Wildlife crossing - Knowledge

546: 376: 572:" such that animals need time to acclimate to the structures before they feel comfortable using them. For example, grizzly bear crossings increased from seven in 1996 to more than 100 in 2006, although the actual number of individual bears using the structures remained constant over this time at between two and four bears (Parks Canada, unpublished results). A similar set of observations was made for wolves, with crossings increasing from two to approximately 140 over the same 10-year period. However, in this case the actual number of wolves in the packs using the crossings increased dramatically, from a low of two up to a high of over 20 individuals. 866:, engineering, architecture, ecology and transportation selected five finalists in November 2010 to further develop their conceptual designs for a wildlife crossing structure. In January 2011, the team led by HNTB with Michael Van Valkenburgh & Associates (New York) were selected as the winners. The design features a single 100 m (328 ft) concrete span across the highway that is planted with a variety of vegetation types, including a pine-tree forest and meadow grasses, to attract different species to cross. A modular precast concrete design means that much of the bridge can be constructed offsite and moved into place. 33: 304: 49: 256:). In addition, habitat loss can be direct, if habitat is destroyed to make room for a road, or indirect, if habitat quality close to roads is compromised due to emissions from the roads (e.g. noise, light, runoff, pollution, etc.). Finally, species that are unable to migrate across roads to reach resources such as food, shelter and mates will experience reduced reproductive and survival rates, which can compromise population viability. 186: 948:, Texas' Phil Hardberger Park. The project cost $ 23 million and is designed for both wildlife and pedestrians. Construction began on November 26, 2018, originally expected to end in April 2020, and opened in December 2020. At 58 meters (189 ft) long and 46 meters (150 ft) wide, it was the largest wildlife bridge in the United States when it was constructed. 280:

the decline of forest bird species and has also significantly harmed small mammals, insects, and reptiles in the United States. After years of research, biologists agree that roads and traffic lead to habitat fragmentation, isolation and road kill, all of which combine to significantly compromise the viability of wildlife populations throughout the world.

759:, 1,000 square kilometers (390 sq mi) of woods, heathland and drifting sands, the largest lowland nature area in North Western Europe, contains nine ecoducts, 50 meters (160 ft) wide on average, that are used to shuttle wildlife across highways that transect the Veluwe. The first two ecoducts on the Veluwe were built in 1988 across the 480:). Theoretically, the monetary costs associated with constructing and maintaining wildlife crossings in ecologically important areas are trumped by the benefits associated with protecting wildlife populations, reducing property damage to vehicles, and saving the lives of drivers and passengers by reducing the number of collisions caused by wildlife. 732: 60: 637:). As of 2007, no panthers have been killed in areas equipped with continuous fencing and wildlife crossings and the FWC is planning to construct many more crossing structures in the future. The underpasses on I-75 also appeared to benefit bobcats, deer, and raccoons by significantly reducing wildlife-vehicle collisions along the interstate ( 831:). The results indicate that the underpass could be useful to a wide array of species but the authors suggest that Slaty Creek could be improved by enhanced design and maintenance of fencing to minimise road kill along the Calder Freeway and by attempting to exclude introduced predators such as cats and foxes from the area. 295:

in traffic in Europe at 507,000 per year, resulting in 300 people killed, 30,000 injured, and property damage exceeding $ 1 billion. In parallel, 1.5 million traffic accidents involving deer in the United States cause an estimated $ 1.1 billion in vehicle damage each year. On a larger scale, research

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The first three effects (loss of habitat, road kill, and isolation from resources) exert pressure on various animal populations by reducing available resources and directly killing individuals in a population. For instance, found that road kills do not pose a significant threat to healthy populations

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The conservation issues associated with roads (wildlife mortality and habitat fragmentation) coupled with the substantial human and economic costs resulting from wildlife-vehicle collisions have caused scientists, engineers, and transportation authorities to consider a number of mitigation tools for

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The relationship between roads and habitat fragmentation is well documented. One study found that roads contribute more to fragmentation in forest habitats than clear cuts. Another study concluded that road fragmentation of formerly contiguous forest in eastern North America is the primary cause for

228:(road kill), (3) they prevent access to resources on the other side of the road, and (4) they subdivide wildlife populations into smaller and more vulnerable sub-populations (fragmentation). Habitat fragmentation can lead to extinction or extirpation if a population's gene pool is restricted enough. 578:

reported that the use of wildlife crossings and fencing reduced traffic-induced mortality of large ungulates on the TCH by more than 80 percent. Recent analysis for carnivores showed results were not as positive however, with bear mortality increasing by an average of 116 percent in direct parallel

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at providing habitat connectivity (by providing viable migration corridors) and reducing wildlife-vehicle collisions. The effectiveness of these structures appears to be highly site-specific (due to differences in location, structure, species, habitat, etc.) but crossings have been beneficial to a

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A study completed for the Virginia Department of Transportation estimated that underpasses for wildlife become cost effective, in terms of property damage, when they prevent between 2.6 and 9.2 deer-vehicle collisions per year, depending on the cost of the underpass. Approximately 300 deer crossed

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The benefits derived from constructing wildlife crossings to extend wildlife migration corridors over and under major roads appear to outweigh the costs of construction and maintenance. One study estimates that adding wildlife crossings to a road project is a 7–8% increase in the total cost of the

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In addition to the first three factors, numerous studies have shown that the construction and use of roads is a direct source of habitat fragmentation. As mentioned above, populations surrounded by roads are less likely to receive immigrants from other habitats and as a result, they suffer from a

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affects the ecology of at least one-fifth of the land area of the country. For many years ecologists and conservationists have documented the adverse relationship between roads and wildlife, and identify four ways that roads and traffic detrimentally affect wildlife populations: (1) they decrease

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for bears, moose, deer, wolves, elk, and many other species. The 24 wildlife crossings in Banff were constructed as part of a road improvement project in 1978. In the United States, thousands of wildlife crossings have been built in the past 30 years, including culverts, bridges, and overpasses.

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The first overland wildlife crossings were constructed in France during the 1950s. European countries including the Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany, and France have been using various crossing structures to reduce the conflict between wildlife and roads for several decades and use a variety of

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National Heritage Area, including a series of wildlife crossings. Wildlife habitat on either side of I-90 will be reconnected with the installation of new bridges and culverts, protecting both wildlife and the traveling public. The construction of the wildlife overcrossing began in 2015 and was

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to an equal doubling of traffic volumes on the highway, clearly showing no effect of fencing to reduce bear mortality (Hallstrom, Clevenger, Maher and Whittington, in prep). Research on the crossings in Banff has thus shown mixed value of wildlife crossings depending on the species in question.

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Wildlife crossings are structural passages beneath or above roadways that are designed to facilitate safe wildlife movement across roadways. In recent years, conservation biologists and wildlife managers have advocated wildlife crossings coupled with roadside fencing as a way to increase road

669:. Tortoise deaths on the highway declined by 93% during the first four years after the introduction of the fences, proving that even makeshift wildlife crossings (storm-drainage culverts in this case) have the ability to increase highway permeability and protect sensitive species ( 763:

when the highway was constructed. Five of the other ecoducts on the Veluwe were built across existing highways, one was built across a two lane provincial road. The two ecoducts across the A50 were used by nearly 5,000 deer and wild boar during a one-year period

586:. Lack of effectiveness of standard fencing in reducing bear mortality demonstrates that additional measures such as wire 'T-caps' on the fence may be needed for fencing to mitigate effectively for bears (Hallstrom, Clevenger, Maher and Whittington, in prep). 63: 68: 66: 62: 61: 67: 300:

reducing the conflict between roads and wildlife. Of the currently available options, structures known as wildlife crossings have been the most successful at reducing both habitat fragmentation and wildlife-vehicle collisions caused by roads.

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permeability and habitat connectivity while decreasing wildlife-vehicle collisions. Wildlife crossing is the umbrella term encompassing underpasses, overpasses, ecoducts, green bridges, amphibian/small mammal tunnels, and wildlife viaducts (

855:; designers had to account for challenges unique to the area, including snow and severe weather, high elevation and steep grades, a six-lane roadway, a bike path, and high traffic volumes, as well as multiple species of wildlife, including 964:, South India. Thanks to the efforts of NGOs and the forest department, several canopy bridges were installed, connecting trees on either side of the road. This helped to lower the numbers of lion-tailed macaques killed in the region. The 65: 3028:

The Wildlife Crossings Toolkit provides information for terrestrial biologists, engineers, and transportation professionals to assist in maintaining or restoring habitat connectivity across transportation infrastructure on public

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developed a contract with university researchers to assess the effectiveness of the crossings. Subsequently, a number of publications have analyzed the crossings' effect on various species and overall wildlife mortality (see

713:). Los Angeles County's first wildlife-purpose built underpass is at Harbor Boulevard. It was built in partnership between Los Angeles County, California State Parks and the Puente Hills Habitat Preservation Authority. 328:

Written reports of rough fish ladders date to 17th-century France, where bundles of branches were used to create steps in steep channels to bypass obstructions. A version was patented in 1837 by Richard McFarlan of

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had initiated a national mission to increase awareness on the importance of adopting roadkill mitigation methods through their mission PATH traveling more than 17,000 kilometers (11,000 mi) across 22 states.

783:). Monitoring is currently underway to examine the effectiveness of this innovative project combining wildlife protection with urban development. The oldest wildlife passage is Zeist West - A 28, opened in 1988. 2091: 521:(TCH), a large commercial road. To reduce the effects of the four-lane TCH, 24 wildlife crossings (22 underpasses and two overpasses) were built to ensure habitat connectivity and protect motorists ( 2815:

Rich, A. S.; Dobkin, D. S.; Niles, L. J. (1994). "Defining forest fragmentation by corridor width: The influence of narrow forest-dividing corridors on forest-nesting birds in Southern New Jersey".

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Hallstrom, W., A. P. Clevenger, A. Maher and J Whittington. 2008. Effectiveness of highway mitigation fencing for ungulates and carnivores. Journal of Applied Ecology - In Review.

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Conover, M. R.; W. C. Pitt; K. K. Kessler; T. J. DuBow; W. A. Sanborn (1995). "Review of Human Injuries, Illnesses, and Economic Losses Caused by Wildlife in the United States".

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In the places where there isn't enough ground space for green space, the green corridors, and the habitats for animals don't have to be discontinued, if the flat roofs are used.

1996: 320:). All of these structures are designed to provide semi-natural corridors above and below roads so that animals can safely cross without endangering themselves and motorists. 232:

but can be devastating to small, shrinking, or threatened populations. Road mortality has significantly affected a number of prominent species in the United States, including

2241: 843:. In 2010, ARC Solutions – an interdisciplinary partnership – initiated the International Wildlife Crossing Infrastructure Design Competition for a wildlife crossing over 902:

completed in late 2019. Work to restore habitat on the wildlife bridge over I-90 has continued throughout 2020, with 90,000 trees and shrubs planted on the overcrossing.

633:(FWC) has used a number of mitigation tools in an effort to protect Florida panthers and the combination of wildlife crossings and fences have proven the most effective ( 630: 807:). During the 12-month period, 79 species of fauna were detected in the underpass (compared with 116 species detected in the surrounding forest) including amphibians, 64: 2282: 291:

have a significant cost for human populations because collisions damage property and injure and kill passengers and drivers. estimated the number of collisions with

2083: 998: 803:). Scientists used 14 different techniques to monitor the underpass for 12 months in order to determine the abundance and diversity of species using the underpass ( 556:

Using a variety of techniques to monitor the crossings over the last 25 years, scientists report that 10 species of large mammals (including deer, elk, black bear,

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released a video showing animals using the overpass. It is currently the only wildlife overpass in the state, though Utah has more than 50 wildlife underpasses.

618:. Scientists estimate that there are only 80–100 Florida panthers alive in the wild, which makes them one of the most endangered large mammals in North America ( 517:

offers one of the best opportunities to study the effectiveness of wildlife crossings because the park contains a wide variety of species and is bisected by the

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penetrate and divide wildlife habitat. Of these, roads have the most widespread and detrimental effects. Scientists estimate that the system of roads in the

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Bank, F. G.; C. L. Irwin; G. L. Evink; M. E. Gray; S. Hagood; J. R. Kinar; A. Levy; D. Paulson; B. Ruediger; R. M. Sauvajot; D. J. Scott; P. White (2002).

3037:- The Wildlife Crossings Project provides information about georreferenced wildlife crossings all around the world, and allow specialists to publish them. 1398: 2114: 1112: 771:

The Netherlands also boasts the world's longest ecoduct-wildlife overpass called the Natuurbrug Zanderij Crailoo (sand quarry nature bridge at Crailo) (

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Designing the Next Generation of Wildlife Crossings (Report). United States Department of Transportation - Federal Highway Administration. March 2011.

2061: 1609: 368:. The longest "ecoduct" overpass, Natuurbrug Zanderij Crailoo, in the Netherlands, runs 800 meters (2,600 ft) and spans a highway, railway and 2642: 2202: 2148: 1520: 2432: 1728: 2705:

Jaeger, J. A. G.; J. Bowman; J. Brennan; L. Fahrig; D. Bert; J. Bouchard; N. Charbonneau; K. Frank; B. Gruber; K. Tluk von Toschanowitz (2005).

1087: 775:). The massive structure, completed in 2006, is 50 meters (160 ft) wide and over 800 meters (2,600 ft) long and spans a railway line, 922:. The project was completed in early 2019 and measures 110 meters (350 ft) long by 15 meters (50 ft) wide. On November 19, 2020, the 2456:

Clevenger, A. P.; Waltho, N. (2000). "Factors influencing the effectiveness of wildlife underpasses in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada".

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In late 2020, Summit County Safe Passages released the "I-70 East Vail Pass Wildlife Crossings Feasibility Study" for a wildlife overpass.

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Twenty-four wildlife crossings (highway underpasses) and 12 bridges modified for wildlife have been constructed along a 40-mile stretch of

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Parks Canada is currently planning to build 17 additional crossing structures across the TCH to increase driver safety near the hamlet of

2300: 2171: 1634: 923: 357: 614:). These crossings are specifically designed to target and protect the endangered Florida panther, a subspecies of cougar found in the 796: 716: 681:

report that underpasses in Orange, Riverside, and Los Angeles Counties have drawn significant use from a variety of species including

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Another case study of the effectiveness of wildlife crossings comes from an underpass built to minimize the ecological effect of the

2845: 2024: 1472: 1342: 1019: 911: 622:). The Florida panther is particularly vulnerable to wildlife-vehicle collisions, which claimed 11 panthers in 2006 and 14 in 2007 ( 2308:. Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation. Lake Placid, NY. pp. 303–308. Archived from 1462: 1371: 37: 2233: 3070: 3055: 1003: 296:

indicates that wildlife-vehicle collisions in the United States result in 29,000 injuries and more than 200 fatalities per year.

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Reed, R. A.; Johnson-Barnhard, J.; Baker, W. L. (1996). "Contribution of roads to forest fragmentation in the Rocky Mountains".

3075: 2542: 437: 333:, Canada, who designed a fishway to bypass a dam at his water-powered lumber mill. In 1880, the first fish ladder was built in 3050: 2594: 965: 345:

advanced, dams and other river obstructions became larger and more common, leading to the need for effective fish by-passes.

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The Netherlands has over 66 wildlife crossings (overpasses and ecoducts) that have been used to protect the endangered

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Wildlife passages - De-Fragmentation in the Netherlands - How to evaluate their effectiveness? Accessed: Jan 22, 2009

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Monitoring the use of the Slaty Creek Wildlife Underpass, Calder Freeway, Black Forest, Macedon, Victoria, Australia

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Distribution, relative abundance, and roadway underpass responses of carnivores throughout the Puente-Chino Hills

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A terrapin crossing sign and a highway barrier designed for crossing at the end of the F.J. Torras causeway at

1104: 2707:"Predicting when animal populations are at risk from roads: an interactive model of road avoidance behavior" 2650:

Foster, M. L.; Humphrey, S. R. (1995). "Use of highway underpasses by Florida panthers and other wildlife".

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Movement patterns of coyotes and bobcats relative to road underpasses in Chino Hills of southern California

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The Use of Highway Underpasses by Large Mammals in Virginia and Factors Influencing their Effectiveness

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Defragmentation in Belgium (Flanders) - Connecting nature, connecting people. Accessed: Jan 22, 2009

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to adapt to new selective pressures such as changes in temperature, habitat, and food availability.

1933: 1919: 1058: 993: 654: 603: 550: 514: 396: 380: 249: 1884: 723:, will be one of the largest overpasses in the United States after its stated completion in 2024. 48: 2659: 2627: 2619: 2481: 2370: 2118: 2056: 2028: 1291: 1077: 894: 890: 698: 464: 456: 413: 216: 2965: 1537: 701:. These results could be extremely important for wildlife conservation efforts in the region's 2440: 2309: 1468: 1338: 497: 261: 233: 360:

reported in 2007 that the more than 600 tunnels installed under major and minor roads in the

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was elevated over this underpass. There are channeling fences on either side of the crossing.

3065: 3060: 2919: 2886: 2832: 2803: 2729: 2676: 2611: 2473: 2419: 2362: 1330: 1067: 988: 941: 338: 204: 166:, which in addition to killing or injuring wildlife may cause injury or death to humans and 2960:- A Users Guide to Developing Effective Highway Crossings for Carnivores and Other Wildlife 2859:

Spellerberg, I. F. (1998). "Ecological effects of roads and traffic: A literature review".

2332:(Report). U. S. Department of Transportation: Federal Highway Administration. pp. 1–45 1652:"Harbor Boulevard Wildlife Underpass: First in Los Angeles County | Habitat Authority" 735:

One of the two wildlife crossings spanning the A50 highway on the Veluwe in the Netherlands

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Bruinderink, G. W. T. A.; Hazebroek, E. (1996). "Ungulate traffic collisions in Europe".

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received approval to begin a 15-mile (24 km) safety improvement project through the

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After receiving 36 submissions from nine countries, a jury of international experts in

820: 792: 569: 2329: 1425:"Animal crossings: the ecoducts helping wildlife navigate busy roads across the world" 3044: 2890: 2615: 2366: 2084:"Watch: animals safely cross the Utah interstate with this specially designed bridge" 1779: 1664: 1049:

Van Der Ree, Rodney; Heinze, Dean; McCarthy, Michael; Mansergh, Ian (December 2009).

915: 844: 776: 417: 409: 269: 220: 120: 2733: 2631: 2587:"Estimate of the Area Affected Ecologically by the Road System in the United States" 2546: 2485: 2374: 2052:"Rush hour on Utah's I-80 wildlife overpass sometimes has animals eating each other" 2749: 2203:"Hardberger Park land bridge in final stretch of development ahead of fall opening" 2087: 1563: 839:

In 2005, area environmental groups floated the idea of a wildlife overpass west of

702: 650: 557: 526: 445: 334: 200: 174: 564:) have used the 24 crossings in Banff a total of 84,000 times as of January 2007 ( 311:

in Montana, used by grizzly and black bears, deer, elk, mountain lions, and others

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Roads Corporation built Slaty Creek wildlife underpass at a cost of $ 3 million (

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such as: amphibians, badgers, ungulates, invertebrates, and other small mammals.

1025: 945: 706: 369: 361: 116: 2115:"Largest Wildlife Bridge In U.S. Opens Friday At San Antonio's Hardberger Park" 2976:

On Elk Habitat In The Western United States and Proposed Mitigation Approaches

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Knapp, K. K.; Yi, X.; Oakasa, T.; Thimm, W.; Hudson, E.; Rathmann, C. (2004).

2018: 983: 425: 265: 185: 144: 3010: 2345:

Beier, P.; Noss, R. F. (1998). "Do habitat corridors provide connectivity?".

1126: 2234:"Largest land bridge in the United States opens in San Antonio's North Side" 1072: 840: 795:

as it travels through the Black Forest in Victoria, Australia. In 1997, the

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van der Ree, Rodney; Smith, Daniel J.; Grilo, Clara, eds. (April 1, 2015).

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to complement underpasses (culverts) that are being used by the threatened

3025: 2681: 2383: 1729:"Competition created to help design wildlife crossing over I-70 near Vail" 1399:"Animals Are Using Utah's Largest Wildlife Overpass Earlier Than Expected" 1334: 496:

A number of studies have been conducted to determine the effectiveness of

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have helped to substantially increase population levels of the endangered

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An Assessment of Wildlife Habitat Linkages and Crossing Locations on US 6

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Eco-Logical: An Ecosystem Approach to Developing Infrastructure Projects

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Deer-vehicle crash coutermeasure toolbox: A decision and choice resource

1082: 2663: 2623: 2283:"Driven to Protect – A Journey Across India to Document Wild Roadkills" 1295: 787:

Slaty Creek Wildlife Underpass, Calder Freeway, Black Forest, Australia

607: 452: 433: 400: 273: 155: 128: 96: 731: 1989:"WATCH: Wildlife uses Utah's first interstate crossing just for them" 848: 816: 756: 709:

links, which have been increasingly fragmented by road construction (

686: 682: 561: 392: 190: 140: 124: 80: 41: 2172:"City Breaks Ground on $ 23M Land Bridge to Connect Hardberger Park" 1464:

Fish passage technologies : protection at hydropower facilities

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On December 11, 2020, the Robert L.B. Tobin Land Bridge opened over

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and the United States. Recognizable wildlife crossings are found in

2850:, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, archived from 1610:"There Are Teeny Tiny Underpasses for Salamanders in Massachusetts" 3020:

Wildlife Crossing and Linkage Information for New Highway Projects

2936: 812: 730: 544: 374: 302: 208: 184: 132: 84: 58: 47: 31: 2997:

An Assessment of Wildlife Habitat Linkages on Interstate 70, Utah

2515:"Highways through habitats: The Banff Wildlife Crossings Project" 1372:"Cameras show wildlife use Highway 93 North overpass and tunnels" 173:

Similar structures can be used for domesticated animals, such as

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Drone video of Kolu wildlife overpass in Estonia (September 2021)

2495:"Highway mitigation fencing reduces wildlife-vehicle collisions" 2237: 1992: 856: 108: 27:

Structures enabling wildlife to safely cross human-made barriers

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habitat amount and quality, (2) they increase mortality due to

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used to be killed while crossing the highway at Puduthotam in

808: 2968:- An Ecosystem Approach to Developing Infrastructure Projects 2847:

Florida panther deaths increase from collisions with vehicles

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Wildlife crossings have also been important for protecting

403:, where vegetated overpasses provide safe passage over the 3034: 2675:(Master Thesis). California State Polytechnic University. 484:

through the underpasses in the year the study took place (

2772:(Master Thesis). California State Polytechnic University. 2755:(Report). Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Madison 264:. These small populations are particularly vulnerable to 2641:

from the original on September 21, 2020 – via the

1853:"ARC International Wildlife Crossing Design Competition" 451:

The first wildlife crossing in the Canadian province of

2384:"Roads, roadsides, and wildlife conservation: A review" 391:

Wildlife crossings are becoming increasingly common in

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overpasses and underpasses to protect and re-establish

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Clevenger, A. P.; Chruszcz, B.; Gunson, K. E. (2001).

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Wildlife habitat connectivity across European highways

1828:"Design selected for I-70 wildlife crossing near Vail" 1635:"Ontario builds first bridge for animals near Sudbury" 87:-made barriers safely. Wildlife crossings may include 2777:

Primack, R. B. (2006). "Ch. 9: Habitat Destruction".

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Office Of Technology Assessment Washington DC (1995)

719:, also known as Liberty Canyon Wildlife Crossing, in 467:, as part of the route's ongoing freeway conversion. 444:: they help salamanders cross Henry Street to get to 1267: 2147:. Phil Hardberger Park Conservancy. July 17, 2019. 1803:"Finalists named for Vail Pass wildlife crossings" 1357: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1590: 1588: 1307: 1305: 631:Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission 2696:'Crossings' explores the science of road ecology 1220: 575: 535: 154:, allowing connections or reconnections between 1483: 1481: 1051:"Wildlife Tunnel Enhances Population Viability" 999:Proposed wildlife crossings in Jackson, Wyoming 531: 268:due to demographic, genetic, and environmental 1703:"Wildlife Overpass Proposed West of Vail Pass" 1149: 1147: 638: 619: 1233: 1197: 879:Washington State Department of Transportation 828: 804: 800: 549:Wildlife overpass on Trans-Canada Highway in 501:number of species in a variety of locations. 8: 2915:Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative 2388:Nature Conservation 2: The Role of Corridors 1754:"New designs for wildlife crossings sought" 1517:Wildlife crossings - Wild animals and roads 1501: 1255: 1172: 765: 477: 317: 1277: 1275: 1105:"Green bridges: Safer travel for wildlife" 2984:for Designing Carnivore Highway Crossings 2920:Wildlife Crossings in Banff National Park 2880: 2680: 1885:"Vail Pass | Summit County Safe Passages" 1727:Glendenning, Lauren (December 17, 2009). 1595: 1423:Greenfield, Patrick (December 29, 2021). 1312: 1081: 1071: 565: 539: 522: 485: 2113:Kirkpatrick, Brian (December 10, 2020). 1678:"Creating a safer crossing for wildlife" 199:occurs when human-made barriers such as 123:(especially for monkeys and squirrels); 2907:- Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 2781:. Sinauer Associates. pp. 189–193. 2643:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 2213:from the original on September 22, 2020 2201:Rubalcaba, Samantha (August 17, 2020). 1521:The Humane Society of the United States 1488: 1208: 1154: 1041: 952:Canopy Bridge in Anamalai Tiger Reserve 670: 661:, biologists have erected fences along 448:that the salamanders use for breeding. 164:collisions between vehicles and animals 2944:California Roadkill Observation System 2244:from the original on December 12, 2020 2182:from the original on December 12, 2020 2151:from the original on December 12, 2020 2125:from the original on December 12, 2020 2094:from the original on November 26, 2020 2064:from the original on November 22, 2020 2031:from the original on December 12, 2021 1185: 2299:Abson, R. N.; Lawrence, R.E. (2003). 2232:Ruiz, Elizabeth (December 11, 2020). 2020:#KeepitWild! - I-80 Wildlife Overpass 1999:from the original on December 3, 2020 1982: 1980: 1934:"I-90 - Snoqualmie Pass East project" 1920:"I-90 - Snoqualmie Pass East project" 1512: 1510: 1129:. Scandinavian Green Roof Association 780: 772: 678: 634: 623: 611: 150:Wildlife crossings are a practice in 7: 2478:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.00099-085.x 2170:Donaldson, Emily (October 6, 2018). 1115:from the original on August 6, 2020. 710: 674: 2837:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08041109.x 2808:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041098.x 2693:Heidt, Amanda (September 8, 2023), 2545:. Worldchanging.com. Archived from 2424:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041059.x 1801:Leib, Jeffrey (November 29, 2010). 1608:Hofherr, Justine (March 25, 2015). 1450:Great Maritime Inventions 1833–1950 924:Utah Division of Wildlife Resources 914:announced a wildlife crossing over 590:Collier and Lee Counties in Florida 568:). The research also identified a " 358:Humane Society of the United States 272:because they do not contain enough 2779:Essentials of Conservation Biology 1616:. Boston globe Media Partners, LLC 1268:Bruinderink & Hazebroek (1996) 1093:from the original on July 9, 2020. 717:Wallis Annenberg Wildlife Crossing 560:, mountain lion, wolf, moose, and 440:are tunnels under Henry Street in 25: 2951:Maine Audubon Wildlife Road Watch 2050:Price, Mark (November 20, 2020). 2025:Utah Department of Transportation 1963:Mountains To Sound Greenway Trust 1676:Thompson, Cliff (April 5, 2005). 1370:Devlin, Vince (October 3, 2010). 1020:The Theory of Island Biogeography 912:Utah Department of Transportation 2891:10.1046/j.1466-822x.1998.00308.x 2616:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99299.x 2367:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.98036.x 2265:"Stop! The animals are crossing" 1987:Old, Jason (November 24, 2020). 1959:"2020 Parade of Accomplishments" 1568:"World's Coolest Animal Bridges" 408:These have been used to protect 2861:Global Ecology and Biogeography 2734:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.12.015 2263:Jeshi, K. (December 25, 2015). 1127:"About Green Roofs: Advantages" 906:Interstate 80 in Parleys Canyon 779:, roadway, and sports complex ( 438:Henry Street salamander tunnels 181:Roads and habitat fragmentation 162:. They also assist in avoiding 1378:. Missoula, MT: missoulian.com 966:Environment Conservation Group 1: 3011:Wildlife Consulting Resources 2937:Road Ecology Center, UC Davis 936:Robert L.B. Tobin Land Bridge 930:Robert L.B. Tobin Land Bridge 147:(for butterflies and birds). 2911:Wildlife Crossing Structures 2522:Transportation Research News 2433:"Cutting Edge: Right of way" 1707:www.safepassagecoalition.org 979:Amphibian and reptile tunnel 847:in the high country west of 743:, as well as populations of 442:North Amherst, Massachusetts 1542:National Geographic Society 899:Mountains to Sound Greenway 532:Clevenger & Waltho 2000 309:Flathead Indian Reservation 289:Wildlife-vehicle collisions 284:Wildlife-vehicle collisions 226:wildlife-vehicle collisions 131:(for small mammals such as 3097: 3035:Wildlife Crossings Project 3026:Wildlife Crossings Toolkit 2145:"Land Bridge Construction" 933: 639:Foster & Humphrey 1995 620:Foster & Humphrey 1995 616:Southeastern United States 307:"Animals' Bridge", on the 79:are structures that allow 2982:Management Considerations 2652:Wildlife Society Bulletin 2562:Donaldson, B. M. (2005). 2502:Wildlife Society Bulletin 2431:Chilson, P. (June 2003). 1452:, Goose Lane, 2001, p. 45 1284:Wildlife Society Bulletin 873:I-90 near Snoqualmie Pass 829:Abson & Lawrence 2003 805:Abson & Lawrence 2003 801:Abson & Lawrence 2003 455:was built in 2010, along 1906:"National Heritage Area" 1327:Handbook of Road Ecology 835:I-70 Vail Pass, Colorado 721:Agoura Hills, California 337:, United States, on the 3071:Road traffic management 3056:Ecological connectivity 2974:The Effects of Highways 2382:Bennett, A. F. (1991), 1733:www.postindependent.com 1665:MJPO annual report 2014 1073:10.5751/ES-02957-140207 576:Clevenger et al. (2001) 331:Bathurst, New Brunswick 3076:Ecological restoration 2513:Clevenger, T. (2007). 1527:on September 27, 2007. 1014:Landscape connectivity 889:corridor from Hyak to 864:landscape architecture 736: 553: 388: 312: 238:Odocoileus virginianus 193: 73: 56: 53:Florida State Route 46 45: 3051:Conservation projects 2768:Lyren, L. M. (2001). 2543:"A Green Latticework" 2090:. November 25, 2020. 1335:10.1002/9781118568170 1221:Clevenger et al. 2001 734: 727:Ecoducts, Netherlands 659:San Bernardino County 548: 536:Clevenger et al. 2001 378: 306: 197:Habitat fragmentation 188: 160:habitat fragmentation 107:(mainly for large or 71: 51: 35: 2817:Conservation Biology 2788:Conservation Biology 2714:Ecological Modelling 2671:Haas, C. D. (2000). 2595:Conservation Biology 2458:Conservation Biology 2404:Conservation Biology 2347:Conservation Biology 2039:– via YouTube. 2027:. February 1, 2019. 1572:Smithsonian Magazine 1538:"Wildlife Crossings" 1403:Smithsonian Magazine 1198:Jaeger et al. (2005) 1031:Watchung Reservation 958:lion-tailed macaques 797:Victorian Government 653:in several areas of 519:Trans-Canada Highway 405:Trans-Canada Highway 213:electric power lines 152:habitat conservation 2873:1998GloEB...7..317S 2829:1994ConBi...8.1109R 2800:1996ConBi..10.1098R 2726:2005EcMod.185..329J 2608:2000ConBi..14...31F 2470:2000ConBi..14...47C 2416:1996ConBi..10.1059B 2359:1998ConBi..12.1241B 1965:. November 24, 2020 1760:. December 16, 2009 1682:www.summitdaily.com 1397:Machemer, Theresa. 1059:Ecology and Society 994:Habitat destruction 699:long-tailed weasels 655:southern California 645:Southern California 551:Banff National Park 515:Banff National Park 510:Banff National Park 414:spotted salamanders 397:Banff National Park 246:Puma concolor coryi 36:Wildlife crossing, 3081:Subway (underpass) 3016:2016-03-04 at the 3002:2016-03-04 at the 2844:Scott, B. (2007), 2541:Danby, D. (2004). 2207:San Antonio Report 2176:San Antonio Report 2119:Texas Public Radio 2057:The Sacramento Bee 1467:Diana Publishing, 1234:Jaeger et al. 2005 755:. As of 2012, the 737: 554: 498:wildlife corridors 471:Costs and benefits 457:Ontario Highway 69 416:in Massachusetts, 389: 313: 194: 189:Camel crossing in 77:Wildlife crossings 74: 57: 46: 18:Wildlife crossings 1832:arc-solutions.org 1807:www.vaildaily.com 1641:, March 20, 2012. 1566:(July 23, 2012). 1448:Mario Theriault, 1360:, Clevenger, 2006 1358:Knapp et al. 2004 1245:Noss et al., 1996 1111:. July 31, 2015. 1107:(Press release). 428:, and endangered 381:St. Simons Island 262:genetic diversity 234:white-tailed deer 89:underpass tunnels 69: 16:(Redirected from 3088: 2894: 2884: 2855: 2840: 2823:(4): 1109–1121. 2811: 2794:(4): 1098–1106. 2782: 2773: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2720:(2–4): 329–348. 2711: 2700: 2686: 2684: 2667: 2646: 2640: 2591: 2583:Forman, R. T. T. 2578: 2576: 2574: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2549:on July 28, 2012 2537: 2535: 2533: 2519: 2509: 2499: 2489: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2443:on July 22, 2012 2439:. Archived from 2427: 2410:(4): 1059–1067. 2398: 2397: 2395: 2378: 2353:(6): 1241–1252. 2341: 2339: 2337: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2315:on March 4, 2016 2314: 2307: 2287: 2286: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1984: 1975: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1673: 1667: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1648: 1642: 1632: 1626: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1605: 1599: 1592: 1583: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1534: 1528: 1523:. Archived from 1514: 1505: 1502:Bank et al. 2002 1498: 1492: 1485: 1476: 1459: 1453: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1367: 1361: 1355: 1349: 1348: 1322: 1316: 1309: 1300: 1299: 1279: 1270: 1265: 1259: 1256:Reed et al. 1996 1252: 1246: 1243: 1237: 1230: 1224: 1217: 1211: 1206: 1200: 1195: 1189: 1182: 1176: 1173:Spellerberg 1998 1169: 1158: 1151: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1101: 1095: 1094: 1092: 1085: 1075: 1055: 1046: 989:Habitat corridor 956:Many endangered 942:Wurzbach Parkway 895:Central Cascades 823:, reptiles, and 766:Bank et al. 2002 478:Bank et al. 2002 430:Florida panthers 422:desert tortoises 318:Bank et al. 2002 254:Ursus americanus 242:Florida panthers 111:-type animals); 93:wildlife tunnels 70: 21: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3086: 3085: 3041: 3040: 3018:Wayback Machine 3004:Wayback Machine 2901: 2882:10.1.1.458.3397 2858: 2854:on May 10, 2008 2843: 2814: 2785: 2776: 2767: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2738: 2736: 2709: 2704: 2692: 2670: 2649: 2638: 2589: 2581: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2552: 2550: 2540: 2531: 2529: 2517: 2512: 2497: 2492: 2455: 2446: 2444: 2430: 2401: 2393: 2391: 2381: 2344: 2335: 2333: 2327: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2305: 2298: 2295: 2290: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2216: 2214: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2185: 2183: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2154: 2152: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2128: 2126: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2097: 2095: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2067: 2065: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2017: 2016: 2012: 2002: 2000: 1986: 1985: 1978: 1968: 1966: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1942: 1940: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1836: 1834: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1811: 1809: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1763: 1761: 1758:The Denver Post 1752: 1751: 1747: 1737: 1735: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1711: 1709: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1686: 1684: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1663: 1659: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1633: 1629: 1619: 1617: 1607: 1606: 1602: 1593: 1586: 1576: 1574: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1547: 1545: 1544:. July 16, 2019 1536: 1535: 1531: 1515: 1508: 1499: 1495: 1486: 1479: 1460: 1456: 1447: 1443: 1433: 1431: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1407: 1405: 1396: 1395: 1391: 1381: 1379: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1356: 1352: 1345: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1310: 1303: 1281: 1280: 1273: 1266: 1262: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1231: 1227: 1218: 1214: 1207: 1203: 1196: 1192: 1183: 1179: 1170: 1161: 1152: 1145: 1132: 1130: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1109:Natural England 1103: 1102: 1098: 1090: 1053: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1009:Squirrel bridge 975: 954: 938: 932: 908: 885:area along the 883:Snoqualmie Pass 875: 837: 789: 741:European badger 729: 667:desert tortoise 647: 592: 512: 507: 494: 473: 366:European badger 326: 286: 183: 168:property damage 59: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3094: 3092: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3043: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3032: 3030: 3023: 3021: 3008: 3006: 2994: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2979: 2977: 2971: 2969: 2963: 2961: 2955: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2908: 2900: 2899:External links 2897: 2896: 2895: 2867:(5): 317–333. 2856: 2841: 2812: 2783: 2774: 2765: 2745: 2702: 2699:, Science News 2690: 2687: 2682:10211.3/115604 2668: 2647: 2579: 2559: 2538: 2510: 2490: 2453: 2428: 2399: 2379: 2342: 2325: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2274: 2255: 2224: 2193: 2162: 2136: 2105: 2075: 2042: 2010: 1976: 1950: 1925: 1911: 1897: 1876: 1865: 1844: 1819: 1793: 1771: 1745: 1719: 1694: 1668: 1657: 1643: 1627: 1614:www.boston.com 1600: 1596:Clevenger 2007 1584: 1555: 1529: 1506: 1493: 1477: 1454: 1441: 1415: 1389: 1376:The Missoulian 1362: 1350: 1343: 1317: 1313:Donaldson 2005 1301: 1290:(3): 407–414. 1271: 1260: 1247: 1238: 1225: 1212: 1209:Bennett (1991) 1201: 1190: 1177: 1159: 1143: 1118: 1096: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 974: 971: 953: 950: 934:Main article: 931: 928: 920:Parleys Canyon 907: 904: 893:, through the 874: 871: 836: 833: 793:Calder Freeway 788: 785: 728: 725: 673:). Studies by 663:State Route 58 646: 643: 591: 588: 570:learning curve 566:Clevenger 2007 540:Clevenger 2007 523:Clevenger 2007 511: 508: 506: 503: 493: 490: 486:Donaldson 2005 472: 469: 410:mountain goats 343:Industrial Age 339:Pawtuxet Falls 325: 322: 285: 282: 182: 179: 121:canopy bridges 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3093: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2751: 2746: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2658:(1): 95–100. 2657: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2565: 2560: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2527: 2523: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2331: 2326: 2311: 2304: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2259: 2256: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2228: 2225: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2197: 2194: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2163: 2150: 2146: 2140: 2137: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2109: 2106: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2076: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2053: 2046: 2043: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2014: 2011: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1964: 1960: 1954: 1951: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1926: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1907: 1901: 1898: 1886: 1880: 1877: 1869: 1866: 1854: 1848: 1845: 1833: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1808: 1804: 1797: 1794: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1759: 1755: 1749: 1746: 1734: 1730: 1723: 1720: 1708: 1704: 1698: 1695: 1683: 1679: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1661: 1658: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1628: 1615: 1611: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1564:Nuwer, Rachel 1559: 1556: 1543: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1473:1-4289-2016-1 1470: 1466: 1465: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1445: 1442: 1430: 1426: 1419: 1416: 1404: 1400: 1393: 1390: 1377: 1373: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1351: 1346: 1344:9781118568170 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1251: 1248: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1128: 1122: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1100: 1097: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1052: 1045: 1042: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 976: 972: 970: 967: 963: 959: 951: 949: 947: 943: 937: 929: 927: 925: 921: 917: 916:Interstate 80 913: 910:In 2018, the 905: 903: 900: 896: 892: 888: 887:Interstate 90 884: 880: 877:In 2005, the 872: 870: 867: 865: 860: 858: 854: 850: 846: 845:Interstate 70 842: 834: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 786: 784: 782: 778: 777:business park 774: 769: 767: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 733: 726: 724: 722: 718: 714: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 644: 642: 640: 636: 632: 627: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 596:Interstate 75 589: 587: 585: 580: 577: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 552: 547: 543: 541: 537: 533: 528: 524: 520: 516: 509: 504: 502: 499: 492:Effectiveness 491: 489: 487: 481: 479: 470: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 420:in Colorado, 419: 418:bighorn sheep 415: 411: 406: 402: 398: 394: 386: 382: 377: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 354: 352: 346: 344: 340: 336: 332: 323: 321: 319: 310: 305: 301: 297: 294: 290: 283: 281: 277: 275: 271: 270:stochasticity 267: 263: 257: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 229: 227: 222: 221:United States 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 192: 187: 180: 178: 176: 175:cattle creeps 171: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 148: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 105:green bridges 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 54: 50: 43: 39: 34: 30: 19: 2958:Safe Passage 2864: 2860: 2852:the original 2846: 2820: 2816: 2791: 2787: 2778: 2769: 2757:. 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