297:
36:
1014:
655:, Urgell, and Cerdanya—to which people had fled in the two centuries between the collapses of Visigothic and Carolingian authority. Wilfred's plan involved repopulating and subsequently annexing the counties to those he already controlled. Thus, Vall de Lord became part of Urgell and Berguedà part of Cerdanya. Wilfred re-created the County of
899:, succeeded him in France. Splinter realms also arose in Aquitaine and Burgundy. The breakdown of central royal authority and the dynastic changes broke the Holy Roman Empire and Frankish Kingdom apart. The Carolingian polity which empowered the counts at the beginning of the century was nonexistent by the end; the Counts were
1004:
At first, Wilfred tolerated the dethronement of
Ingoberto — there had been little love between them — but he could not allow the metropolitan pretensions of Esclua because of his friendship with Teotardo. The creation of independent dioceses was a method of securing political independence and
566:
as Count of
Carcassonne. On 11 September 878, Bernard was dispossessed of all his titles. Bernard's former possessions were given to Wilfred (Barcelona with Ausona, Girona, and BesalĂş) and MirĂł (Roussillon). The counties of Narbonne, BĂ©ziers, and Agde were separated from that of Barcelona.
919:, Wilfred, MirĂł, Dela, and Sunyer II maintained their loyalty to the Carolingian monarchs until 888 and the death of Charles the Fat. Upon the death of Louis the Stammerer, however, this loyalty became largely nominal. When Louis's sons Louis and Carloman marched against
1005:
Wilfred opposed this. He could not allow the lands under his control to be affected by the nobility or the Church. However, there is no indication that he took any action, possibly because of other external issues (such as the Muslim presence to his south and west).
405:
According to legend, he was the son of
Wilfred of Arriaount (or Wilfred of Arri), a county near Prades. His father was murdered by SalomĂłn and Wilfred became his avenger, killing the assassin. After the research done by French monks Dom De Vic and
691:
The ecclesiastic state of the region was no less isolated than its political state, with the parishes largely remaining outside of the universal hierarchy. Wilfred brought the parishes of
Bergueda and Vall de Lord within the control of the nearby
927:, the counts supported them, but did not join the campaign. This was a far cry from the prompt action the family had taken against Bernard of Gothia. The Counts became more interested in issues that directly affected them and did not attend the
1088:
died and his county of
Roussillon passed, without interference from King Odo, to Sunyer II of EmpĂşries. In fact, Wilfred himself was never confirmed by any monarch as Count of Ausona. The importance of this development in the
321:
during the 9th century. They were generally agrarian, self-sufficient, and ruled by a small military elite. This pattern in
Catalonia was similar to that found in similar border lands or marches elsewhere in Europe.
603:
coast. This was the first time since the reign of his father (which ended in 848) that these different areas had been united politically and the only other time within the 9th century. The land between these
1214:. As such, Wilfred has retrospectively been identified with the creation of Catalonia, even though a written reference to such a territorial entity would not appear until more than two centuries later in the
942:
The
Bellonid counts rejected Charles the Fat's successor, Odo, but they also did not rise in favor of Louis the Stammerer's surviving son, Charles the Simple. In the end, Odo was too absorbed with the
296:
1093:
cannot be overstated. As hereditary succession became the custom, it became accepted as law and the kings lost control over the counts. The counts had become sovereigns in their own dominions.
543:, the Viscount of Narbonne, marched against Bernard on behalf of King Charles and his son, Louis the Stammerer. In March and April 878, they defeated the nobles loyal to Bernard, including
787:). The problems plaguing the throne were exacerbated when both Louis (882) and Carloman (884) died soon after their succession. Not wanting to crown Louis the Stammerer's remaining son,
1615:
308:(878–897) who created the tradition of hereditary passage of titles. His son, Wilfred Borrell, inherited the county without any interruption and held it from 897–911.
1029:
By 884, the
Muslims had become increasingly uneasy by the expansion of the Christian counties to the north. Wilfred had established defensive positions or castles in Ausona at
1096:
The lack, however, of a legal basis for inheritance led to various experiments in hereditary succession. When
Wilfred died in 897, his counties were divided amongst his sons.
345:
844–848) and
Wilfred, and the weakening of Carolingian royal power, the appointment of heirs eventually become a formality. This trend resulted in the counts becoming
1216:
723:
The churches in the region during this period flourished gaining much power and privilege. This included the right for monks to elect their own abbots as espoused by
935:
problem, which they regarded as meaningless to their domains. However, they did visit the royal court in 886 to ask for privileges and precepts to be granted to
675:. In 885, Wilfred designated a Viscount to control the County of Ausona in his absence as it formed the frontier with the Muslim Kingdoms to the south. The "
1001:(Hermemiro) as the new Bishop of Girona. In 888, Esclua resurrected the sees of Pallars and Empuries to repay Raymond, Sunyer, and Dela for their support.
852:, after two requests from the French nobility. However, he chose to buy the Vikings off, paying them to attack Burgundy (then in revolt) instead. He left
562:
and King Louis II the Stammerer, Wilfred was formally invested as Count of Urgell and Cerdanya, MirĂł as Count of Conflent, Sunyer as Count of EmpĂşries, and
1610:
736:
1194:
Wilfred's actions as a Frankish vassal towards carving out his own domain from several counties and moving out of the sphere of influence of the
732:
491:
1555:
535:, Count of Barcelona, Roussillon, and numerous other Septimanian counties. Wilfred, MirĂł, their brother Sunifred (who became the Abbot of
1353:
1084:
is principally the result of the establishment of hereditary succession of the counties rather than by choice of the monarch. In 895,
524:
appointed by the French king and the first to pass his vast holdings as an inheritance to his sons (albeit sanctioned by the monarch).
285:
1487:
79:
57:
1136:
and its search for its historical foundations in a distant and idealized past, Wilfred soon arose as a figure of independence, the
383:
139:
1150:. He, however, was not Catalan nor considered himself a Catalan, as neither Catalonia nor "Catalan" counties existed at the time.
1371:
455:
1244:
986:, separating his diocese (and others) from the Archbishopric of Narbonne. Now acting as metropolitan, Esclua promptly removed
651:
Wilfred embarked on the process of repopulating these territories with immigrants from the heavily populated mountain regions—
993:
Servus, who was consecrated by Teotardo, but had been rejected by Dela, Sunyer, and Wilfred, took refuge in the monastery of
439:
1403:, Vol. II, p. 164. Also Ramon d'Abadal, "La famĂlia catalana dels comtes de Carcassona. GenealogĂa de GuifrĂ© el PilĂłs", in
1493:
Cingolani, Stefano Maria (2010). "The Family of Wilfred I, the Hairy: Marriage and the Consolidation of Power, 800-1000".
747:, who became the community's first abbess in 899 and was given immunity from lay jurisdiction by King Charles the Simple.
1179:
rewarded his bravery by giving him a coat of arms. The king slid Wilfred's blood-stained fingers over the Count's copper
849:
466:
The Bellonid lineage lost its power when Sunifred and Sunyer died in 848, but was revived slightly by the appointment of
1600:
1526:
1335:
1263:
1109:
338:
210:
182:
1590:
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in response. Provoked by this, Wilfred attacked Ismail at Lleida. The attack however was a disaster. The historian
791:, who was only five, the nobles of France looked about for a powerful man who could defend the land from the fearsome
683:, granting it the privilege of constructing defensive towers in 889 and 890, although it was actually part of Ausona.
520:. His reign coincided with the crumbling of Carolingian authority and unity. Wilfred was thus the last count of the
246:
1478:. edd. M. T. Gibson and Janet N. Nelson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981. pp. 169–189. Reprinted in
1239:
Wilfred married Guinidilda. Charters from the period give her father as one Sunifred, who was probably a noble. The
967:
1269:
1101:
663:, a region which in ancient times had been ethnically and culturally distinct, inhabited by the descendants of the
641:
467:
337:
in 801. The appointment of heirs could not be taken for granted. However, with the rise of strong counts such as
186:
755:
When Louis the Stammerer died in 879 after a two-year reign, the kingdom was divided between his two young sons.
1378:, p. 14), this legend was first reproduced in the Medieval (13th century) chronicle of the counts of Barcelona,
1605:
1469:
La famĂlia catalana dels comtes de Carcassona. Genealogia de GuifrĂ© el PilĂłs dins d’Els primers comtes Catalans
1247:, but this source is considered unreliable in detailing the family relations of the early counts of Barcelona.
724:
659:
from the remaining counties of Ripollés, Lluçanès, the Plana de Vic, and Guilleries—centred around the city of
645:
334:
50:
44:
1060:
describes the massacre of the attackers by the city's defenders. Buoyed by this success, Ismail's successor
822:
513:
427:
415:
1294:
1275:
1105:
928:
701:
544:
190:
61:
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in 827, but was considered territory belonging to the Count of Barcelona since 820, when it was given to
1065:
1018:
555:
744:
490:), counts of Urgell and Cerdanya, and Conflent, respectively. For in that year, the poorly-chronicled
475:
443:
1042:
962:, Archbishop of Narbonne, had himself consecrated as Bishop of Urgell and expelled the titular Bishop
584:
431:
359:
17:
1595:
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979:
975:
896:
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756:
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483:
1013:
609:
1562:
1509:
1211:
1191:. As much as this legend is popular and extended, there is no historical evidence to support it.
1143:
1132:
world for references and links to modern national and cultural identities, and in the context of
1064:
al-Qasawi attacked Barcelona in 897. Wilfred died in battle on 11 August 897. He was buried in
1045:. Essentially the frontiers of Wilfred's counties had now extended too far to remain irrelevant.
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178:
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419:
317:
258:
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238:
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After the investiture of 878, Wilfred's lands stretched from Urgell and Cerdanya in the
1448:"The Family of Wilfred I, the Hairy: Marriage and the Consolidation of Power, 800-1000"
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1030:
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697:
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559:
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438:, or more probably, his son-in-law. Thus, as a descendant of Sunifred and his brother,
947:
and those loyal to Charles the Simple to be bothered with the far south of the realm.
667:. To Ausona, Wilfred also attached Moianés and Bagés and their traditional capital,
1584:
1382:, and it was repeated by Catalan historians until the 18th century. French historian
1188:
983:
876:. The nobles of the Empire deposed him in 887, and he died two months later in 888.
826:
709:
680:
497:
After becoming Count of Urgell and Cerdanya in 870, Wilfred received the counties of
272:
He was responsible for the repopulation of the long-depopulated no-man's land around
1153:
One of the legends that has arisen around his person is that of the creation of the
482:
in June 870, Charles the Bald made their cousins, Wilfred the Hairy and his brother
426:. Wilfred's mother may have been named Ermesende. Sunifred may have been the son of
1447:
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1057:
621:
407:
277:
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613:
605:
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326:
712:. The new bishop immediately set about restoring the repopulated city and its
583:
were confirmed in their sees. Wilfred immediately ceded BesalĂş to his brother
1224:
1207:
1163:) derives today. After being wounded in battle (some versions say against the
987:
784:
629:
625:
447:
395:
352:
273:
1386:
was the first to define it as a "fable" in Chapter 30 of Book 3 of his work,
1147:
1038:
951:
869:
865:
780:
764:
728:
713:
498:
471:
312:
506:
1434:
997:. Esclua, with the help of the Bishops of Barcelona and Vic, consecrated
284:), the re-establishment of the bishopric of Vic and the foundation of the
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1138:
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1034:
994:
944:
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807:
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672:
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347:
1203:
1168:
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884:
873:
792:
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342:
848:. In November 885, he raised a grand army to fight off the Norsemen
1227:
describing the raids of 1114 by Pisans and Catalans on the island of
1180:
1172:
1120:
Wilfred the Hairy has become a figure of importance for contemporary
1069:
1053:
1022:
932:
861:
857:
811:
759:
received the ancient northern partitions of the Merovingian kingdom,
502:
399:
330:
1146:, and, by purported extension, one of the forefathers of the latter
844:
Incapable of much, Charles was lethargic and probably suffered from
1310:
reported that "...e was hairy in places not normally so in men..."
739:(885). The Abbey of Sant Joan de les Abadesses was founded in the
325:
Traditionally the Count of Barcelona was appointed directly by the
1184:
1164:
1012:
892:
853:
633:
536:
295:
281:
978:. Esclua complicated the situation further by declaring himself
841:, his illustrious great-grandfather. He would also be the last.
743:
by Wilfred and his wife Guinedilda to provide for their daughter
527:
Wilfred came into possession of Barcelona through his service to
358:
Wilfred remained obscure until drawn into the historians' net by
1431:
The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718-1050
1221:
1183:, and thus was the Senyera first born, with its four pallets in
1104:(oldest and youngest) ruled over Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona;
265:, inherited these counties, known by the historiography as the
1210:— laid out the territorial and patrimonial base for the
29:
856:
in December. He subsequently failed to deal with revolts in
696:. However, he had to re-establish the lapsed bishopric of
1474:
Collins, Roger. "Charles the Bald and Wifred the Hairy".
903:
independent—especially in the outlying regions, like the
1471:. Barcelona, Ediciones Vicens Vives, 1958. Pages 13–29.
833:, therefore became the first person since the death of
1037:, and Vall de Lord; some were even south of the River
551:, and expelled all partisan priests from the church.
494:, count of Urgell, Cerdanya, and Conflent, had died.
450:(834-848), Wilfred is considered to be a member of a
1480:
Law, Culture and Regionalism in Early Medieval Spain
648:, the first Count of Urgell, Cerdanya, and Ausona.
636:—had long been depopulated due to the rebellion of
206:
172:
164:
154:
146:
134:
126:
116:
108:
94:
1217:Liber maiolichinus de gestis Pisanorum illustribus
1198:crown — coupled with his re-creation of the
1254:Emma, Abbess of Sant Joan de les Abadesses, d.942
1080:The weakening of Frankish royal authority in the
1281:Rodolfo, Bishop of Urgel, Abbot of Ripoll, d.940
1250:Wilfred and Guinidilda had the following issue:
671:, which had historically been the region of the
27:Count of Barcelona and other counties (died 897)
1616:9th-century people from the County of Barcelona
1343:, and other early medieval Latin spellings are
8:
704:in 886, he was given permission to install
351:independent of the Carolingian crown under
1503:
333:) emperor, for example the appointment of
276:(the county of Ausona, a frontier between
261:(from 886). On his death in 897, his son,
91:
966:with the tacit permission of Wilfred and
567:Sunifred was made Abbot of Arles, Riculf
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
474:, sons of Sunyer I, to the countship of
43:This article includes a list of general
1319:
1370:According to modern Catalan historian
1388:Marca Hispanica Sive Limes Hispanicus
958:, taking advantage of the absence of
18:Wilfred the Hairy, Count of Barcelona
7:
1260:, Count of Barcelona, Girona, Ausona
382:. Tradition claims he was born near
1476:Charles the Bald: Court and Kingdom
837:to reign over the entire realm of
775:received the southern partitions,
679:" received special attention from
478:in 862. Later, at an assembly at
286:Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll
159:Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1446:Cingolani, Stefano Maria (2010).
1157:from which the Catalan flag (the
1108:over Cerdanya and Conflent; and
700:in Ausona. After consulting the
414:, he is identified as the son of
1611:Burials at Santa Maria de Ripoll
1416:As suggested by Ramon d'Abadal,
599:to Girona, and Barcelona on the
558:in August 878, presided over by
34:
1245:Baldwin I, Margrave of Flanders
795:and their vicious raids on the
418:, count of many counties under
300:Wilfred's territories in yellow
1354:Crónica de San Juan de la Peña
1124:. Nineteenth century European
990:from the Bishopric of Girona.
412:Histoire Générale de Languedoc
1:
1017:Tomb of Wilfred the Hairy in
364:The Making of the Middle Ages
130:Wifred II, Count of Barcelona
1380:Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium
1336:Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium
1308:Gesta comitum barcinonensium
1241:Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium
939:(Teuter), Bishop of Girona.
237:), (died 11 August 897) was
211:Sunifred, Count of Barcelona
1418:Els primers comtes catalans
1405:Els primers comtes catalans
1376:Els primers comtes catalans
1202:and the restoration of the
727:. Wilfred founded two new
378:lineage from the region of
253:(from 878, as Wilfred II),
140:Prades, Pyrénées-Orientales
1632:
1293:Guinidilda; married Count
915:In the great tradition of
821:, who was already king of
737:Sant Joan de les Abadesses
315:entities developed in the
1569:
1560:
1552:
1542:
1533:
1523:
1514:
1506:
1399:See Pierre Vilar (dir.),
911:The crisis and the counts
101:
1290:Cixilona, a nun, d. 945
1287:Ermesinde, d. after 925
416:Sunifred I of Barcelona
292:Historical significance
64:more precise citations.
1295:Raymond II of Toulouse
1272:, succeeded Wilfred II
1243:records her father as
1026:
702:Archbishop of Narbonne
591:Intervention in Ausona
458:and other historians.
311:A number of primitive
301:
288:, where he is buried.
1401:Historia de Catalunya
1116:Wilfred and Catalonia
1052:ibn Qasawi fortified
1016:
733:Santa MarĂa de Ripoll
687:Ecclesiastical reform
571:, and the Bishops of
299:
1122:Catalan nationalists
929:Assembly of Ponthion
434:during the reign of
432:Count of Carcassonne
360:Sir Richard Southern
1601:Counts of Barcelona
1345:Vuifredus, Wifredus
1278:, Count of Cerdanya
1134:Catalan nationalism
897:Odo, Count of Paris
881:Arnulf of Carinthia
829:. Charles, son of
806:At the Assembly of
771:). His second son
518:Louis the Stammerer
1591:9th-century births
1563:Count of Barcelona
1482:. Variorum, 1992.
1341:Guiffredus Pilosus
1258:Wilfred ΙΙ Borrell
1212:House of Barcelona
1144:House of Barcelona
1027:
889:Berengar of Friuli
816:Holy Roman Emperor
789:Charles the Simple
751:Carolingian crisis
644:upon the death of
549:Bishop of Narbonne
531:against the rebel
306:Count of Barcelona
302:
103:Count of Barcelona
1579:
1578:
1573:Wilfred II Borrel
1570:Succeeded by
1543:Succeeded by
1536:Count of Cerdanya
1524:Succeeded by
1497:4 (2010): 119–40.
1266:, Count of Urgell
1220:, a 12th-century
1062:Lubb ibn Muhammad
1048:The Muslim ruler
931:dealing with the
891:succeeded him in
883:succeeded him in
694:Diocese of Urgell
677:County of Manresa
556:Council of Troyes
533:Bernard of Gothia
444:count of EmpĂşries
386:in the County of
216:
215:
179:Wilfred II Borrel
121:Bernard of Gothia
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
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1553:Preceded by
1507:Preceded by
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1200:County of Ausona
1177:Charles the Bald
1050:Isma'il ibn Musa
1043:Vall de CervellĂł
879:Charles' nephew
831:Louis the German
529:Charles the Bald
509:in 878 from the
452:Bellonid dynasty
424:Charles the Bald
304:Wilfred was the
267:Catalan counties
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1142:founder of the
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1098:Wilfred Borrell
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905:Marca Hispanica
850:besieging Paris
835:Louis the Pious
819:Charles the Fat
767:(including the
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708:, a priest, as
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420:Louis the Pious
374:Wilfred was of
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318:Marca HispĂ nica
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257:(from 878) and
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235:Guifré el Pilós
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1082:Hispanic March
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741:Diocese of Vic
725:Saint Benedict
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522:Hispanic March
514:king of France
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2:
1628:
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1607:
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1599:
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1488:0-86078-308-1
1485:
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1477:
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1436:
1435:Ch. 6, note 9
1432:
1426:
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1410:
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1381:
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1364:
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1346:
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1339:he is called
1338:
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1301:
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1131:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1113:
1112:over Urgell.
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1066:the monastery
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1019:the monastery
1015:
1008:
1006:
1002:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
984:Tarraconensis
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
948:
946:
940:
938:
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926:
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748:
746:
742:
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734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
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711:
710:Bishop of Vic
707:
703:
699:
695:
686:
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678:
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654:
649:
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631:
627:
623:
619:
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611:
607:
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601:Mediterranean
598:
590:
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582:
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150:11 August 897
149:
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93:
84:
81:
73:
70:February 2008
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
1561:
1534:
1515:
1500:
1494:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1451:
1441:
1430:
1425:
1417:
1412:
1407:, pp. 13-28.
1404:
1400:
1395:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1366:
1358:
1352:
1348:
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1340:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1307:
1305:
1249:
1240:
1238:
1215:
1193:
1158:
1155:coat of arms
1152:
1137:
1119:
1095:
1086:MirĂł the Old
1079:
1058:Ibn al Athir
1047:
1028:
1003:
992:
980:metropolitan
949:
941:
917:their family
914:
900:
878:
843:
805:
754:
722:
690:
660:
650:
622:Plana de Vic
610:Vall de Lord
594:
553:
526:
496:
487:
465:
411:
408:Dom Vaissete
404:
373:
363:
357:
346:
324:
316:
310:
303:
271:
249:(from 878),
245:(from 870),
241:(from 870),
234:
226:
222:
218:
217:
76:
67:
48:
1527:Sunifred II
1264:Sunifred ΙΙ
1196:Carolingian
1126:Romanticism
1091:Middle Ages
970:, Count of
839:Charlemagne
810:(884), the
783:(including
729:monasteries
587:(878-920).
511:Carolingian
462:Investiture
436:Charlemagne
380:Carcassonne
327:Carolingian
202:?Guinidilda
183:Sunifred ΙΙ
117:Predecessor
62:introducing
1596:897 deaths
1585:Categories
1556:Bernard II
1463:References
1454:: 130–133.
1357:calls him
1302:Appearance
1225:manuscript
1076:Succession
988:Servus Dei
950:In 886, a
923:, King of
814:chose the
785:Septimania
735:(880) and
630:Guilleries
486:(known as
448:Roussillon
396:Roussillon
353:Borrell II
278:Christians
168:Guinidilda
45:references
1510:Solomon I
1349:Guifredus
1333:. In the
1204:Bishopric
1148:Catalonia
1039:Llobregat
976:Ribagorza
968:Raymond I
964:Ingoberto
952:presbyter
870:Franconia
866:Thuringia
781:Aquitaine
765:Austrasia
757:Louis III
714:cathedral
581:Barcelona
499:Barcelona
472:Sunyer II
247:Barcelona
227:the Hairy
225:, called
198:Ermesinde
165:Spouse(s)
127:Successor
1567:878–897
1540:870–897
1521:870–897
1433:(1965),
1284:Riquilla
1229:Mallorca
1173:Frankish
1139:de facto
1130:medieval
1110:Sunifred
1035:Bergueda
995:Banyoles
960:Teotardo
945:Norsemen
937:Teotario
925:Provence
901:de facto
846:epilepsy
808:Ponthion
803:coasts.
801:Atlantic
777:Burgundy
773:Carloman
769:Lorraine
761:Neustria
681:King Odo
673:Lacetani
665:Ausetani
618:Lluçanès
614:BerguedĂ
606:Ripollès
604:regions—
597:Pyrenees
564:Oliba II
545:Sigebuto
476:EmpĂşries
440:Sunyer I
388:Conflent
366:, 1953.
355:in 985.
348:de facto
339:Sunifred
331:Frankish
243:Cerdanya
200:Cixilona
196:Riquilla
1546:Miro II
1390:(1688).
1331:Catalan
1297:(d.923)
1276:Miró ΙΙ
1171:), the
1169:Normans
1160:Senyera
1041:in the
1031:Cardona
972:Pallars
885:Germany
874:Bavaria
823:Germany
797:Channel
793:Vikings
669:Manresa
653:Pallars
646:Borrell
626:Moianès
585:Radulph
554:At the
539:), and
492:Solomon
488:the Old
480:Attigny
370:Origins
282:Muslims
231:Catalan
219:Wilfred
194:Rodolfo
112:878–897
96:Wilfred
58:improve
1486:
1420:(1958)
1351:. The
1347:, and
1270:Sunyer
1235:Family
1181:shield
1102:Sunyer
1070:Ripoll
1054:Lleida
1023:Ripoll
999:Eremir
956:Esclua
954:named
933:Viking
895:, and
872:, and
862:Saxony
858:Swabia
812:Franks
706:Gotmar
657:Ausona
642:Rampon
632:, and
620:, the
579:, and
577:Girona
573:Urgell
541:LindoĂ
507:BesalĂş
505:, and
503:Girona
400:France
390:, now
384:Prades
376:Gothic
313:feudal
259:Ausona
255:BesalĂş
251:Girona
223:Wifred
207:Father
187:Sunyer
155:Buried
47:, but
1314:Notes
1222:Pisan
1185:Gules
1175:king
1165:Moors
1009:Death
893:Italy
854:Paris
827:Italy
718:AissĂł
638:AissĂł
634:Bages
537:Arles
428:BellĂł
394:, in
362:, in
173:Issue
109:Reign
1484:ISBN
1306:The
1187:on
1106:MirĂł
1100:and
921:Boso
825:and
799:and
779:and
763:and
745:Emma
661:Ausa
484:MirĂł
470:and
468:Dela
446:and
422:and
335:Bera
280:and
229:(in
191:MirĂł
176:Emma
147:Died
135:Born
1329:in
1208:Vic
1206:of
1068:at
1021:at
982:of
698:Vic
454:by
392:RiĂ
343:fl.
274:Vic
221:or
1587::
1450:.
1231:.
1189:Or
1072:.
1033:,
907:.
887:,
868:,
864:,
860:,
731::
720:.
628:,
624:,
616:,
612:,
608:,
575:,
547:,
516:,
501:,
442:,
430:,
402:.
398:,
269:.
233::
1490:.
1374:(
1361:.
1025:.
974:-
341:(
329:(
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
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