kaiserwald
3294:Buchenwald
3073:Luxembourg
2783:(Joniškis)
2775:(Joniškis)
2684:Synagogues
2576:Vilna Gaon
2421:Ninth Fort
2318:Resistance
2119:resistance
2048:Karl Jäger
1839:Yad Vashem
1599:2 February
1273:1139445391
1078:choices),
1029:References
983:Lithuanian
833:Jacob Gens
827:Samuel Bak
677:Yom Kippur
588:Jacob Gens
551:Resistance
520:Jacob Gens
454:The first
424:, then to
241:Background
212:starvation
101:25°16′59″E
98:54°40′40″N
4641:Lithuania
4516:Education
4411:Aftermath
4323:Aftermath
4285:Trawnikis
4209:Wehrmacht
4204:Waffen-SS
4004:Białystok
3832:Bucharest
3804:Marseille
3681:Elsewhere
3642:Białystok
3454:Breendonk
3431:Treblinka
3284:Auschwitz
3068:Lithuania
2798:(Vilnius)
2764:Merchants
2635:Chernobyl
2615:Ashkenazi
2610:Orthodoxy
1904:JewishGen
1757:cite news
1689:5 January
1578:, p. 323.
959:The name
743:Holocaust
628:Communist
540:The Flood
449:half-Jews
197:Lithuania
4653:Politics
4605:Genocide
4501:Academia
3954:Piaśnica
3924:Babi Yar
3852:Jedwabne
3791:Roundups
3724:Judenrat
3688:Budapest
3459:Mechelen
3421:Majdanek
3378:Stutthof
3339:Majdanek
3234:by Poles
3192:Portugal
3170:Response
3161:Timeline
3139:Overview
3001:Slovakia
2988:Bulgaria
2872:Rameiles
2867:Ponevezh
2843:Yeshivas
2767:(Jonava)
2759:(Jonava)
2665:Vizhnitz
2660:Veretzky
2620:Hasidism
2566:Timeline
2205:Rescuers
2003:Slovakia
1649:27 April
1570:, 2009,
1211:14 March
1088:article.
915:See also
757:Post-war
751:Tel Aviv
682:Aktionen
669:Aktionen
632:Judenrat
536:Der Mabl
513:Paneriai
445:Converts
430:Judenrat
426:Paneriai
361:hapunes,
85:Location
4629:Germany
4617:Judaism
4591:Portals
4528:Lessons
3964:Rumbula
3837:Dorohoi
3818:Pogroms
3770:Victims
3620:Ghettos
3552:Gas van
3540:Methods
3514:Schoorl
3492:Bolzano
3440:Transit
3426:Sobibor
3416:Chełmno
3383:Vaivara
3319:Hinzert
3264:ghettos
3217:Vatican
3123:Croatia
3113:Ukraine
3103:Belarus
3093:Romania
3045:Hungary
3028:Germany
3018:Estonia
3013:Denmark
2983:Belgium
2978:Austria
2973:Albania
2795:Zamelis
2749:Čekiškė
2693:Current
2640:Komarno
2625:Breslov
2605:Karaite
2561:History
2008:Ukraine
1983:Estonia
1978:Belarus
1720:18 July
1345:May 23,
1236:27 June
1011:Yiddish
1003:Russian
979:Vilnius
935:HKP 562
720:HKP 562
686:Estonia
636:Gestapo
566:members
418:militia
357:Yiddish
267:Yiddish
257:in the
216:disease
193:Vilnius
170:Victims
146:Nazi SS
4434:Bricha
4200:(Orpo)
4073:Others
4059:Żegota
4021:Rescue
3999:Warsaw
3959:Ponary
3869:Kaunas
3672:Warsaw
3657:Lublin
3647:Kraków
3634:Poland
3478:Drancy
3411:Belzec
3388:Warsaw
3299:Dachau
3207:Turkey
3202:Sweden
3128:Serbia
3108:Russia
3088:Poland
3083:Norway
3063:Latvia
3033:Greece
3023:France
2877:Telshe
2742:Alanta
2722:Former
2650:Ruzhin
2589:Groups
2527:Topics
2384:Places
2370:Ponary
2343:Events
2270:Groups
2017:People
1998:Russia
1993:Poland
1988:Latvia
1747:26 May
1624:10 May
1574:
1526:
1370:
1303:
1270:
1266:–300.
1181:
1156:
1131:
1054:
1019:German
1013:, and
999:Hebrew
991:Polish
779:Ghetto
716:Kailis
673:Aktion
474:Warsaw
466:Ponary
457:Aktion
437:per se
298:Jewish
294:Polish
269:. The
263:Polish
183:was a
4683:Media
4548:Humor
4521:Films
4218:Units
3949:Odesa
3799:Izieu
3713:Vilna
3698:Minsk
3693:Kovno
3667:Radom
3531:Sereď
3348:Gusen
3329:Kauen
3260:Camps
3197:Spain
3182:Japan
3056:Libya
3050:Italy
2780:White
2655:Seret
2645:Koson
1205:(PDF)
1074:(the
1015:Wilna
1007:Vilne
995:Vilna
987:Wilno
947:Notes
745:. In
728:Major
251:Wilno
233:, or
4439:List
4194:(SD)
4174:(SS)
3857:Lviv
3842:Iași
3782:Jews
3703:Riga
3662:Lwów
3652:Łódź
3624:list
3473:Gurs
3346:and
3262:and
2910:List
1763:link
1749:2020
1722:2022
1691:2024
1651:2021
1626:2020
1601:2015
1572:ISBN
1524:ISBN
1368:ISBN
1347:2012
1301:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1238:2018
1213:2008
1179:ISBN
1154:ISBN
1129:ISBN
1052:ISBN
1001:and
718:and
570:The
296:and
222:and
179:The
156:Camp
126:Date
3588:SS-
2772:Red
1902:at
1264:298
1017:in
1009:in
997:in
989:in
981:in
967:.
749:in
675:on
564:FPO
447:, "
359:as
4698::
3525:sk
3503:nl
3485:it
3466:fr
3448:be
1759:}}
1755:{{
1739:.
1681:.
1642:.
1617:.
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1566:,
1549:.
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1482:,
1478:,
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1331:,
1327:.
1323:.
1285:^
1246:^
1229:.
1127:.
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985:,
608:.
594:,
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412:.
385:SS
281:.
237:.
214:,
207:.
148:,
4669::
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3626:)
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2484:v
1944:e
1937:t
1930:v
1765:)
1751:.
1724:.
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1667:.
1653:.
1628:.
1603:.
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1376:.
1349:.
1309:.
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1215:.
1187:.
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1060:.
1021:.
538:(
337:.
20:)
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