810:
610:
536:
71:
870:
856:
712:
832:
822:
844:
882:
49:
801:. Selection from pollinator shifts is suggested to have driven these changes in nectar spur length. It was shown that this spur length diversity is achieved solely through changing cell shape, not cell number or cell size. This suggests that a simple microscopic change can result in a dramatic evolutionarily relevant morphological change.
558:
by seed. It will grow to a height of 40–50 cm (15–20 in). It will grow in full sun; however, it prefers growing in partial shade and well drained soil, and is able to tolerate average soils and dry soil conditions. Columbine is rated at
3445:
634:
with other fresh greens, and are reported to be very sweet, and safe if consumed in small quantities. The plant's seeds and roots, however, are highly poisonous and contain
601:
which was at the time an emerging disease to which the plants had no resistance. By 2018 the entire collection had been lost. Aquilegia can be grown from seeds or rhizomes.
3788:
3827:
404:
downwards. These hold many seeds and are formed at the end of the pistils. The nectar is mainly consumed by long-beaked birds such as hummingbirds. Almost all
1328:
291:"Aquila", or "eagle"; this is in obvious reference to the spurred, "hook" shapes within the blooms, that many gardeners say resemble an eagle's talons.
3736:
3801:
3749:
3470:
3863:
720:
3291:
3191:
3160:
2866:
627:
3973:
3431:
3365:
Hodges, S. A.; Whittall, J. B.; Fulton, M.; Yang, J. Y. (2002). "Genetics of Floral Traits
Influencing Reproductive Isolation between
3238:
1524:
3464:
3427:
3313:
3284:
3262:
3062:
Whittall, Justen B.; Hodges, Scott A. (7 June 2007). "Pollinator shifts drive increasingly long nectar spurs in columbine flowers".
2859:
2841:
1898:
3308:(Vol. 6: Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae): 278. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
3775:
3230:
The
Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II Flowering plants - Dicotyledons. Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families
3922:
2889:
1528:
970:
3806:
3968:
3814:
337:
657:. However, the medical use of this plant is better avoided due to its high toxicity; columbine poisonings may be fatal.
3645:
3632:
322:
318:
1913:
1451:
3534:
809:
3927:
3876:
3183:
3152:
2526:
1068:
1064:
70:
31:
797:
petals show an enormous range of petal spur length diversity ranging from a centimeter to the 15 cm spurs of
3832:
2959:
1672:
1371:
1123:
966:
597:
609:
3485:
2582:
1287:
1127:
3881:
2308:
1007:
3544:
2540:
2410:
2318:
2052:
1970:
3723:
3212:
2881:
New
England Wild Flower Society Guide to Growing and Propagating Wildflowers of the United States and Canada
2400:
2338:
2298:
2072:
1960:
1876:
1866:
1747:
1690:
1596:
1175:
701:
681:
2905:
2258:
1940:
1856:
1586:
1247:
1145:
940:
535:
3697:
3575:
3207:
2278:
2268:
2205:
2112:
2042:
2021:
1980:
1700:
1631:
1626:
1616:
1536:
1346:
1299:
1267:
1227:
1155:
1049:
784:
576:
species are very interfertile, and will self-sow. Some varieties are short-lived so are better treated as
3650:
2216:
2184:
2143:
2092:
2001:
1950:
1846:
1680:
1606:
1566:
1499:
1165:
1097:
1039:
930:
408:
species have a ring of staminodia around the base of the stigma, which may help protect against insects.
3728:
3702:
3316:
3114:
2440:
2358:
2328:
2288:
2194:
2102:
1835:
1825:
1798:
1787:
1764:
1556:
1336:
1237:
1207:
1118:
1017:
977:
498:
3202:
2420:
2379:
2369:
2348:
2164:
2011:
1754:
1576:
1478:
1390:
1313:
1217:
910:
2519:
2430:
2238:
1509:
1257:
997:
920:
3842:
3671:
3071:
2681:
1810:
1774:
1742:
1710:
1657:
1519:
1430:
1411:
1379:
1366:
1356:
1304:
1277:
1185:
1134:
1107:
1076:
961:
886:
776:
724:
705:
523:
3754:
2122:
151:
2153:
2132:
1990:
1886:
1720:
1646:
1059:
697:
665:
3963:
3935:
3868:
3710:
3398:
3095:
3014:
2802:
2389:
2248:
2227:
2062:
2031:
1803:
1726:
1488:
1465:
1323:
1291:
1196:
1087:
1028:
568:
548:
517:
214:
185:
65:
57:
2670:"Within and between Whorls: Comparative Transcriptional Profiling of Aquilegia and Arabidopsis"
3850:
3793:
3658:
3522:
3460:
3423:
3390:
3309:
3287:
3280:
3258:
3252:
3234:
3187:
3156:
3087:
3006:
2885:
2862:
2855:
2837:
2717:
2699:
2082:
1734:
1667:
1441:
748:
646:
595:. Some time during or before 2014 the collection started to succumb to Aquilegia Downy Mildew
555:
409:
302:
3904:
2572:
spur length diversity through changes in cell anisotropy. Proceedings of the Royal
Society B.
3855:
3512:
3504:
3382:
3351:
3343:
3248:
3079:
3039:
2998:
2794:
2707:
2689:
2174:
1400:
950:
899:
740:
485:
397:
672:, can be classified as non-toxic, since a dose of 3000 mg/kg did not cause mortality.
527:
in North
America and Belgium. The bees do not show any preference in color of the flowers.
2568:
Puzey, J.R., Gerbode, S.J., Hodges, S.A., Kramer, E.M., Mahadevan, L. (2011) Evolution of
1779:
1546:
1283:
987:
869:
642:
613:
588:
551:
511:
256:
108:
3715:
3613:
3278:
Allan M. Armitage: Armitage's Native Plants for North
American Gardens.Timber Press, 2006
2668:
Voelckel, Claudia; Borevitz, Justin O.; Kramer, Elena M.; Hodges, Scott A. (2010-03-23).
3075:
2685:
855:
711:
3517:
3441:
3356:
3323:
3301:
3170:
2712:
2669:
1891:
1730:
661:
577:
560:
422:
371:
95:
831:
821:
3957:
2482:
2457:
515:, a species of bumblebee. Specifically, they have been found to forage on species of
493:
268:
168:
141:
3474:
3018:
881:
843:
358:
segments). Five tubular honey-leaves are semi erect with a flat limb and spurred or
3940:
3435:
3402:
3099:
2820:
689:
654:
461:
457:
177:
131:
3637:
3624:
3484:
Puzey, J. R.; Gerbode, S. J.; Hodges, S. A.; Kramer, E. M.; Mahadevan, L. (2011).
2987:"Hepatoprotective effect of the extract and isocytisoside from Aquilegia vulgaris"
3663:
3277:
3228:
3177:
3146:
2879:
2852:
2694:
563:
3 in the United States so does not require mulching or protection in the winter.
3819:
3762:
3607:
2657:. New York and London: C.P. Putnam's Sons, The Knickerbocker Press. p. 134.
2462:
635:
460:– noted for feeding on many poisonous plants without harm – such as
453:
449:
345:
3914:
2485:, a variety of terms are used to describe the whorl of structures between the
788:
760:
756:
477:
378:
17:
3598:
2703:
267:, and at higher elevations throughout the Northern Hemisphere, known for the
3684:
3142:
2986:
2926:
2490:
736:
631:
401:
299:
3894:
3526:
3508:
3394:
3347:
3091:
3010:
2721:
626:
The flowers of various species of columbine were consumed in moderation by
566:
Large numbers of hybrids are available for the garden, since the
European
3889:
3592:
1816:
780:
768:
693:
540:
469:
428:
375:
352:
349:
310:
264:
121:
3083:
2748:
48:
3741:
2806:
592:
386:
382:
367:
359:
341:
326:
252:
3767:
3002:
2486:
363:
314:
272:
260:
3569:
3535:
Aquilegia: A New Model for Plant
Development, Ecology, and Evolution
2798:
3386:
381:. There are ten membranaceous intrastaminal scales. There are five
3689:
2853:
Andrew McIndoe, Kevin Hobbs: Perennials. David & Charles, 2005
880:
868:
854:
842:
830:
820:
808:
779:", being due to flower color and orientation controlled by their
710:
638:
608:
572:
was hybridized with other
European and North American varieties.
534:
437:
393:
355:
330:
288:
248:
82:
3780:
3227:
Kubitzki, Klaus; Rohwer, Jens G.; Bittrich, Volker, eds. (1993).
649:
if consumed as food. Native
Americans used very small amounts of
2906:"Plant Heritage - National Collections Scheme, UK Garden Plants"
496:, also uses columbine as a larval food plant. The larvae of the
306:
3573:
329:
leaves are similar to the basal ones, while the upper ones are
3676:
664:
test in mice has demonstrated that ethanol extract mixed with
3179:
The Plant-Book: A Portable Dictionary of the Vascular Plants
2960:"Plant of the Week: Yellow Columbine (Aquilegia flavescens)"
1923:(S.L.Welsh & N.D.Atwood) N.H.Holmgren & P.K.Holmgren
2777:
Macior, Lazarus Walter (1966-03-01). "Foraging Behavior of
2541:"Aquilegia Plants: How To Grow And Take Care Of Aquilegias"
2489:
and stamens, including honey-leaves, petals, staminodes or
668:, the main flavonoid compound from the leaves and stems of
191:
2606:
2604:
1908:(S.L.Welsh & Goodrich) N.H.Holmgren & P.K.Holmgren
2621:
2619:
2396:– common columbine, European columbine, granny's nightcap
362:
at the base. The spur is directed backwards and secretes
3490:
petals is achieved solely through cell-shape anisotropy"
3497:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3336:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1252:
Bacch., Brullo, Congiu, Fenu, J.L.Garrido & Mattana
420:
Columbines are closely related to plants in the genera
3148:
Flora Europaea. Volume 1, Psilotaceae to Platanaceae
2636:
2634:
344:
are terminal to stem and branches. They are usually
3582:
3141:Cullen, J; et al. (1993) . "Aquilegia L.". In
2585:. San Francisco, CA: Sutro Stewards. 25 July 2017.
2564:
2562:
1160:Moraldo, E.Nardi & la Valva (doubtfully valid)
321:, blades 3-lobed -partite, and lobes lobulate and
2595:
3440:Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) : Digital
3052:Fulton & Hodges (1999), Hodges et al. (2002)
3201:Whittemore, Alan T.; Parfitt, Bruce D. (2003).
735:Columbines have been important in the study of
3270:
2733:
2731:
8:
3296:Dezhi, Fu; Robinson, Orbélia R. (2001): 19.
2610:
763:. Bees and hummingbirds are the visitors to
2365:– green columbine, green-flowered columbine
3570:
3458:. Mountain Press Pub., Missoula, Montana.
3145:; Burges, N. A.; Edmondson, J. R. (eds.).
2405:Steven ex Fisch., C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall.
47:
38:
3516:
3355:
2966:. United States Department of Agriculture
2711:
2693:
2625:
1895:– Mancos columbine, Bluff City columbine
1022:Arrigoni & E.Nardi (doubtfully valid)
3113:Dezhi, Fu; Robinson, Orbélia R. (2001).
2016:(Falc. ex Brühl) J.R.Drumm. & Hutch.
3486:"Evolution of spur-length diversity in
3471:United States Department of Agriculture
3456:Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West
2505:
2474:
2139:– Sierra columbine, Coville's columbine
1561:Erst, Luferov, Wei Wang & K.l.Xiang
1448:– crimson columbine, western columbine
2640:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
721:Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore
700:). It is also used as a symbol of the
2781:(Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Relation to
2753:- Columbine Borer Moth - Hodges#9478"
2747:Roberts, Jason D. (August 19, 2015).
708:in the Canadian province of Ontario.
448:They are used as food plants by some
370:are numerous (often more than 50) in
27:Genus of perennial plants (columbine)
7:
3928:6e3fc015-bf90-4d24-807c-ff74b0561c9c
3843:e6ef1470-c015-49a9-9098-1c71e3b224c7
1141:– Canadian columbine, wild columbine
893:130 columbine species are accepted.
432:(wolfsbanes/monkshoods), which like
587:s was held by Mrs Carrie Thomas at
583:The British National Collection of
3322:Fulton, M.; Hodges, S. A. (1999).
2945:
400:which are semi erect and slightly
25:
3409:Nold, Robert (2003): Columbines:
2583:"Columbine: A Flower of Meanings"
2189:Casim.-Sor.Solanas & Cabezudo
3882:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325954-2
2212:– blue columbine, Utah columbine
1881:(Quézel & Contandr.) E.Nardi
1232:(Maire & Sennen) Rivas Mart.
69:
3538:Annual Review of Plant Biology,
1955:(J.F.Macbr. & Payson) Cronk
1:
2884:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
2596:Whittemore & Parfitt 2003
1461:(Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Baker
1044:Erst, Karakulov & Luferov
1002:(Litard. & Maire) E.Nardi
775:when given a choice. Such a "
3454:Tilford, Gregory L. (1997):
2695:10.1371/journal.pone.0009735
2653:Armstrong, Margaret (1915).
509:are a major food source for
206:
3974:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1092:Podobnik (doubtfully valid)
305:, with woody, erect stock,
3990:
3324:"Floral isolation between
3304:& Hong, D. Y. (eds.):
3184:Cambridge University Press
3176:Mabberley, D. J. (1997) .
3153:Cambridge University Press
2835:The Perennial Encyclopedia
2787:American Journal of Botany
2527:Plants of the World Online
2201:– Rocky Mountain columbine
1685:Erst, Shaulo & Shmakov
1621:S.L.Welsh & N.D.Atwood
1418:– fan columbine, Japanese
374:of 5, the innermost being
226:Bubani (1901), nom. illeg.
32:Aquilegia (disambiguation)
29:
3257:. Springer. p. 580.
2878:Cullina, William (2000).
1203:– Colorado blue columbine
598:Peronospora aquilegiicola
396:has several (five to 15)
220:
213:
203:
198:
183:
176:
66:Scientific classification
64:
55:
46:
41:
3480:. Retrieved 2008-NOV-25.
3451:. Retrieved 2008-NOV-25.
2985:Adamska, T (June 2003).
2821:"The Gardener's Network"
2530:. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
2309:Aquilegia transsilvanica
1407:– Van Houtte's columbine
1008:Aquilegia baluchistanica
739:. It was found that the
653:root as a treatment for
641:which cause both severe
502:also feed on columbine.
3545:"How to Grow Columbine"
3375:The American Naturalist
3213:Oxford University Press
3203:"Ranunculaceae Jussieu"
2411:Aquilegia xinjiangensis
2319:Aquilegia turczaninovii
2053:Aquilegia × oenipontana
1971:Aquilegia moorcroftiana
1386:– western red columbine
1114:– smallflower columbine
1024:– Barbaricina columbine
682:Colorado blue columbine
3533:Kramer, E. M. (2009).
3509:10.1098/rspb.2011.1873
3348:10.1098/rspb.1999.0915
3208:Flora of North America
2958:Dermatier, Charmaine.
2545:Daylilies in Australia
2401:Aquilegia wittmanniana
2339:Aquilegia ullepitschii
2299:Aquilegia tianschanica
2097:Trautv. & C.A.Mey.
2077:Barberis & E.Nardi
2073:Aquilegia ophiolithica
2036:Arrigoni & E.Nardi
2026:Arrigoni & E.Nardi
1961:Aquilegia montsicciana
1877:Aquilegia meridionalis
1867:Aquilegia × maruyamana
1691:Aquilegia kanawarensis
1597:Aquilegia hirsutissima
1309:– desolation columbine
1300:Aquilegia desolaticola
1262:Qureshi & Chaudhri
1180:Qureshi & Chaudhri
1176:Aquilegia chitralensis
1156:Aquilegia champagnatii
1012:Qureshi & Chaudhri
890:
878:
866:
852:
840:
828:
818:
787:and can be a cause of
785:reproductive isolation
727:
623:
544:
490:Ectropis crepuscularia
482:Amphipyra tragopoginis
456:. These are mainly of
3475:USDA Plants Profile:
3302:Raven, Peter Hamilton
3271:Kubitzki et al (1993)
3040:"City of Scarborough"
2751:Papaipema leucostigma
2359:Aquilegia viridiflora
2323:Kamelin & Gubanov
2259:Aquilegia sternbergii
2195:Aquilegia saximontana
2006:Niketić & Cikovak
1997:– Bulgarian columbine
1941:Aquilegia microcentra
1857:Aquilegia marcelliana
1840:F.Conti & Soldano
1836:Aquilegia magellensis
1799:Aquilegia litardierei
1788:Aquilegia laramiensis
1601:Timb.-Lagr. ex Gariod
1587:Aquilegia hinckleyana
1504:Kamelin & Gubanov
1483:(S.L.Welsh) S.L.Welsh
1470:Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
1405:Van Houtte ex Planch.
1375:– Einsele's columbine
1341:Levier & Leresche
1248:Aquilegia cremnophila
1146:Aquilegia cazorlensis
1119:Aquilegia buergeriana
1083:– Bertoloni columbine
1072:– Bernard's columbine
1035:– oil shale columbine
1018:Aquilegia barbaricina
941:Aquilegia aragonensis
884:
872:
858:
846:
834:
824:
812:
714:
612:
538:
499:Papaipema leucostigma
474:Melanchra persicariae
452:(butterfly and moth)
348:(with five spreading
3969:Ranunculaceae genera
3233:. Berlin: Springer.
3155:. pp. 287–290.
3115:"Aquilegia Linnaeus"
2833:John Kilmer (1989).
2655:Western Wild Flowers
2279:Aquilegia synakensis
2269:Aquilegia subscaposa
2234:– Siberian columbine
2206:Aquilegia scopulorum
2160:– Pyrenean columbine
2113:Aquilegia parviflora
2043:Aquilegia ochotensis
2038:– Nuragica columbine
2022:Aquilegia nugorensis
1981:Aquilegia nevadensis
1910:– Graham's columbine
1821:– longspur columbine
1811:Aquilegia longissima
1775:Aquilegia lactiflora
1743:Aquilegia kitaibelii
1711:Aquilegia karatavica
1701:Aquilegia kansuensis
1695:Jacquem. ex Cambess.
1641:Aquilegia canadensis
1617:Aquilegia holmgrenii
1537:Aquilegia gracillima
1532:– Siberian columbine
1520:Aquilegia glandulosa
1495:– fragrant columbine
1431:Aquilegia flavescens
1412:Aquilegia flabellata
1380:Aquilegia elegantula
1367:Aquilegia einseleana
1357:Aquilegia ecalcarata
1347:Aquilegia dumeticola
1278:Aquilegia desertorum
1268:Aquilegia daingolica
1228:Aquilegia cossoniana
1186:Aquilegia chrysantha
1135:Aquilegia canadensis
1108:Aquilegia brevistyla
1077:Aquilegia bertolonii
1050:Aquilegia bashahrica
962:Aquilegia atrovinosa
887:Aquilegia longissima
873:Pyrenean columbine (
847:Fragrant columbine (
837:Aquilegia flabellata
799:Aquilegia longissima
777:pollination syndrome
725:Glen Arbor, Michigan
717:Aquilegia canadensis
524:Aquilegia chrysantha
505:Plants in the genus
436:produce cardiogenic
30:For other uses, see
3503:(1733): 1640–1645.
3371:Aquilegia pubescens
3342:(1435): 2247–2252.
3330:Aquilegia pubescens
3084:10.1038/nature05857
3076:2007Natur.447..706W
2686:2010PLoSO...5.9735V
2217:Aquilegia shockleyi
2185:Aquilegia saxifraga
2154:Aquilegia pyrenaica
2144:Aquilegia pubiflora
2133:Aquilegia pubescens
2093:Aquilegia oxysepala
2002:Aquilegia nikolicii
1991:Aquilegia nigricans
1951:Aquilegia × miniana
1929:Aquilegia micrantha
1915:Aquilegia micrantha
1900:Aquilegia micrantha
1887:Aquilegia micrantha
1847:Aquilegia maimanica
1842:– Magella columbine
1794:– Laramie columbine
1721:Aquilegia karelinii
1681:Aquilegia kamelinii
1653:- Qinling columbine
1647:Aquilegia incurvata
1627:Aquilegia × hybrida
1607:Aquilegia hispanica
1567:Aquilegia guarensis
1500:Aquilegia ganboldii
1416:Siebold & Zucc.
1332:- Dinaric columbine
1166:Aquilegia chaplinei
1098:Aquilegia borodinii
1060:Aquilegia bernardii
1040:Aquilegia barykinae
931:Aquilegia aradanica
925:(Marchetti) E.Nardi
875:Aquilegia pyrenaica
698:Columbine, Colorado
2927:"Touchwood Plants"
2441:Aquilegia zapateri
2390:Aquilegia vulgaris
2329:Aquilegia tuvinica
2289:Aquilegia taygetea
2249:Aquilegia skinneri
2228:Aquilegia sibirica
2223:– desert columbine
2103:Aquilegia pancicii
2063:Aquilegia olympica
2032:Aquilegia nuragica
1985:Boiss. & Reut.
1925:– Lori's columbine
1826:Aquilegia lucensis
1765:Aquilegia kubanica
1738:- Afghan columbine
1676:– Jones' columbine
1637:Aquilegia vulgaris
1557:Aquilegia grubovii
1489:Aquilegia fragrans
1466:Aquilegia truncata
1437:– yellow columbine
1337:Aquilegia discolor
1324:Aquilegia dinarica
1295:– desert columbine
1238:Aquilegia × cottia
1208:Aquilegia colchica
1197:Aquilegia coerulea
1192:– golden columbine
1088:Aquilegia blecicii
1029:Aquilegia barnebyi
978:Aquilegia atwoodii
906:– alpine columbine
891:
879:
867:
853:
849:Aquilegia fragrans
841:
829:
819:
759:specifically to a
728:
688:) is the official
670:Aquilegia vulgaris
647:heart palpitations
624:
545:
518:Aquilegia vulgaris
466:Mamestra brassicae
426:(baneberries) and
317:are compound, 1–3
259:that are found in
186:Aquilegia vulgaris
58:Aquilegia vulgaris
3951:
3950:
3851:Open Tree of Life
3576:Taxon identifiers
3467:
3430:
3367:Aquilegia formosa
3326:Aquilegia formosa
3292:978-0-88192-760-3
3193:978-0-521-41421-0
3162:978-0-521-41007-6
3070:(7145): 706–709.
2964:US Forest Service
2867:978-1-55870-764-1
2611:Cullen et al 1993
2435:Y.Luo & Lu Li
2421:Aquilegia yabeana
2380:Aquilegia vitalii
2375:
2370:Aquilegia viscosa
2364:
2349:Aquilegia vicaria
2314:
2304:
2283:Shaulo & Erst
2165:Aquilegia reuteri
2159:
2108:
2088:
2083:Aquilegia ottonis
2068:
2027:
2012:Aquilegia nivalis
1996:
1894:
1841:
1820:
1806:
1783:
1755:Aquilegia kozakii
1750:
1737:
1716:
1675:
1668:Aquilegia jonesii
1652:
1634:
1577:Aquilegia hebeica
1531:
1494:
1479:Aquilegia fosteri
1472:) – red columbine
1453:Aquilegia formosa
1442:Aquilegia formosa
1391:Aquilegia × emodi
1374:
1331:
1314:Aquilegia dichroa
1308:
1294:
1272:Erst & Shaulo
1218:Aquilegia confusa
1170:Standl. ex Payson
1161:
1130:
1093:
1082:
1071:
1023:
993:
973:
956:
935:Shaulo & Erst
911:Aquilegia amaliae
905:
771:would only visit
749:crimson columbine
410:Chromosome number
232:
231:
172:
16:(Redirected from
3981:
3944:
3943:
3931:
3930:
3918:
3917:
3908:
3907:
3898:
3897:
3885:
3884:
3872:
3871:
3859:
3858:
3846:
3845:
3836:
3835:
3823:
3822:
3820:NHMSYS0000456001
3810:
3809:
3797:
3796:
3784:
3783:
3771:
3770:
3758:
3757:
3745:
3744:
3732:
3731:
3719:
3718:
3706:
3705:
3693:
3692:
3680:
3679:
3667:
3666:
3654:
3653:
3641:
3640:
3628:
3627:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3571:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3549:American Meadows
3530:
3520:
3494:
3459:
3422:
3421:. Timber Press.
3406:
3361:
3359:
3268:
3244:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3197:
3182:(2nd ed.).
3166:
3127:
3126:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3003:10.1002/ptr.1233
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2875:
2869:
2850:
2844:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2726:
2725:
2715:
2697:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2629:
2623:
2614:
2608:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2573:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2537:
2531:
2517:
2493:
2479:
2446:
2436:
2431:Aquilegia yangii
2426:
2416:
2406:
2395:
2385:
2373:
2362:
2354:
2344:
2334:
2324:
2312:
2302:
2294:
2284:
2274:
2264:
2254:
2244:
2243:(Strobl) E.Nardi
2239:Aquilegia sicula
2233:
2222:
2211:
2200:
2190:
2180:
2175:Aquilegia rockii
2170:
2157:
2149:
2138:
2128:
2118:
2106:
2098:
2086:
2078:
2066:
2058:
2057:A.Kern. ex Riedl
2048:
2037:
2025:
2017:
2007:
1994:
1986:
1976:
1966:
1956:
1946:
1924:
1909:
1890:
1882:
1872:
1862:
1852:
1839:
1831:
1815:
1802:
1793:
1778:
1770:
1760:
1746:
1724:
1714:
1706:
1696:
1686:
1671:
1663:
1650:
1630:
1622:
1612:
1602:
1592:
1582:
1572:
1562:
1552:
1551:Maly ex Zimmeter
1542:
1523:
1515:
1510:Aquilegia gegica
1505:
1492:
1484:
1471:
1462:
1447:
1436:
1417:
1406:
1401:Aquilegia eximia
1396:
1385:
1370:
1362:
1352:
1342:
1327:
1319:
1307:& N.D.Atwood
1303:
1281:
1273:
1263:
1258:Aquilegia cymosa
1253:
1243:
1233:
1223:
1213:
1202:
1191:
1181:
1171:
1159:
1151:
1140:
1122:
1113:
1103:
1091:
1080:
1063:
1055:
1045:
1034:
1021:
1013:
1003:
998:Aquilegia ballii
991:
983:
965:
957:– dark columbine
954:
951:Aquilegia atrata
946:
936:
926:
921:Aquilegia apuana
916:
915:Heldr. ex Boiss.
903:
900:Aquilegia alpina
826:Aquilegia alpina
815:Aquilegia atrata
813:Dark columbine (
741:Sierra columbine
715:Wild columbine (
628:Native Americans
271:petals of their
257:perennial plants
241:granny's bonnet
227:
167:
74:
73:
51:
39:
21:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3939:
3934:
3926:
3921:
3913:
3911:
3903:
3901:
3893:
3888:
3880:
3875:
3867:
3862:
3854:
3849:
3841:
3839:
3831:
3826:
3818:
3813:
3805:
3800:
3792:
3787:
3779:
3774:
3766:
3761:
3753:
3748:
3740:
3735:
3727:
3722:
3714:
3709:
3701:
3696:
3688:
3683:
3675:
3670:
3662:
3657:
3649:
3644:
3636:
3631:
3623:
3621:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3578:
3568:
3563:
3554:
3552:
3543:
3492:
3483:
3364:
3321:
3265:
3247:
3241:
3226:
3217:
3215:
3200:
3194:
3175:
3163:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3023:
3021:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2911:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2851:
2847:
2832:
2828:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2799:10.2307/2439803
2776:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2729:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2639:
2632:
2624:
2617:
2609:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2567:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2518:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2434:
2424:
2414:
2404:
2393:
2383:
2352:
2342:
2332:
2322:
2292:
2282:
2272:
2262:
2252:
2242:
2231:
2220:
2209:
2198:
2188:
2178:
2168:
2147:
2136:
2126:
2116:
2096:
2087:Orph. ex Boiss.
2076:
2056:
2046:
2035:
2015:
2005:
1984:
1974:
1964:
1954:
1944:
1922:
1907:
1880:
1870:
1860:
1850:
1829:
1791:
1768:
1758:
1704:
1694:
1684:
1661:
1658:Aquilegia iulia
1620:
1611:(Willk.) Borbás
1610:
1600:
1590:
1580:
1570:
1560:
1550:
1547:Aquilegia grata
1540:
1513:
1503:
1482:
1469:
1460:
1445:
1434:
1415:
1404:
1394:
1383:
1360:
1350:
1340:
1317:
1271:
1261:
1251:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1211:
1200:
1189:
1179:
1169:
1149:
1138:
1111:
1101:
1053:
1043:
1032:
1011:
1001:
988:Aquilegia aurea
981:
944:
934:
924:
914:
835:Fan columbine (
807:
733:
678:
643:gastroenteritis
614:Double-flowered
607:
547:Columbine is a
533:
521:in Belgium and
512:Bombus hortorum
446:
418:
297:
287:comes from the
283:The genus name
281:
239:(common names:
225:
194:
189:
166:
68:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3987:
3985:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3956:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3941:wfo-4000002807
3932:
3919:
3909:
3899:
3886:
3873:
3860:
3847:
3837:
3824:
3811:
3798:
3785:
3772:
3759:
3746:
3733:
3720:
3707:
3694:
3681:
3668:
3655:
3642:
3629:
3619:
3604:
3588:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3567:
3566:External links
3564:
3562:
3561:
3541:
3531:
3481:
3468:
3452:
3442:Flora Europaea
3438:
3407:
3387:10.1086/338372
3362:
3319:
3306:Flora of China
3298:Aquilegia. In:
3294:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3263:
3251:(1993-07-28).
3240:978-3540555094
3239:
3224:
3198:
3192:
3173:
3171:Flora Europaea
3161:
3151:(2 ed.).
3137:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3119:Flora of China
3105:
3054:
3045:
3031:
2997:(6): 691–696.
2977:
2950:
2938:
2918:
2897:
2890:
2870:
2845:
2826:
2812:
2793:(3): 302–309.
2785:Pollination".
2769:
2739:
2737:Tilford (1997)
2727:
2660:
2645:
2630:
2626:Mabberley 1997
2615:
2600:
2588:
2574:
2558:
2532:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2427:
2417:
2407:
2397:
2386:
2376:
2366:
2355:
2345:
2335:
2333:I.M.Vassiljeva
2325:
2315:
2305:
2295:
2285:
2275:
2265:
2255:
2245:
2235:
2224:
2213:
2202:
2191:
2181:
2171:
2161:
2150:
2148:Wall. ex Royle
2140:
2129:
2123:Aquilegia paui
2119:
2109:
2099:
2089:
2079:
2069:
2059:
2049:
2039:
2028:
2018:
2008:
1998:
1987:
1977:
1975:Wall. ex Royle
1967:
1957:
1947:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1926:
1911:
1883:
1873:
1863:
1853:
1843:
1832:
1822:
1807:
1795:
1784:
1771:
1769:I.M.Vassiljeva
1761:
1751:
1739:
1717:
1707:
1697:
1687:
1677:
1664:
1654:
1643:
1623:
1613:
1603:
1593:
1583:
1573:
1563:
1553:
1543:
1533:
1516:
1506:
1496:
1485:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1438:
1427:
1408:
1397:
1387:
1376:
1363:
1353:
1343:
1333:
1320:
1310:
1296:
1274:
1264:
1254:
1244:
1234:
1224:
1214:
1204:
1193:
1182:
1172:
1162:
1152:
1142:
1131:
1115:
1104:
1094:
1084:
1073:
1056:
1046:
1036:
1025:
1014:
1004:
994:
984:
974:
958:
947:
937:
927:
917:
907:
895:
806:
803:
732:
729:
677:
674:
662:acute toxicity
606:
603:
561:hardiness zone
532:
529:
445:
442:
417:
414:
309:forming thick
296:
293:
280:
277:
230:
229:
218:
217:
211:
210:
201:
200:
196:
195:
190:
181:
180:
174:
173:
159:
155:
154:
152:Thalictroideae
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
112:
111:
106:
99:
98:
93:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
62:
61:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
18:Wild Columbine
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3986:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3887:
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3874:
3870:
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3808:
3803:
3799:
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3790:
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3782:
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3769:
3764:
3760:
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3738:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3565:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3489:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3465:0-87842-359-1
3462:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3428:0-88192-588-8
3425:
3420:
3419:Semiaquilegia
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3318:
3317:HTML fulltext
3315:
3314:1-930723-25-3
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3285:0-88192-760-0
3282:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3264:9783540555094
3260:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3225:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2991:Phytother Res
2988:
2981:
2978:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2939:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2860:1-55870-764-6
2857:
2854:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2842:0-88665-639-7
2839:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2770:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2743:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2628:, p. 50.
2627:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2547:. 28 May 2016
2546:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2483:Ranunculaceae
2478:
2475:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:Columbine cup
2456:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2428:
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2110:
2105:
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1983:
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1459:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1446:Fisch. ex DC.
1444:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1403:
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1205:
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1188:
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1183:
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1177:
1173:
1168:
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1163:
1158:
1157:
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1137:
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1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:
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1042:
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845:
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827:
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811:
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778:
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770:
766:
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754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
730:
726:
722:
719:) growing in
718:
713:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
675:
673:
671:
667:
666:isocytisoside
663:
658:
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648:
644:
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637:
633:
629:
622:
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537:
530:
528:
526:
525:
520:
519:
514:
513:
508:
503:
501:
500:
495:
494:geometer moth
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:noctuid moths
455:
451:
443:
441:
439:
435:
431:
430:
425:
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415:
413:
411:
407:
403:
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384:
380:
377:
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369:
365:
361:
357:
354:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:hermaphrodite
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
301:
294:
292:
290:
286:
278:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
251:of about 130
250:
246:
242:
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228:
224:
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216:
212:
209:
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202:
197:
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188:
187:
182:
179:
175:
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165:
164:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:Ranunculaceae
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
96:Tracheophytes
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:
72:
67:
63:
60:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3583:
3553:. Retrieved
3548:
3537:
3500:
3496:
3487:
3476:
3455:
3449:species list
3446:
3436:Google Books
3418:
3415:Paraquilegia
3414:
3410:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3305:
3297:
3253:
3229:
3216:. Retrieved
3211:. New York:
3206:
3178:
3167:
3147:
3143:Tutin, T. G.
3134:Bibliography
3122:
3118:
3108:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3048:
3034:
3022:. Retrieved
2994:
2990:
2980:
2968:. Retrieved
2963:
2953:
2941:
2930:. Retrieved
2921:
2910:. Retrieved
2900:
2880:
2873:
2848:
2834:
2829:
2815:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2760:. Retrieved
2756:
2750:
2742:
2680:(3): e9735.
2677:
2673:
2663:
2654:
2648:
2591:
2577:
2569:
2549:. Retrieved
2544:
2535:
2525:
2520:
2477:
2439:
2429:
2419:
2409:
2399:
2388:
2378:
2368:
2357:
2347:
2337:
2327:
2317:
2307:
2297:
2287:
2277:
2267:
2257:
2247:
2237:
2226:
2215:
2204:
2193:
2183:
2173:
2163:
2152:
2142:
2131:
2121:
2111:
2101:
2091:
2081:
2071:
2061:
2051:
2041:
2030:
2020:
2010:
2000:
1989:
1979:
1969:
1959:
1949:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1914:
1903:
1899:
1885:
1875:
1865:
1855:
1845:
1834:
1824:
1809:
1797:
1786:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1741:
1719:
1709:
1705:(Brühl) Erst
1699:
1689:
1679:
1666:
1656:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1625:
1615:
1605:
1595:
1585:
1575:
1565:
1555:
1545:
1535:
1518:
1514:Jabr.-Kolak.
1508:
1498:
1487:
1477:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1440:
1429:
1424:A. akitensis
1423:
1420:wodamakinari
1419:
1410:
1399:
1389:
1378:
1365:
1355:
1345:
1335:
1322:
1312:
1298:
1276:
1266:
1256:
1246:
1236:
1226:
1216:
1206:
1195:
1184:
1174:
1164:
1154:
1144:
1133:
1117:
1106:
1096:
1086:
1075:
1058:
1048:
1038:
1027:
1016:
1006:
996:
986:
976:
960:
949:
939:
929:
919:
909:
898:
892:
885:
874:
863:
859:
848:
836:
825:
814:
798:
794:
793:
773:A. pubescens
772:
764:
752:
745:A. pubescens
744:
734:
716:
690:state flower
685:
679:
669:
659:
650:
625:
620:
616:
596:
584:
582:
573:
567:
565:
546:
522:
516:
510:
506:
504:
497:
489:
481:
473:
465:
462:cabbage moth
454:caterpillars
447:
433:
427:
421:
419:
405:
391:
335:
313:. The basal
298:
284:
282:
244:
240:
235:
234:
233:
222:
221:
204:
184:
178:Type species
162:
161:
132:Ranunculales
115:
102:
89:
56:
36:
3763:iNaturalist
3608:Wikispecies
3381:: S51–S60.
3300:Wu, Z. Y.;
2908:. Nccpg.com
2762:February 5,
2641:Tamura 1993
2463:Nora Barlow
1422:(including
1372:F.W.Schultz
755:) each has
706:Scarborough
702:former city
686:A. coerulea
636:cardiogenic
569:A. vulgaris
531:Cultivation
450:Lepidoptera
346:pentamerous
340:(bisexual)
295:Description
148:Subfamily:
109:Angiosperms
3958:Categories
3555:3 February
3218:2 February
3125:: 278–281.
2970:11 January
2932:2020-06-06
2912:2014-05-30
2891:0395966094
2500:References
1782:& Kir.
1735:B.Fedtsch.
1731:O.Fedtsch.
1212:Kem.-Nath.
955:W.D.J.Koch
864:maruyamana
789:speciation
783:, ensures
765:A. formosa
761:pollinator
753:A. formosa
696:(see also
556:propagates
539:Columbine
478:mouse moth
389:are free.
379:staminodes
42:Columbine
3964:Aquilegia
3716:Aquilegia
3614:Aquilegia
3584:Aquilegia
3488:Aquilegia
3477:Aquilegia
3473:(USDA) :
3447:Aquilegia
3411:Aquilegia
3254:Aquilegia
3249:Tamura, M
2783:Aquilegia
2749:"Species
2704:1932-6203
2570:Aquilegia
2521:Aquilegia
2491:nectaries
2127:Font Quer
1965:Font Quer
1933:micrantha
1715:Mikeschin
1651:P.K.Hsiao
1463:(synonym
1305:S.L.Welsh
1288:Cockerell
1284:M.E.Jones
1102:Schischk.
982:S.L.Welsh
860:Aquilegia
795:Aquilegia
769:hawkmoths
737:evolution
731:Evolution
651:Aquilegia
632:condiment
617:Aquilegia
585:Aquilegia
578:biennials
574:Aquilegia
552:perennial
507:Aquilegia
486:engrailed
434:Aquilegia
416:Relatives
406:Aquilegia
398:follicles
300:Perennial
285:Aquilegia
279:Etymology
265:woodlands
245:columbine
236:Aquilegia
205:130, see
163:Aquilegia
79:Kingdom:
3923:VicFlora
3912:VASCAN:
3895:40018252
3890:Tropicos
3593:Wikidata
3540:Vol. 60.
3527:22090381
3395:18707369
3168:see also
3092:17554306
3024:20 April
3019:22144186
3011:12820244
2757:BugGuide
2722:20352114
2674:PLOS ONE
2452:See also
2384:Gamajun.
2210:Tidestr.
2047:Vorosch.
1904:grahamii
1792:A.Nelson
1457:truncata
1435:S.Watson
1292:A.Heller
971:Gamajun.
781:genetics
767:, while
694:Colorado
554:, which
543:'Magpie'
541:cultivar
470:dot moth
429:Aconitum
412:is x=7.
385:and the
376:scarious
353:petaloid
350:perianth
311:rhizomes
223:Aquilina
215:Synonyms
199:Species
138:Family:
122:Eudicots
3905:5865999
3794:1025084
3781:33064-1
3742:3033167
3599:Q147641
3518:3282339
3432:Preview
3403:3399289
3357:1690454
3100:4412955
3072:Bibcode
2946:AM 2020
2807:2439803
2713:2843724
2682:Bibcode
2551:8 April
2481:In the
2137:Coville
1945:Rech.f.
1861:E.Nardi
1851:Rech.f.
1830:E.Nardi
1662:E.Nardi
1541:Rech.f.
1201:E.James
1150:Heywood
1124:Siebold
805:Species
757:adapted
676:Culture
621:hybrida
593:Swansea
484:). The
444:Insects
402:connate
387:carpels
383:pistils
368:Stamens
360:saccate
342:flowers
327:cauline
319:ternate
273:flowers
269:spurred
261:meadows
253:species
247:) is a
158:Genus:
128:Order:
83:Plantae
3902:uBio:
3864:PLANTS
3856:964055
3840:NZOR:
3729:102388
3703:102388
3651:121221
3638:130744
3625:188248
3622:APDB:
3551:. 2020
3525:
3515:
3463:
3426:
3417:, and
3401:
3393:
3354:
3312:
3290:
3283:
3261:
3237:
3190:
3159:
3098:
3090:
3064:Nature
3017:
3009:
2888:
2865:
2858:
2840:
2805:
2779:Bombus
2720:
2710:
2702:
2487:sepals
2425:Kitag.
2353:Nevski
2303:Butkov
2273:Borbás
2221:Eastw.
2169:Boiss.
2117:Ledeb.
2067:Boiss.
1995:Baumg.
1919:loriae
1892:Eastw.
1871:Kitam.
1759:Masam.
1748:Schott
1733:&
1525:Fisch.
1493:Benth.
1384:Greene
1361:Maxim.
1190:A.Gray
1126:&
1081:Schott
1067:&
945:Willk.
747:) and
655:ulcers
639:toxins
589:Killay
476:) and
438:toxins
423:Actaea
372:whorls
364:nectar
333:like.
325:. The
323:obtuse
315:leaves
171:(1753)
3869:AQUIL
3807:18728
3789:IRMNG
3768:48245
3711:FoAO2
3690:1AQIG
3677:37461
3493:(PDF)
3399:S2CID
3269:, in
3096:S2CID
3015:S2CID
2803:JSTOR
2469:Notes
2374:Gouan
2363:Pall.
2313:Schur
2293:Orph.
2263:Rchb.
2253:Hook.
2199:Rydb.
2107:Degen
1931:var.
1917:var.
1902:var.
1804:Briq.
1727:Baker
1673:Parry
1529:Link.
1455:var.
1351:Jord.
1318:Freyn
1242:Beyer
1128:Zucc.
1112:Hook.
1069:Godr.
1065:Gren.
992:Janka
967:Popov
723:near
630:as a
591:near
549:hardy
492:), a
394:fruit
356:sepal
331:bract
307:roots
303:herbs
289:Latin
249:genus
116:Clade
103:Clade
90:Clade
3877:POWO
3833:3450
3828:NCBI
3802:ITIS
3776:IPNI
3750:GRIN
3737:GBIF
3685:EPPO
3646:BOLD
3633:APNI
3557:2021
3523:PMID
3461:ISBN
3424:ISBN
3391:PMID
3369:and
3328:and
3310:ISBN
3288:ISBN
3281:ISBN
3259:ISBN
3235:ISBN
3220:2021
3188:ISBN
3157:ISBN
3088:PMID
3026:2023
3007:PMID
2972:2020
2886:ISBN
2863:ISBN
2856:ISBN
2838:ISBN
2764:2019
2718:PMID
2700:ISSN
2553:2018
2415:Erst
2232:Lam.
2179:Munz
1817:Gray
1780:Kar.
1639:and
1632:Sims
1591:Munz
1581:Erst
1571:Losa
1395:Erst
1329:Beck
1222:Rota
1054:Erst
1033:Munz
680:The
645:and
605:Uses
392:The
336:The
207:text
3936:WFO
3915:838
3815:NBN
3755:884
3724:FoC
3698:FNA
3672:EoL
3664:ZHP
3659:CoL
3513:PMC
3505:doi
3501:279
3434:at
3383:doi
3379:159
3373:".
3352:PMC
3344:doi
3340:266
3080:doi
3068:447
2999:doi
2795:doi
2708:PMC
2690:doi
2445:Pau
2343:Pax
2158:DC.
1527:ex
1290:ex
969:ex
704:of
692:of
660:An
580:.
468:),
255:of
3960::
3938::
3925::
3892::
3879::
3866::
3853::
3830::
3817::
3804::
3791::
3778::
3765::
3752::
3739::
3726::
3713::
3700::
3687::
3674::
3661::
3648::
3635::
3610::
3595::
3547:.
3521:.
3511:.
3499:.
3495:.
3444::
3413:,
3397:.
3389:.
3377:.
3350:.
3338:.
3334:.
3205:.
3186:.
3121:.
3117:.
3094:.
3086:.
3078:.
3066:.
3013:.
3005:.
2995:17
2993:.
2989:.
2962:.
2801:.
2791:53
2789:.
2755:.
2730:^
2716:.
2706:.
2698:.
2688:.
2676:.
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