762:
4155:
744:
88:
557:, in hopes of finding genetic information of value in the breeding of the modern apple plant. Some, but not all, of the resulting trees show unusual disease resistance. The variation in their response to disease on an individual basis is, itself, a sign of how much more genetically diverse they are than their domesticated descendants. For instance, wild apples were found to have multiple blue mold resistant genes, specifically against
4194:
3761:
3751:
3741:
63:
44:
4204:
778:
374:. The clonal individual grows from the adventitious bud on the root, with identical genetic materials to the mother plant. It was originally believed that wild apples produce root suckers only when upper plant parts are damaged. However, more evidence suggested root-sucker growth occurs in healthy plants as a dispersal aid.
435:
Period III involves more growth and fruit bearing. Wild apple trees enter regular fruiting and reach maximum fruit bearing in this period, and usually reach age 25 to 30. Decreased branching rate, and less growth of crown periphery are seen. A lot of vegetative growth is contributed by basal shoots
715:
in wild apple trees. It does this by improving antioxidant capability of wild apple trees following the infection, promoting root growth and enhancing soil metabolism. Recently, a combination of innovative methods including cloning and plant hormone treatment has also shown effective results in
719:
Wild apple trees were heavily lumbered for economical and agricultural uses in the mountains of
Kazakhstan during the 1800s. Wild apple forests were turned into pastureland, which greatly changed the soil covering, and damaged young seedlings and roots. Prickly shrubs, such as eglantine and
602:
has been recently used as a critical source in the breeding of red-fleshed apples, due to its high genetic variability. This is seen as they are used to improve the stress resistance towards drought, cold, and pests of cultivated apple species. Some neglected characteristics of
439:
Period IV is fully fruit bearing. Development of trees fully ceases in this stage and they reach around 60 to 70 years of age. Branching decreases as they slowly die off from the base to the periphery. After age 60 to 70, trees experience rapid desiccation of the branches, then
377:
For wild apples, proper development of root suckers requires certain humidity and aeration levels in the surface soil, where the mother root is located. Successful root-sucker growth also depends on shoot arrangement, time of growth and health conditions of the mother plant.
427:
Period I starts from seed germination to the development of vegetative tree parts, and to the first round of fruiting. A typical apple tree reaches age 6 to 8 in this period. Prominent primary growth and a significant number of root sucker growth are seen in this
523:
After the collapse of the USSR and the closure of the
Gardening Development Program, the local population began to actively cut down wild gardens in the Zailiyskiy Alatau. The vacated territories are used for building houses and grazing animals.
355:. Unlike domesticated varieties, its leaves go red in autumn: 62% of the trees in the wild do this compared to only 2.8% of the regular apple plant or the 2,170 English cultivated varieties. The species is now considered vulnerable to
484:
as the progenitor of the cultivated apple. It has a highly variable genetic diversity therefore it is the genetic source for abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, many disease resistance and unique fruit traits.
686:, or seed banking, is believed to be a feasible long-term resolution to protect its genetic diversity, and has been seen in the United States using seeds collected from Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic.
431:
Period II involves more growth and fruit bearing. Wild apple trees usually reach age 10 to 12 in this period. The number of fruits increase significantly as prominent secondary growth and branching take
761:
338:
growing 5 to 12 metres (16 to 39 ft), very similar in appearance to the domestic apple. Its pollen grains vary in size and are seen to be ovular when dry and spherical when swelled with water. Its
724:
exhibiting symbiotic relationships with wild apples by shielding them from predators were also cut. This further worsened the growing condition for wild apples, and severely weakened
399:
lacks this diversity, it can survive in the wild without intervention as long as no more diversity loss occurs. The leading theory for this lack of diversity is due to a major
547:, in wild apples. In addition, desirable traits such as late flowering, early fruit maturity, short juvenility and stooling capability were studied by many breeding programs.
623:, has been emphasized for the use of breeding red-fleshed apples since it has red flowers, fruit skin, and pulp; in addition to its high anthocyanin content. When breeding
4704:
743:
615:
for breeding due to its high anthocyanin content has numerous benefits, including preventing cardiovascular disease and protecting against liver damage. The variant of
840:
4154:
1580:
844:
643:
611:) and short juvenile phases, have recently been used for red-fleshed apple breeding since traditional red-fleshed apples are not rich in these flavonoids. Using
4440:
464:, and historical evidence. Fruit traits including crispness, more flavour intensity and fruit weight have undergone differential selection by humans to produce
2013:
Wang, Yicheng; Sun, Jingjing; Wang, Nan; Xu, Haifeng; Qu, Changzhi; Jiang, Shenghui; Fang, Hongcheng; Su, Mengyu; Zhang, Zongying; Chen, Xuesen (2018-10-18).
3696:
1424:
Luby, James; Forsline, Philip; Aldwinckle, Herb; Bus, Vincent; Geibel, Martin (April 2001). "Silk Road Apples—Collection, Evaluation, and
Utilization of
4639:
543:, mainly for increased cold tolerance. A study in 2020 has discovered various gene inserts involved in dormancy and cold resistance features, such as
4362:
1948:
Wang, Nan; Xu, Haifeng; Jiang, Shenghui; Zhang, Zongying; Lu, Ninglin; Qiu, Huarong; Qu, Changzhi; Wang, Yicheng; Wu, Shujing; Chen, Xuesen (2017).
4674:
4414:
4375:
4492:
2321:
702:
and seed coat removal. Also, in situ enclosures are more effective in higher elevations as they are at less risk of human and insect injuries.
3719:
1614:
1319:"New Insight into the History of Domesticated Apple: Secondary Contribution of the European Wild Apple to the Genome of Cultivated Varieties"
328:
Mountains with long and harsh winters. They are distributed mainly within the Yili valley as the damp climate is suitable for their growth.
3658:
576:
4659:
3797:
3775:
1667:
Norelli, John L.; Wisniewski, Michael; Fazio, Gennaro; Burchard, Erik; Gutierrez, Benjamin; Levin, Elena; Droby, Samir (2017-03-03).
4709:
4699:
1783:
1031:
1118:
Yang, Meiling; Li, Fang; Long, Hong; Yu, Weiwei; Yan, Xiuna; Liu, Bin; Zhang, Yunxiu; Yan, Guorong; Song, Wenqin (September 2016).
539:
species have been used in some recent breeding programmes to develop apples suitable for growing in harsh climates unsuitable for
4654:
2352:
2312:
2308:
1745:
Volk, Gayle M.; Richards, Christopher M.; Reilley, Ann A.; Henk, Adam D.; Forsline, Philip L.; Aldwinckle, Herb S. (March 2005).
801:
Participants of the FFI/IUCN SSC Central Asian regional tree Red
Listing workshop, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (11-13 July 2006) (2007).
4572:
4401:
900:
642:
has been designated as second conservation priority in the China Plant Red Data Book, and has been marked as vulnerable by the
768:
4419:
1525:
Wisniewski, Michael; Artlip, Timothy; Liu, Jia; Ma, Jing; Burchard, Erik; Norelli, John; Dardick, Christopher (2020-12-14).
4684:
687:
591:
were also studied in hot and arid regions, and they were found to be considerably drought tolerant and sunburn resistant.
554:
499:
word for "apple" (Alma), and is often translated as "full of apples" (the region surrounding Almaty is home to forests of
423:
could be divided into several stages from germination to developing fruit bearing trees, and to the death of aged trees.
4694:
4679:
4669:
4664:
2652:
753:
389:. Its genetic diversity in relation to self-incompatibility is substantially less when compared to its close relative,
4284:
945:
311:
221:
1817:
Wang, Nan; Jiang, Shenghui; Zhang, Zongying; Fang, Hongcheng; Xu, Haifeng; Wang, Yicheng; Chen, Xuesen (2018-10-15).
1669:"Genotyping-by-sequencing markers facilitate the identification of quantitative trait loci controlling resistance to
1891:
Wang, Nan; Zhang, Zongying; Jiang, Shenghui; Xu, Haifeng; Wang, Yicheng; Feng, Shouqian; Chen, Xuesen (2016-10-01).
4689:
4585:
4505:
4445:
4207:
1893:"Synergistic effects of light and temperature on anthocyanin biosynthesis in callus cultures of red-fleshed apple (
324:
grows in many different habitats. They prefer high temperatures and short winters, but they are also found in the
245:
3764:
3205:
941:
872:
249:
4590:
4197:
3754:
2892:
1630:
Volk, Gayle M.; Henk, Adam D.; Richards, Christopher M.; Forsline, Philip L.; Chao, C. Thomas (December 2013).
4510:
87:
4349:
3790:
2742:
2372:
729:
352:
4354:
4341:
929:
627:, it was found that light results in higher anthocyanin production than those bred in the dark. Hybrids of
4336:
4276:
4224:
3724:
3686:
3323:
2902:
2597:
1747:"Ex Situ Conservation of Vegetatively Propagated Species: Development of a Seed-based Core Collection for
699:
669:
populations, by degrading vegetative parts such as the fine root systems. This immune vulnerability makes
655:
4289:
3918:
3032:
3022:
2862:
2757:
2632:
1052:
Shan, Qianjuan; Ling, Hongbo; Zhao, Hangzheng; Li, Mengyi; Wang, Zikang; Zhang, Guangpeng (2021-06-16).
834:
400:
204:
4380:
2907:
2737:
2657:
1950:"MYB12 and MYB22 play essential roles in proanthocyanidin and flavonol synthesis in red-fleshed apple (
4310:
4262:
4024:
3711:
3466:
3378:
3338:
2812:
2602:
2396:
2345:
2205:
1834:
1688:
711:
683:
661:
559:
527:
Planting cultivated apple varieties in private households close to wild groves causes crossbreeding.
457:
404:
382:
2319:
3501:
3388:
2867:
2667:
2577:
2482:
52:
4497:
694:
as seen in areas within
Xinyuan, China. A study in 2016 has shown the effectiveness of protecting
4611:
4531:
3904:
3850:
3783:
3652:
3300:
3280:
3152:
3112:
2972:
2877:
2692:
2682:
2487:
2250:
Zhang, Y.; Bozorov, T. A.; Li, D. X.; Zhou, P.; Wen, X. J.; Ding, Y.; Zhang, D. Y. (2020-04-21).
2229:
2159:
2130:
Liu, Ai-Hua; Shang, Jing; Zhang, Jing-Wen; Kong, Ting-Ting; Yue, Zhao-Yang; Wen, Jun-Bao (2018).
2109:
2058:
1995:
1930:
1401:
1299:
1145:
916:
544:
512:
233:
82:
67:
2882:
2617:
1823:: the origin, flavonoid synthesis mechanism, and breeding of red-skinned and red-fleshed apples"
825:
1165:"Evidence from the domestication of apple for the maintenance of autumn colours by coevolution"
4466:
4297:
4143:
4136:
4122:
4115:
4091:
4084:
4014:
3959:
3592:
3556:
3295:
3250:
3215:
3067:
2647:
2637:
2562:
2527:
2287:
2221:
2101:
2050:
2042:
1987:
1979:
1922:
1868:
1850:
1724:
1706:
1610:
1562:
1494:
1445:
1350:
1254:
1194:
1089:
1027:
452:
has previously been identified as the main contributor to the genome of the cultivated apple (
225:
4471:
4105:
4046:
4031:
4007:
4000:
3980:
3973:
3932:
3925:
3836:
3664:
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3393:
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2782:
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2717:
2592:
2582:
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2552:
2522:
2517:
2457:
2452:
2432:
2277:
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2213:
2151:
2131:
2093:
2034:
1969:
1912:
1858:
1842:
1762:
1714:
1696:
1647:
1552:
1542:
1484:
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1340:
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1079:
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1019:
820:
508:
391:
4432:
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4453:
4129:
4098:
4067:
4060:
3894:
3880:
3744:
3551:
3456:
3428:
3408:
3348:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3195:
3147:
3137:
3077:
3062:
2927:
2887:
2852:
2847:
2722:
2712:
2662:
2502:
2447:
2338:
2325:
496:
385:, the system for preventing self-fertilization in angiosperms, have also been studied for
315:
296:
125:
2015:"MdMYBL2 helps regulate cytokinin-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in red-fleshed apple (
2209:
1838:
1692:
1636:: A Diverse Central Asian Apple Species in the USDA-ARS National Plant Germplasm System"
1507:, relative to major Rosaceae taxa, identified the progenitor of the cultivated apple as
4644:
4479:
4179:
3966:
3952:
3887:
3860:
3669:
3526:
3383:
3270:
3235:
3102:
3097:
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3047:
3042:
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3027:
2987:
2942:
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2707:
2677:
2642:
2622:
2567:
2532:
2512:
2507:
2477:
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2422:
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2251:
1863:
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1668:
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1345:
1318:
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1189:
1164:
1084:
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910:
112:
2181:
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4427:
4039:
3990:
3911:
3870:
3647:
3632:
3546:
3536:
3531:
3363:
3328:
3265:
3200:
3177:
3162:
3132:
3127:
3072:
3017:
3012:
2992:
2932:
2922:
2872:
2857:
2842:
2777:
2547:
2437:
2233:
2217:
892:
811:
706:
563:. The USDA Plant Genetic Resources Unit (PGRU) also conducted phenotypic analysis on
72:
2163:
2113:
2062:
1999:
1934:
1405:
1303:
1149:
1120:"Ecological Distribution, Reproductive Characteristics, and In Situ Conservation of
802:
690:
was also found with barbed wire fences being placed around regions distributed with
649:
Human activities and natural disasters are the major contributors to the decline of
4616:
4536:
4302:
4053:
3706:
3491:
3481:
3368:
3353:
3275:
3260:
3245:
3240:
3167:
3157:
3007:
2947:
2912:
2897:
2822:
2817:
2807:
2767:
2732:
2727:
2687:
2587:
2497:
2492:
2462:
1317:
Cornille A, Gladieux P, Smulders MJ, Roldán-Ruiz I, Laurens F, et al. (2012).
1278:
in the Yili Valley and the western mountains of the
Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, China"
858:
584:
583:
seedlings, and has identified instances for further research on its resistance for
477:
279:
4563:
2078:"Identifying evolutionarily significant units for conservation of the endangered
1701:
1335:
777:
4388:
4256:
3942:
3587:
3582:
3541:
3521:
3511:
3506:
3318:
3310:
3052:
3002:
2997:
2982:
2772:
2747:
2697:
2612:
2557:
2442:
2414:
1652:
1631:
1221:"Identification, genealogical structure and population genetics of S-alleles in
725:
608:
572:
371:
2272:
1370:"Molecular-level and trait-level differentiation between the cultivated apple (
1369:
1368:
Kumar, Satish; Raulier, Pierre; Chagné, David; Whitworth, Claire (2014-03-25).
1011:
3637:
3496:
3486:
3285:
3255:
3117:
3092:
3087:
3057:
2792:
2607:
1917:
1892:
1846:
1788:
1441:
1397:
1294:
1273:
1023:
568:
492:
356:
283:
43:
4247:
2225:
2105:
2046:
1983:
1926:
1854:
1767:
1746:
1710:
1449:
1140:
1119:
1074:
4323:
4174:
3642:
3607:
3577:
3516:
3403:
3210:
3185:
3122:
3107:
2967:
2962:
2797:
2702:
2627:
2180:
Ji, Shida; An, YiBo; Zhang, Huifang; Wang, Yucheng; Liu, Zhihua (May 2021).
473:
461:
332:
325:
4603:
4523:
2291:
2054:
1991:
1872:
1728:
1566:
1498:
1354:
1258:
1198:
1180:
1093:
370:
has the capability to reproduce vegetatively as they form root suckers, or
4458:
2014:
17:
4598:
4557:
4518:
4241:
3841:
3701:
3681:
3597:
3451:
3418:
3398:
3358:
3343:
3333:
2832:
2762:
2537:
1547:
1220:
867:
721:
287:
258:
171:
138:
1240:
4367:
3832:
3612:
3142:
2827:
2467:
2427:
2077:
675:
161:
4393:
2252:"An efficient in vitro regeneration system from different wild apple (
2155:
2097:
1974:
1949:
567:
seedlings, and has identified various pathogenic resistance including
411:
populations to scale back into a smaller area within the Yili Valley.
4271:
3561:
2977:
2952:
2802:
2672:
488:
151:
4218:
2038:
1489:
1464:
4577:
4406:
4328:
4169:
3822:
3817:
3807:
3675:
3602:
3413:
2542:
2388:
2361:
340:
291:
275:
181:
99:
673:
become susceptible to more parasites, such as pathogenic insects
3691:
335:
307:
286:. It has recently been shown to be the primary ancestor of most
4315:
4222:
3779:
2334:
631:
have also been an interest for breeders of red-fleshed apples.
1793:
579:. A research in 2001 found various insect resistances within
1018:, Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 63–303,
472:
and its progeny throughout history can be attributed to the
351:, up to 7 cm in diameter, equal in size to many modern
1463:
Velasco R.; Zharkikh A.; Affourtit J.; et al. (2010).
1527:"Fox Hunting in Wild Apples: Searching for Novel Genes in
1272:
Zhang, HongXiang; Zhang, MingLi; Wang, LiNa (2014-11-15).
2330:
1755:
Journal of the
American Society for Horticultural Science
2076:
Zhang, Hong-Xiang; Li, Hai-Yan; Li, Yu-Xiu (July 2018).
1784:"Kazakhstan's treasure trove of wildly-flavoured apples"
709:
has shown effective results inhibiting fungal pathogen,
1169:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
495:, and formerly its capital, derives its name from the
1607:
Historical
Geography of Crop Plants: A Select Roster
1503:
Phylogenetic reconstruction of Pyreae and the genus
1219:
Ma, X; Cai, Z; Liu, W; Ge, S; Tang, L (2017-06-21).
1054:"Do Extreme Climate Events Cause the Degradation of
4547:
4231:
4162:
3831:
3625:
3570:
3474:
3465:
3437:
3309:
3176:
2413:
2381:
587:and apple leaf curling midges. Effects of heat on
314:, a German naturalist who saw them growing in the
1274:"Genetic structure and historical demography of
915:Note that this website has been superseded by
653:natural population. Fungal pathogens, such as
644:International Union for Conservation of Nature
607:, such as high-flavonoid contents (especially
3791:
2346:
705:Aside from traditional conservation methods,
8:
3697:PRI disease resistant apple breeding program
2315:US Agricultural Research Service expeditions
839:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1535:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
826:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T32363A9693009.en
665:, also play a major role in the decline of
555:United States Agricultural Research Service
4219:
3798:
3784:
3776:
3471:
2353:
2339:
2331:
1225:, the wild ancestor of domesticated apple"
843:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
61:
42:
31:
4705:Taxa named by Carl Friedrich von Ledebour
2281:
2271:
1973:
1916:
1862:
1766:
1718:
1700:
1651:
1556:
1546:
1488:
1344:
1334:
1293:
1248:
1188:
1139:
1083:
1073:
824:
1465:"The genome of the domesticated apple (
940:. Vol. 9 – via eFloras.org,
793:
739:
2245:
2243:
2175:
2173:
1740:
1738:
832:
2125:
2123:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1812:
1810:
1520:
1518:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
716:regenerating wild apple populations.
680:, to further destroy the population.
7:
4203:
3659:Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae
1905:Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
553:has recently been cultivated by the
2186:biofertilizer (mixTroTha) mediates
1012:"The Wild Apple Tree of Kazakhstan"
812:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
928:Gu, Cuizhi; Spongberg, Stephen A.
25:
4591:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:2964260-4
1010:Dzhangaliev, A. D. (2010-07-05),
625:Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana
621:Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana
343:is the largest of any species of
4640:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
4511:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:726400-1
4202:
4193:
4192:
4153:
3760:
3759:
3750:
3749:
3740:
3739:
2218:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2021.104539
1378:Borkh.) and its main progenitor
776:
760:
742:
468:as seen today. The dispersal of
86:
1782:Baraniuk, Chris (24 May 2016).
901:Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh
4675:National symbols of Kazakhstan
2140:in Xinjiang Province in China"
2132:"Canker and fine-root loss of
2082:using genome-wide RADseq data"
769:Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden
1:
3720:Countries by apple production
306:due to its similarities with
300:). It was first described as
1702:10.1371/journal.pone.0172949
1336:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002703
754:Zhongar-Alatau National Park
698:populations in situ through
2307:Wild apples in Kazakhstan:
1653:10.21273/hortsci.48.12.1440
1605:Sauer, Jonathan D. (1993).
946:Harvard University Herbaria
312:Carl Friedrich von Ledebour
278:native to the mountains of
4726:
4660:Fruits originating in Asia
2273:10.1186/s13007-020-00599-0
1609:. CRC Press. p. 109.
1062:Frontiers in Plant Science
363:Characteristics and growth
4188:
4151:
3735:
2368:
1918:10.1007/s11240-016-1044-z
1847:10.1038/s41438-018-0084-4
1442:10.21273/hortsci.36.2.225
1398:10.1017/s1479262114000136
1295:10.1007/s40333-014-0044-2
1024:10.1002/9780470650868.ch2
942:Missouri Botanical Garden
873:Missouri Botanical Garden
507:is also "apple" in other
239:
232:
210:
203:
83:Scientific classification
81:
59:
50:
41:
34:
4710:Plants described in 1830
4700:Vulnerable flora of Asia
2086:Nordic Journal of Botany
2027:Functional Plant Biology
1768:10.21273/jashs.130.2.203
1141:10.21273/hortsci10952-16
1075:10.3389/fpls.2021.608211
519:The threat of extinction
4655:Flora of temperate Asia
2743:Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg
2613:Cripps Pink (Pink Lady)
2373:List of apple cultivars
2136:(Ldb.) Roem. caused by
1386:Plant Genetic Resources
3206:Calville Blanc d'hiver
2138:Phytophthora plurivora
1581:"Верните сады "Эдема""
1181:10.1098/rspb.2009.0355
944:, St. Louis, MO &
730:vegetative propagation
656:Phytophthora plurivora
491:, the largest city in
445:History and importance
3033:Rhode Island Greening
2953:Sciros (Pacific Rose)
2863:Karmijn de Sonnaville
2633:Devonshire Quarrenden
1827:Horticulture Research
1016:Horticultural Reviews
401:population bottleneck
4685:Flora of Afghanistan
4025:Malus niedzwetskyana
3712:US Apple Association
2653:Duchess of Oldenburg
2397:Malus niedzwetzkyana
2192:Alternaria alternata
1671:Penicillium expansum
1548:10.3390/ijms21249516
1428:from Central Asia".
1282:Journal of Arid Land
1163:Archetti, M (2009).
819:: e.T32363A9693009.
712:Alternaria alternata
688:In situ conservation
684:Ex situ conservation
662:Alternaria alternata
560:Penicillium expansum
419:The growth cycle of
405:Last Glacial Maximum
383:self-incompatibility
290:of the domesticated
4695:Flora of Tajikistan
4680:Flora of Uzbekistan
4670:Flora of Kazakhstan
4665:Flora of Kyrgyzstan
4079:(Asian wild/Almaty)
3502:Apple cider vinegar
2868:King of the Pippins
2598:Cox's Orange Pippin
2578:Cornish Gilliflower
2210:2021BiolC.15604539J
1839:2018HorR....5...70W
1693:2017PLoSO..1272949N
1241:10.1038/hdy.2017.28
1124:in Xinjiang, China"
545:heat shock proteins
456:), on the basis of
53:Conservation status
3905:Malus crescimannoi
3865:(Chinese pearleaf)
3851:Malus angustifolia
3653:Fruit tree pruning
3281:Reinette du Canada
3153:Worcester Pearmain
2908:Lucombe's Seedling
2893:Liveland Raspberry
2738:Gascoyne's Scarlet
2693:Esopus Spitzenburg
2658:Dumelow's Seedling
2488:Aurora Golden Gala
2324:2015-05-07 at the
2198:Biological Control
1058:Forests in China?"
917:World Flora Online
595:Red-fleshed apples
480:in 2010 confirmed
407:which caused wild
4690:Flora of Xinjiang
4627:
4626:
4467:Open Tree of Life
4225:Taxon identifiers
4216:
4215:
4144:Malus yunnanensis
4137:Malus tschonoskii
4123:Malus transitoria
4116:Malus toringoides
4111:
4092:Malus spectabilis
4085:Malus sikkimensis
4080:
4020:
4015:Malus mandshurica
3996:
3986:
3960:Malus glaucescens
3948:
3938:
3900:
3876:
3866:
3856:
3820:
3813:
3773:
3772:
3621:
3620:
3557:Jewish apple cake
3296:White Transparent
3216:Chelmsford Wonder
2563:Claygate Pearmain
2156:10.1111/efp.12462
2098:10.1111/njb.01733
1975:10.1111/tpj.13487
1962:The Plant Journal
1646:(12): 1440–1444.
1616:978-0-8493-8901-6
1175:(1667): 2575–80.
267:
266:
243:Malus turkmenorum
196:M. sieversii
76:
16:(Redirected from
4717:
4620:
4619:
4607:
4606:
4594:
4593:
4581:
4580:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4540:
4539:
4527:
4526:
4514:
4513:
4501:
4500:
4488:
4487:
4475:
4474:
4462:
4461:
4449:
4448:
4436:
4435:
4423:
4422:
4410:
4409:
4397:
4396:
4384:
4383:
4371:
4370:
4358:
4357:
4345:
4344:
4332:
4331:
4319:
4318:
4306:
4305:
4293:
4292:
4280:
4279:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4220:
4206:
4205:
4196:
4195:
4157:
4109:
4106:Malus sylvestris
4078:
4047:Malus prunifolia
4032:Malus orientalis
4018:
4008:Malus lancifolia
4001:Malus kansuensis
3994:
3984:
3981:Malus hupehensis
3974:Malus honanensis
3947:(Oregon/Pacific)
3946:
3936:
3933:Malus floribunda
3926:Malus florentina
3919:Malus 'Evereste'
3898:
3874:
3864:
3854:
3815:
3811:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3777:
3763:
3762:
3753:
3752:
3743:
3742:
3665:Johnny Appleseed
3472:
3439:Ornamental apple
2753:Golden Delicious
2668:Ellison's Orange
2593:Court Pendu Plat
2573:Cornish Aromatic
2518:Belle de Boskoop
2483:Ashmead's Kernel
2453:Allington Pippin
2433:Airlie Red Flesh
2355:
2348:
2341:
2332:
2318:Malus sieversii
2296:
2295:
2285:
2275:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2144:Forest Pathology
2127:
2118:
2117:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1977:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1920:
1888:
1877:
1876:
1866:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1704:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1550:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1492:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1421:
1410:
1409:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1338:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1297:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1216:
1203:
1202:
1192:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1143:
1134:(9): 1197–1201.
1115:
1098:
1097:
1087:
1077:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1007:
950:
949:
948:, Cambridge, MA.
925:
919:
914:
908:
907:
889:
883:
882:
880:
879:
855:
849:
848:
838:
830:
828:
798:
780:
764:
746:
577:cedar apple rust
535:These and other
531:Renewed interest
511:, as well as in
509:Turkic languages
392:Malus sylvestris
216:
91:
90:
70:
65:
64:
46:
32:
27:Species of plant
21:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4615:
4610:
4602:
4597:
4589:
4584:
4576:
4571:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4549:Pyrus sieversii
4543:
4535:
4530:
4522:
4517:
4509:
4504:
4496:
4491:
4483:
4478:
4470:
4465:
4457:
4454:Observation.org
4452:
4444:
4439:
4431:
4426:
4418:
4413:
4405:
4400:
4392:
4387:
4379:
4374:
4366:
4361:
4353:
4348:
4340:
4335:
4327:
4322:
4314:
4309:
4301:
4296:
4288:
4283:
4277:malus-sieversii
4275:
4270:
4263:Malus sieversii
4261:
4260:
4255:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4233:Malus sieversii
4227:
4217:
4212:
4184:
4158:
4149:
4130:Malus trilobata
4110:(European wild)
4099:Malus sublobata
4075:Malus sieversii
4068:Malus sieboldii
4061:Malus sargentii
3895:Malus coronaria
3881:Malus bracteata
3839:
3827:
3804:
3774:
3769:
3731:
3617:
3566:
3552:Himmel und Erde
3461:
3457:Wijcik McIntosh
3433:
3429:Yarlington Mill
3409:Slack-ma-Girdle
3305:
3231:Crimson Bramley
3196:Blenheim Orange
3172:
2883:Laxton's Superb
2663:Egremont Russet
2618:Delbard Jubilée
2409:
2404:Malus sieversii
2390:Malus domestica
2377:
2364:
2359:
2326:Wayback Machine
2304:
2299:
2254:Malus sieversii
2249:
2248:
2241:
2188:Malus sieversii
2179:
2178:
2171:
2134:Malus sieversii
2129:
2128:
2121:
2080:Malus sieversii
2075:
2074:
2070:
2039:10.1071/FP17216
2017:Malus sieversii
2012:
2011:
2007:
1952:Malus sieversii
1947:
1946:
1942:
1895:Malus sieversii
1890:
1889:
1880:
1821:Malus sieversii
1816:
1815:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1749:Malus sieversii
1744:
1743:
1736:
1687:(3): e0172949.
1675:Malus sieversii
1666:
1665:
1661:
1634:Malus sieversii
1629:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1590:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1529:Malus sieversii
1524:
1523:
1516:
1483:(10): 833–839.
1477:Nature Genetics
1462:
1461:
1457:
1426:Malus sieversii
1423:
1422:
1413:
1380:Malus sieversii
1367:
1366:
1362:
1329:(5): e1002703.
1316:
1315:
1311:
1276:Malus sieversii
1271:
1270:
1266:
1223:Malus sieversii
1218:
1217:
1206:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1122:Malus sieversii
1117:
1116:
1101:
1056:Malus sieversii
1051:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1009:
1008:
953:
932:Malus sieversii
927:
926:
922:
905:
903:
895:Malus sieversii
891:
890:
886:
877:
875:
861:Malus sieversii
857:
856:
852:
831:
805:Malus sieversii
800:
799:
795:
791:
784:
781:
772:
765:
756:
750:Malus sieversii
747:
738:
640:Malus sieversii
637:
629:Malus sieversii
600:Malus sieversii
597:
551:Malus sieversii
533:
521:
501:Malus sieversii
466:Malus domestica
454:Malus domestica
450:Malus sieversii
447:
436:(root suckers).
417:
365:
353:apple cultivars
322:Malus sieversii
316:Altai Mountains
303:Pyrus sieversii
297:Malus domestica
271:Malus sieversii
255:Pyrus sieversii
228:
218:
214:Malus sieversii
212:
199:
85:
77:
66:
62:
55:
36:Malus sieversii
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4723:
4721:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4632:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4617:wfo-0001016919
4608:
4595:
4582:
4569:
4553:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4537:wfo-0001016400
4528:
4515:
4502:
4489:
4476:
4463:
4450:
4437:
4424:
4411:
4398:
4385:
4372:
4359:
4346:
4333:
4320:
4307:
4294:
4281:
4268:
4253:
4237:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4200:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4180:Malling series
4177:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4028:
4021:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3987:
3977:
3970:
3967:Malus halliana
3963:
3956:
3953:Malus glabrata
3949:
3939:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3891:
3888:Malus brevipes
3884:
3877:
3867:
3861:Malus asiatica
3857:
3846:
3844:
3829:
3828:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3757:
3747:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3725:Apple diseases
3722:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3672:
3670:Malling series
3667:
3662:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3527:Apple seed oil
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3469:
3467:Apple products
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3443:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3384:Kingston Black
3381:
3379:Harrison Cider
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3324:Cap of Liberty
3321:
3315:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3271:Norfolk Biffin
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3236:Flower of Kent
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3178:Cooking apples
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3083:Sturmer Pippin
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3043:Roxbury Russet
3040:
3038:Ribston Pippin
3035:
3030:
3028:Redlove apples
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2938:Newtown Pippin
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2903:Lord Lambourne
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2643:Dorsett Golden
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2623:Delbarestivale
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2558:Civni (Rubens)
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2533:Birgit Bonnier
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2513:Beauty of Bath
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2478:Arkansas Black
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2423:Adams Pearmain
2419:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2316:
2303:
2302:External links
2300:
2298:
2297:
2239:
2190:resistance to
2169:
2119:
2068:
2033:(2): 187–196.
2021:niedzwetzkyana
2005:
1968:(2): 276–292.
1956:niedzwetzkyana
1940:
1911:(1): 217–227.
1899:niedzwetzkyana
1878:
1806:
1774:
1761:(2): 203–210.
1734:
1659:
1622:
1615:
1597:
1572:
1514:
1490:10.1038/ng.654
1455:
1436:(2): 225–231.
1411:
1392:(3): 330–340.
1360:
1309:
1288:(2): 264–271.
1264:
1235:(3): 185–196.
1204:
1155:
1099:
1044:
1032:
951:
938:Flora of China
920:
911:The Plant List
884:
850:
792:
790:
787:
786:
785:
782:
775:
773:
766:
759:
757:
748:
741:
737:
734:
728:and therefore
700:stratification
636:
633:
596:
593:
532:
529:
520:
517:
446:
443:
442:
441:
437:
433:
429:
416:
413:
364:
361:
265:
264:
263:
262:
252:
237:
236:
230:
229:
219:
208:
207:
201:
200:
193:
191:
187:
186:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
142:
141:
136:
129:
128:
123:
116:
115:
110:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
79:
78:
60:
57:
56:
51:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4722:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4618:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4209:
4201:
4199:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4040:Malus prattii
4037:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3992:
3991:Malus ioensis
3988:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3912:Malus doumeri
3909:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3871:Malus baccata
3868:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:"Wild apple"
3809:
3801:
3796:
3794:
3789:
3787:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3766:
3758:
3756:
3748:
3746:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:Arctic Apples
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3633:Apple picking
3631:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3547:Caramel apple
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3532:Apple strudel
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3364:Golden Russet
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3329:Chisel Jersey
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3266:Newton Wonder
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3163:York Imperial
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:Tompkins King
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:Star of Devon
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3023:Red Pineapple
3021:
3019:
3018:Red Delicious
3016:
3014:
3013:Red Astrachan
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2958:Pam's Delight
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:Knobby Russet
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2778:Grimes Golden
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:Golden Orange
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:Plant Methods
2257:
2255:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:(6): e12462.
2149:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2092:(7): e01733.
2091:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1323:PLOS Genetics
1320:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1048:
1045:
1035:
1033:9780470650868
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
952:
947:
943:
939:
935:
933:
924:
921:
918:
912:
902:
898:
896:
888:
885:
874:
870:
869:
864:
862:
854:
851:
846:
842:
836:
827:
822:
818:
814:
813:
808:
806:
797:
794:
788:
779:
774:
770:
763:
758:
755:
751:
745:
740:
735:
733:
731:
727:
723:
717:
714:
713:
708:
707:biofertilizer
703:
701:
697:
693:
692:M. sieversii,
689:
685:
681:
679:
677:
672:
668:
664:
663:
658:
657:
652:
647:
645:
641:
634:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
594:
592:
590:
586:
585:apple maggots
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
561:
556:
552:
548:
546:
542:
538:
530:
528:
525:
518:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:morphological
455:
451:
444:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:
424:
422:
414:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:
388:
384:
379:
375:
373:
369:
362:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:
299:
298:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:
260:
256:
253:
251:
247:
244:
241:
240:
238:
235:
231:
227:
223:
217:
215:
209:
206:
205:Binomial name
202:
198:
197:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
113:Tracheophytes
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
89:
84:
80:
74:
69:
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
4548:
4232:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4074:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4054:Malus rockii
4052:
4045:
4038:
4030:
4023:
4019:(Manchurian)
4013:
4006:
3999:
3989:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3941:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3869:
3859:
3849:
3821:
3674:
3657:
3492:Apple cheese
3482:Apple butter
3369:Golden Spire
3354:Ellis Bitter
3339:Crimson King
3311:Cider apples
3276:Northern Spy
3261:Manks Codlin
3246:Granny Smith
3241:Golden Noble
3158:Wyken Pippin
2823:Jersey Black
2813:James Grieve
2808:Ingrid Marie
2768:Granny Smith
2603:Crimson Gold
2588:Cosmic Crisp
2498:Autumn Glory
2493:Autumn Bough
2415:Table apples
2403:
2402:
2395:
2389:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2071:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2008:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1797:. Retrieved
1787:
1777:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1625:
1606:
1600:
1589:. Retrieved
1587:(in Russian)
1584:
1575:
1541:(24): 9516.
1538:
1534:
1528:
1509:M. sieversii
1508:
1504:
1502:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1267:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1047:
1037:, retrieved
1015:
937:
931:
923:
909:– via
904:. Retrieved
894:
887:
876:. Retrieved
866:
860:
853:
835:cite journal
816:
810:
804:
796:
749:
726:root suckers
718:
710:
704:
696:M. sieversii
695:
691:
682:
674:
671:M. sieversii
670:
667:M. sieversii
666:
660:
654:
651:M. sieversii
650:
648:
639:
638:
635:Conservation
628:
624:
620:
617:M. sieversii
616:
613:M. sieversii
612:
605:M. sieversii
604:
599:
598:
589:M. sieversii
588:
581:M. sieversii
580:
565:M. sieversii
564:
558:
550:
549:
541:M. domestica
540:
536:
534:
526:
522:
504:
500:
487:
482:M. sieversii
481:
478:DNA analysis
470:M. sieversii
469:
465:
453:
449:
448:
421:M. sieversii
420:
418:
415:Growth cycle
409:M. sieversii
408:
397:M. sieversii
396:
390:
387:M. sieversii
386:
381:Genetics of
380:
376:
372:basal shoots
368:M. sieversii
367:
366:
348:
344:
330:
321:
320:
302:
301:
295:
282:in southern
280:Central Asia
270:
269:
268:
254:
242:
213:
211:
195:
194:
182:
145:
132:
119:
106:
35:
29:
4389:iNaturalist
4257:Wikispecies
4035:(Caucasian)
3943:Malus fusca
3687:Pollination
3626:Agriculture
3588:Apple juice
3583:Apple cider
3542:Candy apple
3537:Baked apple
3522:Apple sauce
3512:Apple flour
3507:Apple crisp
3319:Brown Snout
2998:Ralls Janet
2773:Gravenstein
2748:Ginger Gold
2256:) explants"
2184:Trichoderma
1799:8 September
1640:HortScience
1430:HortScience
1128:HortScience
609:anthocyanin
573:fire blight
403:during the
395:. Although
310:in 1833 by
126:Angiosperms
4634:Categories
4480:Plant List
3937:(Japanese)
3875:(Siberian)
3855:(Southern)
3765:Production
3638:Apple scab
3497:Apple chip
3487:Apple cake
3301:Wolf River
3291:Upton Pyne
3256:King Byerd
3118:Tartu Rose
3113:Taliaferro
3088:Summerfree
3058:Sekai Ichi
2973:Pink Pearl
2878:Lady Alice
2793:Honeycrisp
2683:Enterprise
2608:Cripps Red
2523:Bellflower
2204:: 104539.
1789:BBC Online
1591:2021-12-19
1585:zonakz.net
1068:: 608211.
1039:2021-12-04
906:2018-08-17
878:2018-08-17
789:References
767:A tree in
569:apple scab
493:Kazakhstan
357:extinction
284:Kazakhstan
276:wild apple
68:Vulnerable
18:Wild apple
4564:Q39778290
4355:200010916
4342:200010916
4175:Applecrab
3995:(Prairie)
3842:cultivars
3837:varieties
3808:Crabapple
3755:Cultivars
3707:Russeting
3643:Applecrab
3608:Ice cider
3593:Applejack
3578:Apfelwein
3517:Apple pie
3404:Redstreak
3251:Grenadier
3211:Campanino
3186:Antonovka
3123:Tentation
3108:SweeTango
3093:Sundowner
3068:Splendour
2968:Paula Red
2963:Papirovka
2798:Honeygold
2703:EverCrisp
2648:Dougherty
2638:Discovery
2628:Delrouval
2528:Ben Davis
2266:(1): 56.
2234:233544458
2226:1049-9644
2106:0107-055X
2047:1445-4416
2023:) callus"
1984:1365-313X
1927:1573-5044
1855:2052-7276
1833:(1): 70.
1711:1932-6203
1471:domestica
1450:0018-5345
1376:domestica
771:in autumn
752:trees in
513:Hungarian
474:Silk Road
462:molecular
349:domestica
333:deciduous
326:Tian Shan
288:cultivars
190:Species:
96:Kingdom:
4604:27807157
4599:Tropicos
4578:731235-1
4558:Wikidata
4524:27802349
4519:Tropicos
4485:rjp-7027
4407:726400-1
4242:Wikidata
4198:Category
3816:(of the
3702:Reinette
3682:Pearmain
3598:Calvados
3452:Goldspur
3447:Flamenco
3424:Woodcock
3419:Tom Putt
3399:Poveshon
3394:Michelin
3374:Hangdown
3359:Foxwhelp
3344:Dabinett
3334:Coccagee
3191:Bismarck
2988:Pristine
2918:McIntosh
2838:Jonathan
2833:Jonagold
2783:Haralson
2763:Goldspur
2718:Flamenco
2583:Cortland
2553:Champion
2538:Braeburn
2458:Ambrosia
2322:Archived
2292:32336979
2164:91368925
2114:90990280
2063:92099299
2055:32172760
2000:21790459
1992:28107780
1935:15407665
1873:30345062
1729:28257442
1681:PLOS ONE
1567:33327659
1499:20802477
1473:Borkh.)"
1406:84667156
1355:22589740
1304:40506901
1259:28635965
1229:Heredity
1199:19369261
1150:89509181
1094:34220874
868:Tropicos
722:barberry
646:(IUCN).
331:It is a
259:basionym
257:Ledeb. (
248:. &
234:Synonyms
172:Rosaceae
168:Family:
139:Eudicots
73:IUCN 3.1
4368:3001162
4248:Q728769
4208:Commons
3899:(Sweet)
3833:Species
3613:Pommeau
3349:Dufflin
3226:Creston
3221:Costard
3201:Bramley
3148:Winston
3143:Winesap
3138:Wealthy
3078:Stayman
3063:Spartan
2928:Melrose
2888:Liberty
2853:Jupiter
2848:Julieta
2843:Jubilee
2828:Jonadel
2723:Florina
2713:Filippa
2503:Baldwin
2468:Annurca
2448:Alkmene
2428:Aia Ilu
2382:Species
2283:7175559
2206:Bibcode
1864:6186759
1835:Bibcode
1720:5336245
1689:Bibcode
1558:7765095
1346:3349737
1250:5564378
1190:2684696
1085:8244594
736:Gallery
676:Agrilus
428:period.
347:except
226:M.Roem.
178:Genus:
162:Rosales
158:Order:
100:Plantae
71: (
4650:Apples
4498:MASI10
4493:PLANTS
4472:321926
4459:144823
4446:106567
4420:836510
4394:425883
4316:248885
4290:436690
4272:ARKive
4163:Topics
3745:Apples
3716:Lists
3562:Pectin
3168:Zestar
3103:Suntan
3098:Sunset
3048:Sandow
2978:Pinova
2943:Nicola
2913:Macoun
2803:Idared
2788:Hokuto
2708:Fiesta
2678:Empire
2673:Elstar
2568:Clivia
2508:Beacon
2473:Ariane
2362:Apples
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2232:
2224:
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497:Kazakh
489:Almaty
440:death.
432:place.
222:Ledeb.
152:Rosids
4645:Malus
4433:32363
4381:23275
4329:MABSI
4303:3XQY3
4170:Apple
3985:(Tea)
3823:Malus
3818:genus
3676:Malus
3603:Cider
3571:Drink
3414:Styre
3389:Major
3133:Topaz
3053:Sansa
3003:Rambo
2993:Rajka
2983:Prima
2933:Mutsu
2923:Melba
2858:Kanzi
2548:Cameo
2543:Brina
2443:Åkerö
2438:Akane
2230:S2CID
2160:S2CID
2110:S2CID
2059:S2CID
1996:S2CID
1931:S2CID
1505:Malus
1467:Malus
1402:S2CID
1372:Malus
1300:S2CID
1146:S2CID
783:Fruit
537:Malus
345:Malus
341:fruit
308:pears
292:apple
274:is a
250:Popov
183:Malus
146:Clade
133:Clade
120:Clade
107:Clade
4586:POWO
4573:IPNI
4506:POWO
4441:NCBI
4428:IUCN
4415:ITIS
4402:IPNI
4376:GRIN
4363:GBIF
4324:EPPO
4285:BOLD
3840:and
3692:Pome
3475:Food
3286:Rome
3008:Rave
2948:Opal
2898:Lodi
2818:Jazz
2733:Gala
2728:Fuji
2688:Envy
2463:Anna
2313:1996
2311:and
2309:1995
2288:PMID
2222:ISSN
2102:ISSN
2051:PMID
2043:ISSN
1988:PMID
1980:ISSN
1923:ISSN
1869:PMID
1851:ISSN
1801:2023
1725:PMID
1707:ISSN
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1563:PMID
1495:PMID
1446:ISSN
1351:PMID
1255:PMID
1195:PMID
1090:PMID
1028:ISBN
845:link
841:link
817:2007
678:mali
659:and
505:alma
476:. A
336:tree
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4532:WFO
4350:FoC
4337:FNA
4311:EoL
4298:CoL
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2019:f.
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